Prefix: b: Prefix: rdf: Prefix: : Prefix: owl2xml: Prefix: owl11: Prefix: upper: Prefix: daml: Prefix: swrlx: Prefix: swrlb: Prefix: xsd: Prefix: a: Prefix: skos: Prefix: owlx: Prefix: xml: Prefix: ruleml: Prefix: kaon2: Prefix: ex: Prefix: pizza: Prefix: owl11xml: Prefix: rdfs: Prefix: swrl: Prefix: owl: Ontology: AnnotationProperty: rdfs:label AnnotationProperty: owl:versionInfo AnnotationProperty: rdfs:comment ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$rewriteOf SIMPLE-TERM COMPLEX-TERM) means that SIMPLE-TERM and COMPLEX-TERM are definitionally or intensionally equal. Also SIMPLE-TERM is a simpler form of COMPLEX-TERM. That is, SIMPLE-TERM contains fewer nested #$Function-Denotationals than does COMPLEX-TERM. Unlike #$equals, #$rewriteOf is strictly a #$HumanCyclist asserted form of equality. If the #$CycLAssertion ORIGINAL-ASSERTION contains a reference to COMPLEX-TERM, this should automatically result in a second assertion being added to the KB by the #$CycInferenceEngine. This second assertion is created by substituting SIMPLE-TERM for COMPLEX-TERM wherever COMPLEX-TERM occurs in ORIGINAL-ASSERTION. Note that substitution does not happen in the opposite direction. That is, assertions added to SIMPLE-TERM will not propagate to COMPLEX-TERM. Internally, Cyc will keep a link between the two forms of a term and allow the simplified form to unify with (possibly nonground) instances of the complex form. For example: If (#$rewriteOf #$UnitedStatesNavy (#$NavyFn #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica)) is asserted then #$UnitedStatesNavy will unify with (#$NavyFn ?X) and yield ?X = #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica. A negative example of an appropriate #$rewriteOf assertion would be ``the set of biologically male humans is a rewrite of the set of male humans with one x and one y chromosone''. That would not be an appropriate #$rewriteOf assertion because the two sets are extensionally but not intensionally equal. Another negative example assertion involving #$rewriteOf would be (#$rewriteOf (#$JuvenileFn (#$MaleFn #$Person))(#$MaleFn (#$JuvenileFn #$Person))). This is a negative example because first of all neither (#$JuvenileFn (#$MaleFn #$Person)) nor (#$MaleFn (#$JuvenileFn #$Person)) are simpler than one another. Secondly, if a pair of #$Function-Denotationals commute with each other (an example of such a pair is #$MaleFn and #$JuvenileFn, see also #$functionCommutesWith) then the canonicalizer should (in the near term (now=Nov 99)) select a canonical ordering for the functions. Thus, if #$MaleFn were to come before #$JuvenileFn, then (#$MaleFn (#$JuvenileFn #$Person)) would be the canonical form of such a term. It would be impossible to reify (#$JuvenileFn (#$MaleFn #$Person)) since it would get canonicalized into (#$MaleFn (#$JuvenileFn #$Person)), thus it would be impossible to assert (#$rewriteOf (#$JuvenileFn (#$MaleFn #$Person))(#$MaleFn (#$JuvenileFn #$Person))).", rdfs:label "rewrite of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$outputsCreated is used to identify items created by a particular event. (#$outputsCreated EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT doesn't exist before EVENT but comes into existence sometime during EVENT, as a result of EVENT. #$outputsCreated is a specialization of #$nonDeliberateActors, since it would in general be impossible for OBJECT to act deliberately in its own creation.", rdfs:label "output created" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$subAbstrac WHOLE SUB) means SUB is a temporal part (one of the #$timeSlices) of WHOLE, where WHOLE and SUB are both elements of #$SomethingExisting. Both entities and subabstractions are subabstractions of themselves. So the predicate #$subAbstrac is the restriction of the predicate #$timeSlices to the domain, and hence also range, #$SomethingExisting. `AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton' is a #$subAbstrac of `AlbertEinsteinAsAnAdult', which in turn is a #$subAbstrac of 'AlbertEinstein', which in turn is a #$subAbstrac only of itself (hence 'AlbertEinstein' is an element of #$Entity (q.v.)).", rdfs:label "sub abstrac" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$cohabitingFamilyMembers X Y) means that X and Y are family members (relatives, spouses, in-laws) living with one another. If the members of a family no longer live together, they are still members of a #$Family-SocialEntity, but they are no longer members of the same #$FamilyCohabitationUnit. Note: In the #$HumanSocialLifeMt context, X and Y must be #$Persons. In the #$NaiveBiologicalDescentMt context, they can be any #$Animals at all.", rdfs:label "cohabiting family members" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$cityOfAddress LOC CITY) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC is found in the #$City CITY. For example, as #$CycorpHeadquarters is a #$ContactLocation for #$Cycorp, then (#$cityOfAddress #$CycorpHeadquarters #$CityOfAustinTX) means that the Cycorp Headquarters building is located in Austin, Texas. Note that the arg-constraint on the first argument should be an instance of #$ContactLocation which serves as a #$pointsOfContact for an agent and not the agent itself.", rdfs:label "city of address" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A general predicate for relating instances of portal to their coverings. Specpreds include #$doorwayHasCovering and #$windowHasCovering.", rdfs:label "portal has covering" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$grandchildren OLDER YOUNGER) means YOUNGER is the biological grandchild of OLDER.", rdfs:label "grandchild" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$ambientVisibility LOC DEGREE) indicates how clear the ambient fluid is at the location LOC. Higher values of DEGREE mean one can see farther (than one could have at lower values).", rdfs:label "ambient visibility" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$children PARENT CHILD) means that CHILD is a child of PARENT in the sense that PARENT cares for CHILD as a parent would, whether or not they are biologically related.", rdfs:label "offspring" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$pointOnPath X PATH) holds just in case X is on path PATH, an instance of #$Path-Simple. Here we do not commit ourselves to any assertion concerning whether X itself, or a part of it, is a part of PATH. We do want, nevertheless, to restrict the use of this predicate to the extent that when (#$pointOnPath X PATH) holds, X is a 'point' (loosely speaking) on the path PATH (and hence cannot move along PATH even if it could move in some other sense; for moving objects on a path use the more general #$onPath). It is not a subpath of PATH or something on PATH occasionally (such as something moving along PATH or stopped on PATH). Nor can it be anything that takes PATH as a part (e.g., Austin is not a point on the 10th Street in it). Note that the relative positions of points on a path do not in general form a linear order (#$TotalOrdering) unless the points and the path are part of a particular #$PathSystem. If no #$PathSystem is specified, both Austin and Texas can be 'points' on the same path Interstate 35.", rdfs:label "point on path" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$hasAsTributary is used to indicate the tributaries of a particular river. (#$hasAsTributary BIGRIV SMALLRIV) means that BIGRIV has SMALLRIV as one of its tributaries. SMALLRIV flows into BIGRIV. Examples: the #$MississippiRiver has the #$WisconsinRiver, #$OhioRiver, #$ArkansasRiver, #$RedRiverOfTexas, and others as its tributaries. Cf. #$formedByConfluenceOf.", rdfs:label "has as tributary" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keFarthestGenlsWeakSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL such that SPEC-COL is not known to have dependent specializations, it is weakly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED SPEC-COL VALUE) is known in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke farthest genls weak suggestion preds" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$subPathSystems SYS SUBSYS) means that the path system SUBSYS is a subsystem of the path system SYS. Technically, this means the following: (i) Every point in SUBSYS is a point in SYS, (ii) every node in SUBSYS is a node in SYS, (iii) every link in SUBSYS is a link in SYS, and (iv) every loop in SUBSYS is a loop in SYS. Some consequences of these conditions are as follows. (a) Every point in SUBSYS that is a node in SYS is a node in SUBSYS. (b) For any nodes X and Y in SUBSYS and each link LINK in SUBSYS, LINK is between X and Y in SYS iff it is between X and Y in SUBSYS. (c) For each point X in SYS that is not a node in SYS, if X is on a link in SYS that is not in SUBSYS, X is not in SUBSYS. (d) Isolated points and deadends in SUBSYS must be nodes in SYS. (e) For each loop LOOP in SUBSYS, the only node in SYS on LOOP must be a node in SUBSYS. (f) If SYS is a #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic (or a #$Multigraph), all subsystems of SYS are #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretics (or #$Multigraphs). Predicates concerning particular kinds of subsystems of path systems, i.e., predicates that take #$subPathSystems as #$genlPreds, include #$linkClosedSubSystems, #$pointClosedSubSystems, and #$maximalConnectedSubSystems, etc. Predicates whose #$genlInverse are #$subPathSystems includes #$underlyingGraph.", rdfs:label "sub path systems" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG1 specifies something which could be a volitional cause of ARG2.", rdfs:label "volitional result - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The Cyc predicate #$emitter is used to identify the source of an emission. (#$emitter EMIT OBJ) means that OBJ provides the force involved in making the #$objectEmitted move from OBJ to someplace outside of OBJ. See also #$providerOfMotiveForce, #$fromLocation.", rdfs:label "emitters" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which is an elaboration of the information described in ARG1.", rdfs:label "elaboration - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Used to specify which argument of a given #$MicrotheoryDesignatingRelation designates the CycL sentence to be interpreted in a specific microtheory.", rdfs:label "sentence designation argnum" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$endsDuring X Y) means Y covers the end of X, i.e. the #$endingPoint of X is properly contained in (#$temporalBoundsContain) Y. Note that X and Y don't necessarily intersect, however, if Y is continuous, they do.", rdfs:label "expire" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$touches THIS THAT) means that THIS and THAT are in contact, directly or indirectly. THIS #$touchesDirectly on THAT if and only if there is nothing between them. THIS #$touches THAT indirectly if there is some very thin object or substance between them. `Very thin' means that the distance between the surfaces of THIS and THAT is very much less than the distance between their center points. Some examples of #$touches: an airplane touches the air around it; my feet touch the floor (even though I am wearing shoes); a blanket touches the person sleeping under it (even if there is a sheet); a hovercraft touches the water (even though a cushion of air is between them). For cases where immediate surface contact needs to be indicated, use #$touchesDirectly (q.v.).", rdfs:label "touches" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$approximatePay is used to estimate a typical amount of pay offered to workers in a specific occupation. (#$approximatePay JOBTYPE RATE) means that a person working in the #$OccupationType JOBTYPE makes approximately the #$MonetaryFlowRate RATE, as earned income. RATE might be expressed in, e.g., #$DollarsPerHour, pounds-per-week, or yen-per-year. RATE refers to average pay for the occupation JOBTYPE, excluding any unearned pay (such as matching 401K contributions) and the value of other employee benefits.", rdfs:label "salary" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Levels which are part of this building", rdfs:label "has levels" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$oilSolubility OBJ DEGREE) means that the particular tangible OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Solubility in #$Oil.", rdfs:label "oil solubility" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$preservesGenlsInArg usefully encapsulates the 'genls-preserving' property that holds of many #$CollectionDenotingFunctions. For example, we know that a group of parrots is a group of birds because parrots are a subset of birds; thus #$GroupFn has this property. Likewise we know that transport on a helicopter is a kind of transport on an aircraft, so #$TransportViaFn has this property. More formally, (#$preservesGenlsInArg FUNC N) means that the Cyc #$CollectionDenotingFunction FUNC has the following inferentially useful property: argument N of FUNC must be a #$Collection, and if COLLECTION1 and COLLECTION2 can both serve as the Nth argument of FUNC, and (#$genls COLLECTION2 COLLECTION1), then the result of FUNC with COLLECTION1 as the Nth argument will be a #$genls of the result of FUNC with COLLECTION2 as the Nth argument. Thus we assert (#$preservesGenlsInArg #$GroupFn 1) because (#$implies (#$genls COL-2 COL-1) (#$genls (#$GroupFn COl-2) (#$GroupFn COL-1))).", rdfs:label "preserves genls in arg" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$dirtinessOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Dirtiness.", rdfs:label "dirtiness of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$eyeColor ANIMAL COLOR) means that the #$Animal ANIMAL has eyes whose #$Color is COLOR (more precisely, this means that their irises appear to have that color, in sunlight). E.g., (#$eyeColor AmyIrving #$PurpleColor).", rdfs:label "eye color" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a person or other sort of animal to a geographical region in which s/he/it resides. (#$residesInRegion RESIDENT REGION) means that RESIDENT lives or resides primarily in REGION. This obviously does not entail that RESIDENT is physically in REGION at any particular time, since people are often away from their places of residence. Note that a given person/animal (even with respect to a particular time) is normally related by #$residesInRegion to many different regions, where each such region is a sub- or super-region of some of the others. For example, Karen currently resides in Austin, in Texas, in the United States, in North America, and so on. See also #$residesInDwelling, #$hasHabitat, and #$ethnicity.", rdfs:label "inhabitants" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$deviceUsed indicates that a particular device is used in a particular event. (#$deviceUsed EVENT OBJECT) means that the #$PhysicalDevice OBJECT plays an instrumental role in the #$Event EVENT. (See also #$instrument-Generic.) OBJECT is intentionally used in EVENT, and standardly (e.g., in the #$HumanActivitiesMt) OBJECT's role in EVENT is consistent with the object's #$primaryFunction.", rdfs:label "device used" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$laterSubAbstractions SUB1 SUB2) means that SUB1 and SUB2 are both a #$subAbstrac of the same entity (i.e., (#$hasSameEntityAs SUB1 SUB2)) and the sub-abstraction SUB2 starts sometime after the beginning of SUB1 (i.e., (#$startsAfterStartingOf SUB2 SUB1)). For example, #$RichardFeynman while working on the Manhattan Project was a #$laterSubAbstractions than #$RichardFeynman in his first year of graduate school at Princeton.", rdfs:label "later sub abstractions" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$firstSubEvents EVENT START) implies (#$subEvents EVENT START) and (#$temporallyStartedBy EVENT START). For example, if one is #$RelievingPain by taking a pill, then the #$firstSubEvents in that event is an #$Ingesting event. See also #$lastSubEvents.", rdfs:label "first sub events" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$parts WHOLE PART) means that #$Individual PART is a part of #$Individual WHOLE. This predicate is very general. It can be used to refer to concepts including #$physicalParts, #$subEvents, #$timeSlices, and #$groupMembers.", rdfs:label "constituent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$objectTested EVAL OBJ) mean that OBJ is the specific object or portion being tested in EVAL. For example, if someone has a blood test, then the object tested is the portion of blood used to run the test fulfulls the role of #$objectTested, rather than the person or the collection of that person's blood.", rdfs:label "object tested" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$greaterThan is Cyc's representation of the `greater than' ( > ) relation in mathematics, adapted to use with Cyc's scalars, which include quantitative intervals as well as point values. Formally, there are two conditions under which (#$greaterThan SI-1 SI-2) is true, for two elements of #$ScalarInterval: (1) (#$followingValue SI-1 SI-2) is true, or (2) the minimum of SI-1 is greater than the maximum of SI-2. Note that `A is less than B' is expressed in CycL as (#$greaterThan B A).", rdfs:label "greater than" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$anatomicalPartTypeAffected ACT BODYPARTTYPE) means that body parts of the #$AnimalBodyPartType BODYPARTTYPE are affected by the action ACT. For example, if BRUSHING is a #$TeethCleaning event, then (#$anatomicalPartTypeAffected BRUSHING #$SetOfTeeth).", rdfs:label "anatomical part type affected" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$granuleOfTime STUFFTYPE OBJTYPE) means that the collection STUFFTYPE has as its temporal granules (or granularity level) the collection OBJTYPE. If some collection is temporally stuff-like, that means that the instances of that collection can be divided temporally, and the temporal slices remaining will still be instances of that collection; e.g., a time slice of some instance of #$Person is still a person, and a temporal slice of a walking process is still a walking process (cf. #$TemporalStuffType). Such division cannot always go on indefinitely, however: eventually, division of something temporally stuff-like will result in the temporally object-like 'granules' out of which the stuff-like thing is composed. For instances, division of a walking process would eventually result in individual steps. At this level of division or below, the remaining temporal slices do NOT count as instances of the temporal stuff-type from which they were divided. This may seem counter-intuitive, but since the individual temporal granules of a temporal stuff typically do NOT have most of the properties that the groups made of the granules have (including the property of being temporally stuff-like), we do not count the individual granules as instances of the collection of which they are granules. See also #$granuleOfSpatialStuff.", rdfs:label "granule of time" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$languageOfCommunication is used to indicate a language used by agents in a particular communication event. (#$languageOfCommunication COM LANG) means that in the #$Communicating COM, the information transferred is expressed in the language LANG. LANG may be a natural language, a computer language, a musical system, or other symbolic system such as #$AmericanSignLanguage.", rdfs:label "language of communication" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$objectRemoved REMOVING OBJ) means OBJ is removed from its previous location in the removing event REMOVING. OBJ may be destroyed during REMOVING. REMOVING is #$performedBy some entity other than OBJ.", rdfs:label "object removed" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$linksOfCustomarySystem ASSUMEDSYSTEM LINK) means that the #$CustomarySystemOfLinks ASSUMEDSYSTEM has the individual #$SimpleSegmentOfPath LINK as one of its links (where 'link' means a path with no junctions along it). Each such link is of the path type that ASSUMEDSYSTEM is made of: a highway system is assumed to be comprised of roadways linking junctions or towns (and some dead-ends); each roadway without junctions is one of the links. The parts of a road (pavement, streetlight, stripe in middle, culverts, etc.) are not #$linksOfCustomarySystem. Similarly the #$linksOfCustomarySystem of a plumbing system are the pipes, but not the straps holding the pipes. Thus a #$CustomarySystemOfLinks may have various kinds of #$parts that are not #$linksOfCustomarySystem. Contrast this with the formal case where a specified #$PathSystem is given; in this case the predicates #$linkInSystem and #$pathInSystem are used.", rdfs:label "links of customary system" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$objectSelected SEL OBJ) means that OBJ is the object that is chosen in the event SEL, an instance of #$SelectingSomething. If what is selected in SEL is a collection, rather than an individual object, then use the predicate #$activityObjectType to represent the object of SEL.", rdfs:label "object selected" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$structureMembers is a very general predicate, encompassing all the ways a #$Situation's structure can be composed out of parts. In (#$structureMembers WHOLE PART), PART could be either a member or subgroup/subseries of WHOLE (if WHOLE is a #$Group or #$Series), any #$subEvents of an #$Event (if WHOLE is an #$Event), and so on.", rdfs:label "structure members" Domain: Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which makes it easier to understand the content of or motivation for ARG1.", rdfs:label "background - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$trajectory-Complete MOVE TRAJ) means that the #$Movement-TranslationEvent MOVE has the #$Trajectory TRAJ as its entire trajectory. Suppose OBJ is the #$objectMoving in TRAJ. TRAJ is a line or curve in space (technically a one-manifold) traced out by some reference point (probably the centroid) of OBJ. See also #$trajectory-Partial. Contrast #$trajectory-Complete with #$motionPathway-Complete and with #$traverses-Complete. The trajectory of the motion may cross itself, zig-zag back and forth along the same path, repeat several cycles, etc., and the trajectory need not be confined to any pre-existing #$Path-Generics or #$Traversals of paths.", rdfs:label "trajectory - complete" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$accountStatus indicates whether a particular account is paid up, overdue, delinquent, etc. (#$accountStatus ACCT STATUS) means that the #$Account ACCT has the attribute STATUS (see also #$AccountStatusAttribute).", rdfs:label "account status" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$defnSufficient COL TEST) means that TEST is the name of a piece of code in the Cyc system substrate, and TEST acts as a sufficient definition for inclusion in the Cyc #$Collection COL. If TEST returns T [True] when applied to a particular item, that item is considered an element of COL. Note that TEST isn't necessarily a necessary test for membership in COL; i.e., not all elements of COL must pass the test, unless TEST is also a #$defnNecessary for COL. Cf. #$defnNecessary, #$defnIff.", rdfs:label "defn sufficient" Domain: owl:Class Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$government identifies the political entity which has governing authority over a particular geopolitical region. (#$government GEOPOL GOV) means that the #$RegionalGovernment GOV is the government of the #$GeopoliticalEntity GEOPOL. That is, GOV claims to be the government of GEOPOL, is recognized as such at least informally, and effectively functions as such -- administering the internal and external affairs of GEOPOL -- whether or not GOV has formal diplomatic recognition. Effectively functioning as a #$government includes having the power to settle disputes, collect revenue, and provide services. Examples include the #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment, the #$CityCouncilOfAustin (TX), and all of the entities returned by the Cyc function #$GovernmentFn (q.v.) -- e.g., (#$GovernmentFn #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina), (#$GovernmentFn #$Russia).", rdfs:label "government" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$natArgumentsEqual NAT1 NAT2) means that the arguments of NAT1 and NAT2 unify. For example, (#$natArgumentsEqual (#$FemaleFn #$Dog) (#$MaleFn #$Dog). More precisely, (#$and (#$termOfUnit NAT1 (FUNCTION1 . ARGS)) (#$termOfUnit NAT2 (FUNCTION2 . ARGS))) implies (#$natArgumentsEqual NAT1 NAT2).", rdfs:label "nat arguments equal" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$stateOfAddress LOC STATE) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC is found in the STATE, where STATE is either a #$State-UnitedStates or another #$CountrySubsidiary. For example, as #$CycorpHeadquarters is a #$ContactLocation for #$Cycorp, then (#$stateOfAddress #$CycorpHeadquarters #$Texas-State) means that the Cycorp Headquarters building is located in Texas. Note that the arg-constraint on the first argument should be an instance of #$ContactLocation which serves as a #$pointsOfContact for an agent and not the agent itself.", rdfs:label "state of address" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$physicalDecompositions WHOLE PART) -- PART is any spatial part or decomposition of WHOLE. PART may be discontinuous, diffused throughout the object, discrete and identifiable, etc.", rdfs:label "physical decompositions" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate indicates the financial instrument which is used in a particular transfer of money. (#$objectTendered TRANS OBJECT) means that the #$TenderObject OBJECT is used to transfer funds in the #$MoneyTransfer event TRANS. See also #$TenderObject. Note: OBJECT is distinct from the quantity of #$Money transferred (see #$moneyTransferred) although of course OBJECT has some value --- is `worth' a certain amount, generally calculated from the numbers printed or stamped or engraved on the #$TenderObject OBJECT --- which in turn is an element of #$Money.", rdfs:label "object tendered" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The urge of type arg2 is satisfied in the event of type arg1.", rdfs:label "urge type satisfied" Domain: owl:Class Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$physicalPortions WHOLE PART) means PART is a representative spatial chunk of WHOLE. Every intrinsic property which is true of WHOLE should be true of PART. Spatial parts of WHOLE which are not representative of the whole would be #$physicalParts or #$physicalDecompositions, not #$physicalPortions. For example, the SpaghettiSauce001 which is part of SpaghettiDinner001 is a #$physicalParts of the dinner. A #$physicalPortions of the dinner would include some sauce, some noodles, some parmesan cheese, etc. - parts of all the #$constituents. This is the spatial analog of #$timeSlices (not #$subEvents). (#$Pittman, 6/25/96)", rdfs:label "physical portions" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$cycleInSystem CYCLE SYS) means that CYCLE is a cycle in the path system SYS. A cycle in SYS is either a loop in SYS or the concatenation of two different paths PATH1 and PATH2 in SYS satisfying (i) there are two points X and Y in SYS such that (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH1 X Y SYS) and (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH2 X Y SYS), and (ii) no point in SYS other than X and Y is on both PATH1 and PATH2.", rdfs:label "cycle in system" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$hasWorkers relates an organization or individual agent to those who work for it in any capacity. (#$hasWorkers AGENT1 AGENT2) says that the second agent regularly works for the first agent. This includes employees, managers, soldiers, sailors, certain prison inmates, volunteers, apprentices, slaves, servants, sharecroppers, and indentured workers (as well as other organizations, e.g. subcontractors). The truth of an assertion made with #$hasWorkers is time-relative; e.g., (#$hasWorkers #$Cycorp #$Dexter) is true when asserted for the period (or any sub-period) from May 1989 to July 1994. Note that `workers' in the sense of #$hasWorkers need not be #$employees (e.g., they could be volunteers); cf. #$employees.", rdfs:label "employ" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$covers-Ruglike MAT OBJECT) means that MAT covers at least part of one surface of OBJECT. MAT is #$SheetShaped, and MAT lies with its two longer dimensions parallel to OBJECT. See also #$coversWithConformity.", rdfs:label "covers - ruglike" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$emptiesInto RIV WAT) means that the #$Stream RIV flows into WAT, an element of #$BodyOfWater that is not a #$Stream. Examples: (#$emptiesInto #$AmazonRiver #$AtlanticOcean); (#$emptiesInto #$HuangHeRiver #$YellowSea).", rdfs:label "empties into" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a temporal thing to the total elapsed from its start to its end. (#$measure TEMPTHING MEASURE) means that MEASURE is the total elapsed time from when TEMPTHING started to happen (if an event) or started to exist (if a physical object or static situation) to when TEMPTHING ended or ceased to exist. If TEMPTHING is #$temporallyContinuous, its #$measure is the same as its #$duration (the length of time during which it actually happened or existed); but if TEMPTHING is discontinuous, its #$measure is strictly greater than its #$duration. For example, the discontinuous event GeorgeWashingtonSleeping has a #$measure that is about three times as long as its #$duration (assuming he slept about 8 hours a night).", rdfs:label "measure" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$containsPortals OBJECT PORTAL) means that the OBJECT has PORTAL as one of its holes, passages, exits or entrances.", rdfs:label "contains portals" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$perceives AGENT OBJECT) means that AGENT is perceiving OBJECT. That is, AGENT is consciously aware of the presence of OBJECT via the functioning of at least one of her/his/its senses (e.g. sight, hearing, smell, etc). Precisely which tangible features of OBJECT AGENT apprehends depends in part on the sensory modality used (see the specializations of #$perceives). For example, if (#$sees AGENT OBJECT) then AGENT is aware of certain visible features of OBJECT (such as color or shape), whereas if (#$smells AGENT OBJECT) then AGENT apprehends certain aromatic features of OBJECT (such as its wearing L'air Du Temps perfume). Only tangible objects and situations involving such objects (see #$constituentInSituation) -- #$PartiallyTangibles, #$PhysicalEvents, and #$Configurations (which are #$StaticSituations involving partially tangibles) -- can be perceived.", rdfs:label "perceive" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$toAchieveInEvent-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means that, in the planning context, a situation of type SIT_TYPE is supposed to become true in EVT but not hold true for the duration of EVT.", rdfs:label "to achieve in event - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$in-ImmersedPartly OBJ FLUID) means that a portion of OBJ is immersed in FLUID, but OBJ is not completely surrounded by FLUID. In gravitational fields, #$in-ImmersedPartly entails #$surroundsHorizontally, because in that context fluid surfaces are of generally #$HorizontalOrientation.", rdfs:label "in - immersed partly" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$expansionDefn ) denotes that during canonicalization the subl function definition of is used to transform an EL expression ( . ) into the appropriate HL formula.", rdfs:label "expansion defn" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$countryOfAddress LOC COUNTRY) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC is located in the #$Country COUNTRY. For example, #$Cycorp's #$countryOfAddress is the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica. See also #$ContactLocation.", rdfs:label "country of address" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg1Genl REL COL) means that the predicate or function, REL, accepts only first arguments that have the #$Collection COL among their #$genls.", rdfs:label "arg 1 genl" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$underlyingGraph RED SYS) means that (i) every node in SYS is a node in RED, (ii) every point in RED is a node in RED (and hence a node in SYS), and (iii) (#$linkClosedSubSystems SYS RED) holds. It is easy to see that when (#$underlyingGraph RED SYS) holds, RED must be an instance of #$Multigraph. But RED is not only a multi-graph, it is THE multi-graph that underlies the path system SYS, i.e., the only difference between SYS and RED is that SYS is obtainable by adding to RED some points that are on a link in RED between the end-nodes.", rdfs:label "underlying graph" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The #$BinaryPredicate (#$in-Snugly ?INNER ?OUTER) means that ?INNER is #$in-ContGeneric ?OUTER, that ?INNER #$touches ?OUTER, and that a #$FrictionProcess would be necessary for a #$RemovingSomething in which ?INNER is the #$objectMoving and ?OUTER is the #$fromLocation.", rdfs:label "in - snugly" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(surfaceAttributeOfSurf SURF SURFATT) means that the particular individual #$Surface-Physical SURF has the #$SurfaceAttribute SURFATT over most or all of its area. It may have more than one such surface attribute.", rdfs:label "surface attribute of surf" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$raininessOfRegion LOC DEGREE) indicates the intensity with which it is raining at the #$OutdoorLocation LOC. (If it is not raining at LOC, it will be the case that (#$raininessOfRegion LOC (#$NoAmountFn #$Raininess)).)", rdfs:label "raininess of region" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$endToEndConnected PATH1 PATH2) means that one end of #$Path-Simple PATH1 is connected to one end of another #$Path-Simple, PATH2, end-to-end (i.e., without sharing any subpaths), allowing flow or transport between them. This kind of connection is not a #$JunctionOfPaths since there is no third distinct path joined there. In pipe welding, these end-to-end connections are called butt welds or circumferential pipe welds.", rdfs:label "end to end connected" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$agreementPeriod is used to indicate the period of time during which a particular agreement is in force. (#$agreementPeriod AGR TIME) means that the #$Agreement AGR holds during the #$TimeInterval TIME; i.e., TIME is the period during which the assertions made in AGR are supposed to be true. TIME may or may not begin at the moment that AGR is created; e.g., I may sign an employment contract on the very day I begin working or several weeks before, to begin on a specified future date. Or an #$agreementPeriod could begin before the agreement was made, e.g., when an agent agreed to pay disputed royalties retroactively.", rdfs:label "agreement period" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate relates two generic agents. (#$suppliers SUPPLIER SUPPLIEE) means that SUPPLIER supplies some goods or services to SUPPLIEE, usually on an ongoing basis. When payment is returned for the supplying, consider using the inverse specialization #$customers.", rdfs:label "providers" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$pastTense WORD STRING) means that STRING is the past tense verb form of WORD. The regular past tense form is formed from the infinitive verb form with an `-ed' suffix. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon will have a #$pastTense entry only if they are irregular. Regular forms are generated by the morphology component. Regular example: `helped'. Irregular example: `ate'.", rdfs:label "past tense" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$objectActedOn is used to relate an event to an entity (or entities) significantly affected in that event. That entity must exist before the event, but may be either destroyed in the event (see #$inputsDestroyed), or merely affected by it (e.g., see #$damages, #$objectOfStateChange). (#$objectActedOn EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT is altered or affected in EVENT, and the change that OBJECT undergoes is central or focal to understanding EVENT. Thus, scissors are NOT an #$objectActedOn in a #$HairCuttingEvent. The focal change in a haircut is hair getting shorter; thus, hair is a legitimate #$objectActedOn in a #$HairCuttingEvent. The almost microscopic dulling that scissors undergo in a single haircut is a comparatively insignificant change with respect to a single haircut, considered as a #$HairCuttingEvent. Note: long-term effects of usage on devices should be axiomatized in connection with #$UsingAFn constants.", rdfs:label "affected object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$driverActor DRIVE DRIVER) means that DRIVER controls (see #$ControllingATransporter) the #$transporter in DRIVE. DRIVER steers the wheel, grasps the tiller, controls the throttle, the reins, the brakes, etc., of the #$transporter, e.g., a boat, train, windsurfer, mule, plane, horse and carriage, spaceship, sled, etc. DRIVER is not a #$passengers in DRIVE. Because #$transporter and #$transportees are disjoint and #$driverActor has #$transportees as a #$genlPreds, DRIVER is distinct from the value on #$transporter. Thus a person walking while carrying a watermelon would not be a #$driverActor in their own walking. DRIVER is usually in #$SittingPosture during DRIVE. For any given instant of DRIVE there is exactly one DRIVER. Until we have more extensive vocabulary, #$transportees is the most specific we can be about events in which multiple drivers share driving responsibility throughout the event or if there is a pilot/co-pilot combination.", rdfs:label "drivers" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$speedOfObject-Translation is used to give the speed with which an object is moving in a particular translational motion. Velocity has a speed and direction. Speed is a scalar quantity, i.e., it has no direction, only magnitude. Thus, `100 miles per hour straight up' is a velocity, and `100 miles per hour' is the corresponding speed.", rdfs:label "speed" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$in-Embedded OBJ1 OBJ2) means that some portion of OBJ1 is embedded in OBJ2 at least semi-permanently. OBJ1 is thus #$connectedTo OBJ2. The remaining portion of OBJ1 is not embedded in OBJ2. The #$in-Embedded relationship comes about during the formation of OBJ1 or OBJ2. Examples: grass in the ground, hair in the scalp, or eyes in sockets. Also, OBJ1 is not beneath the surface of OBJ2.", rdfs:label "in - embedded" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg4Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the fourth argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL.", rdfs:label "arg 4 isa" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keGenlsConsiderationPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it should be considered whether there is some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED SPEC-COL VALUE) and if there is, it is strongly suggested that this relationship be made known in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke genls strong consideration preds" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$touchesDirectly THIS THAT) means that THIS and THAT are in direct physical contact. That is, there exists a region on both objects where the distance between their surfaces is zero. If in doubt, use #$touches rather than #$touchesDirectly.", rdfs:label "contact" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$startsDuring X Y) means Y covers the start of X, i.e. the #$startingPoint of X is properly contained (#$temporalBoundsContain) within Y. Note that X and Y do not necessarily intersect in time, however, they would if Y were #$temporallyContinuous.", rdfs:label "starts during" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG1 specifies something which is initiated with the purpose of achieving ARG2. #$purpose-RST is agnostic as to volition; see also #$volitionalCause-RST.", rdfs:label "purpose - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The slot describing the capability of an animal to exert force.", rdfs:label "force capacity" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$shareholders identifies particular agents as owners of shares in a particular organization. (#$shareholders ORG AGENT) means AGENT owns one or more shares of #$Stock in the company ORG and hence is an owner of the company and may receive dividends from the company. #$shareholders indicates owners of a company's stock generically, whether they hold common or preferred shares. Voting shareholders may vote (one vote per share) for the Board of Directors. Shareholders do not normally participate in the operation of a company, and they are not personally liable for the debts of the company.", rdfs:label "shareholders" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: daml:sameClassAs ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$seniorExecutives is used to identify the upper-level managers in a particular organization. (#$seniorExecutives ORG PERSON) means PERSON is an employee with a high executive position in the #$Organization ORG. #$seniorExecutives relates an organization to the people who hold its principal corporate offices (CEO, President, etc.) and also positions like Chief of Staff, General, Admiral, Chief Corporate Counsel, Managing Partner, Chief Scientist, Chief Engineer, etc.", rdfs:label "senior executives" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$uniquePartTypes BIG SMALL) means that every instance of BIG has exactly one instance of SMALL as a part.", rdfs:label "unique part types" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$presenter GATHERING PERSON) means that PERSON speaks to a set of audience members who have a role in GATHERING.", rdfs:label "presenters" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a particular creation or destruction event to any of its outputs . (#$outputs EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT is an output from EVENT. That is, OBJECT is either created/produced as a result of EVENT (see #$outputsCreated, #$products, #$byProducts) or something left after another thing was destroyed in EVENT (see #$outputsRemaining). For example, silicon chips are both #$outputsCreated in and #$products of a chip manufacturing process, while a hunk of scrap metal is an #$outputsRemaining after a car is put through a crusher. When appropriate, instead of using #$outputs, use one of its specializations (of which those mentioned above are the nearest).", rdfs:label "output" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$myEntity ?X ?Y) indicates that ?Y is an #$Entity (qv) and that ?X is some subabstraction of ?Y. That is, (#$subAbstrac ?Y ?X). Note that each #$SomethingExisting ?X will generally have one unique #$Entity ?Y of which it is a #$subAbstrac. E.g., (#$myEntity AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton AlbertEinstein).", rdfs:label "my entity" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which could be a cause of the volitional action described in ARG1.", rdfs:label "volitional cause - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$resultIsaArg FUNC N) states that the value returned by a use of the function FUNC will be an element of a particular collection, in this case argument N of the use of the function. More precisely, the term (FUNC ARG1 ... ARGN ...), will be an element of the Nth argument to the use of the function, ARGN. For example, (#$resultIsaArg #$The 1) indicates that (#$The #$Dog) will be an element of #$Dog. See also #$resultGenlArg and #$resultIsa", rdfs:label "result isa arg" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$parentActors EV P) means that organism P is one of the parents in the #$BiologicalReproductionEvent EV.", rdfs:label "parent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$freezingPoint STUFF TEMP) means that TEMP is the temperature at which the substance STUFF changes from having the attribute #$LiquidStateOfMatter to #$SolidStateOfMatter (when sufficient energy is output to lower STUFF's temperature through this point). Note that the freezing point of most substances is context-dependent (e.g., based on altitude and other factors.)", rdfs:label "freezing point" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$ambientTemperature is used to indicate the average temperature in the free space around a particular object. (#$ambientTemperature OBJ TEMP) means that the space around the tangible object OBJ is at the #$Temperature TEMP. Used with #$holdsIn (q.v.), #$ambientTemperature expresses the surrounding temperature for a given object at some point in time. For the temperature of the object itself, use #$temperatureOfObject (q.v.).", rdfs:label "ambient temperature" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a particular case of #$Infection to the organism it is infecting. (#$infectionHost INF ORG) means that INF is an #$Infection in which the host organism is ORG.", rdfs:label "host" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$firstName X STRNG) means that #$Person X is known by the #$HumanGivenNameString STRNG as his or her first name. E.g., (#$firstName #$Lenat ``Douglas''). A person rarely has more than one first name, though they may have many nicknames which acquaintences use almost interchangably with the person's first and/or last names.", rdfs:label "first name" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$minQuantValue SCALAR POINT) means that the lower limit of SCALAR is POINT, an element of #$ScalarPointValue. SCALAR is an element of #$ScalarInterval. For example, the #$minQuantValue for the pay of mail room employees might be (#$DollarsPerHour 4.5); e.g., (#$minQuantValue `MailPay' (#$DollarsPerHour 4.5)). Another example: (#$minQuantValue (#$Unity 5 10) 5).", rdfs:label "min quant value" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$groupMemberType is used in characterizing the members of a particular group. (#$groupMemberType GROUP TYPE) means that all of GROUP's members are elements of the collection TYPE. For example, to state that the #$groupMembers of the Austin City Council are humans, one would write (#$groupMemberType AustinCityCouncil #$Person). The members of a particular group might be characterized in more than one way; e.g., a Hispanic Business Council may have both the #$groupMemberType #$EthnicGroupOfHispanics and the #$groupMemberType #$BusinessPerson (provided that all of its members are Hispanic business people). For 'typical' or 'expected' characteristics of members, see also #$memberTypes and #$typeHasTypicalMemberTypes.", rdfs:label "group member type" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$pointOnCycle X CYCLE) means that X is a point (or place) on a #$Path-Cyclic CYCLE. X cannot be something that moves along CYCLE, nor can X be a sub-path as a 'part' of CYCLE, nor can X be anything that includes CYCLE as a part. Note: when we use this predicate in a particular #$PathSystem SYS to talk about a loop LOOP in SYS, then (#$pointOnCycle X LOOP SYS) holds, according to the current treatment, for exactly one point (actually a node) X in SYS.", rdfs:label "point on cycle" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Predicate used to specify the 'general' direction of travel in a #$Movement-TranslationEvent. The direction will be stated as a range specified with a vector interval.", rdfs:label "direction of translation - avg" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$resistanceToRadiation OBJ DEGREE) indicates how resistant a tangible object OBJ is to radiation. A higher DEGREE of resistance means that an object is less penetrable by #$ElectromagneticRadiation.", rdfs:label "resistance to radiation" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$traversalTo TRAV POINT) means that POINT is an ending point of the #$Traversal TRAV along some paths. Note that (#$traversalTo TRAV A) and (#$traversalTo TRAV B) may both be true even when A and B are different. This can happen when, e.g., A is a part of B and a path goes to both. This is why we did not call POINT, in the context above, THE ending point of TRAV.", rdfs:label "traversal to" Domain: Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$faxNumberText relates a particular location to the fax number at that location. (#$faxNumberText LOC NUM) means that NUM is a string denoting (one of) the fax number(s) of the #$ContactLocation LOC.", rdfs:label "fax number text" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$buyer relates an agent to a business activity. (#$buyer EVENT AGENT) means that the #$Agent AGENT purchases the goods for sale in the #$CommercialActivity EVENT. The #$buyer may purchase the goods or services directly or through an agent. See also and compare: #$buyingPerformer, #$buyingAgent.", rdfs:label "buyer" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$after LATER EARLIER) means #$TimePoint LATER is after (occurs later in time than) #$TimePoint EARLIER. Note: Individual #$TimePoints are seldom mentioned in axioms; rather, the axiom is likely to use some #$ComplexTemporalRelation, such as #$startsAfterEndingOf, which holds between two #$TemporalThings. These #$ComplexTemporalRelations are themselves usually defined in terms of #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations, such as #$after and #$simultaneousWith, which relate one #$TimePoint to another.", rdfs:label "after" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$informationDestination is used to indicate where information is transferred in a particular information transfer event. (#$informationDestination TRANSFER DEST) means that in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER, the information being transferred is sent, given to, or impressed upon DEST. DEST is an IBT (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingThing) or an agent. Note that if DEST is an agent, you should probably use the more specific actor slot, #$recipientOfInfo. Note also that if DEST existed before the transfer, it may have already contained the information.", rdfs:label "information destination" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$performedByPart ACT ORG) means that the #$Organization ORG is considered to be the performer of the #$Action ACT, though in fact only some subordinate part of ORG (i.e., a member or a sub-organization), rather than all of the organization, is directly involved in ACT. For example, (#$performedByPart OperationDesertStorm USArmy) since only certain divisions of the US Army participated in Operation Desert Storm.", rdfs:label "performed by part" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate identifies an #$Agent who loses some right to use an object. (#$fromPossessor LOSS AGENT) means that AGENT enjoys some #$UserRightsAttribute over the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer at the start of the #$LosingUserRights event LOSS, but no longer has that particular #$UserRightsAttribute after the LOSS ends.", rdfs:label "from possessor" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which is an elaboration of the information described in ARG1 in the sense that is gives more specific information about ARG1.", rdfs:label "elaboration general specific - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$socialParticipants SO AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT participates --- in some social role --- in the #$SocialOccurrence SO. In every culture there are many specializations of this #$ActorSlot; some #$SocialOccurrences have very elaborate role structures (e.g., a lawsuit in 1990's America), and some are fairly simple (e.g., rudely bumping into someone.) See #$SocialOccurrence.", rdfs:label "participants" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$birthParent BIRTH PAR) means that PAR is the parent who is #$bodilyDoer in the #$BirthEvent BIRTH - typically this is also the #$femaleParentActor of the preceding #$BiologicalReproductionEvent.", rdfs:label "birth parent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$socialClass PRSN CLS) means that in the surrounding culture, the #$Person PRSN has the #$SocialClass-Lifestyle CLS. As the name suggests, this predicate indicates PRSN's approximate social status as determined by his or her style of life -- quality of life, access to material goods and services, and social associations. It may also depend on a cultural non-material system of social rank, based on birth, office, manners, vocal accent or other factors. E.g., (#$socialClass #$DonaldTrump #$UpperClass) was true even when he lost his fortune and was (temporarily) bankrupt; and (#$socialClass #$BillGates #$UpperMiddleClass) was true, at least for a while, after he became a billionaire. This is a good example of a predicate whose precise meaning, and associated heuristic rules, vary quite a bit from context to context, such as from country to country, from century to century, etc.", rdfs:label "social class" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$traverses-Partial MOVE TRAV) means that the moving object OBJ in the #$Translation-SingleTrajectory MOVE (see #$objectMoving) is partially confined to the #$Traversal TRAV during EVENT, i.e., one of MOVE's subevent has the #$traverses-Complete relation to a sub-traversal of TRAV. To say that MOVE is partially confined to TRAV during EVENT, we mean that (1) there is a subevent SUBEVENT of MOVE such that (#$subTranslations-SingleTrajectory MOVE SUBEVENT) holds, and (2) there is a sub-Traversal SUBTRAV of TRAV (see #$subTraversals) such that SUBEVENT is confined to SUBTRAV, i.e., (#$traverses-Complete SUBEVENT SUBTRAV) holds.", rdfs:label "traverses - partial" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$maritalStatus PRSN MSTAT) means #$Person PRSN has the #$MaritalStatusOfPeople MSTAT. The latter may be: #$Married, #$Widowed, #$Single, etc. E.g., (#$maritalStatus #$KeithRichards #$Married). The marital status of a person depends on whether, and when, that person was married to another person, and how the marriage ended.", rdfs:label "marital status" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$isa EL COL) means that EL is an element of the collection COL. Cyc knows that #$isa distributes over #$genls; that is, if one asserts (#$isa EL COL) and (#$genls COL SUPER), Cyc will infer that (#$isa EL SUPER). Therefore, in practice one only manually asserts a small fraction of the #$isa assertions --- the vast majority are inferred automatically by Cyc.", rdfs:label "isa" Domain: owl:Thing Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$pointingToward OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 has a pointing axis and that its axis points toward OBJ2. A pointing axis is ascribed to objects that have directionality (e.g., a gun, a projectile, an arrow, an extended finger).", rdfs:label "pointing toward" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$objectPaidFor EVENT OBJECT) means that in the #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights EVENT, the right to possess OBJECT is transferred from one #$Agent to another. OBJ is not the #$objectTendered but the goods that are bought or rented.", rdfs:label "object paid for" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$spouse PERSON1 PERSON2) means the two #$Persons PERSON1 and PERSON2 are married. Note: in some contexts (cultures), a person is not restricted to having only one cotemporal spouse.", rdfs:label "spouse" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$inputsCommitted is used when some #$inputs to a particular event is incorporated into some #$outputs of that event, but remains recognizable rather than being destroyed. (#$inputsCommitted EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT exists before EVENT and continues to exist afterwards, and as a result of EVENT, OBJECT becomes incorporated into something created during EVENT. Once incorporated into the output of EVENT, OBJECT can't be independently incorporated in any other creation event. For example, bricks that are used to build a wall continue to exist as bricks once the wall has been built. While a part of the wall, a brick cannot be used as an independent input in another creation event. (See also #$outputsCreated.) Note: there is a grey area between #$inputsCommitted and #$inputsDestroyed; the less possible it is to take apart the relevant #$outputs of EVENT and get OBJECT back as an independent thing, the more likely it is that the relationship between EVENT and OBJECT should be #$inputsDestroyed, rather than #$inputsCommitted.", rdfs:label "input" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$tensileStrengthOfSubstance OBJ DEGREE) indicates the relative force needed to pull the tangible OBJ apart. A higher DEGREE of #$TensileStrength indicates more force is required to pull the object apart.", rdfs:label "tensile strength of substance" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$reformulatorRule EXPR-1 EXPR-2), asserted in the microtheory MT, means that EXPR-1 may be reformulated into EXPR-2 (or vice versa, based on meta-properties of this rule and what mode the reformulator is in) in MT or a specMt thereof. Free variables in EXPR-1 and EXPR-2 are shared, and may bind with CycL expressions which match the template. Truth and semantics are not necessarily preserved (see #$TruthPreservingReformulation). Use the more specific predicates #$reformulatorEquiv and $#reformulatorEquals when applicable.", rdfs:label "reformulator rule" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$overrides is used to tell Cyc which rule to prefer when it encounters two conflicting rules while reasoning with default assertions. (#$overrides FIRST SECOND) means that if the assertions FIRST and SECOND both appear in conflicting arguments for and against some proposition, favor the argument that contains FIRST.", rdfs:label "overrides" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$pointOnTraversal A TRAV) means that A is a point along a #$Traversal TRAV of some path or paths. Let TRAV be (#$TraversalFn (#$TheList X(1) PATH(1) ... X(n) PATH(n) X(n+1))), using a #$PathChain to describe the traversal. Then (#$pointOnTraversal A TRAV) holds if and only if there is a k = 1, ..., n such that (#$pointOnPath-Generic A PATH(k)). Note that each PATH(k) is an instance of #$Path-Generic. See also #$Traversal and #$TraversalFn.", rdfs:label "point on traversal" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$equalStrings-CaseInsensitive ?STRING1 ?STRING2) is true when ?STRING1 and ?STRING2 are strings of characters which differ only in case.", rdfs:label "equal strings - case insensitive" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arityMax REL NUMBER) means that the #$VariableArityRelation REL takes at most the number of arguments given by NUMBER. For example, the #$arityMax of all instances of #$UnitOfMeasure is 2. See also #$arityMin and #$arity.", rdfs:label "arity max" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$numInhabitants is used to indicate the number of people living in a region. (#$numInhabitants REGION NUMBER) means that the #$GeographicalRegion REGION has this #$Integer NUMBER of inhabitants. Note that, for any particular country, NUMBER is not necessarily the same as the number of its citizens, since citizens may be living abroad, and aliens may be residing in the country. Examples: (#$numInhabitants #$CityOfRomeItaly 2800000); (#$numInhabitants #$CityOfTokyoJapan 8300000). See also #$populationDuring.", rdfs:label "population" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$isolatedNodeInSystem X SYS) means that the node X in the #$PathSystem SYS is an isolated point in SYS, i.e., X is not on any link or loop in the #$PathSystem SYS. Note that an isolated point must be a node in SYS.", rdfs:label "isolated node in system" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The Cyc predicate #$cotemporalSubEvents is used to relate an event to some sub-portion of the event which has the same duration as the whole event but doesn't include everything that happens. (#$cotemporalSubEvents WHOLE PART) means that WHOLE and PART are cotemporal events (i.e., they have the same exact duration), and PART is a component of WHOLE. For example, a particular element of #$RainStorm may have distinguishable #$cotemporalSubEvents for (1) raining and (2) wind blowing. Or, an instance of swimming #$Backstroke has separable events for (1) kicking and (2) arm motion throughout the swimming. #$cotemporalSubEvents allows us to identify them and state different things about the distinct processes. See also #$cotemporal, #$subEvents.", rdfs:label "cotemporal sub events" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$inFrontOf-Generally FORE AFT) means that FORE is in front of the tangible object AFT. More precisely, the intrinsic back-to-front axis of AFT is within 45 degrees of some line intersecting both FORE and AFT. FORE may be intangible, such as an image projected onto a screen.", rdfs:label "in front of - generally" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$defnIff COL TEST) means that TEST is the name of a piece of code in the Cyc system substrate, and TEST acts as a necessary and sufficient test for inclusion in the #$Collection COL. If TEST returns T [True] when applied to a particular item, that item is considered an element of COL; all elements of COL must fulfill TEST's requirements. Cf. #$defnNecessary, #$defnSufficient.", rdfs:label "defn iff" Domain: owl:Class Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$externalParts OBJ PART) means that OBJ has PART as one of its external #$physicalParts. See #$surfaceParts, an important specialization of #$externalParts, for parts which do not extend from one side to the opposite side of ARG1.", rdfs:label "external part" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$genPreferredKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD) states that the constant ?THING has a preferred NL keyword representation as :KEYWORD, though other keywords may exist for that constant. Other such constants are indicated with #$genKeyword assertions. Also, (#$genPreferredKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD) should imply (#$genKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD). There should only be one (#$genPreferredKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD) assertion for a given ?THING.", rdfs:label "gen preferred keyword" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$subAgreements relates a particular agreement to the subordinate agreements it comprises. (#$subAgreements AGR SUB) means that both AGR and SUB are elements of #$Agreement, and AGR has SUB as a sub-part.", rdfs:label "sub agreements" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$traversalPassesThrough TRAV POINT) means that POINT is a point that the #$Traversal TRAV passes through. Note that when TRAV passes through POINT, POINT cannot be a mere endpoint of TRAV. This means that a traversal does not pass through its starting point if it does not go back to the point and then leave it, nor does it pass through its ending point if it does not meet the point twice.", rdfs:label "traversal passes through" Domain: Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$subPaths PATH SUBPATH) means that SUBPATH is a sub-path of PATH, such that any 'point' on SUBPATH must also be on PATH. PATH and SUBPATH are both instances of #$Path-Simple.", rdfs:label "sub paths" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The first language spoken by a person. EntryFormat is #$SetTheFormat, to cover cases of bi-lingual childhoods.", rdfs:label "native language" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$biologicalMother OFFSPRING FEMALE) means that #$FemaleAnimal FEMALE is the female biological parent of the #$Animal OFFSPRING.", rdfs:label "biological mother" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$temporalBoundsIntersect ?X ?Y) means that the closed solid time interval between from the start of ?X to the end of ?X, inclusive, intersects the solid time interval from the start of ?Y and the end of ?Y, inclusive. Clearly, if ?X and ?Y are continuous events, then the stronger assertion (#$temporallyIntersects ?X ?Y) must also hold. But if either is a discontinuous event, it is possible to have a situation where their bounds intersect but where there is no time point in common. For example, the discontinuous event of `Fred sleeping this week' could intersects the bounds of `Fred driving this week' even though the two events share no time points (we hope).", rdfs:label "temporal bounds intersect" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg3Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the third argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL.", rdfs:label "arg 3 isa" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$eventToPrevent-SitType EVT SITTYPE) means that, in the planning context, a #$Situation satisfying the description of SITTYPE must NOT come about at any time during the course of EVT in order for EVT to count as 'successful'. It is presupposed that no #$Situation of type SITTYPE obtains at the start of SIT.", rdfs:label "event to prevent - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$maximalConnectedSubSystems SYS SUB) means that SUB is a 'maximal' connected subsystem of SYS, i.e., that SUB is an entire connected piece of SYS without other disconnected pieces of SYS. That is to say, (i) SUB is a connected path system, and consequently must have at least one node, say NODE, in it, and (ii) SUB is a subsystem of SYS, and (iii) for every connected subsystem SUB1 of SYS containing NODE, SUB1 is a subsystem of SUB. Thus a maximal connected subsystem SUB of a path system SYS must satisfy the conditions that (a) for each point X in SUB and each point Y in SYS that is not in SUB, X and Y are not connected in SYS, and that (b) for any nodes X and Y in SUB, for any link LINK in SYS between X and Y, LINK must also be in SUB, and that (c) for each point X in SYS, if X is on a link in SYS which is also a link in SUB, then X must also be in SUB. It follows that if SUB is a maximal connected subsystem of SYS, SUB must be a link-closed subsystem as well as a point-closed subsystem of SYS. Another consequence is that if SUB is a maximal connected subsystem of SYS, and if X is a point in SUB and is on a loop in SYS, then the loop must also be in SUB.", rdfs:label "maximal connected sub systems" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg3Genl REL COL) means that the predicate or function, REL, accepts only third arguments that have the #$Collection COL among their #$genls.", rdfs:label "arg 3 genl" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate is used to specify that a certain collection is a supercollection of any value returned by a particular collection-denoting function. (#$resultGenl CDF COL) means that when the #$CollectionDenotingFunction CDF is applied to any sequence of arguments ARG1, ..., ARGn for which it is defined, the result will be a subcollection of COL, i.e. (#$genls (CDF ARG1...ARGn) COL). For example, (#$resultGenl #$UsingAFn #$Action) means that every using of a particular kind of object is an action, (#$resultGenl #$AttemptingFn #$PurposefulAction) means that every attempt at a specific action is a purposeful act, and (#$resultGenl #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$Connection) means that every joint between two specific things is a connection. See also #$resultIsa.", rdfs:label "result genl" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$resultantMentalObjects PEVT PERCEPT) means that during the #$Perceiving event PEVT, the perceiver acquires, or begins thinking about some piece of information or informational thing PERCEPT (i.e., feeling some emotion, deducing some conclusion, observing some facts, etc.)", rdfs:label "resultant mental objects" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A restriction of #$portalHasCovering. This predicate can take as it's arg1 any instance of #$WindowPortal, eg., a car window, or a window in a #$ModernHumanResidence.", rdfs:label "window has covering" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$contiguousAfter AFTER BEFORE) means that AFTER starts immediately following BEFORE. The two events have no time points in common, but there is no time point between them --- i.e., between the ending of the first one (BEFORE) and the starting of the second one (AFTER). E.g., one can use this predicate to state an axiom that adolescence is #$contiguousAfter childhood. Note: This Cyc temporal relation is similar, but not equivalent to, what James Allen independently dubbed the METBY relation.", rdfs:label "contiguous after" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$connectedTo-Rigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are joined so that no relative motion between them can occur at the point of connection unless the connection is severed by breakage of some part of the connected objects or by disassembly of the connection. Further, no relative motion between the contact surfaces of OBJ1 nor OBJ2 may occur. Thus, if a nail is rigidly connected to a board, the only way for that relationship to no longer hold is if the nail is pulled out of the hole (e.g. by a hammer or crowbar) or if the nail or board is broken in a critical location. Note that (#$connectedTo-Rigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) does admit cases in which OBJ1 or OBJ2 undergo plastic deformation. For example, consider the case of a disc rigidly connected via glue (see #$gluedTo) to a rubber sheet. The rubber sheet and disc may undergo significant relative motion. Both of the connected objects are solid.", rdfs:label "connected to - rigidly" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$addressText maps a particular element of #$ContactLocation to its #$Address-LocationDesignator, ADDRESS. (#$addressText LOC ADDRESS) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC has the address ADDRESS. For example, the #$addressText of the Cycorp #$MailingLocation is `Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Ste. 100, Austin, TX 78731-1615.' See also #$ContactLocation.", rdfs:label "address text" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$fastenedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is an assembly consisting of OBJ1, OBJ2, and one or more fasteners configured so that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are rigidly connected. Many types of fastener are covered by #$fastenedTo; e.g., screws, nails, rivets, nuts and bolts. The fastener penetrates all the way through OBJ1 and may or may not go all the way through OBJ2. Examples: a utility shelf screwed into the wall; paper notices stapled to a bulletin board; shingles nailed to the roof of a house.", rdfs:label "fastened to" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate indicates, for the particular rotational motion ROT, the orientation that the #$objectMoving in that event has at the beginning of that motion. (#$fromOrientation ROT ORIENT) means that when ROT begins, the object that moves in ROT has the position ORIENT, with respect to the current frame of reference. For example, the object may have a #$HorizontalOrientation, #$VerticalOrientation, #$RightSideUp orientation, etc. See also #$toOrientation, #$OrientationAttribute.", rdfs:label "from orientation" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$traversalInSystem-OrderObserved TRAV SYS) means that TRAV is a #$Traversal of some paths in the #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem SYS, which observes the orders or directions of links (and paths) in SYS. To say that TRAV observes the orders or directions of links in SYS, we mean that for each link LINK in SYS between X and Y, (#$TraversalFn (#$TheList X LINK Y)) is a subtraversal of TRAV only if (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS) holds, and for each subpath SUB between A and B of a link LINK in SYS between X and Y, (#$TraversalFn (#$TheList A SUB B)) is a subtraversal of TRAV only if (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS) holds.", rdfs:label "traversal in system - order observed" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$parallelObjects OBJ1 OBJ2) means that the lengthwise axes of OBJ1 and OBJ2 are parallel to each other.", rdfs:label "parallel objects" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$salientAssertions ?TERM ?ASSERTION) means that some #$Cyclist has deemed it useful to mark ?ASSERTION as one of the assertions which is most useful to examine when trying to figure out the intended meaning of ?TERM. Statements using #$salientAssertions are wholly intended for human consumption; they are not used by Cyc's inference engine in any way.", rdfs:label "salient assertions" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$artifactHonors ARTIFACT HONOREE) means that ARTIFACT is created or constructed to honor or commemmorate HONOREE, and to cause people who perceive ARTIFACT to remember and respect HONOREE. HONOREE is usually a #$Person, but sometimes it can be a group of people, a pet, an event, or another physical object (even a body part, in the case of the statue at Saratoga honoring Gen. Benedict Arnold's untainted leg). Usually, but not always, the ARTIFACT is created by someone other than HONOREE (but some people build monuments to themselves). If HONOREE is a living #$Person when ARTIFACT is created, HONOREE is probably present at an #$Event of announcing, inaugurating or unveiling the ARTIFACT; see #$eventHonors. Usually, if HONOREE is dead, the ARTIFACT will be an instance of #$Monument; see the more specific predicate #$monumentHonors for this case.", rdfs:label "honoree" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg2Genl REL COL) means that the predicate or function, REL, accepts only second arguments that have the #$Collection COL among their #$genls.", rdfs:label "arg 2 genl" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates any two set-or-collections that have no elements in common. (#$disjointWith SETORCOL1 SETORCOL2) means that SETORCOL1 is disjoint with SETORCOL2: they have no elements in common. (#$disjointWith SETORCOL SETORCOL) entails that SETORCOL is empty, i.e has no elements.", rdfs:label "disjoint with" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$presentParticiple WORD STRING) means that STRING is the present participle, or progressive form of WORD. The regular present participle is formed from the infinitive verb form with an `-ing' suffix. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon will have a #$presentParticiple entry only if they are irregular. Regular forms are generated by the morphology component.", rdfs:label "present participle" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$argsIsa is used with elements of #$Relation that take an indefinite number of arguments, in order to specify that the values of all the arguments used with that relation must be of a certain type. E.g., to specify that all the arguments to Cyc's addition function, #$PlusFn, must be measurable quantities (i.e., elements of #$ScalarInterval), we assert: (#$argsIsa #$PlusFn #$ScalarInterval). Additional examples: `paths branch only into other paths', i.e., (#$argsIsa #$branchesInto #$Path-Generic); `dinars are measured only in numbers', i.e., (#$argsIsa #$Dinar-Jordan #$SubLRealNumber).", rdfs:label "args isa" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(cavityHasWall CAV WALL) means that the the #$Cavity CAV has WALL as one of its walls (or part of one of its walls), or partly-enclosing inner surfaces. #$cavityHasWall is often used for describing the relationship between some space or part of a #$ConstructionArtifact and the substructures that bound or enclose it (e.g., the relationship between a room and its walls, floor(s), and ceiling(s)).", rdfs:label "cavity has wall" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$intangibleParts WHOLE PART) means that PART is one of the intangible parts of WHOLE. For the predicate which relates a thing to its entire intangible extent, please see #$intangibleComponent.", rdfs:label "intangible parts" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$sharedNotes is a predicate belonging to the Cyc collection #$DocumentationConstant. Often KB builders wish to repeat the same documentation in the #$comment of many constants. Rather than actually duplicating text in the KB, it is possible to create a special constant to 'hold' the documentation; this constant will be an instance of #$SharedNote. (#$sharedNotes X N) means that N is an element of #$SharedNote whose #$comment contains shared documentation about the constant X. Since #$sharedNotes are usually shared, it is reasonable to expect other axioms, such as (#$sharedNotes Y N) and (#$sharedNotes Z N) to be in the KB as well.", rdfs:label "shared notes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$acquaintedWith AGENT1 AGENT2) means the #$IndividualAgent AGENT1 is acquainted with the #$IndividualAgent AGENT2 (in the minimal sense that AGENT1 has come into physical or conversational contact with AGENT2, or that they have somehow knowingly communicated with each other). This typically means that each #$IndividualAgent is aware of some facts about the other. In cases where one of the #$IndividualAgents is sentient, this typically includes the ability of this agent to recognize the other by appearance, voice, scent, or some other physical attribute.", rdfs:label "acquaintance" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$covers-Paintlike COATING OBJECT) means that COATING adheres to and covers OBJECT like a coat of paint. COATING #$touchesDirectly onto OBJECT. COATING may be either dry (e.g., dried paint) or liquid (e.g., lubricant spread on a surface, like cooking oil on a baking pan). Like paint, COATING isn't more cohesive with itself than it is with OBJECT, so (if dry) it would tend to peel or flake off in small pieces, rather than as a whole.", rdfs:label "covers - paintlike" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "'(#$instrument-Container EVENT CONT)' means that the #$objectActedOn in EVENT is contained in (#$in-ContGeneric) CONT during EVENT, and that CONT facilitates EVENT being accomplished. (#$Davis, 8/8/96)", rdfs:label "instrument - container" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(executionOfPlan PLAN EVENT) means that EVENT is a complex #$Event that figures as an execution of the #$Plan represented by PLAN. EVENT may be reified within the #$Microtheory PLAN itself, or it may be in a higher-order mt to which PLAN has access.", rdfs:label "execution of plan" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$admittedArgument TERM RELATION) states that TERM satisfies the first argument constraint of RELATION. For example, (#$admittedFirstArgument #$AbrahamLincoln #$wife) and (#$admittedFirstArgument #$Cougar #$JuvenileFn). This predicate is a binary form of #$admittedArgument.", rdfs:label "admitted first argument" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$hasGender BLO SEX) means that the #$BiologicalLivingObject BLO is of the gender SEX.", rdfs:label "gender" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$connectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are (directly or indirectly) physically attached in a way that allows at most only limited types of relative motion between them. A hinged connection, for example, allows limited rotational motion between OBJ1 and OBJ2. OBJ1 and OBJ2 must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter. In many cases, being #$connectedTo implicitly involves another object(s); e.g. a door is #$connectedTo a door frame by a hinge, which is itself #$connectedTo-Directly (q.v.) both the door and the frame.", rdfs:label "connection" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$genlMt SPEC-MICROTHEORY GENL-MICROTHEORY) means that all the assertions true in the #$Microtheory GENL-MICROTHEORY are also true in the #$Microtheory SPEC-MICROTHEORY. Thus a query posed in SPEC-MICROTHEORY will have access to all the assertions asserted in GENL-MICROTHEORY - and, in fact, all the assertions asserted in any #$Microtheory MT such that (#$genlMt GENL-MICROTHEORY MT), and so forth. There is a special #$Microtheory, the #$BaseKB, which is such that for every #$Microtheory MT, it is the case that (#$genlMt MT #$BaseKB). (Note that for technical reasons, all #$genlMt assertions should be made in the #$BaseKB.)", rdfs:label "genl mt" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The #$Agent(s) that performed this possibly criminal act.", rdfs:label "culprit" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$granuleOfSpatialStuff STUFFTYPE OBJTYPE) means that the collection STUFFTYPE has as its spatial granules (or granularity level) the collection OBJTYPE. If some collection is spatially stuff-like, that means that the instances of that collection can be divided spatially, and the physical portions remaining will still be instances of that collection; e.g., a physical portion of some instance of #$SandMob is still sand (cf. #$ExistingStuffType). Such division cannot go on indefinitely in this way, however: eventually, division of something spatially stuff-like will result in the object-like 'granules' out of which the stuff-like thing is composed. For instances, division of sand would eventually result in individual grains of sand, division of water would eventually get down to individual molecules of water, etc. At this level of division or below, the remaining physical portions do NOT count as instances of the stuff-type from which they were divided. This may seem counter-intuitive: isn't an individual molecule of water still water? Perhaps in some sense, but since the individual granules of a stuff typically do NOT have most of the properties that the groups made of the granules have (including the property of being stuff-like), we do not count the individual granules as instances of the collection of which they are granules (O'Keefe, 7/18/1997).", rdfs:label "granule of spatial stuff" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keGenlsWeakSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it is weakly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED SPEC-COL VALUE) is known in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke genls weak suggestion preds" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$bordersOn REGION1 REGION2) means that the #$GeographicalRegions REGION1 and REGION2 are physically adjacent to each other, i.e. they share a border. Examples: (#$bordersOn #$CentralUSATimeZone #$MountainUSATimeZone), (#$bordersOn #$Nepal #$Tibet).", rdfs:label "border" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$pointClosedSubSystems SYS SUBSYS) means that the path system SUBSYS is a subsystem of the path system SYS (i.e., (#$subPathSystems SYS SUBSYS) holds) and SUBSYS 'preserves' all points in SYS that are on links in SUBSYS, i.e., if LINK is a link in SUBSYS (and hence is a link in SYS) and X is a point in SYS and is on LINK, then X must be a point in SUBSYS.", rdfs:label "point closed sub systems" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which could motivate the listener to carry out the actions described in ARG1.", rdfs:label "motivation - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$ancestors YOUNGER OLDER) means OLDER is one of the biological ancestors of YOUNGER. OLDER could be one of YOUNGER's biological parents, biological grandparents, biological great-grandparents, etc.", rdfs:label "ancestor" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$likesObject AGT OBJ) means that when the sentient agent AGT is interacting in some way with OBJ, that agent feels some measure of #$Enjoyment --- that is, (#$feelsEmotion AGT #$Enjoyment). The kinds of interactions that produce #$Enjoyment depend largely on what kind of thing OBJ is. Thus, `Joe likes the Mona Lisa' implies that Joe feels #$Enjoyment when viewing the Mona Lisa. But `Joe likes pizza' implies that Joe feels #$Enjoyment when eating that kind of food. There are some specialized predicates of #$likesObject that give more information about the kind of interaction between AGT and OBJ that results in #$Enjoyment; see, e.g., #$likesSensorially and #$likesAsFriend.", rdfs:label "like" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$assistingAgent ACT AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the agents assisting in the performance of ACT; AGENT itself may or may not also be performing ACT. AGENT is doing some tasks related to ACT but which are not directly #$subEvents of performing the main or focus action. Thus, `assisting' here means doing such supporting activities as fetching supplies or tools needed in ACT; helping to manipulate objects involved in ACT; gathering an audience, or booking the performer, if ACT is a public performance, and so forth.", rdfs:label "assistants" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$cyclistNotes X S) means that S is a string of text that usually conveys a message useful to others involved in building the Cyc KB. This might include warnings ('don't use this!'), plans for future expansion or changes, etc.", rdfs:label "cyclist notes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$coExtensional COLL1 COLL2) means that the collections COLL1 and COLL2 have all their instances in common: every element of one collection is an element of the other. Since #$Collections (q.v.) are intensionally defined, however, unlike mathematical sets, two collections can be coextensional without thereby being identical (see #$equals).", rdfs:label "co extensional" Domain: owl:Class Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a group (see #$Group) to its individual members. (#$groupMembers GROUP MEMBER) means that MEMBER is a member of GROUP. For example, #$PyramidOfCheops is a group-member of the #$SevenWondersOfTheAncientWorld, and #$BillClinton is a group-member of the #$DemocraticParty.", rdfs:label "group members" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$intangibleComponent WHOLE PART) means that PART is the entire intangible part of the #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject WHOLE.", rdfs:label "intangible component" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$majorUndertakingsOf ACTION AGENT) means that AGENT consciously performed ACTION. The success and consequence(s) of ACTION are important to AGENT. As a result, for a sentient AGENT, failure usually results in AGENT feeling negative emotions, and success positive emotions.", rdfs:label "major undertakings of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$temporallyCoterminal X Y) means (#$simultaneousWith (#$EndFn X) (#$EndFn Y)). That is, the #$endingPoint of X is the same as the #$endingPoint of Y. This implies that X and Y overlap, in at least one point (namely, their #$endingPoints are the same.)", rdfs:label "temporally coterminal" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$visuallyDepicts ?IBT ?OBJ) means the object ?OBJ is depicted by the visual information source ?IBT.", rdfs:label "represent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$sublists LIST SUB) means that SUB is a sublist of LIST, both being instances of #$List. Formally, SUB is a sublist of LIST iff for some #$Lists X and Y, (#$JoinListsFn X SUB Y) = LIST. Note that by this definition and our definition of #$JoinListsFn, every list is a sublist of itself, and #$TheEmptyList is a sublist of every #$List. As examples, the following are all sublists of (#$TheList A B C D A B): #$TheEmptyList, (#$TheList A), (#$TheList A B), (#$TheList A B C), (#$TheList B C), (#$TheList B C D A), and LIST itself, etc. Note also that the sublist (#$TheList A B) of LIST above 'occurs' in LIST as a segment more than once--one is an initial segment, and the other is a final segment, of LIST. See #$PositionsInListFn.", rdfs:label "sublists" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$covers-Hairlike HAIR OBJECT) means that HAIR consists of a mob of things that are embedded close together in OBJECT and cover some portion of its surface. See also #$Mob.", rdfs:label "covers - hairlike" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$symbolizes SYMBOL OBJ) means that the #$SymbolicObject SYMBOL represents the thing OBJ for some abstract agent. E.g., the US flag #$symbolizes the USA. It is usually true that (#$symbolizes x y) implies (#$connotes x y #$High). Note that the 'abstract agent' may be context-specific -- a given object may represent one thing in one culture, and nothing at all or a different thing in another culture.", rdfs:label "symbolize" Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$subBeliefSystem BSYS SUB) indicates that SUB is a more specialized `branch' of belief system BSYS. Thus the #$beliefStatements of SUB will be a superset of the #$beliefStatements of BSYS (sometimes with a few changes and deletions.) Some examples of this are: (#$subBeliefSystem #$Islam #$ShiiteIslam), (#$subBeliefSystem #$ProtestantReligion #$PresbyterianReligion), and (#$subBeliefSystem #$MilesianSchoolBeliefs #$AnaximandersPhilosophy).--KM Smith, Sep 16, 1997", rdfs:label "sub belief system" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg1Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different first arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT.", rdfs:label "arg 1 format" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This intentionally-vague predicate relates spatial things that are relatively near each other. (#$near THIS THAT) means that the distance between THIS and THAT is such that -- given the situation at hand and the sorts of things that THIS and THAT are -- they would be considered near each other by most observers. When appropriate, use a more precisely-defined predicate, such as #$nearToDegree, #$nearRelativeTo, #$nearForRolesInEventType, or #$nearnessForRolesInEventType.", rdfs:label "nearby object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$anatomicalParts ORGM PART) means that PART is an anatomical part of the (whole) organism ORGM. Note that to represent the decomposition of parts of subparts --- for example, to say that a finger is part of a hand --- one should use the predicate #$physicalParts (qv), not #$anatomicalParts.", rdfs:label "anatomical part" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$traverses-Complete MOVE TRAVER) means that the #$Movement-TranslationEvent MOVE traverses a path or series of paths (#$Path-Generics forming the #$Traversal TRAVER) during its motion, and that TRAVER is the entire traversal from beginning to end of the movement. The traversal may cross itself, go back and forth along the same path, or repeat cycles of paths (unlike the #$ActorSlot #$motionPathway-Complete, which can follow only one, non-self-crossing, pre-existing #$Path-Generic.) See also #$traverses-Partial. Contrast #$traverses-Complete with #$motionPathway-Complete, that relates to one existing #$Path-Generic, and with #$trajectory-Complete that relates to the pure #$Trajectory of the motion.", rdfs:label "traverses - complete" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg4Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different fourth arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT.", rdfs:label "arg 4 format" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$competingAgents COMPETITION AGENT) means that the AGENT is a competitor in the contest or competition COMPETITION, and thus has a chance of being a winner of the competition. This excludes many participants of such events, such as referees, judges, and spectators. If the COMPETITION is a team competition, the individual team members are also excluded.", rdfs:label "competitors" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$wornOn is used to describe on what part of an individual's body a particular device or garment is worn. (#$wornOn ITEM BODYPART) means that ITEM is being worn on the body part BODYPART. #$wornOn can apply to human or animal wearers, and the items worn can include clothing, jewelry, medical devices, harnesses, carrying devices, wigs--basically, anything which can be attached to or borne upon a body part without intentionally holding or carrying it. See #$SomethingToWear for its subsets of things that can be worn. See also #$wearsClothing, which relates the wearer, rather than the body part, to the item worn.", rdfs:label "worn on" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$cardinality SETORCOL N) means that the #$SetOrCollection SETORCOL has N members. For instance, #$TheEmptySet has a #$cardinality 0. Note that cardinality is most clear for finite sets, and only in special branches of mathematics does one speak of cardinality of infinite sets. See also, #$entityCardinality, #$Note-cardinality-vs-entityCardinality, #$groupCardinality.", rdfs:label "cardinality" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$negativeVestedInterest AGT OBJ) means #$Agent AGT has a negative interest in the object OBJ or in the good fortune of OBJ, and a positive interest in its misfortune. Generally, AGT will be helped or pleased by the destruction, diminution, weakening, or retarding of OBJ, and will be hurt or displeased if OBJ is preserved or enhanced. See #$positiveVestedInterest.", rdfs:label "negative vested interest" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$gerund WORD STRING) means that STRING is the gerund form of WORD. The regular gerund is formed from the infinitive verb form with an `ing' suffix. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon will have a #$gerund entry only if they are irregular. Regular forms are generated by the morphology component.", rdfs:label "gerund" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$listSetMembers LIST MEMBER) means that MEMBER is a member of the #$List LIST. For example, if LIST = (#$TheList A B C B), then A, B and C are all members of LIST. See #$SetOfListMembersFn.", rdfs:label "list set members" Domain: Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$constrainingObject MOTION OBJ) means that OBJ physically constrains the motion of some #$objectMoving in the #$MovementEvent MOTION. The #$constrainingObject necessarily #$touches the #$objectMoving during at least part of MOTION. Examples of #$constrainingObjects include: an axle constraining a wheel turning, a car or other #$transporter carrying passengers, and a railroad track guiding a train. As these examples show, a #$constrainingObject may or may not be moving. A road driven on by a car is a marginally negative example of a #$constrainingObject, because the car can drive off the road, though the road does facilitate its motion.", rdfs:label "constraining object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate identifies an #$Agent who gains some right to use an object. (#$toPossessor GAIN AGENT) means that after the event GAIN (a #$GainingUserRights), AGENT enjoys some #$UserRightsAttribute over the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer which that agent did not have at the start of GAIN.", rdfs:label "recipient" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$positiveVestedInterest AGENT OBJECT) means AGENT has a positive interest in OBJECT or in the good fortune of OBJECT. Generally, AGENT will be helped or pleased by the preservation or enhancement of OBJECT. Note that the restriction of OBJECT to #$TemporalThing means that it would be incorrect to use this predicate to say (e.g.) that Douglas Adams has a #$positiveVestedInterest in the number 42. Rather, what he has a vested interest in is public popularity and faddism focusing on that number. A fad is a #$TemporalThing, but the number 42 isn't.", rdfs:label "positive vested interest" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$solubleIn SOLUTE SOLVENT) means that the piece of #$PartiallyTangible stuff SOLUTE will ordinarily dissolve if placed into the #$LiquidTangibleThing SOLVENT. See also #$Solubility.", rdfs:label "soluble in" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a group to its subgroups. (#$subGroups GROUP SUBGROUP) means that (1) all #$groupMembers of SUBGROUP are members of GROUP and (2) if SUBGROUP is different from GROUP, then the members of SUBGROUP constitute a #$Group in their own right that is some sort of specialization within GROUP. Examples: the stars in #$BigDipper-Asterism constitute one of the #$subGroups of #$MilkyWay-Galaxy; the Democrats in the House of Representatives in a given year constitute a subgroup of the group of #$USRepresentatives for that year.", rdfs:label "subgroup" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$inRegion OBJ1 OBJ2) means, roughly, that OBJ1 is at OBJ2. #$inRegion is a general locative predicate that has a large, diverse group of specializations; for this reason it is hard to characterize its meaning succinctly. The primary use of #$inRegion is to generalize over all these specializations. The most salient sufficient condition for #$inRegion's holding between two spatial things is simply the disjunction of the sufficient conditions for its nearest reified specializations holding (but see EXCEPTION below). Every assertion in the extent of #$inRegion is, in theory, in the extent of at least one of these specializations (again, see EXCEPTION). When considering using #$inRegion, always consider whether one of its specializations might be preferrable. (Maximum specificity is desirable in a GAF or the consequent of a rule, while generality is often appropriate in the antecedent of a rule.) Two important nearest reified specializations of #$inRegion are #$objectFoundInLocation, whose arg2 is necessarily not a part of arg1, and #$physicalDecompositions, whose arg1 necessarily _is_ a part of arg2. (Note the switch of argument order: #$inRegion is a genl-preds of #$objectFoundInLocation, but a genl-inverse of #$physicalDecompositions.) #$spatiallySubsumes is another important nearest reified specialization of #$inRegion. Some examples: Given that Cup1 is on Stool5, we may write (#$inRegion Cup1 Stool5); but note that #$on-Physical is probably more appropriate to use here. If Cup1 were under, or suspended one inch above, the stool, (#$inRegion Cup1 Stool5) would probably be false. On the other hand, if Cup1 were on an inch-high stack of papers resting atop stool, (#$inRegion Cup1 Stool5) would be true since (#$objectFoundInLocation Cup1 Stool5) would be true. Given that Fish1 is in Ocean2, we may write (#$inRegion Fish1 Ocean2); but #$in-ImmersedFully is probably more appropriate. Given that Car03 is on Highway2, we may write (#$inRegion Car03 Highway2); but #$on-Physical is more appropriate. Given that Joe is in Texas, we may write (#$inRegion Joe Texas); but #$objectFoundInLocation is more appropriate. Given the Gorge01 has a Cliff01 as a part, one may write (#$inRegion Cliff01 Gorge01); but (#$surfaceParts Gorge1 Cliff01) would be a more precise. EXCEPTION: The cavity interior denoted by (#$CavityInteriorRegionFn OBJ) might or might not be considered a part of OBJ, depending on one's viewpoint. To accommodate both viewpoints we shall assert nothing more specific than (#$inRegion (#$CavityInteriorRegionFn OBJ) OBJ), which is agnostic between them. (There are currently (Jan. '98) no other exceptions. But as they might accrete, it will be important to re-examine the rules on #$inRegion periodically to see if reifying a new specialization of it has become warranted.)", rdfs:label "in region" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keStrongSuggestionInverse COL BIN-PRED) means that for every instance INS of COL, it is strongly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE INS) is known in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke strong suggestion inverse" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$adjacentTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are touching such that their region of contact is (at least for practical purposes, relative to the objects' dimensions and shapes) a line (i.e. the contact region is not a point, though the line of contact might actually have some height). Also, OBJ1 is neither mostly above nor mostly below OBJ2. Positive examples: adjacent squares on a chessboard, bordering countries, a connected pair of puzzle pieces. Negative examples: diagonally touching squares on a chessboard, a geographical region and the air directly above it, one block stacked on top of another.", rdfs:label "adjacent to" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$siblings ANIM1 ANIM2) means that ANIM1 and ANIM2 are siblings. Either they share one or more biological parents, or are siblings by adoption, marriage, or some other social arrangement. Generally siblings are reasonably close in age (within 15 years or so) and have grown up together in the same family.", rdfs:label "sibling" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The value of an element of #$SomethingExisting, expressed in a monetary currency.--OKeefe, Jul 22, 1997", rdfs:label "monetary value" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$damages EV OBJ) means that OBJ is acted on in EV in such a way as to end up damaged. Destruction is considered an extreme form of damage.", rdfs:label "damage" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$preActors is used to indicate a participant that pre-exists a particular event. (#$preActors EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT exists before EVENT begins and that OBJECT #$temporallyIntersects EVENT. #$preActors is a very general #$ActorSlot, subsuming #$doneBy, #$objectActedOn, #$objectMoving, and many others.", rdfs:label "pre actors" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$cityInState CITY STATE) means that CITY is generally considered to be a major (i.e., highly populated or important) #$City in STATE.", rdfs:label "major city in state" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$requiredArg1Pred COL PRED) means that for every instance INST of COL, there exists some sequence such that (PRED INST X2 .. Xn) holds, where n is the #$arity of PRED.", rdfs:label "required arg 1 pred" Domain: owl:Class Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$termDependsOn DEP-TERM INDEP-TERM) states that the existence of the term DEP-TERM is completely dependent on the continued existence of the term INDEP-TERM. As a consequence, if INDEP-TERM should ever be removed from the knowledge base, then DEP-TERM should also be immediately removed. This relationship is automatically maintained between reified NATs and the terms from which they are constructed.", rdfs:label "term depends on" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$trajectory-Partial MOVE TRAJ) means that the #$Movement-TranslationEvent MOVE has at least part of its entire trajectory, i.e., the line or curve in space traced out by the whole motion, in common with a sub-trajectory of the #$Trajectory TRAJ where the motion along the shared segment moves in the same direction as TRAJ goes. See also #$trajectory-Complete. Contrast #$trajectory-Partial with #$motionPathway-Partial and with #$traverses-Partial. The trajectory of the motion may cross itself, zig-zag back and forth along the same path, repeat several cycles, etc., (like a #$Traversal and unlike a #$Path-Generic), and the trajectory need not be confined to any pre-existing #$Path-Generics or #$Traversals of paths.", rdfs:label "trajectory - partial" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$officiator points to the agent who performs official functions at an event. For example, it is used to indicate the person who plays the role of a priest or justice of the peace at a wedding; also, a master of ceremonies, a judge, a referee. An #$officiator is one of the performers at the social event where s/he officiates, usually not the only one.", rdfs:label "officiators" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$communicationTarget is used to indicate the intended recipient in a communication. (#$communicationTarget COMM OBJ) means that the agent who originates the #$CommunicationAct-Single COM intends the #$recipientOfInfo to be OBJ. Normally, OBJ is an instance of #$Agent.", rdfs:label "communication target" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a person or other sort of animal to a constructed shelter in which s/he/it lives or resides. (#$residesInDwelling RESIDENT SHELTER) means that RESIDENT resides in SHELTER. That is, SHELTER is the place where RESIDENT usually sleeps, spends much of its time, lays its eggs; a place it cleans and maintains and repairs; a place it defends against intrusion; etc. A person or animal might reside in more than one dwelling at a given time. For example, a person might #$residesInDwelling some tent during a camping trip, and at the same time it would still be true that she #$residesInDwelling her apartment or house. Note that the dwelling in which a person #$residesInDwelling is not necessarily her legal domicile, though of course it often will be. Note also that #$residesInDwelling does not subsume parasitical or symbiotic relationships, in which one animal lives in or on another. The more general predicate #$objectFoundInLocation would be the appropriate one, for example, for a case of a flea living on a dog. See also #$occupants and #$residesInRegion.", rdfs:label "reside" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$volumeOfObject OBJ VOL) means that the #$TangibleThing OBJ has the #$Volume VOL.", rdfs:label "volume" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg6Genl REL COL) means that anything given as the first argument to the #$Relation REL must have COL among its #$genls.", rdfs:label "arg 6 genl" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$interviewee INTERVIEW AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT is an interviewee in the #$Interviewing event INTERVIEW.", rdfs:label "interviewee" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(formedByConfluenceOf WATER1 WATER2) means that WATER1 is formed, or increased in volume, by the confuence of the rivers including RIVER2 which merge to form RIVER1.", rdfs:label "formed by confluence of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$junctionInSystem JUNCTION SYS) means that JUNCTION is a junction in the #$PathSystem SYS, i.e., a node in SYS that is an 'intersection' or 'branching point' of links or loops in SYS. (For the case when no SYS is specified, see #$JunctionOfPaths.) Formally, a node X in SYS is a junction in SYS iff either there are three (different) links in SYS such that X is on all of them, or there are two (different) loops in SYS such that X is on both of them, or there is a link in SYS and there is a loop in SYS such that X is on both of them. For different kinds of junctions in a path system, see #$threeWayJunctionInSystem, #$fourWayJunctionInSystem.", rdfs:label "junction in system" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$traversalOf TRAV CHAIN) means that TRAV is the #$Traversal of the #$PathChain CHAIN.", rdfs:label "traversal of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$instrument-Generic is used to link a particular event to any of the objects which play an instrumental role in it. (#$instrument-Generic EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT plays an intermediate causal role in EVENT, facilitating its occurrence and serving some purpose of some #$Agent. This can happen in at least two ways: a. the `doer' of EVENT acts on OBJECT, which in turn acts on something else (as when someone uses a hammer to pound in a nail) or b. the `doer' of EVENT acts on something, making it possible for OBJECT to act on that thing (as when someone puts wet clothes out in the sun to dry). Typically, an #$instrument-Generic is not significantly altered by playing that role in an event. #$deviceUsed is an important specialization predicate of #$instrument-Generic.", rdfs:label "instrumental" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$destination-RoundTrip TRIP PLACE) means that PLACE is the destination (i.e., the #$toLocation) of the OUTBOUND leg of the round-trip event TRIP. PLACE is where the #$objectMoving in TRIP goes and then returns from. See also #$origin-RoundTrip, #$Translation-RoundTrip, #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip.", rdfs:label "destination - round trip" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$boss PERSON1 PERSON2) means PERSON1 has PERSON2 for his or her immediate boss or supervisor. Note: There can be more than one boss of a person, even cotemporally. Note: (#$genlPreds #$boss #$acquaintedWith) means that if (#$boss x y), then (#$acquaintedWith x y), which in turn means (#$acquaintances x y #$SimpleContactAcquaintance). I.e., a person and their direct boss are at least simple contact acquaintances.", rdfs:label "boss" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$cohesivenessOfObject OBJ DEGREE) indicates how tightly a tangible object OBJ coheres. A higher value of DEGREE means that it is harder to separate away chunks from the object.", rdfs:label "cohesiveness of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$commitsForFutureUses EVENT OBJECT) means that as a result of EVENT, OBJECT is subsequently put into a configuration and/or a form where it is serving some ongoing #$Role. Things which are re-usable in their typical uses: a videocassette, a battery, a brick, an artist's canvas, a canvas tent. Non-reusable things: paint, glue, mortar. See also #$inputsCommitted, #$recyclableActors. Consider a brick in a wall in a building. It is `committed for future use' in the role of part-of-a-wall in the event of that building existing. While the building is standing, it can't be part-of-a-wall in another building, though it could serve other roles such as an artistic accent, or to anchor a coat-hook. After the building is torn down, that brick might still be intact, and could be used as part-of-a-wall in a future building. Notice that the brick isn't necessarily transformed by being part of a wall. However, so long as OBJECT serves the use to which it is `assigned' by EVENT, OBJECT is unavailable to be assigned the same #$Role by another event of the same type, at least an event that would temporally intersect with this committed use of OBJECT. That is what is meant by it being `committed' for a particular future use. An object may be re-used in a similar event, ONLY IF the #$Role to which it was assigned in EVENT either comes to its natural end or is given up (or thwarted), or in cases where EVENT is composed of discontinous pieces of time --- to illustrate that latter case, consider a tent that's used to shelter a certain group of workers on weekdays, but is used to shelter a different group in a different location on weekends.", rdfs:label "commits for future uses" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The relation of elaboration attribute as used in Rhetorical Structure Theory.", rdfs:label "elaboration attribute - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$intersectsIntervalType X Y) indicates that every instance of X #$temporallyIntersects some instance Y. For example, in the nontropics, (#$intersectsIntervalType #$SummerSeason #$CalendarSummer). The `summer season' may not coincide exactly with the time between the summer solstice and autumnal equinox, but there is an (enormous) overlap between those two time periods. This relation, #$intersectsIntervalType, is neither commutative -- (#$intersectsIntervalType #$January #$Wednesday) but not (#$intersectsIntervalType #$Wednesday #$January) -- nor transitive -- (#$intersectsIntervalType #$CalendarSummer #$June) & (#$intersectsIntervalType #$June #$CalendarSpring).", rdfs:label "intersects interval type" Domain: owl:Class Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$hardnessOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the instance of #$SolidTangibleThing OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Hardness.", rdfs:label "hardness of object" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$causes-PropProp p1 p2) means that p1 causes p2. That is, the state of affairs described by proposition p1 causally leads to the state of affairs described by p2. This is stronger than material implication; i.e., it must also be the case that (#$implies p1 p2). Note that #$causes-PropProp means more than #$implies, of course: there is a temporal ordering involved, there is a presumed mechanism of causation, etc. Unlike #$implies, #$causes-PropProp is not reflexive; one would not say that p1 causes p1, even though p1 implies p1. Another difference between #$implies and #$causes-PropProp is that #$causes-PropProp is a predicate, not a logical connective. Just because (#$causes-PropProp p1 p2) is true that does NOT entail that (#$causes-PropProp (#$not p2) (#$not p1)) is true. Note that (#$causes-PropProp p1 p2) is generally a more accurate way of talking about causation than saying that some event e1 causes event e2 (which one can do in Cyc, using the predicate #$causes-EventEvent) since often there are a few key aspects of e1 that cause a few key aspects of e2, and the remaining details of e1 and e2 were, to first order, irrelevant. Note that, similarly, (#$causes-PropProp p1 p2) is generally a more accurate way of talking about causation than saying that some situation (see #$Situation) SIT caused something to be true (which one can do in Cyc, using the predicate #$causes-SitProp) since often there is some specific aspect of the situation that is the cause of the proposition's becoming satisfied. Because this predicate is asymmetric and since effect (p2) can not temporally precede cause (p1), #$causes-PropProp may not be used to express mutual causation, e.g. feedback loops for which it may be said that two events (probably more process-like) cause each other. We consider mutual causation to be a different form of causation and should be expressed using some as of yet (Dec 96) unreified relationship. See #$NoteAboutCausalityPredicates for a map of related predicates.--#$BillJ, Feb 17, 1998", rdfs:label "causes - prop prop" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$stuckTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are held together by an adhesive force that is at least strong enough to support the whole weight of (the lighter of) OBJ1 or OBJ2. Either OBJ1 or OBJ2 must be `sticky' or have a sticky surface; e.g., duct tape, honey, chewing gum, and perhaps magnetism. #$stuckTo may represent a weak form of connection, one that may be separated by manual force. Note: If a third object (such as glue) supplies the adhesive force holding OBJ1 and OBJ2 together, or if OBJ1 or OBJ2 were acted on non-trivially (e.g., welding, not simply contact or pressure), then see #$bondedTo and its specializations.", rdfs:label "adhere" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$followingIntervalType X Y) indicates that every instance of X is followed by some instance of Y, and every instance of Y is preceded by some instance of X. The instance of Y is #$contiguousAfter the instance of X. For example, (#$followingIntervalType #$Saturday #$Sunday). Every Saturday is followed by a Sunday, and every Sunday is preceded by a Saturday; the Sunday is #$contiguousAfter the Saturday.", rdfs:label "following interval type" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$postureOfAnimal ?AN ?POS) means that the #$Animal ?AN is in the #$Posture ?POS. #$Postures are types of attributes that describe bodily configurations and/or orientations of #$Animals. See #$Posture for examples.", rdfs:label "attitude" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout MOVEMENT DIR) means that the #$objectMoving in MOVEMENT moves in the direction DIR *throughout* MOVEMENT. I.e. for every #$timeSlices of MOVEMENT the direction of the #$objectMoving is DIR. This is useful for talking about the 'instantaneous direction' of a translation event. It is also useful for talking about the direction of motion in a movement event in which there is no curving. Note that the semantics of this can get confusing when #$directionOfTranslation-Throughout is inside #$holdsIn expressions. For example, let's say a particle P, moves in a great arcing motion event M which lasts for one hour. If we pick two *instances*, I1 and I2 within that hour, the value of DIR (if it is a precise vector) must be different. Thus, in CycL the values of D1 and D2 would be different (#$holdsIn I1 (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout M D1)), (#$holdsIn I2 (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout M D2)) because the instantaneous direction of travel would be changing thoughout M. Furthermore, it would be impossible to ascribe a precise vector value for DIR that would apply to (#$holdsIn M (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout M D3)) or equivalently to (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout M D3) for the same reason, i.e. that the direction is constantly changing throughout M.", rdfs:label "direction" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$rateOfRotationOfObject relates an instance of #$PartiallyTangible to the rate of change of its physical component's angular separation from a reference vector as measured from a point of origin.", rdfs:label "rate of rotation of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which could be a cause of the nonvolitional action described in ARG1.", rdfs:label "non volitional cause - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$evaluate VAR EXPRESSION) is satisfied by an HL module which evaluates EXPRESSION and binds VAR to the result. For example, (#$evaluate ?SUM (#$PlusFn 1 2)) would bind ?SUM to 3.", rdfs:label "evaluate" Domain: owl:Thing Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$hostOfEvent GATHERING AGENT) means that AGENT is a host of the #$SocialGathering GATHERING.", rdfs:label "host" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$actorPartsAffected ACT PART) means that PART is an #$objectActedOn in ACT, and it is one of the #$anatomicalParts of the organism which is #$bodilyActedOn in ACT. For example, during a man's morning shave, his #$Beard is an #$actorPartsAffected, but the hand with which he shaves is not, because his beard is changed, but his hand is not changed (`acted on') in any significant way.", rdfs:label "actor parts affected" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This binary predicate, both of whose arguments are #$quotedArguments, can be used to make identity assertions about symbols. Stated loosely, (#$equalSymbols X Y) means that X and Y are one and the same symbol. Given that the arguments are quoted , however, it is more accurate to say: A GAF consisting of the expression '#$equalSymbols' followed by CycL expressions A and B (all enclosed within a pair of parentheses) is true if and only if A and B are (two occurrences of) the same expression. Note that this is stronger than merely saying that A and B denote the same thing. As an example (using English expressions for convenience), the name 'Bertrand Russell' and the description 'the author of On Denoting ' are two different expressions, even though they both denote the same person. Two symbols can even share the same intensional meaning and still be different symbols; e.g. 'bachelor' and 'unmarried male'. The relation #$equalSymbols does hold, however, between 'bachelor' and 'bachelor' (at least if we pretend that 'bachelor' is a CycL expression), as it does between the CycL constant '#$BertrandRussell' and the Cycl constant '#$BertrandRussell'. See also #$differentSymbols and #$equals.", rdfs:label "equal symbols" Domain: owl:Thing Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$dislikesSensorially AGT SENSUM) means that the #$PerceptualAgent AGT feels some physical discomfort from the sensory experience of SENSUM (a taste, an odor, a particular level of pain, etc. --- see #$SensoryAttribute). Note: this is a stronger statement than (#$not (#$likesSensorially AGT SENSUM)), as there may be many #$SensoryAttributes which one neither particularly likes nor dislikes.", rdfs:label "dislike" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$mother OFFSPRING FEMALE) means that the #$FemaleAnimal FEMALE is the female biological parent of the #$Animal OFFSPRING .", rdfs:label "mother" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$rents relates an agent to something that s/he is renting. (#$rents AGT OBJ) means that the #$Agent AGT is renting the object (possibly a piece of real estate) OBJ from another, unspecified agent. AGT is the borrower, renter, lessee or tenant. AGT has temporary use and enjoyment of OBJ, for a charge. See also #$TemporaryUserRightsAgreement, #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights, #$Renting.", rdfs:label "rents" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$iboCreated is used to link a particular information bearing object (IBO) to the event in which it is created. (#$iboCreated CREATION IBO) means that the #$InformationBearingObject IBO is created in the event CREATION. For example, my copy of today's `Austin American-Statesman' morning paper was created during the previous night's paper-publishing event.", rdfs:label "ibo created" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$dailyLowTemperature PLACE TEMP) means that the #$Temperature TEMP is the low temperature for a day at the #$GeographicalRegion PLACE. #$dailyLowTemperature is typically used for a specified period of time (e.g., a particular day or a specific season); it may be used with generic temperature ranges as well as precise temperatures.", rdfs:label "daily low temperature" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$ist MICRO PROP) means that the Cyc assertion PROP is true in the Cyc #$Microtheory MICRO. E.g., one might assert (#$ist Image8093Mt (#$age #$Lenat (#$YearsDuration 5)) to state that in the context of a certain photograph, Doug was 5 years old. In other microtheories, Doug would have different ages, or not be `known about' at all.", rdfs:label "ist" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$constrainsArg METAPRED N) means that METAPRED can be used to put a constraint on a given relation's Nth argument-place. For example, we have (#$constrainsArg #$arg2Isa 2). There is one exception: By convention, we take (#$constrainsArg METAPRED 0) to mean that METAPRED can be used to constrain _any_ of a relation's argument places. Examples of such metapredicates are #$argsIsa and #$argsGenl.", rdfs:label "constrains arg" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$forceActingOnObject is a predicate relating an instance of #$PartiallyTangible to any force which changes its direction of travel or the speed at which it is traveling.", rdfs:label "force acting on object" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$loopInSystem LOOP SYS) means that LOOP is a 'loop' in SYS, which is like a link in SYS except that it has exactly one node on it as if it is a link whose two end nodes are the same. Each loop in SYS is also a cycle in SYS, see #$cycleInSystem. The differences between a loop and a (non-loop) cycle in SYS include that (i) there is exactly one point in SYS on a loop (which must be a node in SYS), but there may in general be any finite number of nodes (and even as many points as there are real numbers) on some (non-loop) cycle in SYS, and that (ii) The unique node in SYS on a loop may or may not be an end point of a link in SYS, but each node on a (non-loop) cycle in SYS must be an end point of at least two links in SYS. These imply that there can be at most one 'intersection point' on a loop in SYS but there can be any finite number of 'intersection points' on a (non-loop) cycle in SYS. See #$pointOnCycle and #$junctionInSystem. Note that under current treatment of loops in a path system, if one would like to talk about a 'loop' in a path system a 'part' of which is a path in the system, then he/she should make it a cycle rather than a loop in the system because according to what we said above, no 'part' of a loop in the system can be presented as a path in the system. Note also that in some cases (such as talking about relations between different #$PathSystems), using (#$LoopsFn SYS) to denote the set of all loops in SYS is more convenient than using the predicate #$loopInSystem.", rdfs:label "loop in system" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$in-ContOpen OBJ CONT) means that OBJ is contained in CONT -- CONT confines or holds OBJ in -- but OBJ can be removed from CONT without having to either A) open any portals in CONT B) break some part of CONT or C) break OBJ into smaller pieces such that it can fit through some portal of CONT's. Note that (#$in-ContOpen OBJ CONT) is a relationship based on the size of OBJ and the largest portal of CONT that OBJ might be able to traverse through. For example, a paperclip might be #$in-ContOpen a jail cell even though the person locked inside would be #$in-ContClosed the jail cell. This is because the paper clip is small enough to fit in between the bars of the cell whereas the person is not. See #$portalState for vocabulary relating containers to whether its portals are open or closed.", rdfs:label "in - cont open" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$transportees relates a translational motion event to the object(s) transported by a separate object, i.e. a distinctly separate other participant in the event. (#$transportees MOVE OBJ) means that some #$conveyor-Generic facilitates the conveyance of OBJ in MOVE. For example, in a dumptruck driving event, the dirt in the back of the truck is a #$transportees. Any humans in the truck cab (or truck bed) during the trip are also #$transportees; however, a more precise role designation for humans riding in the truck would be either #$passengers or (for the driver) #$driverActor. Borderline positive example #$transportees include the clothes worn by a person walking, or a horseshoe worn by a horse walking. A negative exemplar of a #$transportees is the ear of the person walking. This is because #$transporters do not transport their parts when they move. In other words, #$transporters only transport separate objects. #$translatesFromTo on the other hand, does apply to parts of #$transportees. Note also that parts of #$transportees are not necessarily #$transportees themselves. See also the comments on #$TransportationEvent and #$transporter.", rdfs:label "transportee" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arityMin REL NUMBER) means that the #$VariableArityRelation REL takes at least the number of arguments given by NUMBER. For example, the #$arityMin of all instances of #$UnitOfMeasure is 1. See also #$arityMax and #$arity.", rdfs:label "arity min" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$genls COL SUPER) means that SUPER is one of the supersets of COL. Both arguments must be elements of #$Collection. Cyc knows that #$genls is transitive; that is, if one asserts (#$genls COL SUPER) and (#$genls SUPER BIGGER), Cyc will infer that (#$genls COL BIGGER). Therefore, in practice one only manually asserts a small fraction of the #$genls assertions --- the vast majority are inferred automatically by Cyc.", rdfs:label "genls" Domain: owl:Class Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$fieldsOfActivity X FLD) means the #$Person X was or is active in the #$FieldOfStudy FLD, and usually is making, has made, or intends to make some contribution to FLD. E.g., (#$fieldsOfActivity #$Thales #$MilesianSchool) and, to take a more recent example, (#$fieldsOfActivity #$Lenat #$ArtificialIntelligence).", rdfs:label "fields of activity" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The ethnic groups that inhabit a geographical region.", rdfs:label "ethnic groups here" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$deliberateActors ACT ACTR) means that the #$Agent ACTR is conscious, volitional, purposeful in the event ACT. ACTR is aware of acting in ACT and chooses to play the role he/she/it has in that event; i.e., ACTR has some purpose in mind. Note: If you do something deliberately but you fail, you are still a #$deliberateActors. For instance, you are a near-sighted doer of #$ShowingSupportForSomeone at a fencing match, and it turns out you were cheering for Fred when you thought you were cheering for Joe; nevertheless, you are still one of the #$deliberateActors in the #$ShowingSupportForSomeone event. Note: Legal responsibility is a separate issue from `deliberateness.' Doing something in a fit of rage (e.g., a crime of passion) still involves purpose, volition, and consciousness even if considered for only an instant, and even if the laws and courts find you not guilty.--Pittman, Aug. 26, 1996", rdfs:label "deliberate" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$fitsIn is used to give an approximation of the external size and shape of particular tangible objects, by relating an object to an abstract region of space described as a geometric shape with definite dimensions. (#$fitsIn OBJ SHAPE) gives an upper bound for the size of the object OBJ, by stating what sized shape OBJ will fit inside. #$fitsIn uses the elements of #$ShapeFunction (q.v.) for reference, especially the basic shapes generated by #$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, and #$SphereFn. (Note: actual instances of AbstractPhysicalShape are NOT used for assertions made with #$fitsIn.) Examples: (#$fitsIn #$Pittman (#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Meter 2) (#$Meter 0.35) (#$Meter 0.25))) and (#$fitsIn HopeDiamond (#$CylinderFn (#$Centi (#$Meter 10) (#$Centi(#$Meter 10))). When #$fitsIn is used in a rule to represent a class of objects with variable sizes, the #$ShapeFunction used should refer to the largest size that such objects normally have. For example, by default, any sandwich SW (#$fitsIn SW (#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Inch 12) (#$Inch 12) (#$Inch 6))).", rdfs:label "fits in" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$eventToMaintain-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means that, in the planning context, the maintainance of a pre-existing #$Situation satisfying the description of SIT_TYPE throughout the course of EVT is part of the purpose of EVT.", rdfs:label "event to maintain - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$groupCardinality is used to indicate the total number of members there are in a particular group. (#$groupCardinality GROUP INTEGER) means that the number of members in the #$Group GROUP is INTEGER. For example, the #$groupCardinality of the #$SevenWondersOfTheAncientWorld is 7. Cyc infers that the #$groupCardinality of any group that is a pair is 2, and that of a dozen is 12.", rdfs:label "group cardinality" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(adjacentPathsAtJunction JUNCT PATH) means that the #$JunctionOfPaths JUNCT has PATH as one of the paths (instances of #$Path-Generic) joining it. A junction may connect many paths (it must connect at least three distinct paths), and a path may pass through many junctions, and may end at a junction. Examples: all the streets meeting at a certain #$Intersection-Street, the particular #$Trachea and both primary bronchi meeting at the #$TracheobronchialJunction between a certain person's #$Lungs, and three #$LongitudeLines intersecting at the #$SouthPole. Neither PATH nor JUNCTION need be instances of #$PartiallyTangible, #$TemporalThing, or #$SpatialThing; however if PATH is, JUNCTION must also be.", rdfs:label "adjacent paths at junction" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$ambientRelativeHumidity LOC DEGREE) indicates the DEGREE to which the water vapor content of the air at LOC approaches the total possible saturation (at that temperature).", rdfs:label "ambient relative humidity" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$internalParts OBJ PART) means that OBJ has PART as one of its internal #$physicalParts. I.e. PART is totally inside OBJ and is part of it.", rdfs:label "interior" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$middleName X STRNG) means that #$Person X is known by the #$HumanGivenNameString STRNG as his or her middle name. E.g., (#$middleName #$Lenat ``Bruce''). A person rarely has more than one middle name. In some cultures, when a wedding occurs, one party changes their middle name to whatever their #$lastName used to be, thus leading to cases where the person's new middle name is actually a #$HumanFamilyNameString rather than a #$HumanGivenNameString --- the same is true in some cultures when an infant is born and given, as a middle name, the last name of a grandparent (other than the infant's last name). See also #$middleNameInitial.", rdfs:label "middle name" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$resistanceToBioDeterioration OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has the indicated DEGREE of resistance to biological deterioration.", rdfs:label "resistance to bio deterioration" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$eventToAchieve-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means that, in the planning context, it is part of the purpose of EVT that a situation of type SIT_TYPE become true in EVT but not hold true for the duration of EVT.", rdfs:label "event to achieve - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$salutation PRSN TITLE) means the #$Person PRSN's name may have the #$CourtesyTitle TITLE attached to it, such as: Mr., Ms., Mrs., Miss, Dr., etc., when that person is addressed.", rdfs:label "salutation" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$superTaxons is used to relate elements of #$BiologicalTaxon. (#$superTaxons TAXON GEN-TAXON) means that GEN-TAXON is a #$BiologicalTaxon above (i.e., more general and inclusive than) the more specific #$BiologicalTaxon TAXON. Every instance of TAXON must therefore also be an instance of GEN-TAXON; the same holds for the #$taxonMembers relation. Example: (#$superTaxons #$DomesticCat #$FelisGenus). See also #$taxonMembers.", rdfs:label "super taxons" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$schoolSymbolName-Male SCHOOL STRING) means that STRING is a common way to refer to SCHOOL-affiliated #$SportsTeams, clubs, and other student organizations. Accordingly, instances of STRING will be pluralized (e.g. 'the Ohio State Buckeyes'). Since the advent of co-ed higher education, some schools have found that their symbol-name is exclusionary, and so have gone on to adopt alternative, 'female' names to apply to 'female-only' teams, clubs, etc. When entering lexical info for a school in such a situation, make sure to use both #$schoolSymbolName-Male and #$schoolSymbolName-Female.", rdfs:label "school symbol name - male" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$pathInSystem PATH SYS) means that PATH is a path in the path system SYS. Paths in SYS are defined as follows. (i) Every link in SYS is a path in SYS. (ii) Every subpath between 'points' on a link in SYS is a path in SYS. (iii) The concatenation of paths PATH1 and PATH2 in SYS is a path in SYS, provided there is only one point on both paths. Every path in the system is constructible by applying (i), (ii) and/or (iii) finitely many times. So a path in SYS can 'start' somewhere along a link, 'go through' several other links and nodes, and 'end' somewhere along a link (note that the path may be undirected). Or it could just go from node to node. This is defined precisely, using #$SubPathBetweenFn, #$JoinPathsFn, #$pathBetweenInSystem and #$linkBetweenInSystem.", rdfs:label "path in system" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$physicalStructuralIntegrity SUBST DEGREE) means that the tangible object SUBST has DEGREE ability to maintain its physical structure intact in the face of various forces. DEGREE is an instance of #$GenericQuantity. The #$physicalStructuralIntegrity of an object may be inferred from some of its other physical attributes; e.g., something with the #$physicalStructuralAttributes #$Granular has a #$Low degree of #$physicalStructuralIntegrity; things whose #$stateOfMatter is #$LiquidStateOfMatter have #$VeryLow #$physicalStructuralIntegrity.", rdfs:label "physical structural integrity" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$vehicle EVENT VEHICLE) means that VEHICLE is a #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle which is both the #$providerOfMotiveForce and the #$transporter in EVENT. If an object is a #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle and plays the role of #$transporter in some moving event, then it generally will play the role of #$vehicle in that event. Examples: a car plays the role of #$vehicle in driving. Note, however, that a bicycle does not play the role of #$vehicle in bike riding since it is not a provider of motive force. A borderline non-example is someone sitting in their car while it's being pulled by a towtruck; their car is not playing the role of #$vehicle in that event.", rdfs:label "vehicle" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Every default rule in our system P(x1,...,xn) => Q(x1,...,xn) is implicitly treated as (not(abnormal(x1,...,xn)) and P(x1,...,xn) => Q(x1,...,xn) This allows rules without exceptions to never have to incur the overhead of default reasoning. Exceptions to rules are written like so: (#$exceptWhen R(x1,...,xn) Rule001) and get canonicalized into rules concluding abnormal like so: R(x1,...,xn) => (#$abnormal(x1,....,xn) Rule001) Since a different 'abnormality' predicte is needed for every default rule in the system, we instead handle this uniqueness requirement by having a single #$abnormal predicate which takes the rule in question as an argument. Also, the variables over which abnormality is computed is given as a single list. This allows #$abnormal to be binary rather than arbitrary arity.", rdfs:label "abnormal" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$subGoals G SUB) means that SUB is a subordinate goal of G. In other words, SUB is an intermediate objective or milestone to be accomplished in the course of pursuing the overall #$Goal G.", rdfs:label "sub goals" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nodeInSystem NODE SYS) holds just in case NODE is a 'node' in SYS. Every node in SYS is a point in SYS, but (i) only nodes can be end points of links (see #$linkBetweenInSystem), 'deadends' (see #$deadEndInSystem) or 'isolated points' (i.e., points that are not on any link or loop, see #$isolatedNodeInSystem). (ii) Each point that is not a node must be somewhere on a single link. That is to say, for each point X in SYS, either (#$pointOnPath X LINK) holds for unique link LINK in SYS, or X is a node. This implies that every 'intersection' point (see #$junctionInSystem) must be a node. Note that in some cases (such as talking about relations between different #$PathSystems), using (#$NodesFn SYS) to denote the set of all nodes in SYS is more convenient than using the predicate #$nodeInSystem.", rdfs:label "node in system" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$biases AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT has the unsubstantiated belief PROP (represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible). Biases generally are so deeply rooted in the agent that the agent may not be consciously aware that PROP is rationally undersupported, and it may be concomittantly harder to change their mind about PROP. Note: PROP might or might not turn out to be true (in various contexts); often, PROP is some overgeneralization which is sometimes true but often false, or which once was true but now is usually false, etc.", rdfs:label "bias" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$wasteProducts EV OBJ) means that OBJ is one of the by-products of EV which is disposed of, rather than used or sold. See also #$unwantedMatter.", rdfs:label "waste products" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$governedByAgreement relates an event to an agreement that stipulates something with respect to it, such as certain conditions that are to hold during the event, or whether the event should or should not occur. (#$governedByAgreement EVT AGR) means that some aspects of the instance of #$HumanActivity EVT are controlled by, or 'under the jurisdiction of', the instance of #$Agreement AGR. For example, a #$BuyingGroup may have #$SalesContracts with its #$suppliers that specify what prices may be charged for goods bought by members of the group during the agreement period. But note that an event's being governed by an agreement does not entail that the event conforms to what the agreement stipulates: an act that violates the agreement is still governed by it.", rdfs:label "governed by agreement" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$skinColor PERSON SKINCOL) means #$Person PERSON has the #$HumanSkinColor SKINCOL.", rdfs:label "skin color" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which could enable the listener to carry out the actions described in ARG1.", rdfs:label "enablement - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$eventOccursAt relates a particular event to the instance of #$SpatialThing-Localized in which it occurs. (#$eventOccursAt EVENT PT) means that the spatial extent of EVENT is within PT. For example, (#$eventOccursAt LomaPrietaEarthquake SanFranciscoBayArea). Use the predicate #$eventPartiallyOccursAt to relate an event to any instance of #$SpatialThing-Localized in which some sub-event of it occurs.", rdfs:label "location" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nearestSpecMt MT NEAR-MT) relates any microtheory MT to the nearest unsubsumed microtheories NEAR-MT which are spec microtheories of MT. This predicate is #$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from the current state of the #$genlMt hierarchy. Moreover, it is merely the #$elInverse of #$nearestGenlMt.", rdfs:label "nearest spec mt" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$intendedForUseBy PROD TYPE) means that the #$Product PROD is intended to be used by individuals of the #$ExistingObjectType TYPE, where TYPE must be a subset of #$Organism-Whole. E.g., many types of products are only for use by adults, by women, by dogs, etc. Note: This is a good example of a predicate which is redundant but useful. `Redundant' means that any assertion one states using #$intendedForUseBy could be stated, albeit less tersely, using other, more basic predicates in the KB, in this case #$intends and #$usesObject. Often, a huge number of axioms can be drastically shortened by introducing such a redundant predicate, and writing axioms that define it in terms of the more-basic predicates.", rdfs:label "intended for use by" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "ARG1 is connected to ARG2 through some type of portal (e.g. #$hasPortalToRegion(MyMasterBedroom MyMasterBathroom))", rdfs:label "has portal to region" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nameOfAgent AGT STRING) means STRING is the name(s) of AGT. AGT can be a #$Person, #$Animal, #$Organization, etc. In most contexts, this means that AGT may normally be called STRING, in that context, and should therefore include their #$salutation if the context is a formal one, should omit their #$lastName if it is unambiguous and the context is an intimate one, etc..", rdfs:label "name of agent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$suspendedIn OBJ FLUID) means that OBJ is fully immersed in FLUID (see #$in-ImmersedFully), and FLUID provides a significant supporting or upward force via fluid dynamics of FLUID. That is, OBJ does not undergo rapid falling. Note that a rapidly rising object such as a released helium ballon or a submarine on its way towards the surface is #$suspendedIn the fluid surround it. Buoyancy or fluid dynamic forces are strong enough that the net upward force acting on OBJ is positive, zero, or slightly negative. A feather in free fall is a borderline negative example of #$suspendedIn. An airborne (see #$Airborne) soap bubble slowly drifting towards the ground is a borderline positive example of #$suspendedIn (in typical contexts). An underwater bubble floating to the surface is a positive exemple usage of #$suspendedIn. A rock in free fall is a clear negative exemplar. An air bubble rising to the surface is a positive exemplar of #$suspendedIn. Birds, airplanes, and cruise missiles flying are positive examples of #$suspendedIn because fluid dynamics of the surrounding air plays a major role in keeping them aloft. Rockets or blasting blasting off, on the other hand, are negative examples of #$suspendedIn because the dynamics of FLUID (i.e. the air surrounding them) does not play a major role in the forces keeping them aloft. A floating (see #$in-Floating) ship, although #$supportedBy the water, is not #$suspendedIn the water because it is only #$in-ImmersedPartly the water. See also #$Suspension, #$suspendedPart, #$suspendingFluid.", rdfs:label "suspended in" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$subRegions SUPER SUB) means that SUPER and SUB are both (effectively) two-dimensional regions, and the area SUB lies wholly within the region SUPER (see inRegion). SUPER may or may not completely surround SUB. To relate two instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity, use the predicate, #$geopoliticalSubdivision, if it applies, and for other instances of #$GeographicalRegion use #$geographicalSubRegions.", rdfs:label "sub regions" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nearestGenlAttributes ATT NEAR-ATT) relates any attribute value ATT to the nearest unsubsumed attribute value NEAR-ATT of which it is a spec attribute. This predicate is #$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from the current state of the #$genlAttributes hierarchy.", rdfs:label "nearest genl attributes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$expansionAxiom PRED ASSERT) means that the assertion ASSERT is part of the expansion of PRED.", rdfs:label "expansion axiom" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Predicate (#$alertnessLevel SENTIENT_BEING LEVEL) indicates how alert SENTIENT_BEING is in the period in which the predicate holds. The major levels are #$Unconscious and #$Awake, but more specific attributes such as #$Asleep and #$VeryAlert exist as well.", rdfs:label "alertness level" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$equals is the CycL version of the identity relation. (#$equals THING1 THING2) means that THING1 and THING2 are numerically identical, i.e. they are one and the same thing. A formula of this form is true if and only if the terms occupying #$equals's two argument-places denote the same thing.", rdfs:label "equal" Domain: owl:Thing Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Predicate used mainly for reasoning about orientations within a given frame of reference. (#$oppositeDirection-Precise DIR OPPDIR) means that DIR is precisely the opposite direction to OPPDIR. The predicate may be taken to imply that the vectors denoting the directions are separated by 180 degrees.", rdfs:label "opposite direction - precise" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$containsMisinformationAbout IBT THING) means that IBT contains false information about THING.", rdfs:label "contains misinformation about" Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$threeWayJunctionInSystem JUNCT SYS) means that JUNCT is a 3-way junction in the specified #$PathSystem SYS. Formally, a 3-way junction in SYS is any point (actually, any node) X in SYS such that either there are exactly 3 links and no loops in SYS that X is on, or there are exactly 1 link and 1 loop in SYS that X is on. See #$junctionInSystem. When the junction is is simply a customary junction not based on a specified #$PathSystem, use #$ThreeWayJunctionOfPaths.", rdfs:label "three way junction in system" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$transporter MOVE OBJ) means that OBJ enables or facilitates the conveyance of the #$transportees in the #$TransportationEvent MOVE. OBJ is an #$objectMoving in MOVE that moves along with the #$transportees. OBJ will generally hold, support, contain, pull, or push the #$transportees throughout the MOVE #$Event. OBJ may or may not be the #$providerOfMotiveForce in the event MOVE. If OBJ stays with each #$primaryObjectMoving from the #$fromLocation to the #$toLocation, moving along the same trajectory, then it is also a #$primaryObjectMoving. If OBJ facilitates the motion of the #$primaryObjectMoving but does not itself engage in translational motion it is merely the conveyor of the action, and the role #$conveyor-Stationary should be asserted. If it is unclear whether the conveyor is stationary or not, the role #$conveyor-Generic is used. Specializations of the role #$transporter should be used when possible: although automobiles are #$transporters in many events, they should normally have the more specific role designation of #$vehicle because they are also #$SelfPoweredDevices. When a car is being towed by a towtruck, the car is just a #$transporter of any of its contents while the towtruck is the #$vehicle of that event. An additional role designation for some #$transporters -- those which are #$PhysicalDevices -- is #$deviceUsed; e.g., the use of crutches in hobbling or ice skates in skating. See the #$comment on #$TransportationEvent. Note that an organism may be a #$transportees in a #$Bicycle riding or #$Skating event as well as being the #$providerOfMotiveForce in such cases.", rdfs:label "transporters" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg6Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different sixth arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT.", rdfs:label "arg 6 format" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$directedCycleInSystem CYCLE SYS) means that CYCLE is a cycle in the #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem SYS that observes the directions of paths in SYS, i.e., all parts of CYCLE that are paths in SYS must observe the orders or directions of the paths in SYS. For example, if PATH is a path in SYS directed from X to Y in SYS, and if LINK is a link in SYS directed from Y to X, and in addition if LINK is different from PATH, then (#$JoinPathsIntoCycleFn (#$TheList X PATH Y LINK X)) is a cycle in SYS that observes the directions of paths in SYS. Note that in a #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem SYS, every loop in SYS is a directed cycle in SYS. Otherwise a directed cycle is a 'proper' cycle, i.e., it is the concatenation of some directed paths in SYS.", rdfs:label "directed cycle in system" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$fruitOfType PLANT-TYPE FRUIT-TYPE) means that FRUIT-TYPE is the type of #$Fruit that PLANT-TYPE bears.", rdfs:label "fruit of type" Domain: owl:Class Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$orientation OBJECT ORTN) means that the tangible OBJECT is oriented in the way described by the #$OrientationAttribute ORTN. Examples: (#$orientation OBJ #$RightSideUp), (#$orientation OBJ #$VerticalOrientation). #$orientation is asserted with respect to the current context's #$FrameOfReference.", rdfs:label "orientation" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$citizens indicates that a particular person is a citizen of a particular country/state/... . (#$citizens GEOPOL PERSON) means that GEOPOL is a #$GeopoliticalEntity in which the #$Person PERSON has full rights of citizenship (whatever those rights might consist of in GEOPOL).", rdfs:label "citizen" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The agent ARG2 who provides the service ARG1 was referred by another agent.", rdfs:label "referred service provider" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is a form of #$ist that applies to the explicit content of a chunk of information. It is needed so we can distinguish between things that are true in an information context because they were explicitly stated, and things that are true because they can be inferred.", rdfs:label "ist - information" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$worksWith relates two agents who in some way work together. The two #$Agents may be people or organizations. (#$worksWith AGENT1 AGENT2) means that AGENT1 and AGENT2 work together or cooperate in some activity for mutual benefit. They may or may not work for the same employer. Some types of relationships that provide a basis for assertions using #$worksWith include: coworkers in a company, an employee and his boss, organizations affiliated in some endeavor, a professional and her client, professionals and their representatives. Examples: a research organization #$worksWith its shareholding companies; a #$Novelist #$worksWith his or her #$PublishingCompany; an #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional #$worksWith his or her agent (i.e., #$ArtistOrEntertainerRepresentative).", rdfs:label "works with" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$massNumber WORD STRING) means that STRING is the mass noun form of WORD. For example, `paper' is the mass noun form of #$Paper-TheWord.", rdfs:label "mass number" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$resistanceOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has this DEGREE of #$ElectricalResistance. A lower value of DEGREE indicates OBJ is a better conductor, i.e., one that conducts with less energy lost to heat.", rdfs:label "resistance" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$startsAfterEndingOf AFTER BEFORE) means (#$after (#$StartFn AFTER) (#$EndFn BEFORE)). That is, the #$startingPoint of AFTER is later than the #$endingPoint of BEFORE. Note: Cyc's #$startsAfterEndingOf relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the AFTER relation.", rdfs:label "starts after ending of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$inhabitantTypes is used to indicate the type(s) of people who live in a region. (#$inhabitantTypes REGION TYPE) means that TYPE is (one of) the (primary) type(s) of people who live in the #$GeographicalRegion REGION. For example, to say that Chileans are among the primary groups of inhabitants of Chile, we assert (#$inhabitantTypes #$Chile #$ChileanPerson). TYPE may be based on ethnicity, nationality, age, economics--in short, any demographic class. E.g., (#$inhabitantTypes #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica #$AdultMiddleClassAmerican), (#$inhabitantTypes #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica #$WorkingAdultAmericanWoman), (#$inhabitantTypes #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica #$MexicanImmigrantToUSA).", rdfs:label "inhabitant types" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$father OFFSPRING MALE) means that #$MaleAnimal MALE is the male biological parent of #$Animal OFFSPRING.", rdfs:label "father" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$mainConstituent is used to indicate the most significant portion of an element of #$ExistingStuffType that makes up a particular #$PartiallyTangible thing. (#$mainConstituent X Y) means that X's #$constituents include Y, and (as a default) the physical properties of the thing X are those of its main constituent, Y. For example, for a particular instance of #$Lemonade, there is an instance of #$Water which is the #$mainConstituent, and most of the physical properties of the #$Lemonade derive from #$Water. On the other hand, a person is NOT considered to have some portion of #$Water as #$mainConstituent, even though much of a person's mass is #$Water, because the physical properties of a person are not the same as those of water.", rdfs:label "main constituent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$plaintiffs ARG1 ARG2) means that the agent ARG2 is the complaining party (the party bringing an accusation of wrong-doing) in the lawsuit ARG1.", rdfs:label "plaintiff" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$affiliatedWith AGENT1 AGENT2) means AGENT1 and AGENT2 are somehow affiliated. This is a broad relation, involving at least the voluntary entry into an understood relationship, with rights and obligations, by at least one of the affiliated #$Agents. For example, the agents might be business partners, kin, employer/employee, parent-company/subsidiary, or one (say a person) may be a member of the other (say an organization).", rdfs:label "affiliated with" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$substring SUBSTRING STRING) means that SUBSTRING is a substring of STRING.", rdfs:label "substring" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$solvent indicates a particular liquid in a #$Solution in which the #$solute is dissolved.", rdfs:label "solvent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$thermalConductivityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has the #$ThermalConductivity attribute DEGREE. Objects with higher values of DEGREE conduct heat faster and better (i.e., with less heat loss) than those with a lower #$ThermalConductivity.", rdfs:label "thermal conductivity of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$knows AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT believes the proposition PROP (represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible), is sure about the truth of PROP (may or may not have a rational argument for PROP), and furthermore PROP is in fact true at least in the current context (#$Microtheory). Note: Knowledge is stronger than belief; it implies belief. So if (#$knows AGT PROP), then (#$beliefs AGT PROP) is true. Note: Knowledge is stronger than truth; it implies truth (in the current #$Microtheory): if (#$knows AGT PROP), then PROP is true. Note: Opinion and knowledge are mutually exclusive: if (#$knows AGT PROP), then it is NOT true that (#$opinions AGT PROP). Note: Knowledge implies awareness. Since Abraham Lincoln died a century before we were born, it is impossible for (#$knows #$AbrahamLincoln (#$likesAsFriend #$Lenat #$MaryShepherd)) to hold, except in some fictional context.", rdfs:label "knows" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The Cyc predicate #$transferredThing is used to identify the object whose external relationships change in some event considered generically as a `transfer'. (#$transferredThing TRANSFER OBJ) means that OBJ is being moved, transferred, exchanged, etc., in the #$GeneralizedTransfer event TRANSFER. In general, and if possible, it is preferable to use a more specialized instance of #$ActorSlot than #$transferredThing (e.g., #$objectMoving for physical transfer of an object; #$objectOfPossessionTransfer for an object that changes possession but not necessarily location; and so on).", rdfs:label "transferred thing" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$memberOfSpecies ORG SPECIES) means that the organism ORG is a member of the #$BiologicalSpecies SPECIES.", rdfs:label "member of species" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$conveyor-Stationary TRAN CONV) means that in the transportation event TRAN, CONV is a conveyor just like a #$transporter except it does not move together with the #$transportees along the path of the transportation. For example, a #$River can move a boat [#$Watercraft] from one location to another, and a #$ConveyorBelt can move some objects from one place to another, without itself moving translationally, i.e., the river does not change its location (although some pieces of #$Water in the river do) together with the boat, nor does the #$ConveyorBelt move with the objects on it from place to place (though some parts of it do).", rdfs:label "conveyor - stationary" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg6Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the sixth argument to the relationship REL must be an element of the collection COL.", rdfs:label "arg 6 isa" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$jobAttributes describes a type of job as #$BlueCollar, #$WhiteCollar, #$Unionized, etc. (#$jobAttributes JOBTYPE ATTRIBUTE) means that ATTRIBUTE describes a general property of the #$OccupationType JOBTYPE. Note that this predicate talks about elements of #$OccupationType (kinds of occupations), not about a particular job held by some individual.", rdfs:label "job attributes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keGenlsConsiderationPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it should be considered whether there is some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED SPEC-COL VALUE) is known in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke genls consideration preds" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$subsumesIntervalType X Y) indicates that every instance of X #$temporallySubsumes some instance of Y. For example, one of Cyc's axioms states that in the #$NorthernHemisphereMt (the context in which the location is assumed to be somewhere north of the equator) it is true that (#$subsumesIntervalType #$CalendarWinter #$January). That is, in that micro-theory, each Winter contains a January. In the base KB -- that is, independent of context -- it is true that (#$subsumesIntervalType #$CalendarQuarter #$CalendarMonth), which means that every calendar quarter contains at least one entire calendar month.", rdfs:label "subsumes interval type" Domain: owl:Class Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$employedAgent identifies the particular employee who is covered by a particular work agreement. (#$employedAgent AGREE WORKER) means that AGREE is an instance of #$WorkAgreement covering the employee WORKER.", rdfs:label "employed agent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$communicationToken is used to indicate the particular IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing) that is instrumental in a particular communication. (#$communicationToken COM IBT) means that IBT is an #$InformationBearingThing that carries the information transferred in the #$Communicating COM. A communication event transfers the information content of IBT from one agent to some other(s). IBT may be a tangible object (e.g., a newspaper), a sound (e.g., a voice), an image (e.g., from a television broadcast), or even a touch (e.g., a staying hand).", rdfs:label "communication token" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$domainAssumptions M P) means that the microtheory M has the proposition P as a domain assumption. See the comment for #$Microtheory for a detailed explanation of what the `assumptions' of a mt are, as opposed to its `content'. In brief, it means that all the `content' assertions of M assume that P is true. Another way of thinking of this is that one is `in' context M only if all its domain assumptions are true. Another way of thinking of this is that the various `content' assertions of M only apply to objects that satisfy all its #$domainAssumptions. Yes, that means that the `domain of quantifiers' (#$forAll and #$thereExists) is limited to the universe of such objects. So if it's true in M that (#$forAll ?x Q), and if we lift this axiom to another theory M2 that does not make the domain assumption P, then the axiom becomes (#$forAll ?x (#$implies P Q)). Note: Actually, what becomes true in M2 is slightly more complicated, namely: (#$forAll ?x (#$implies (#$and P1 P2 P3...) Q)), where P1, P2, P3,... are all the domain assumptions of M which are not implied by the domain assumptions of M2. Note: Domain assumption propositions --- in this case P --- must have a special format: P must contain the free variable ?U, and this ?U represents `some term which is talked about in M'. The idea is that one could have a domain assumption that said `if ?U is a person, ?U must have been born after 1950', or which said `if ?U is the performer of an event, then ?U is a person' etc. For example: (#$implies (#$isa ?U #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent) (#$isa ?U #$CreationOrDestructionEvent)) is one of the #$domainAssumptions of the #$NaiveStateChangeMt context. It says that, in that context, physical state changes of an object (e.g., melting or boiling) are viewed as creations and destructions, in which elements of #$Entity come into or go out of existence, rather than viewing them as events which preserve entityhood. See also #$mtAdditionConstraint.", rdfs:label "domain assumptions" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$dealerFor relates a retailer to the manufacturer(s) whose products are sold by that retailer. (#$dealerFor RETAILER MANUF) means that the #$RetailOrganization RETAILER is a dealer for products made by the #$ManufacturingOrganization MANUF. RETAILER may be only one of many dealers. RETAIL sells MANUF's products to the final consumers.", rdfs:label "dealer for" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$onPath ARG1 PATH) means that ARG1 is located along (on or adjacent to) the #$Path-Generic PATH. ARG1 could be a moving object or it could be a stationary point (see the more specific predicate #$pointOnPath) For example, Saint Louis, Missouri was #$onPath U.S. Route 66, as was Missouri, any car driving along it, and any lamp-post on it.", rdfs:label "on path" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg1Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the first argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL. Examples: (#$arg1Isa #$formsBorderBetween #$SpatialThing), (#$arg1Isa #$seriesOrderedBy #$Series), (#$arg1Isa #$uniquePartTypes #$ExistingObjectType).", rdfs:label "arg 1 isa" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg5Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different fifth arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT.", rdfs:label "arg 5 format" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$formulaRelation FORMULA RELATION) means that RELATION is the term in the arg0 position of the formula, FORMULA. If FORMULA is a nat, then RELATION is an instance of #$Function-Denotational; while if FORMULA is a gaf, RELATION is an instance of #$Predicate.", rdfs:label "formula relation" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$physicalExtent WHOLE PART) means that PART is the complete physical (Tangible) part of the #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject WHOLE, which does not include any intangible part of WHOLE.", rdfs:label "physical extent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$hasOwnershipIn relates a particular agent to some thing of which it has part or whole ownership. (#$hasOwnershipIn AGENT SOMETHING) means that the #$Agent AGENT owns a part (or possibly the whole) of the thing SOMETHING. For example, Ted Turner #$hasOwnershipIn Atlanta's Olympic Stadium. There may be other owners. See also #$legalOwnerOf and #$ownsShare.", rdfs:label "has ownership in" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$resultGenlArg FUNC N) states that the value returned by a use of the function FUNC will be a subset of a particular collection, in this case argument N of the use of the function. More precisely, the term (FUNC ARG1 ... ARGN ...), will be a subset of the Nth argument to the use of the function, ARGN. For example, (#$resultGenlArg #$JuvenileFn 1) indicates that (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog) will be a subset of #$Dog. See also #$resultIsaArg and #$resultGenl", rdfs:label "result genl arg" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$linkClosedSubSystems SYS SUBSYS) means that the path system SUBSYS is a subsystem of the path system SYS (i.e., (#$subPathSystems SYS SUBSYS) holds) and SUBSYS 'preserves' all links in SYS between nodes in SUBSYS, i.e., if (#$linkBetweenInSystem LINK X Y SYS) holds and X and Y are in SUBSYS, LINK is a link in SUBSYS.", rdfs:label "link closed sub systems" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$cloudinessOfRegion LOC DEGREE) means that the #$OutdoorLocation LOC has this DEGREE of cloud cover.", rdfs:label "cloudiness of region" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$termOfUnit is an inference-related Cyc predicate which appears in system-generated assertions; #$termOfUnit represents a mapping between a non-atomic term (NAT) and a Cyc constant that was reified by the system especially for that NAT. Assertions with #$termOfUnit are created by the system when a certain kind of non-atomic term (NAT) first appears in a Cyc formula; such a NAT consists of a Cyc function that is an element of #$ReifiableFunction, together with the correct number and type of arguments. When such a NAT is first used in a formula, the Cyc system automatically creates a Cyc-constant data-structure to reify the NAT. A name is automatically assigned to the new constant (i.e., the data-structure) by the Cyc system; currently (1997), the system is using for most of those constant names a string which is identical to the NAT. One should not be misled by that into thinking that #$termOfUnit is a specialization of #$equals. The predicate #$termOfUnit maps between the system-generated data-structure and the original non-atomic term. (#$termOfUnit NAT-CONSTANT NAT-EXPRESSION) tells us that the constant data-structure NAT-CONSTANT was created to reify the value of the non-atomic term NAT-EXPRESSION. From now on, NAT-EXPRESSION will refer to the constant NAT-CONSTANT. Examples of non-atomic terms (NATs) include: (#$Giga #$DollarsPerYear), (#$RepairingFn #$Automobile), and (#$TheScriptFn #$WashingClothesInAMachine). See also #$Function-Denotational, #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm. Note: #$termOfUnit assertions are entered in the #$BaseKB because the mapping between a NAT and the constant that was reified for it holds universally. One should view #$termOfUnit assertions as bits of bookkeeping knowledge which are very rarely, if ever, entered into the KB by hand.", rdfs:label "term of unit" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$beneficiary ACT AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT benefits from the performance of the action ACT. Some desire or interest of AGT is served, enabled, helped, or satisfied by the performance of ACT.", rdfs:label "beneficiaries" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$biologicalParents OFFSPRING PARENT) means that PARENT is the biological parent of OFFSPRING.", rdfs:label "parent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$hasPreparationAttributes is used to indicate the way in which a particular food item was prepared. (#$hasPreparationAttributes EDIBLE PREP) means the #$EdibleStuff EDIBLE has been processed so that it has the food #$PreparationAttribute PREP (e.g., #$Cooked, #$Roasted, #$Chilled -- or #$Raw). For example, a piece of #$Toast #$hasPreparationAttributes #$Toasted; any quantity of #$Beer that is ready to drink #$hasPreparationAttributes #$Fermented.", rdfs:label "has preparation attributes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$spatiallyIntersects THING1 THING2) means that the spatial extent of the #$SpatialThing THING1 overlaps the spatial extent of the #$SpatialThing THING2. Note that spatial intersection doesn't imply that THING1 and THING2 have any parts in common. (For example, a wall and the magnetic field surrounding an outlet in the wall spatially intersect without sharing any common parts. For other examples, see the comment for #$cospatial.) See also #$spatiallySubsumes.", rdfs:label "spatially intersects" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$oppositeAttributeValue ATT1 ATT2) means that ATT2 is the opposite of ATT1. E.g., #$DeviceOn and #$DeviceOff.", rdfs:label "opposite attribute value" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$businessPartners indicates that two agents have jointly undertaken some business project; they are combining resources in some way to further their interests. (#$businessPartners AGENT1 AGENT2) means AGENT1 is in partnership with AGENT2 to engage in business activities. The partners are instances of #$Agent and may belong to either #$Person or #$Organization. The partnership may be formally recognized (e.g., a #$Partnership or some other form of business) or informal.", rdfs:label "partner" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$judicialAgents EV JUDGE) means that the #$Agent JUDGE is acting as a judge in the event EV.", rdfs:label "judicial agents" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$fieldsOfFormalEducation Z FLD) means that #$Person Z has had formal academic or tutorial education in the #$FieldOfStudy FLD. E.g., (#$fieldsOfFormalEducation #$Colvin #$Linguistics). This is a good example of a predicate whose precise meaning, and associated heuristic rules, vary quite a bit from context to context, such as from culture to culture, from century to century, etc.", rdfs:label "study" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$admittedArgument TERM RELATION) states that TERM satisfies the third argument constraint of RELATION. For example, (#$admittedThirdArgument #$Edema-Condition #$hasImmunityWithRespectToDisease) and (#$admittedThirdArgument #$EiffelTower #$MentalSituationFn). This predicate is a binary form of #$admittedArgument.", rdfs:label "admitted third argument" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$eventToStop-SitType EVT SITTYPE) means that, in the planning context, the success of EVT is contingent upon a pre-existing situation of type SITTYPE ceasing to obtain at some time in the course of SIT.", rdfs:label "event to stop - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "arg1 is a binary predicate, otherwise unrestricted; arg2 is also a binary predicate such that (a) it can be thought of as the inverse of arg1, and (b) arg2 is an #$ELRelation; e.g., (#$elInverse #$genls #$specs).", rdfs:label "el inverse" Domain: daml:Property Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$femaleParentActor ?EVENT ?ORGANISM) means that ?ORGANISM is the female parent in the #$SexualReproductionEvent ?EVENT.", rdfs:label "mother" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$accountHolder identifies the holder of a particular account. (#$accountHolder ACCT AGENT) means that the #$Account ACCT is held by the individual or organization AGENT; thus, money (or some other valuable) is owed to or from AGENT, in the amount shown in the account (see #$accountBalance).", rdfs:label "account holder" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$exchangers is used to identify the (typically, two) #$Agents involved in an instance of #$ExchangeOfUserRights. In such an event, each of the #$exchangers gives up possession of one thing and gains possession of another which was previously possessed by the other agent. (#$exchangers EXCH AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the parties having such a dual role in the #$ExchangeOfUserRights EXCH. Every instance of #$ExchangeOfUserRights has two sub-events which are instances of #$TransferringPossession (e.g., a dollar bill goes in one direction and some french fries and a few coins go in the other direction.) Each of the #$exchangers is both a #$toPossessor (in one of the two #$TransferringPossession sub-events of EXCH) and a #$fromPossessor (in the other sub-event).", rdfs:label "exchangers" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$propositionalInfoAbout MT TERM) means that the context MT is `about' TERM, i.e. it is a #$Microtheory with assertions concerning TERM. For example, a microtheory which is the propositional content of a portrait of #$GeorgeWashington might only have #$GeorgeWashington as the TERM of this predicate.", rdfs:label "propositional info about" Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$streetAddressText maps from a particular place to a string representing its street address. (#$streetAddressText LOC STREET) means that LOC is found at the number and street given in the string STREET. See also #$ContactLocation.", rdfs:label "address" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$fromLocation is used to indicate the starting point of a particular movement. (#$fromLocation MOVE LOC) means that LOC is where the #$objectMoving in the #$Movement-TranslationEvent MOVE is found at the beginning of MOVE and is where it begins this motion. The #$objectMoving may or may not be #$Stationary at LOC. If MOVE is a single-pathway translation (see #$Translation-SingleTrajectory), then every #$objectMoving is found at LOC when MOVE starts. If MOVE has multiple movers and multiple pathways (see #$Translation-MultiTrajectory), then at least some of the #$objectMoving(s) can be found at LOC at the start of MOVE. If MOVE is a flow (including rivers flowing, winds blowing, tornado, typhoon, clouds moving and even air filling your lungs when you take breath, see #$Translation-Flow), then at least some portion of the fluid #$objectMoving can be found at LOC at the start of MOVE. See also #$motionPathway-Complete, #$pathConnects.", rdfs:label "origin" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$buyingAgent SALE AGENT) means that in the #$CommercialActivity SALE, the #$LegalAgent AGENT acts on behalf of a would-be buyer to bring about a purchase. A #$buyingAgent performs the buying but is not the #$buyer. See also and compare: #$buyingPerformer, #$buyer.", rdfs:label "buyer" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$containsInformation IBT INFO) means that INFO is part of the information content of the #$InformationBearingThing, IBT.", rdfs:label "contains information" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates series to relations that order them linearly. (#$seriesOrderedBy SERIES PRED) means that PRED is a relation that imposes a linear, or total, ordering (see #$TotalOrdering) on the #$seriesMembers of SERIES. PRED is both a #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate and a #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate, and each member of SERIES stands in the relation PRED to all of the succeeding members. For example, if SERIES is a line of cars driving north, it might be ordered by #$northOf (and perhaps also by ahead of ).", rdfs:label "series ordered by" Domain: Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "When a relation REL is an element of #$VariableArityRelation, i.e., it takes a variable number of arguments, then (#$argsGenl REL COL) means that all of those arguments must be subsets of COL.", rdfs:label "args genl" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$geographicalSubRegions SUPER SUB) means that SUPER and SUB are both elements of #$GeographicalRegion, and the area SUB lies wholly within the region SUPER (see #$inRegion). SUPER may or may not completely surround SUB (i.e., they may share an outer boundary, as do Texas and the USA in the #$WorldGeographyDualistMt). To relate two instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity, use the predicate, #$geopoliticalSubdivision, if it applies. If either argument of this predicate is to be an instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity, the assertion must be made in #$WorldGeographyDualistMt or a specMt thereof. See also #$surroundsHorizontally and #$bordersOn.", rdfs:label "geographical sub regions" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$spatiallyIntrinsicArg PRED N) means that the Cyc predicate PRED expresses a property that is spatially intrinsic for its argument position N. That means, if a formula using PRED is true for some object OBJ (in the Nth argument position), we can assume the truth of every similar formula in which any spatial part of OBJ is substituted in for OBJ. For example, since (#$spatiallyIntrinsicArg #$temperatureOfObject 1) is true, if we know (#$temperatureOfObject `Coffee007' (#$DegreeCelsius 90)), we can expect that any spatial part of `Coffee007' will also have that temperature. An example of a property that is NOT spatially intrinsic is #$massOfObject; though a whole rock may weigh two pounds, there are spatial parts of the rock that don't. Another example of a relation that is not spatially intrinsic, but might at first seem to be, is #$constituents. In (#$constituents `ChocolateMilk37' `Milk36'), it is not the case that every spatial part of `ChocolateMilk37' has `Milk36' among its #$constituents. #$constituents means, rather, that every part of its first argument has some part of the second argument among its components, but that is different from the intended meaning of #$spatiallyIntrinsicArg.", rdfs:label "spatially intrinsic arg" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The distance around a circular object", rdfs:label "circumference" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$wavelength WAVE LENGTH) means that the #$WavePropagation WAVE consists of waves having the length LENGTH. LENGTH is a #$Distance measuring one complete wave in a #$WavePropagation event.", rdfs:label "wavelength" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$endsAfterEndingOf LATER EARLY) means that LATER ends after EARLY ends -- in Cyc terms, (#$after (#$EndFn LATER) (#$EndFn EARLY)). That is, the #$endingPoint of LATER is later than the #$endingPoint of EARLY. This implies nothing about whether LATER and EARLY overlap, or how much they overlap, except that they can't be fully #$cotemporal. Examples: rinsing while showering ends after soaping while showering; the process of hiring a contractor ends after the process of collecting bids.", rdfs:label "ends after ending of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$transparencyOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has an intrinsic #$Transparency to light of the specified DEGREE. Higher values indicate that more light will pass through the substance and with less distortion.", rdfs:label "transparency of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(pathConcatenationOf-Simple CHAIN PATH) means that PATH is the #$Path-Cyclic obtained by 'path-concatenating' all of the links in CHAIN. See also #$JoinPathsIntoCycleFn .", rdfs:label "path concatenation of - cycle" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$actionExpressesFeeling ACT EMOTYPE) means that the particular action ACT actually expresses the doer's feeling of EMOTYPE. Note: additional complications arise in using this in inference, as people can `fake' actions such as laughing, crying, etc., to mislead other people. See also #$actionExpressesFeelingToward. If one wishes to make statements about tendencies rather than actual expressions, e.g. ``smiling tends to express happiness'', see #$actionTypeExpressesFeeling.", rdfs:label "action expresses feeling" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$pointsOfContact indicates the places at which a particular agent can be reached. (#$pointsOfContact AGENT LOC) means that the #$Agent AGENT can be contacted at the #$ContactLocation LOC.", rdfs:label "points of contact" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$startingDate X Y) indicates that Y is a #$Date such that (#$temporallySubsumes Y (#$StartFn X)). This is NOT the same as #$startingPoint (qv). Rather, it means that X happened (started to happen, came into existence, etc.) sometime on that date. Note: the date is tied to a time interval on a calendar, but need not be a particular day; it might be a particular calendar month, a particular calendar year, etc.", rdfs:label "starting date" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$territoriesControlled AGENT TERRITORY) means the TERRITORY is a #$GeographicalThing under the political control of AGENT. This refers to actual practical political control, not mere legal or unenforced territorial claims.", rdfs:label "territories controlled" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$sentenceImplies ANTE CONSEQ) means that either the formula ANTE is false, or the formula CONSEQ is true (possibly both); equivalently, it is not the case that ANTE is true and CONSEQ is false. This predicate is very similar to #$implies. However, #$implies is part of the syntax of CycL, whereas #$sentenceImplies is merely a predicate between formulas. #$sentenceImplies is primarily intended to be used for rules that quantify over CycL formulas.", rdfs:label "sentence implies" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$toInsureInEvent-SitType SIT SITTYPE) means that SIT isa a #$Situation whose success in a planning context is contingent on a situation of type SITTYPE 'happening'.", rdfs:label "to insure in event - sit type" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A very general predicate that relates a thing to an attribute or property (see #$AttributeValue) that it has. (#$hasAttributes THING ATT) means that ATT characterizes THING. There are a large number of more specialized predicates in CycL that represent more specific ways in which an attribute might characterize a thing; such predicates should be used instead of #$hasAttributes when possible. Thus #$mainColorOfObject is preferrable to #$hasAttributes for stating that a physical object has a particular main color. See also #$AttributeType.", rdfs:label "feature" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a geographical region to its physical size or area. (#$areaOfRegion REGION AREA) means that the physical size of REGION is AREA. Examples: (#$areaOfRegion #$LakeErie (#$SquareMile 9940)), (#$areaOfRegion #$Elba-Island-Italy (#$SquareMile 86)), (#$areaOfRegion #$VaticanCity (#$SquareMile 0.17)), (#$areaOfRegion #$China-PeoplesRepublic (#$SquareMile 3705390)). For stating the areas of other (strictly or roughly two-dimensional ) sorts of objects, see the generalization #$areaOfObject; and see #$Area for ways of representing areas.", rdfs:label "area of region" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$failureForAgents is used to indicate that a particular agent fails to achieve (at least one of) its goals in a particular action. (#$failureForAgents ENDEAVOR AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT had some purpose in performing ENDEAVOR that was not realized. See also #$purposeInEvent.", rdfs:label "failure" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$weatherAttributes is used to describe the weather at a particular outdoor location. (#$weatherAttributes LOC WEATHER) means that the #$OutdoorLocation LOC has the #$WeatherAttribute WEATHER. For example, to say that it's snowy in Lake Tahoe, we would say: (#$weatherAttributes #$LakeTahoe #$Snowy). See also #$WeatherAttribute.", rdfs:label "weather attributes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nearestIsa OBJ COL) relates any object OBJ to the nearest unsubsumed collections COL of which it is an element. This predicate is #$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from the current state of the #$isa and #$genls hierarchy.", rdfs:label "nearest isa" Domain: owl:Thing Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Indicates the total volume enclosed by a given container. (#$volumeContained ?CONT ?VOL) means that the total available volume of ?CONT is ?VOL.", rdfs:label "volume contained" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$basicPrice indicates the price of a particular item. (#$basicPrice THING MONEY) means that the object or service, THING, has the basic price MONEY. (MONEY can be an interval representing a range of prices.) This predicate can be used to indicate the price of a particular chunk of stuff too. Note that #$basicPrice refers to the `ticket price' of an item when it is actually bought or offered for sale; #$basicPrice does NOT refer to appraised value (where that differs from an actual selling price). Since prices are time-sensitive, assertions about #$basicPrice should be suitably qualified. For example, the price of a fast-food #$HamburgerSandwich in 1996 is a magnitude greater than what it was in 1965. For the total charge for purchase of an object, including tax, shipping, handling, etc., use #$totalCharge (q.v.).", rdfs:label "price" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$porosityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has the degree of #$Porosity DEGREE.", rdfs:label "porosity of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$internalSubRegions REGION INTERNALREGION) means that INTERNALREGION is a subregion of REGION which does not border on anything outside of REGION.", rdfs:label "internal sub regions" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$parallelVectors VECTOR1 VECTOR2) means that VECTOR1 is parallel to VECTOR2. The vectors may either point in the same direction or directly opposite directions. See #$parallelObjects and #$sameDirection, and #$oppositeDirection-Precise.", rdfs:label "parallel vectors" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$pipeEndsAtCavity PIPE CAV) means that PIPE is a #$Pipe-GenericConduit that joins the larger-diameter #$Cavity CAV at a #$PipeEndToCavityJunction, allowing flow or access between them. The flange where a water pipe enters a water tank is one example, as is the junction of the #$Esophagus and the #$Stomach in animals. See also the collection #$PipeEndToCavityJunction.", rdfs:label "pipe ends at cavity" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(toInsureInPlan-SitType PLAN SITTYPE) means that the success of the plan represented by the SupposedToBeMicrotheory PLAN is contingent upon a situation of type SITTYPE 'happening' at some time in the course of the exectution of PLAN. It is presupposed that no situation of type SITTYPE obtains at the start of the execution of PLAN and that the situation should persist after its inception.", rdfs:label "to insure in plan - sit type" Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$boardMembers relates a particular organization to the persons who serve on its board of directors. (#$boardMembers ORG PERSON) means PERSON belongs to that instance of #$BoardOfDirectors which is responsible for oversight of the #$Organization ORG. A member of the Board of Directors of an organization may or may not be an executive of the organization.", rdfs:label "board members" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate can be used to state some particular thing that a given intelligent agent intends or has in mind as a purpose, represented as a propositional attitude. (#$intends AGENT SENT) means that AGENT intends the proposition PROP expressed by SENT to become (or remain) true. This implies that AGENT believes s/he has at least some degree of influence or control over bringing about (or maintaining) the truth of PROP. While this predicate is obviously similar to #$goals (q.v.), AGENT's intending PROP is likely to be more short-term and event-centered ( I did it because I intended that... ) and more mechanically satisfied ( I intend to turn off the lamp ) than any of AGENT's goals. You may intend to turn off the lamp, but it would be odd to call that one of your goals. For a similar predicate that represents intending in relation to types of temporal situations, see #$intends-SitType.", rdfs:label "intend" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$onLine OBJ LINE) means that OBJ is an object or region with one or more dimensions much smaller than the length of the #$Line LINE, and OBJ #$spatiallyIntersects or touches LINE but does not include all of LINE. One object can be on several different #$Lines. See also #$onPath.", rdfs:label "on line" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$above-Touching ABOVE BELOW) means that ABOVE is located over BELOW and they are touching. More precisely, it implies both (#$above-Directly ABOVE BELOW) and that ABOVE #$touches BELOW. Examples: a person sitting on a chair; coffee in a cup; a boat on water; a hat on a head. (Note that not every point of ABOVE must be higher than every point of BELOW.)", rdfs:label "above - touching" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when the speaker presents ARG1, and then ARG2 is a seemingly inconguous statement, but where the speaker wants ARG1 and ARG2 to be accepted as compatible. Example: 'You're a good typist, but we've offered the job to someone else.'.", rdfs:label "concessive - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$consumesPortion EV OBJ) means that a portion of the object OBJ is used up (consumed) in the event EV. However, enough of OBJ remains at the end of EV for it to maintain its identity. Thus #$consumesPortion would be appropriate for an apple that has a bite taken out of it in an eating event, but not for an apple that has been eaten to its core, since the latter is no longer an apple.", rdfs:label "consumes portion" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$perpendicularObjects OBJ1 OBJ2) means that the longest axis of OBJ1 is perpendicular to the longest axis of OBJ2.", rdfs:label "perpendicular objects" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(toStopInEvent-SitType EVT SITTYPE) means that, in the planning context, the success of EVT is contingent upon a pre-existing situation of type SITTYPE ceasing to obtain at some time in the course of SIT.", rdfs:label "to stop in event - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$opaqueArgument RELATION NUMBER) means that, whenever an assertion is made with the #$Relation RELATION, what is being referred to in the argument place NUMBER is being referred to opaquely; i.e., we cannot substitute in other terms that are identical (see #$equals) with the term used in the assertion and expect the truth-value of the assertion to be preserved. Usually such substitution can be done: for instance, if we know that Cicero is 6 feet tall (#$heightOfObject #$Cicero (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 6)), and that (#$equals #$Cicero #$Tully)--that is, Cicero and Tully refer to the same individual--we can conclude that (#$heightOfObject #$Tully (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 6)). In 'opaque contexts,' however, such substitution cannot be done. For instance, Cicero may equal Tully, and I may believe that Cicero is a Roman orator, but it does not follow that I believe that Tully is a Roman orator. Since the cyc formula that indicates the contents of one's beliefs is the second argument of the predicate #$beliefs, we should assert (#$opaqueArgument #$beliefs 2). Other opaque contexts include statements within a modal operator, and statements in which one is actually mentioning a term (that is, referring to the term itself) rather than using the term (that is, referring to what the term denotes)--see #$quotedArgument and #$quotedCollection.", rdfs:label "opaque argument" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$terrainAttributes is used to describe the type of terrain in a particular geographical region. (#$terrainAttributes REGION ATTRIB) means that #$GeographicalRegion REGION has the #$TerrainAttribute ATTRIB. For example, the #$Matterhorn-Mount has #$terrainAttributes, #$RuggedTerrain.", rdfs:label "terrain attributes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$prettyName TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to the #$Cyc term TERM. The predicate #$prettyName is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use.", rdfs:label "pretty name" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$surroundsCompletely OUTSIDE INSIDE) means that OUTSIDE completely surrounds INSIDE. In other words, all rays with origins at INSIDE pass through OUTSIDE by default (with some exceptions). OUTSIDE is not a part of INSIDE (or vice versa). Holes in OUTSIDE are permitted. Examples: a candy bar inside its wrapper; the body of a pregnant mammalian female containing a foetus; a fish in water.", rdfs:label "surround" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Some relations (e.g., instances of #$RuleMacroPredicate) can be defined in terms of more basic or primitive constructs. (#$expansion RELATION FORMULA) associates RELATION with the FORMULA that defines it. The arg2 is allowed to reference generic-argument keywords, such as :ARG1 :ARG2 which represent respectively the arg1 and the arg2 within uses of RELATION. For example, (#$expansion #$genls (#$implies (#$isa ?object :ARG1) (#$isa ?object :ARG2))) indicates that the gaf (#$genls #$Poodle #$Dog) is defined as (#$implies (#$isa ?object #$Poodle) (#$isa ?object #$Dog))). Importantly, the expansion-formula arg2 must be necessary and sufficient; it denotes the definition of the uses of relation arg1; there can be only one expansion for any relation. Furthermore, no two relations can share a common expansion; thus, there can be only one possible contraction from a formula that corresponds to an expansion into a compact form that references expandable relations. For example, (#$implies (#$isa ?object #$Poodle) (#$isa ?object #$Dog))) has the unambiguous contraction of (#$genls #$Poodle #$Dog). The expansion arg2 can (and should when possible) make use of relations that have expansions. Note that the example above references #$implies which would itself have the expansion (#$or (#$not :ARG1) :ARG2). Thus, the full expansion of a relation can involve recursive expansions. For example, the full expansion of #$genls would be (#$or (#$isa ?object :ARG1) (#$not (#$isa ?object :ARG2)))). No relation may reference itself (either directly or indirectly via recursion) in its expansion (or in its full recursive expansion). See #$GenericArgTemplate, #$ELRelation, #$expansionAxiom.", rdfs:label "expansion" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$covers-Baglike WRAP OBJECT) means that WRAP covers OBJECT as a continuous sheet wrapping wholly around object. WRAP #$touches OBJECT, so there is nothing greater than a sheet thickness separating them. OBJECT is totally enclosed in WRAP.", rdfs:label "covers - baglike" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(pipesDirectlyConnected PIPE1 PIPE2) means that there is a #$JunctionOfPipes connecting two #$Pipe-GenericConduits, PIPE1 to PIPE2, (or else they are #$endToEndConnected) allowing flow of #$FluidTangibleThings between them.", rdfs:label "pipes directly connected" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The accumulated total displacement along the trajectory at any point in time during the duration of the moving process", rdfs:label "total displacement" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a temporal thing to the time point at which it starts or begins to exist. (#$startingPoint THING POINT) means that THING begins at POINT, which is the earliest moment of its temporal extent. See also #$endingPoint.", rdfs:label "beginning" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate is used to describe the predominant shape of an object. For example, (#$shapeOfObject OBJECT #$SquareShaped) means that OBJECT has the attribute of being square-shaped.", rdfs:label "shape of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$in-ContClosed CONTAINEE CONTAINER) entails (#$in-ContGeneric CONTAINEE CONTAINER) except that CONTAINEE may not leave CONTAINER as an object without the opening of a portal in CONTAINER or a non-standard significant deformation of CONTAINEE or CONTAINER. CONTAINER need not have a portal. Parts of CONTAINEE may extend out through portals in CONTAINER. If CONTAINEE can temporarily undergo (a not-too forceful) shape deformation in order to fit through a portal in CONTAINER, then CONTAINEE is not #$in-ContClosed with respect to CONTAINER. Positive Examples: water in a bottle with a closed cap; a person in a closed but unlocked jail cell sticking his arms through the bars; King Kong in a flimsy cage; a Nerf (TM) ball in a bottle (The ball must be compressed in order to force it out); egg yolk in an egg shell. Negative Examples: a morsel of bread in a prison cell (morsels are small enough to leave the cell by passing in between the bars of the cell -- use #$in-ContOpen); an egg yolk in an egg -- use #$internalParts; water in an open bottle (the necessary deformation is not forceful). Positive borderline examples: a roll of dental floss in a dispenser -- although the strand may flow out with an expected deformation, it is a long process that continually deforms the object such that the object leaves the container part by part instead of as an object; a skinny person in a jail cell who could just barely manage to squeeze through the bars (the necessary deformations, although self-imposed, would be abnormal and unexpected). Negative borderline example: a spelunker who has crawled through a narrow passage into a cave (the deformations needed to get in (and therefore out) were self-imposed and not abnormal).", rdfs:label "in - cont closed" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate is used in connection with #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent, to identify the #$AttributeValue a thing has immediately after the change. (#$toState EVENT VALUE) means that following the intrinsic-state-changing action, EVENT, the object undergoing the change is characterized by the the value VALUE of the relevant attribute. For example, after any X which is a #$TurningOnAnElectricalSwitch, the switch involved has (#$toState X #$DeviceOn).", rdfs:label "to state" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$temporalBoundsContain LONGER SHORTER) means that LONGER strictly contains SHORTER. There is a positive non-zero time after LONGER starts before SHORTER starts, and there is a positive non-zero time after SHORTER ends before LONGER ends. That is, the #$startingPoint of LONGER is a finite amount of time earlier than the #$startingPoint of SHORTER, and the #$endingPoint of LONGER is a finite amount of time later than the #$endingPoint of SHORTER. Naturally, #$temporalBoundsContain is a stronger relation than #$temporalBoundsIntersect. If LONGER is #$temporallyContinuous, then (#$temporalBoundsContain LONGER SHORTER) further implies (#$temporallySubsumes LONGER SHORTER). Note: This Cyc temporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the CONTAINS relation.", rdfs:label "temporal bounds contain" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$suspendingFluid indicates the particular fluid in which particles are suspended in a particular instance of #$Suspension. Thus, (#$suspendingFluid SUS FLU) means that FLU is among the #$constituents of the #$Suspension SUS, FLU is a fluid (i.e., liquid OR gas), and FLU is the fluid constituent which suspends the particles in SUS. For example, in an instance of #$CloudlikeObject, the #$suspendingFluid is the portion of #$Air that is surrounding and supporting the droplets of water vapour in the cloud. In muddy water, the #$suspendingFluid is that instance of #$Water which is supporting the particles of soil.", rdfs:label "suspending fluid" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(shortTimeIntervalBefore INTER TEMP-OBJ) means that the instance of #$TimeInterval INTER is the short time interval before the instance of #$TemporalThing TEMP-OBJ.", rdfs:label "short time interval before" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keGenlsWeakSuggestionInverse COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it is weakly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE SPEC-COL) is known in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke genls weak suggestion inverse" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$ingredients is used to indicate a particular input used to make a particular artifact. (#$ingredients ART INGR) means that the #$PartiallyTangible thing INGR was one of the #$inputs to the creation of the #$Artifact ART, and INGR is one of ART's #$physicalDecompositions. Note that #$ingredients applies only to those inputs which retain their identity in the creation process and which are incorporated into the resulting #$Artifact. For example, a meatball can be considered an ingredient of a plate of spaghetti, and a portion of ground beef can be considered an ingredient of the meatball. On the other hand, we would not say that an egg is an ingredient of the meatball, even though it was an input to the creation process, because its identity was not preserved.", rdfs:label "ingredient" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate indicates, for a particular rotational motion event, the total absolute value of the angular distance travelled by the #$objectMoving in that event. (#$distanceOfRotation ROT DIST) means that in the event ROT, the #$objectMoving travelled the angular distance DIST. Note that this is not the same as the net angular displacement of the #$objectMoving, but rather the entire angular distance travelled. So if you unscrew a jar lid 1/6 of a turn, and later screw it back on, the #$distanceOfRotation is 120 degrees, not zero; and if you spin around ten times, your #$distanceOfRotation is 3600 degrees, not zero. Angular distance is measured in degrees, radians, etc.", rdfs:label "distance of rotation" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$structureRelations STRUCT REL) means that the situation or structure STRUCT has REL as one of its associated relations between its #$structureMembers. This is very general and it could be an abstract predicate, relation or function, defined on the structureMembers.", rdfs:label "structure relations" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$knowsAbout AGT X) means that the #$IntelligentAgent AGT knows something about X. This predicate represents more than simple awareness, but exactly what is known -- the content of AGT's knowledge about X -- is not specified. Examples: (#$knowsAbout #$Lenat #$Cyc), (#$knowsAbout #$MichaelJordan #$Basketball-TheGame). Note: many commonsense rules can conclude (#$knowsAbout AGT X) -- e.g., those having to do with AGT's occupation, college degrees, city of residence,... in fact, almost any assertion about AGT can lead to presumptions that he/she probably #$knowsAbout something. #$knowsAbout in turn can serve (weakly) in arguments about whether or not AGT #$knows (qv) specific common assertions involving X, and in arguments about whether or not AGT #$knowsValue of some particular predicate applied to X, etc. See also #$expertRegarding.", rdfs:label "know" Domain: Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$products EV OBJ) means that OBJ is one of the intended outputs of event EV. For unintended outputs, see #$byProducts. For a particular EV and OBJ, it will not be true that both (#$products EV OBJ) and (#$byProducts EV OBJ).", rdfs:label "product" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$physicalStructuralAttributes OBJ ATT) means that the physical structure of the tangible object OBJ is (at least partially) determined or described by its attribute ATT. See also #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute.", rdfs:label "physical structural attributes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$reliabilityOfMicrotheory MICROTHEORY NR) means that NR is a measure of the reliability of the assertions in the #$Microtheory MICROTHEORY. A reliability of 1 means the content of MICROTHEORY is entirely reliable; a reliability of 0 means the content of MICROTHEORY is entirely unreliable. For example, a microtheory the content of which is blatantly false would have a reliability of 0, as would a microtheory each assertion in which was chosen from a pair consisting of the assertion and its negation by flipping a coin. There is, of course, a spectrum at one end of which would be guaranteed falsehoods, at the other guaranteed truths, and in the middle would be assertions equally likely true as false. For the purposes for which this predicate is intended, however, we are interested in a spectrum which is a proper part of the former one -- the idea is that being as likely true as false is a minimum threshold.", rdfs:label "reliability of microtheory" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The radius of an object with a circular shape.", rdfs:label "radius" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$resistanceToCorrosion OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has the stated DEGREE of #$CorrosionResistance. The higher DEGREE is, the less readily OBJ will corrode.", rdfs:label "resistance to corrosion" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$inverseFunc relates a mathematical function to a unique inverse. Both arguments to #$inverseFunc are elements of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities. (#$inverseFunc FN INVFN) relates the function FN to its inverse INVFN; e.g., the #$inverseFunc of the logarithm function (#$LogFn) would be the exponential function (#$ExpFn). More precisely, (FN (INVFN X)) results in X for all X in the domain of INVFN. For a more general predicate that can be used to relate any one-to-one function to its inverse, regardless of whether or not either is an instance of #$Function-Denotational, see #$inverseFunctions.", rdfs:label "inverse func" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$objectTakenCareOf EV OBJ) means that OBJ is acted on in EV by some #$Agent in order to maintain, preserve, or promote the health or good condition of OBJ.", rdfs:label "object taken care of" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$offspringActors EVENT ORGANISM) means that ORGANISM is an offspring created in the #$BiologicalReproductionEvent EVENT .", rdfs:label "offspring" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$temporallyCooriginating X Y) means (#$simultaneousWith (#$StartFn X) (#$StartFn Y)). That is, the #$startingPoint of X is the same as the #$startingPoint of Y. This implies that X and Y overlap, in at least one point (namely, their #$startingPoints are the same.)", rdfs:label "temporally cooriginating" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$temperatureOfObject OBJECT TEMPERATURE) means that the individual OBJECT has the #$Temperature TEMPERATURE. Note that OBJECT may be a piece of stuff -- for example, a particular spot in the ocean.", rdfs:label "temperature of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(continuouslyConnectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are #$PartiallyTangibles which are are directly and almost seamlessly connected (e.g. they are formed from the same chunk of material, with no substantial barrier or surface or gap separating them.).", rdfs:label "continuously connected to" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The Cyc predicate #$transferOutSubEvent indicates the initial stage of a particular #$GeneralizedTransfer in which the #$transferredThing leaves the point of origin. For example, (#$transferOutSubEvent TRANSLOC EMISSION) means that EMISSION is the initial stage (see #$firstSubEvents) of the #$Translocation TRANSLOC. (The #$emitter in EMISSION is a #$fromLocation of TRANSLOC.)", rdfs:label "initial transfer-out subevent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$genlPreds NARROW BROAD) means that predicate BROAD is a more general version of predicate NARROW; e.g., (#$genlPreds #$biologicalMother #$biologicalParents), (#$genlPreds #$greaterThan #$greaterThanOrEqualTo). (#$genlPreds NARROW BROAD) is shorthand for the axiom schema (NARROW ARG1 ... ARGN) => (BROAD ARG1 ... ARGN). See also #$genlInverse, which can handle cases where NARROW and BROAD are both binary but their order of arguments is reversed. If the #$arity of NARROW differs from the #$arity of BROAD (or their order of arguments differs and they're not binary), then we just assert the whole appropriate axiom into the Cyc knowledge base; of course, such axioms are absent from the public release of the Upper Cyc Ontology.", rdfs:label "genl preds" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$infoTransferred is used to indicate the meaningful content of a particular transferral of information. (#$infoTransferred TRANSFER INFO) means that INFO is information that is transferred due to the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER. INFO originates from some agent or IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing). After TRANSFER, INFO is contained in another IBT or agent; INFO may persist in the source as well. For example, when I read the front page of the newspaper, some information about current world events is transferred from the newspaper to me. See also #$informationOrigin, #$informationDestination.", rdfs:label "info transferred" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Whenever a source is removed from a gaf use of a predicate, each of that predicate's #$afterRemoving functions is called on that source.", rdfs:label "after removing" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate can be used to indicate one of the paths followed in some movement event. More formally, (#$motionPathway-Partial MOVE PATH) means that the instance MOVE of #$Movement-TranslationEvent has a trajectory (see #$trajectory-Complete) with a sub-trajectory in common with some #$subPaths of the instance PATH of #$Path-Spatial. For example, if a certain trip to Dallas from Austin is via highway I-35, this does not imply either that the whole journey is along I-35 (it also may be along driveways and side streets), or that it is along all of I-35 (which would take you from the Mexican border all the way to the Canadian border). A part of the journey is along a part of I-35. Contrast this predicate with #$motionPathway-Complete, which indicates the relation between a movement MOVE and an instance of #$Path-Spatial followed throughout all of MOVE.", rdfs:label "motion pathway - partial" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$stuffUsed relates an event to some tangible substance which facilitates that event. (#$stuffUsed EVENT STUFF) means that STUFF is a portion of an element of #$ExistingStuffType which plays an instrumental role in EVENT. STUFF may or may not be consumed in the course of EVENT. Examples: portions of #$Water are #$stuffUsed in instances of #$WashingDishes, #$WashingHair, #$WashingClothesInAMachine, etc.; portions of #$EdibleOil are #$stuffUsed in some instances of #$Frying food and #$BakingBread.", rdfs:label "stuff used" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$constantName CONSTANT STRING) states that STRING is the name for the #$CycLConstant CONSTANT. Since constants can be renamed, this predicate is computed from the current state of the KB.", rdfs:label "constant name" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$accountBalance is used to indicate the balance of a particular account. (#$accountBalance ACCT BAL) means that the #$FinancialAccount ACCT has the balance BAL; BAL is the amount of #$Money either owed by, or available to, the #$accountHolder (depending upon the type of account).", rdfs:label "balance" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$stateOfMatter is used to indicate the physical state of a tangible thing. (#$stateOfMatter SUBST STATE) means that the tangible substance SUBST is in the physical state STATE. STATE is an element of #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous (solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous).", rdfs:label "state of matter" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A formula, without free variables, of the form (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING FORMULA) means that the formula FORMULA is true at every moment in the temporal extent of the #$TemporalThing TEMP-THING (i.e., every moment temporally subsumed by TEMP-THING). For example, the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)) expresses that throughout all of the year 1992 Nick owned Spot. Thus it follows, for example, that Nick owned Spot on July 5th, 1992 - that is, (#$holdsIn (#$DayFn 5 (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 1992))) (#$owns Nick Spot)). An assertion of the form (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING (PRED ... ARG ...)), with ARG a #$TemporalThing, doesn't in general imply that ARG temporally subsumes or even temporally intersects TEMP-THING. For example, (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington)) doesn't imply (#$temporallyIntersects #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). However, in the case of certain predicates PRED, temporal subsumption of TEMP-THING by ARG will follow (in almost all microtheories); see #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, #$CotemporalPredicate, and #$contemporaryInArg. Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. That is, in the case of most microtheories, one almost never has to worry about assertions running into problems because of time intervals that are too small, and one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. Note that the characterization above of the meaning of a closed formula (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING FORMULA) isn't meant to imply that one can't quantify into the argument-places of #$holdsIn. (Alternatively to using #$holdsIn, we could create a microtheory MT one of whose assumptions was a temporal one, limiting all axioms to holding throughout 1992 [i.e., (#$holdsInTime-Always MT (#$YearFn 1992))]. Then in that microtheory we could simply assert (#$owns Nick Spot). But it would be incorrect to assert (#$owns Nick Spot) in the #$BaseKB, since, for example, in 3500 BCE Nick didn't own Spot, nor when Nick was a baby did he own Spot, etc.) See also #$holdsSometimeDuring.", rdfs:label "holds in" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$supportedBy OBJECT SUPPORT) means that SUPPORT is at least partially responsible for holding OBJECT up and maintaining its vertical position. If SUPPORT were to be removed, then (everything else being equal) either OBJECT would fall or at least part of OBJECT would move downward. See also #$supportedObject, #$supportingObject, and #$SupportingSomething.", rdfs:label "supported by" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$physicalQuarters is used to relate an organization to the building(s) it occupies. (#$physicalQuarters ORG BLDG) means that the #$Organization ORG is located in the #$ConstructionArtifact BLDG, which may consist of one or more buildings, rooms, offices, etc.", rdfs:label "quarters" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$eventToUphold-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means that if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does not obtain at the start of EVT, then it is part of the purpose of EVT in the planning context that such a #$Situation be brought about some time in the course of EVT, and if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does obtain at the start of EVT, then it is part of the purpose of EVT that such a #$Situation be maintained throughout EVT. The predicate is defined in terms of #$eventToMaintain-SitType and #$eventToInsure-SitType.", rdfs:label "event to uphold - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keConsiderationInverse COL BIN-PRED) means that for every instance INS of COL, it should be determined whether there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED INS VALUE) could be asserted and if so it is strongly suggested that it be asserted.", rdfs:label "ke strong consideration inverse" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$plural WORD STRING) means that STRING is the plural noun form of WORD. For example, the #$plural form of #$Hit-TheWord is `hits', and the plural form of #$Goose-TheWord is `geese'.", rdfs:label "plural" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(intervalEndedBy INT TEMP-OBJ) means that INT is the instance of #$TimeInterval immediately preceding TEMP-OBJ . The beginning of INT coincides with the beginning of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval), if it has a beginning. See #$IntervalEndedByFn", rdfs:label "interval ended by" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The rate at which the angle to an object is accelerating", rdfs:label "angular acceleration" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$compressibilityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) indicates how readily the tangible object OBJ can be compressed to a smaller volume. The higher the DEGREE of compressibility, the more easily the object can be compressed to a smaller volume. A related concept is #$elasticityOfObject.", rdfs:label "compressibility of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$fluidPressure FLUID PRESS) means that the #$FluidTangibleThing FLUID exerts the #$Pressure PRESS at its surface.", rdfs:label "fluid pressure" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$causes-ThingProp THING PROP) means that THING causes the proposition PROP to become true. THING may be an #$Agent, a #$Situation, or a #$ELSentence-Assertible. This is a very general predicate. It is almost always better to use a more specialized predicate such as #$causes-PropProp, #$causes-EventEvent, or #$causes-SitProp, particularly in rules. Nonetheless, #$causes-ThingProp can be useful if one wishes to collect all the possible causes of some proposition be they #$Situations, #$Agents, other propositions (see #$ELSentence-Assertible). See #$NoteAboutCausalityPredicates for a map of related predicates.", rdfs:label "induce" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$temporallyIntrinsicArg PRED N) means that PRED expresses a property that is temporally intrinsic for its argument position N. That means, if a formula using PRED is true for some object OBJ (in the Nth argument position), we can assume the truth of every similar formula in which any temporal part of OBJ is substituted in for OBJ. For example, since (#$temporallyIntrinsicArg #$massOfObject 1) is true, if we know (#$massOfObject `Rock37' (#$Gram 37)), we can expect that any temporal part of `Rock37', such as `Rock37Today', will also have a mass of 37 grams. An example of a property which is not temporally intrinsic would be `average speed'. The average speed of a car on a drive from Austin to Dallas might be 50 mph, but during particular sub-intervals of that drive the average speed could vary from 0 to 75 mph. The collection #$CotemporalPredicate is a class of relations which are not temporally intrinsic but might at first seem to be, e.g., #$physicalParts. In (#$physicalParts `Joe' `JoesHead'), it is not the case that every temporal part of `Joe' (such as `JoeToday') has `JoesHead' as a physical part. Rather, `JoeToday' would have `JoesHeadToday' among its #$physicalParts. With #$physicalParts, as with all other elements of #$CotemporalPredicate, every time-slice of the first argument is related to a cotemporal time-slice of the second argument, but that is not covered by #$temporallyIntrinsicArg and its associated axioms.", rdfs:label "temporally intrinsic arg" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$hears AGT OBJ) means that the #$PerceptualAgent AGT perceives sounds emananating from or as the result of OBJ. Events such as the shooting of a gun and tangible objects such as telephones are things which can emit audible sound and thus be perceived auditorily.", rdfs:label "overhear" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$employees relates a particular employer to one of its paid employees. (#$employees EMPLOYER WORKER) means WORKER regularly performs work for EMPLOYER, and EMPLOYER pays WORKER for that activity (often by paycheck). EMPLOYER directs the manner in which WORKER performs the work and may provide the workplace, tools, capital, and other assistance for the work. EMPLOYER is commonly an organization but may be a person. E.g., (#$employees PerryMason PaulDrake); (#$employees #$Cycorp #$Lenat). Uses of this predicate require proper temporal qualification; e.g., (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1995) (#$employees #$CarnegieMellonUniversity #$Derthick)).", rdfs:label "employee" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$upAxisPoints OBJ DIR) means OBJ's intrinsic up-axis points in the direction DIR. An object has an intrinsic up-axis only if it has an intrisic top by virtue of its design or function. People, rockets, cars, and cups are examples of objects with intrinsic tops. A sphere has no intrinsic top, due to its symmetry. If an object with an intrinsic up-axis, OBJ, is on its side, one asserts (#$upAxisPoints OBJ #$HorizontalDirection). If OBJ is upside-down, one asserts (#$upAxisPoints OBJ #$Down-Directly) or (#$upAxisPoints OBJ #$Down-Generally), depending on how precise one wishes to be.", rdfs:label "up axis points" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when they describe events which are related to one another by succession.", rdfs:label "succession - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$passengers MOVE PAS) means that PAS is a human #$transportees in MOVE who is not a #$driverActor for any #$subEvents of Move. Any PAS is not a #$driverActor for any #$subEvents of MOVE. PAS is likely to be sitting (see #$SittingPosture) during the MOVE.", rdfs:label "passenger" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$cityInState CITY STATE) means that the #$UrbanArea CITY is physically located in the geopolitical sub-region STATE. Note that STATE may be an element of #$State-Geopolitical (q.v.), or it may be some other kind of #$CountrySubsidiary, such as #$Territory. Examples: the #$CityOfDurhamNC in a #$cityInState of #$NorthCarolina-State; Xiamen (Amoy) is a #$cityInState of Fujian.", rdfs:label "city in state" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$substring-CaseInsensitive SUBSTRING STRING) means that SUBSTRING is a substring of STRING with case ignored in both SUBSTRING and STRING. For case-sensitive tagging use the more specialized predicate, #$substring.", rdfs:label "substring - case insensitive" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate is used to indicate that any value returned by a particular denotational function is an instance of a certain collection. (#$resultIsa FUNC COL) means that FUNC returns an instance of COL for any sequence of arguments for which it is defined. Thus, where FUNC is defined for the sequence ARG1, ..., ARGn, (#$resultIsa FUNC COL) implies (#$isa (FUNC ARG1...ARGn) COL). For example, since #$PlusFn only returns quantities, (#$resultIsa #$PlusFn #$ScalarInterval) is true; and given that (#$resultIsa #$GovernmentFn #$RegionalGovernment), it follows that (#$isa (#$GovernmentFn #$France) #$RegionalGovernment). See also #$resultGenl.", rdfs:label "result isa" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates two temporally disjoint things to the (longest) time interval between them. (#$timeIntervalBetween BETWEEN EARLIER LATER) means that BETWEEN is the time interval that starts immediately after EARLIER ends and ends immediately before LATER begins. LATER, of course, must begin after EARLIER ends.", rdfs:label "time interval between" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Used to specify which argument of a given #$MicrotheoryDesignatingRelation designates the microtheory in which to interpret some formula.", rdfs:label "microtheory designation argnum" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$buyingPerformer COM AGENT) means that AGENT is the agent actually attempting to obtain goods or services in a purchase, by performing an active role in the #$CommercialActivity COM. Generally, the agent who is the #$buyingPerformer is identical with the #$buyer, but in some cases the #$buyingPerformer is instead a #$buyingAgent representing the #$buyer.", rdfs:label "buying performer" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$recipientOfService ACT AGNT) means the #$Agent AGNT is the recipient of the #$ServiceEvent ACT. The service is performed on, for, or to AGNT, and AGNT is correspondingly affected by it.", rdfs:label "recipient of service" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "the position of the independent argument referenced by this #$InterArgConstraintPredicate", rdfs:label "independent arg" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$actorPartsInvolved ACT PART) means that PART is one of the #$anatomicalParts of an organism who has an active role in the event ACT, and, moreover, that PART is somehow involved in the action. Note that the organism to which PART belongs either performs or does ACT; it is not merely an #$objectActedOn. Some examples of #$actorPartsInvolved include: the eyes of someone who is sneezing (or crying); the left foot of someone playing in a football game; the right hand of someone who is shaking hands; the claws of a cat who is scratching someone. As a negative example, consider your hair while you are getting a haircut. It is not an #$actorPartsInvolved, because you are passive in that event; it is, though, an #$actorPartsAffected in that event.", rdfs:label "actor parts involved" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$sentenceImplies FORMULA-1 FORMULA-2) means that the formula FORMULA-1 is logically equivalent to the formula FORMULA-2. This predicate is very similar to #$equiv. However, #$equiv is part of the syntax of CycL, whereas #$sentenceEquiv is merely a predicate between formulas. #$sentenceEquiv is primarily intended to be used for rules that quantify over CycL formulas.", rdfs:label "sentence equiv" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$assertedTermSentences TERM FORMULA) determines whether a Cyc #$CycLAssertion of the form FORMULA exists such that TERM is referred to as a term within that formula. See also #$assertedSentence and #$assertedPredicateArg for related predicates about assertions, and #$termFormulas for a more general predicate that does not require that an assertion for FORMULA exists.", rdfs:label "asserted term sentences" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$directionPreservingSubSystems SYS SUBSYS) means that (i) both SYS and SUBSYS are semi-directed path systems (see #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem), (ii) SUBSYS is a subsystem of SYS, and (iii) SUBSYS 'preserves' the directions of links, i.e., for each link LINK in SUBSYS, (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SUBSYS) iff (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS).", rdfs:label "direction preserving sub systems" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate is used in connection with #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent, to identify the #$AttributeValue that a thing has before the change. (#$fromState EVENT VALUE) means that immediately prior to EVENT (which is the intrinsic-state-changing action), the thing that is changed in EVENT has the value VALUE for the relevant attribute (and during the EVENT the thing changes from that to another value for that attribute). For example, prior to any X which is a #$TurningOnAnElectricalSwitch, the switch involved has (#$fromState X #$DeviceOff).", rdfs:label "from state" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$objectMoving is used to refer to an object which is moving in a particular #$MovementEvent. (#$objectMoving MOVE OBJECT) means that OBJECT is in motion at some point during the #$MovementEvent MOVE and is either the #$primaryObjectMoving in MOVE or #$subEvents of MOVE. OBJECT need not move from the #$fromLocation to the #$toLocation. If it does, and moves along the trajectory of MOVE, then it is a #$primaryObjectMoving, part of a #$primaryObjectMoving, or contained in a #$primaryObjectMoving. A part of or object contained by a #$primaryObjectMoving may or may not also be #$primaryObjectMoving.", rdfs:label "object moving" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$capitalCity is used to indicate the capital of a country (only). (#$capitalCity CNTRY CITY) means that CITY is the capital city of the #$Country CNTRY. Examples: the #$capitalCity of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica is the #$CityOfWashingtonDC; the #$capitalCity of #$Armenia is Yerevan. Note: for regional capitals, use #$capitalCityOfThisState.", rdfs:label "capital city" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg3Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different third arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT.", rdfs:label "arg 3 format" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$endsOfPathSegment PATH LOC) means that LOC is at one end of the #$Path-Generic PATH; LOC may be either a junction or a genuine terminal-end of the path segment (indicated by #$pathTerminus). This refers to the two ends of any kind of #$Path-Simple, or the the single 'end' of a #$Path-Cyclic that goes from thing back to itself. If PATH is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible, #$SpatialThing, or #$TemporalThing, then LOC is also; however, neither of them need to be an instance of any of these collections.", rdfs:label "ends of path segment" Domain: Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$temporalBoundsIdentical X Y) means that X and Y are both #$temporallyCooriginating and #$temporallyCoterminal. That is, X and Y have the same #$startingPoints and also have the same #$endingPoints. Note that if X and Y are continuous temporal objects, such as a pair of ashtrays, then this means that they must in fact be completely #$cotemporal.", rdfs:label "temporal bounds identical" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$mainProduct is used to identify the main item in a particular set of stuff that a customer gets when buying a packaged product. (#$mainProduct FORM PROD) means that the particular #$Product PROD is the main item of the #$FormalProduct FORM--as distinct from the accessories, agreements, packaging, literature, etc., that come along with it.", rdfs:label "main product" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(sellingPerformer COM AGENT) means that the #$CommercialActivity COM is #$performedBy the #$Agent AGENT, who in that event actually pursues and attempts to make a sale. AGENT may also be (and in many cases is) the #$seller of the goods or services sold, or s/he may be the #$sellingAgent representing the #$seller.", rdfs:label "sellers" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$quantityIntersects QUANT1 QUANT2) means that the #$ScalarIntervals QUANT1 and QUANT2 have some overlap. For example, (#$Meter 2 5) intersects (#$Meter 3 4) and (#$Meter 3 7), but not (#$Meter 6 7).", rdfs:label "quantity intersects" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$hasBeliefSystems AGT BSYS) means that the #$Agent AGT has the belief system BSYS. E.g., (#$hasBeliefSystems BorisYeltsin #$RussianOrthodoxReligion).", rdfs:label "has belief systems" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$undergroundOf OBJ GROUND) means that OBJ is beneath the surface of ground and has the #$locationState #$Underground.", rdfs:label "underground of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$schoolSymbolName-Female SCHOOL STRING) means that STRING is a common way to refer to all-women SCHOOL-affiliated #$SportsTeams, clubs, and other student organizations. Accordingly, instances of STRING will be pluralized (e.g. 'the Ohio State Lady Buckeyes').", rdfs:label "school symbol name - female" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate is used to identify the state of operation that a particular device is in. (#$stateOfDevice DEV STATE) means that the #$PhysicalDevice DEV is in the #$DeviceState STATE. Thus, (#$stateOfDevice HAL #$DeviceOff) says that the computer HAL is switched off.", rdfs:label "state of device" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$in-Held OBJ HOLDER) means that OBJ is being held or restrained by HOLDER, which is applying pressure to OBJ. HOLDER #$touches OBJ. HOLDER may be either a #$deviceUsed or an #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected in an instance of #$HoldingAnObject; OBJ would be the #$objectActedOn by that holding. Examples include ``salad in tongs'', ``a bread crumb in ant's pincers'', ``a bird in your hand'', ``a long two-by-four in a vice''.", rdfs:label "in - held" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$temporallySubsumes LONG SHORT) means that all time points of SHORT are contained in LONG. This implies that SHORT does not start before LONG, nor end after LONG. And if there's some time point or interval when LONG is not happening, then neither is SHORT. Note: This relation is weaker than #$cotemporal, which can be thought of as requiring that LONG and SHORT #$temporallySubsumes each other. Note: This relation is a strictly temporal relationship between LONG and SHORT; it is weaker than #$subEvents, which can be thought of as requiring that LONG not only #$temporallySubsumes SHORT but also contains SHORT as a `part'.", rdfs:label "temporally subsumes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$infoRemoved CHANGE INFO) means that in the #$InformationUpdating action, CHANGE, INFO was removed from the IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) acted on.", rdfs:label "info removed" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is a list of the chief ports for a given geographical region.", rdfs:label "chief ports" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$suspendedPart indicates an individual particle of #$TangibleThing which is suspended in a particular instance of #$Suspension. Thus, (#$suspendedPart SUS PART) means that PART is a #$Particle suspended in the #$suspendingFluid of the #$Suspension SUS. Examples: in an instance of #$CloudOfH2O, the (typical) #$suspendedPart is a #$Particle of water; in muddy water, the (typical) #$suspendedPart is a #$Particle of soil.", rdfs:label "suspended part" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$dislikesObject AGT OBJ) means that AGT feels an emotion of #$Dislike when interacting with OBJ in some way. See #$likesObject for elaboration.", rdfs:label "dislike" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$beliefStatements BSYS PROP) indicates that a belief of the belief system BSYS is stated in the proposition PROP (represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible). In other words, each #$BeliefSystems comprises a set of tenets, statements linked to it via this predicate. Note: This is NOT the predicate that ties a particular #$Agent to his/her/its beliefs; for that, see #$beliefs and #$hasBeliefSystems.", rdfs:label "belief statements" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$admittedArgument TERM RELATION) states that TERM satisfies the fourth argument constraint of RELATION. For example, (#$admittedThirdArgument #$supportedObject #$SceneWithTypeInRoleFn) and (#$admittedFourthArgument #$CouncilOfEurope #$groupMembersHaveProperty). This predicate is a binary form of #$admittedArgument.", rdfs:label "admitted fourth argument" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$hasClimateType is used to specify the type of climate that occurs in a particular region. (#$hasClimateType AREA CLIME) means that the climate in the #$GeographicalRegion AREA is of the #$ClimateCycleType CLIME; i.e., any individual annual cycle falls under the type CLIME. For example, to describe the climate of Houston, we would say: (#$hasClimateType #$CityOfHoustonTX #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle). See also #$ClimateCycleType, #$AnnualClimateCycle.", rdfs:label "has climate type" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a temporal thing to the length of time it happened or existed. (#$duration TEMPTHING DURATION) means that DURATION is the length of time TEMPTHING happened (if an event) or existed (if a physical object or static situation). If TEMPTHING is #$temporallyContinuous, its #$duration is the same as its #$measure (the elapsed time from start to end); but if TEMPTHING is discontinuous, its #$duration is strictly less than its #$measure. For example, the #$duration of Sundays-in-April-2001 is (#$DaysDuration 5), whereas the #$measure of that same temporal object is (#$DaysDuration 29).", rdfs:label "duration" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The function which is used to perform inference within this microtheory.", rdfs:label "mt inference function" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$areasOfOrigin relates an ethnic group to a particular region in which its members originated. (#$areasOfOrigin GROUP REGION) means that the #$EthnicGroupType GROUP originated in the #$GeographicalRegion REGION. For example, to indicate that Circassians originated in Asia, we would say (#$areasOfOrigin #$EthnicGroupOfCircassians #$ContinentOfAsia). Ethnic groups may have originated in several different areas; e.g., the #$EthnicGroupOfHutu is native to #$Rwanda, #$Burundi, #$Tanzania, and #$Uganda.", rdfs:label "areas of origin" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$urgeSatisfied EVT URGETYPE) means that the sensory event EVT satisfies an instance of a physical urge of type URGETYPE. Use the predicate, #$urgeTypeSatisfied, to stateg rules about what sorts of actions relieve what sorts of urges. E.g., scratching relieves an #$UrgeToScratch.", rdfs:label "urge satisfied" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate (#$carriesInfectionType OBJECT INFECT_TYPE) relates a particular organism or other object to a type of infection that it carries. (#$carriesInfectionType OBJ INFTYP) means that the individual OBJ is a carrier of the #$InfectionType INFTYP. For example, (#$carriesInfectionType TyphoidMary #$TyphoidFever) or (#$carriesInfectionType Needle0567 #$AIDS).", rdfs:label "carry" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$in-ContGeneric OBJ CONT) means that OBJ is contained, confined, or held in CONT. OBJ is not a part of CONT (but see #$physicallyContains). CONT has a cavity (see #$CavityWithWalls) and OBJ is at least partly within (see #$spatiallyIntersects) the interior of this cavity. If CONT moves, OBJ is, by default, caused to move so as to remain within that cavity (see #$movesWith). If OBJ leaves the confines of CONT then either OBJ passes through some appropriately sized portal of CONT or OBJ breaks into smaller pieces that themselves pass through appropriately sized portals of CONT or OBJ breaks through a wall of CONT. CONT may function as an open or closed container with respect to objects of the size of OBJ. If CONT is closed with respect to OBJ, then #$in-ContClosed is the preferred more specific predicate. If CONT is open with respect to OBJ, #$in-ContOpen is preferred. If OBJ is a fluid which completely fills CONT (e.g. a cup of coffee brimming over) then #$in-ContFullOf is more precise.", rdfs:label "in - cont generic" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Relates a #$Doorway to the physical covering used to seal it. The user should be aware that #$Doorway, the designated arg1 for this predicate, is currently constrained to be a physical part of some instance of #$ShelterConstruction. This is because, in normal English parlance, doorways are the portals through which people pass to get in and out of shelter constructions, and from room to room. Planes, trains, automobiles, and other vehicles are not conventionally said to have #$Doorways, and if the aim is to assert something about the #$PortalCoverings of a vehicle, #$portalHasCovering would be the appropriate predicate to use.", rdfs:label "doorway has covering" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$viscosityOfSubstance LIQ VISC) means that the #$LiquidTangibleThing LIQ has the #$Viscosity VISC.", rdfs:label "thicken" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$hangsFrom OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 is suspended from OBJ2, either directly touching it (like a weight attached to a line) or through some intermediary object (like a weight suspended from the ceiling via a hook). All of the OBJ1's weight of is #$supportedBy OBJ2. Most if not all of OBJ1 is below OBJ2; certainly, the center of OBJ1 is below the connection point. If pushed, OBJ1 will undergo a #$Swinging.", rdfs:label "hang" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$contraryFeelings EMOTYPE CONTTYPE) means that a feeling of the type EMOTYPE is contrary to a feeling of the type CONTTYPE. One feeling is contrary to another if they are opposed in almost all their components. See also #$contrastedFeelings. It would be very rare for someone to feel both an EMOTYPE and CONTTYPE at the same time, especially about the same thing/event/situation. E.g., (#$contraryFeelings #$Gloominess #$Cheerfulness), (#$contraryFeelings #$Respect #$Contempt), (#$contraryFeelings #$Shame #$Pride), and so on.", rdfs:label "contrary feelings" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$irrelevantPredAssertion PREDICATE ASSERTION) states that the given ASSERTION should be heuristically considered irrelevant to inferences concluding uses of the given PREDICATE in the current mt. See also #$irrelevantAssertion and #$irrelevantMt.", rdfs:label "irrelevant pred assertion" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(spaceRegionPortals REGION HOLE) means that HOLE is a #$Portal into the interior region REGION. All the portals of this #$Interior space region are related to it by spaceRegionPortals.", rdfs:label "space region portals" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$target TRANS PLACE) means that the #$performedBy (or #$directingAgent) of the event TRANS intends that the #$transferredThing end up at PLACE.", rdfs:label "target" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$surfaceParts BIG LITTLE) means that LITTLE is an external physical part (see #$externalParts) of a surface of BIG, or that LITTLE is a physical part of BIG itself and a surface of LITTLE is part of a surface of BIG. LITTLE is also something which 'does not go all the way through' BIG. In other words, there is no line segment spatially subsumed by LITTLE that goes from a point at the surface of one side of BIG to a point of the surface on the opposite side of BIG. Positive exemplars: the skin of an orange is a #$surfaceParts of the orange, a window of a house is a #$surfaceParts of that house. Borderline positive exemplars: the inside surface of a coffee cup is one of the #$surfaceParts of the cup; the inside surface of a beer-can in some contexts is a #$surfaceParts of the can. Negative exemplars: the brain is not a #$surfaceParts of a person. A person's head is also a negative exemplar of a #$surfaceParts. There is a line that can go, for example, from the front side to the back side of that person.", rdfs:label "surface parts" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$defnNecessary COL TEST) means that TEST is the name of a piece of code in the Cyc system substrate, and TEST acts as a necessary definition for membership in the Cyc #$Collection COL. Only if TEST returns T [True] when applied to a particular item can that item be considered an element of COL; all elements of COL must fulfill TEST's requirements, although there may be additional requirements for membership in COL as well. Cf. #$defnIff and #$defnSufficient.", rdfs:label "defn necessary" Domain: owl:Class Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$senderOfInfo is used to indicate the sending agent in a particular transfer of information. (#$senderOfInfo TRANSFER SENDER) means that SENDER is an agent who is the source of information transferred in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER. At the time of TRANSFER (and typically for some period beforehand), SENDER conceives of the information transferred in TRANSFER. It's not the case that SENDER necessarily #$knows the `information' or has it among his/her #$beliefs, because TRANSFER could involve lying; e.g., #$GeorgeWashington's telling his father, `I didn't chop down the cherry tree'. SENDER normally performs TRANSFER intentionally, but some transfers may be unintentional; e.g., when one repeats some gossip unwittingly within earshot of the person being discussed, the transfer to the overhearer is unintentional. See also #$infoTransferred.", rdfs:label "sender of info" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate can be used to indicate that the trajectory or trajectories travelled by one or more objects during a movement event follow some spatial path throughout the entire movement. More formally, if MOVE is an instance of #$Translation-SingleTrajectory, (#$motionPathway-Complete MOVE PATH) means that the instance PATH of #$Path-Spatial contains the entire instance of #$Trajectory along which the objects moving (see #$objectMoving) travel in MOVE. Note that there can be at most one #$motionPathway-Complete in this case. If MOVE is an instance of #$Translation-MultiTrajectory, (#$motionPathway-Complete MOVE PATH) means that the instance PATH of #$Path-Spatial contains the entire instance of #$Trajectory along which at least one of the objects moving in MOVE travels. In this case, more than one #$motionPathway-Complete may exist. (Note that the instance of #$Traversal determined by the #$trajectory-Complete need not occupy the whole length of PATH.) To explain this predicate somewhat differently, any #$motionPathway-Complete of an instance of #$Movement-TranslationEvent connects the starting and stopping points (the #$fromLocation and #$toLocation) of the whole trajectory of at least one object in the movement event (See also #$pathConnects). Note that PATH may be a marked or unmarked instance of #$Path-Spatial. See also #$trajectoryPassesThrough and #$motionPathway-Partial. You can use #$trajectoryPassesThrough to state that an object passes through a particular location on the object's trajectory.", rdfs:label "pathway" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$languageSpoken INTAGENT NATLANG) means the #$IntelligentAgent INTAGENT speaks the natural human language NATLANG at least somewhat fluently. The language must be speakable by humans, as are English, Latin, or Japanese, but not LISP, C or LINCOS. So, for example, (#$languageSpoken #$Lenat #$EnglishLanguage). See #$NaturalLanguage.", rdfs:label "language spoken" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$developerOfIBTType relates a specific work to its creator(s). (#$developerOfIBTType IBTTYPE AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the people, corporations, publishers, etc., responsible for the invention or bringing into being of the #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType IBTTYPE, which may be a book, television show, computer program, musical score, etc. Examples: #$Lenat is a #$developerOfIBTType for the #$CycKB; #$OrsonWelles is a #$developerOfIBTType for #$CitizenKane-TheMovie.", rdfs:label "developer of i b t type" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$deviceControlledBy DEV CONTROL) means that CONTROL is a #$ControlDevice that controls #$PhysicalDevice DEV. Most of the time, the controls will be #$physicalParts of the device. However there are some notable exceptions -- one's TV remote control, for example -- which control a device but are not #$physicalParts of that device.", rdfs:label "device controlled by" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$traversalInSystem TRAV SYS) means that TRAV is a #$Traversal of some paths in the #$PathSystem SYS. Let TRAV be represented by (#$TraversalFn (#$TheList X(1) PATH(1) ... X(n) PATH(n) X(n+1))). To say that TRAV is a #$Traversal in SYS we mean that (i) TRAV is a #$Traversal (and thus (#$TheList X(1) PATH(1) ... X(n) PATH(n) X(n+1)) is a #$PathChain), and (ii) each X(k) is a point in SYS and each PATH(k) is either a link or a loop in SYS, or a subpath of a loop in SYS. Our favorate description of a traversal in SYS is such a list that all X(k) are nodes in SYS except X(1) and X(n+1), and all PATH(k)s are links or loops in SYS except PATH(1) and PATH(n).", rdfs:label "traversal in system" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$phoneNumberText is used to relate a telephone number to a contact location. (#$phoneNumberText LOC NUM) means NUM is a string denoting (one of) the phone number(s) of the #$ContactLocation LOC.", rdfs:label "phone number text" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$comment is a predicate belonging to the Cyc collection #$DocumentationConstant. #$comment is used to relate Cyc constants to (usually) brief English explanations of their meaning and use, as an aid to humans browsing through the Cyc Knowledge Base. (#$comment CONST STRING) means that STRING is an instance of #$SubLString that contains an explanation of the Cyc constant CONST. Example: what you are reading now.", rdfs:label "comment" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$timeConstraintOfAction ACT DUR) means that in the planning context of the assertion, ACT should take no longer than the #$Time-Quantity DUR.", rdfs:label "time constraint of action" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$actors is the most general instance of #$ActorSlot. All other actor slots are specializations of this predicate. Thus, #$actors is a broad concept which includes any entity which is involved in an action. (#$actors EVENT ACTOR) means that ACTOR is somehow meaningfully (directly or indirectly) involved in EVENT during EVENT. Mere cotemporality of objects (somewhere in the universe) with a particular event is not enough `involvement' to make those objects #$actors of that event. Nor is a representation of an event among the #$actors of that event, unless the representation affects the event.", rdfs:label "actor" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Permanent Global Unique ID for the associated concept -- which enables concept renaming. Users should not depend upon the DAML ID nor label as fixed for all time.", rdfs:label "guid" Domain: owl:Thing Range: rdfs:Literal ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$heightOfObject OBJECT HEIGHT) means that the #$Distance from OBJECT's top boundary to its bottom boundary is HEIGHT. Top and bottom are often determined by an object's intrinsic default orientation, if it has one (see #$TopAndBottomSidedObject). But some objects have tops and bottoms -- and thus heights -- only by virtue of their spatial relations to certain other objects in their environments. In any case, having a height requires being at least two-dimensional (see #$TwoOrHigherDimensionalShape). See also #$lengthOfObject, #$widthOfObject, and #$depthOfObject.", rdfs:label "height" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$eventHonors OCCURRENCE AGENT) means that AGENT is honored or commemorated by OCCURRENCE. If AGENT is a living #$Person, AGENT is probably present at OCCURRENCE. This is the appropriate predicate for relating a #$Funeral to the deceased person for whom the #$Funeral is in honor.", rdfs:label "honoree" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$temporallyIntersects X Y) means that there is at least one #$TimePoint which X #$temporallySubsumes and Y #$temporallySubsumes. If you think of X and Y as sets of #$TimePoints, then those two sets intersect.", rdfs:label "temporally intersects" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The Cyc predicate #$primitiveAttributeTypes is used to relate a type of complex attribute to its basic components. (#$primitiveAttributeTypes COMP PRIM) means that PRIM is an element of #$PrimitiveAttributeType that makes up the #$CompositeAttributeType, COMP. PRIM can be thought of as one axis for the composite scale. For example, hue, intensity, and saturation are each a primitive scale for the composite attribute `color'. Another case: #$Speed is a primitive component of the composite attribute #$VelocityVector.", rdfs:label "primitive attribute types" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$subsetOf SUB SUPER) means that every element of the mathematical set or collection SUB is an element of the mathematical set or collection SUPER.", rdfs:label "subset" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$employeeStatus describes a worker's job as full-time, part-time, salaried, commissioned, paid by the hour, or etc. More than one may apply. (#$employeeStatus WORKER STATUS) means that STATUS indicates the #$WorkStatus of WORKER. For example, the #$employeeStatus of an auto worker at GM probably includes the #$WorkStatus attributes #$FullTime and #$HourlyWork.", rdfs:label "employee status" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$postSituation EVT SIT) means SIT is a #$StaticSituation that begins immediately after the action EVT ends, and is directly (probably causally) related to EVT. See #$postEvents and #$preSituation for related predicates.", rdfs:label "post situation" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$expects AGT PROP) means that the agent AGT believes it highly likely that the proposition PROP (represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible) will be true sometime in the future. A use of this predicate is to state rules such as: when someone confirms that they will be participating in a social event, the host(ess) #$expects that they will participate. This is somewhat weaker than stating that an agent believes (see #$beliefs) that PROP will become true.", rdfs:label "expect" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keGenlsStrongSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it is strongly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED SPEC-COL VALUE) is known in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke genls strong suggestion preds" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$genlAttributes S-ATT G-ATT) means that G-ATT is a more general attribute than S-ATT. If we know, for some object, THING, (#$hasAttributes THING S-ATT), the system will be able to derive (#$hasAttributes THING G-ATT). #$genlAttributes is transitive, so (#$genlAttributes A B) and (#$genlAttributes B C) lets the system derive (#$genlAttributes A C). For example, if a certain portion of the atmosphere has the attribute #$Hazy, Cyc can conclude through its #$genlAttributes knowledge that there is only moderate #$Visibility there.", rdfs:label "genl attributes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$educationLevel PRSN LVL) means #$Person PRSN has had formal schooling up to the highest level #$EducationLevelAttribute LVL at one or more #$EducationalOrganizations. This will refer to a particular #$subAbstrac of a #$Person, not to the person as a whole lifetime #$Entity.", rdfs:label "education level" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$negationInverse is used to describe a relationship between some elements of #$BinaryPredicate. (#$negationInverse PRED INV) means that if PRED holds between a pair of items , then INV does NOT hold between the inverted pair . In other words, #$negationInverse is syntactic shorthand for (#$implies (PRED X Y) (#$not (INV Y X))). Note that PRED and INV may take the same value; e.g., (#$negationInverse #$father #$father) is true and means that if X's #$father is Y, then X is NOT Y's #$father. Thus, #$negationInverse is true for all elements of #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate.", rdfs:label "negation inverse" Domain: daml:Property Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$in-ImmersedFully OBJ FLUID) means that FLUID is the unique fluid in which OBJ is completely immersed. Thus, as a default inference, every outside surface region of OBJ #$touches FLUID. E.g., (live) fish are fully immersed in water, and people are usually immersed in air (even though the bottoms of their feet touch the ground and not the air). Examples like air bubbles in water or mercury globules immersed in air suggest that the #$arg1Isa should be kept general, i.e., #$PartiallyTangible rather than #$SolidTangibleThing.", rdfs:label "in - immersed fully" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$inputs relates a particular event to things which are `inputs', i.e., materials used in that event and somehow altered by it. (#$inputs EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT is an input to the #$CreationOrDestructionEvent EVENT. During and due to the event, OBJECT is either destroyed or incorporated into a new entity. For example, the pigments used to paint the Mona Lisa were #$inputs to Leonardo's painting process; however, his brushes were not #$inputs, even though they were changed a little by it. In general, in instances of #$Manufacturing, materials or objects are inputs if they find their way into the product manufactured, or if they are destroyed -- such as the coke used in manufacturing steel -- as part of that manufacturing process. Note: One should use the specialized predicates #$inputsDestroyed or #$inputsCommitted whenever they are appropriate, rather than the more general predicate #$inputs.", rdfs:label "inputs" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keWeakSuggestionInverse COL BIN-PRED) means that for every instance INST of COL, it is weakly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE INST) is known in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke weak suggestion inverse" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$subTraversals TRAV SUBTRAV) means that TRAV is a #$Traversal along some path or paths and SUBTRAV is a subtraversal of TRAV. The subtraversal SUBTRAV is within the same paths as the traversal TRAV, but it is 'shorter'.", rdfs:label "sub traversals" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies a means of carrying out ARG1.", rdfs:label "means - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$elementOf THNG SETORCOL) means that THNG is an element of the mathematical set or collection SETORCOL. #$elementOf is a more general relation than the more-heavily-used #$isa, which is used to talk about membership in a natural kind (an element of #$Collection). #$elementOf can also be used to talk about membership in an arbitrarily-defined mathematical set (an instance of #$Set-Mathematical), such as those denoted by #$TheSet expressions.", rdfs:label "element of" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$makesProductType is used to indicate that a particular company makes a specific (i.e., type of) product. (#$makesProductType ORG PRODTYP) means that the #$CommercialOrganization ORG manufactures the #$ProductType PRODTYP. Cf. #$madeBy, #$mainProductType and #$soleProductType.", rdfs:label "makes product type" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$intendedAudienceType indicates the type of agents who are the intended recipients of the information in a particular IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing). (#$intendedAudienceType PIT TYPE) means that agents who are elements of TYPE are in the intended audience of the particular #$PropositionalInformationThing PIT. Examples: the #$intendedAudienceType for the information in a copy of `AMA Journal' is the collection of American physicians; the #$intendedAudienceType of TV commercials for sugary packaged cereals are those members of #$HumanChild living in the broadcast area.", rdfs:label "intended audience type" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$scopingArg RELATION N) indicates the Nth argument of #$ScopingRelation RELATION denotes one or more scoped variables.", rdfs:label "scoping arg" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nearestGenls COL NEAR-GENL) relates any collection COL to the nearest unsubsumed collections NEAR-GENL of which it is a subset. This predicate is #$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from the current state of the #$genls heirarchy.", rdfs:label "nearest genls" Domain: owl:Class Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$biologicalFather OFFSPRING MALE) means that #$MaleAnimal MALE is the male biological parent of #$Animal OFFSPRING.", rdfs:label "biological father" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nearestGenlPreds PRED NEAR-PRED) relates any predicate PRED to the nearest unsubsumed predicate NEAR-PRED of which it is a spec predicate. #$nearestGenlPreds is #$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from the current state of the #$genlPreds hierarchy.", rdfs:label "nearest genl preds" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$partitionedInto SETORCOL PART) means that the mathematical set or collection PART is a partition of the mathematical set or collection SETORCOL -- that is, the elements of PART are themselves mathematical sets or collections, and every element of SETORCOL is an element of exactly one element of PART, and every element of PART is a subset of SETORCOL. Or to put it another way, PART is a set or collection of disjoint sets or collections whose union is co-extensional with SETORCOL. Typically, the #$DisjointSetOrCollection that plays the role of PART in an assertion about partitioning will be a set specified by enumerating its elements, using the function #$ThePartition. (This is a special #$ReifiableFunction whose principal reason-for-being is to facilitate the inference heuristics associated with assertions about partitioning.)", rdfs:label "partitioned into" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$overlapsStart FIRST SECOND) means that FIRST starts before SECOND and ends during SECOND. That is, the #$startingPoint of FIRST is before the #$startingPoint of SECOND, and the #$endingPoint of FIRST is before the #$endingPoint of SECOND. So this is actually a STRONGER relation than might be suggested just by its name alone, since the name alone does not suggest that FIRST must end during SECOND. If all you mean to say, in some situation, is that FIRST starts before SECOND, then do NOT use #$overlapsStart; just use the #$startsAfterStartingOf relation; i.e., say (#$startsAfterStartingOf SECOND FIRST). Also note that #$overlapsStart is, in a way, a WEAKER relation than might be suggested by its name alone. Namely, the #$startingPoint of SECOND might not even be a point of FIRST (if FIRST is discontinuous). Note: This Cyc temporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the OVERLAPS relation.", rdfs:label "overlaps start" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$hasSameEntityAs X Y) indicates that X and Y are both subabstractions of the same #$Entity. The unique #$myEntity of X is the same as the unique #$myEntity of Y. For instance, AlbertEinsteinAsAnAdult and AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton are in this relationship.", rdfs:label "has same entity as" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$birthDate X Y) indicates that the #$Entity X came into existence during #$Date Y. For people, this is the date at which they were born, hence the name of this predicate. The first argument to this predicate must be an #$Entity, and not just any old #$SomethingExisting, because we don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath of a subabstraction like AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other words, proper subabstractions will have #$startingDates and #$endingDates, but only true #$Entitys will have a #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath. To specify the #$DayOfYearType on which a #$Person was born, use #$birthDay.", rdfs:label "birthdate" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$doneBy relates an event to its `doer'. (#$doneBy EVENT DOER) means that DOER is the `doer' in the event EVENT. Some action on the part of the doer causes or carries out the event. This predicate is agnostic as to whether DOER does EVENT intentionally or not (DOER need not even be animate; e.g., the event in which Mount Vesuvius erupted and buried Pompeii was #$doneBy Mount Vesuvius). See #$performedBy and #$bodilyDoer for the more specific senses of `doer' when DOER is, respectively, an agent (#$Agent) acting deliberately or a biological organism (#$Organism-Whole).", rdfs:label "doers" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$trueRule TEMPLATE FORMULA) states that FORMULA is both true and an instantiation of the rule template TEMPLATE.", rdfs:label "true rule" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$seriesOrderedByInverse SER PRED) means that PRED is the relation that imposes an order on the members of SER. Each member of the series stands in the relation PRED to the series members that come before it. For example, if SER is a line of cars driving south, the ordering relation might be #$northOf (or ''behind''). See also #$seriesOrderedBy.", rdfs:label "series ordered by inverse" Domain: Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$hasMembers relates a particular organization to the agents which are members of that organization. This predicate indicates `generic' membership, although there may be specialized kinds of membership in the same organization. (#$hasMembers ORG AGENT) means that AGENT is a member of the #$Organization ORG; typically, membership eligibility is determined by ORG and accepted with AGENT's voluntary affiliation. For example, (#$hasMembers 'PeanutsBaseballTeam' #$CharlieBrown). A member may be any #$Agent, including other #$Organizations (such as member countries in the United Nations). The truth of an assertion made with #$hasMembers may be time-dependent and, if so, should be qualified appropriately. E.g., (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1975) (#$hasMembers #$UnitedNationsOrganization #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina)) is true, but (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1995) (#$hasMembers #$UnitedNationsOrganization #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina)) is not.--BillJ, June 23, 1997", rdfs:label "member" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$interviewer INTERVIEW AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT is an interviewer in the #$Interviewing event INTERVIEW.", rdfs:label "interviewers" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate is used to indicate what #$UserRightsAttributes are acquired in events which bring about a #$ChangeInUserRights. (#$rightsGranted EVENT URA) means that in the #$ChangeInUserRights EVENT, the #$UserRightsAttribute URA is granted (to some agent). For example, (#$rightsGranted ''LouisianaPurchase'' #$ExclusiveUserRights), since no country other than the USA could then claim it as one of their territories. If EVENT is a #$Buying event, then almost always both (#$rightsGranted EVENT #$FullUseRights) and (#$rightsGranted EVENT #$ExclusiveUserRights) are true.", rdfs:label "grant" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The Cyc predicate #$followingValue is used to represent an ordering of generic attributes. (#$followingValue VAL1 VAL2) means that VAL2 is a greater value than VAL1 on a scale that they share. (#$followingValue VAL1 VAL2) implies (#$greaterThan VAL2 VAL1). Typically, one uses #$followingValue when the values VAL1 and VAL2 are elements of #$GenericQuantity, and they are not grounded in numerically quantifiable units of measure (see #$NoteAboutGivingGenericValueFunctionsNumericValues). If VAL1 and VAL2 do have numerical grounding, a #$followingValue formula is unnecessary since #$numericallyEqual, #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, and #$greaterThan, are automatically computable using arithmetic relations holding between the minimum and maximum of val1 and val2. (See #$minQuantValue, #$maxQuantValue.) For example, one must use #$followingValue to state that (#$HighAmountFn #$Glamor) is more glamorous than (#$LowAmountFn #$Glamor). On the other hand, it is unnecessary to assert a #$followingValue relation between (#$MilesPerHour 5) and (#$MilesPerHour 25 60) since #$greaterThan is arithmetically determinable. See also #$GenericQuantity, #$GenericValueFunction.", rdfs:label "following value" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$outputsRemaining is used to identify leftovers which survive from the #$inputs to a particular event. (#$outputsRemaining EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT persists after EVENT, and that it existed before EVENT as an identifiable part of one of the things destroyed during EVENT (see #$inputsDestroyed). Examples: (1) when a sheet of plywood is sawn through in a cutting event, the original board is destroyed and the #$outputsRemaining are the two smaller plywood pieces; (2) after a #$FiltrationProcess, the #$suspendedPart and the #$suspendingFluid are the #$outputsRemaining from the original mixture which has been destroyed.", rdfs:label "output" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$fanOutArg ?PRED ?N) means that transitively-related assertions using ?PRED usually ''fan out'' in the direction of argument position ?N. For example, (#$fanOutArg #$geographicalSubRegions 2). This means there are more non-subsumed arg2s for a given arg1 to #$geographicalSubRegions than there would be non-subsumed arg1s for a given arg2.", rdfs:label "fan out arg" Domain: daml:TransitiveProperty Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$oppositeDirection-Interval COMING GOING) means that the vector which points in the opposite direction to the vector COMING is the vector GOING. More technically, COMING and GOING are both elements of #$UnitVectorInterval in Cyc's spatial representation, and the midpoint of the direction interval COMING is 180 degrees from the midpoint of the direction interval GOING. Examples: (#$oppositeDirection-Interval #$North-Generally #$South-Generally), (#$oppositeDirection-Interval #$DorsalDirection #$VentralDirection). If a precise opposite direction is needed, use #$oppositeDirection-Precise.", rdfs:label "opposite direction - interval" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$lastSubEvents EVENT END) implies (#$subEvents EVENT END) and (#$temporallyFinishedBy EVENT END). For example, one Cyc axiom says that if EVENT is an instance of #$WagingWar, and (#$lastSubEvents EVENT END) is true, and END is an instance of #$Surrendering, then the identity of those for whom the war was #$successfulForAgents can be inferred from the particular roles that are played by the various parties during the surrender. This is how one might infer, from Lee surrendering to Grant, that the South lost the American Civil War.", rdfs:label "completion" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$numericallyEqual is Cyc's representation of the equals ( = ) of arithmetic, adapted to use with Cyc's scalars, which include quantitative intervals as well as point values. For any two instances of #$ScalarInterval, (#$numericallyEqual SI-1 SI-2) means that the minimum of SI-1 is equal to the mininum of SI-2 and that the maximum of SI-1 is equal to the maximum of SI-2. See also #$ScalarInterval.", rdfs:label "numerically equal" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$toPreventInPlan-SitType PLAN SITTYPE) means that a #$Situation satisfying the description of SITTYPE must NOT come about at any time during the course of an execution of PLAN in order for PLAN to count as 'successful'. It is presupposed that no #$Situation of type SITTYPE obtains at the start of the execution of PLAN.", rdfs:label "to prevent in plan - sit type" Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$languagesSpokenHere REG LANG) means that LANG is a language spoken in geographical region REG.", rdfs:label "languages spoken here" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$pointInSystem POINT SYS) means that POINT is an instance of #$Thing, SYS is an instance of #$PathSystem, and POINT is a 'point' on a path in SYS or is a 'node' in SYS. Note that for each path system SYS there is at least one POINT such that (#$pointInSystem POINT SYS) holds. For any path system SYS, the set of all points in SYS has an important subset, the set of all 'nodes' in SYS. See #$nodeInSystem for the difference between nodes and points that are not nodes in a path system. Note that in some cases (such as talking about relations between #$PathSystems), using (#$PointsFn SYS) to denote the set of all points in a path system SYS is more convenient than using the predicate #$pointInSystem.", rdfs:label "point in system" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$eatsWillingly is used to relate an #$Animal to the type of food it will willingly eat. In a normal #$EatingEvent, the food consumed is of a type that the eater #$eatsWillingly. As negative examples, no vegetarian or herbivore #$eatsWillingly meat.", rdfs:label "eats willingly" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$lengthOfObject OBJECT LENGTH) means that the length of OBJECT is LENGTH. Which dimension of a given object counts as its length partly depends on such things as the type of object it is, its shape, and its spatial relations to other objects in its environment. Length is normally measured as the #$Distance from (what one intuitively thinks of as) one end of the object to its other end , and often corresponds to the dimension of the object that has the greatest magnitude. Some types of objects (e.g. trains and yachts) have front and back ends -- and thus lengths -- by virtue of having an intrinsic default orientation (see #$FrontAndBackSidedObject and the other specializations of #$BilateralObject). For some other types of objects (e.g. shoelaces and hair strands), length is determined by that dimension that is of much greater magnitude, relatively speaking, than any of the object's other dimensions. Still other objects have lengths by virtue of having orientations determined only in relation to their environments (e.g. the length of a row of adjacent buldings might be the distance across the side of the row that faces the street, whether or not that happens to be the row's dimension of greatest magnitude). See also #$widthOfObject, #$heightOfObject, and #$depthOfObject.", rdfs:label "length" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates an agent to another agent to whom the former sells goods or services. (#$customers SELLER CUSTOMER) means SELLER sells goods and/or services to CUSTOMER. CUSTOMER must actually buy something from SELLER in order to be one of SELLER's #$customers. (Thus, #$customers has a narrower meaning than `customer' in colloquial English, which includes potential buyers.) See also #$clients. Cf. #$buyingAgent (in a particular sales event).", rdfs:label "client" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$directingAgent ACT AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the agents that is in control of or directing ACT, but not necessarily directly performing it. If, in the event ACT, an agent other than AGENT has the #$performedBy role, then that performer's actions in ACT are directed by AGENT. For example, (#$directingAgent PSOBicentennialConcertOfBeethovensNinth WilliamSteinberg) is true, because Steinberg was the conductor of that concert; he directed the many other musicians who performed in that event. Another case: (#$directingAgent MassacreAtMyLai LtWilliamCalley). The type of direction implied by #$directingAgent is the kind that can be accomplished by AGENT communicating its desires to the actual performer(s) of ACT. So, a person would be the #$directingAgent in a clothes-washing event #$doneBy a washing machine ONLY in those contexts (if any) in which we can consider the machine an agent, acting intentionally.", rdfs:label "directors" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(eventToInsure-SitType EVT SITTYPE) means that in the planning context it is part of the purpose of EVT that a situation of type SITTYPE should 'happen' at some time in the course of EVT. It is presupposed that no #$Situation of type SITTYPE obtains at the start of EVT, and that the situation should persist after its inception.", rdfs:label "event to insure - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arity REL NUMBER) means that the #$Relation REL takes the number of arguments given by NUMBER. For example, the #$arity of all instances of #$BinaryPredicate is 2. In particular, (#$arity #$arity 2) since #$arity takes 2 arguments.", rdfs:label "arity" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$intendedAudience indicates an individual who is the intended recipient of the information in a particular IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing). (intendedAudience IBT AGT) means that the #$InformationBearingThing IBT has the individual #$Agent AGT as its intended audience--viewer, reader, listener, etc. AGT (possibly along with other agents) is an individual who is supposed to access the information represented in IBT. For example, the #$intendedAudience of a personal letter is usually its addressee.", rdfs:label "audience" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$inFrontOf-Directly FORE AFT) means that FORE is directly in front of tangible object AFT. More precisely, it implies both (#$inFrontOf-Generally FORE AFT) and that there is at least one line parallel to the forward pointing axis of AFT that intersects both FORE and AFT. FORE may be an intangible, such as an image projected onto a screen.", rdfs:label "in front of - directly" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$ibtGenerated is used to link a particular information bearing thing (IBT) to the event in which it is created. (#$ibtGenerated GEN IBT) means that the #$InformationBearingThing IBT comes about, happens, or comes into existence in or as an immediate consequence of the event GEN. See also #$IBTGeneratedFn.", rdfs:label "ibt generated" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keGenlsConsiderationInverse COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it should be considered whether there there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE SPEC-COL) should be asserted in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke genls consideration inverse" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$exports COUNTRY PRODUCT-TYPE) means that the region COUNTRY has substantial regular exports of the goods or services PRODUCT-TYPE to other countries.", rdfs:label "exports" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$intervalStartedBy INT TEMP-OBJ) means that INT is the instance of #$TimeInterval immediately following TEMP-OBJ. The end of INT coincides with the end of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval), if it has an end. See #$IntervalStartedByFn.", rdfs:label "interval started by" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$canContainShapes is used to give an approximation of the internal size and shape of particular tangible objects, by relating an object to an abstract region of space described as a geometric shape with definite dimensions. (#$canContainShapes OBJ SHAPE) gives an upper bound for the size of things that can be contained in the object OBJ, by specifying the dimensions of an abstract shape which OBJ can contain. #$canContainShapes uses the elements of #$ShapeFunction (q.v.) for reference, especially the basic shapes generated by #$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, and #$SphereFn. For example, the trunk of my Honda Civic #$canContainShapes of (#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Meter 1) (#$Meter 0.5) (#$Meter 0.75)). Cf. #$fitsIn.", rdfs:label "can contain shapes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg2Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the second argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL. Examples: (#$arg2Isa #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$PartiallyTangible), (#$arg2Isa #$salutation #$CourtesyTitle), (#$arg2Isa #$mother #$FemaleAnimal).", rdfs:label "arg 2 isa" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$inputsDestroyed is used to relate a particular event to the items which are destroyed by it. (#$inputsDestroyed EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT exists before EVENT, is affected by EVENT, and due to that involvement, the entity ENTITY such that (#$myEntity OBJECT ENTITY) ends its existence as an #$Entity sometime during EVENT. (As does the OBJECT as its present instantiation of #$SomethingExisting.) For instance, suppose (#$inputsDestroyed AppleEatingEvent001 RedApple001), then the SomethingExisting, RedApple001 is destroyed in the event and, as importantly, so is the apple entity of which the red apple is a subabstraction. OBJECT may or may not be a #$deliberateActors in EVENT.", rdfs:label "inputs destroyed" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates an agent to a specific type of product s/he sells. (#$sellsProductType AGENT PRODTYPE) means that AGENT sells PRODTYPE. For example, the Wendy's in the UT Student Union sells hamburgers. The implication is AGENT typically and often sells products of PRODTYPE. See also #$ProductProviderFn-Seller.", rdfs:label "sell" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$genKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD) states that the constant ?THING has an NL keyword representation as :KEYWORD, though other keywords may exist for that constant.", rdfs:label "gen keyword" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$orderingRelations ORDER PRED) means that, in a #$MathematicalOrdering ORDER, there is an order-predicate PRED that forms an ordering relation on the #$baseSet of ORDER. The predicate PRED, when restricted to the #$baseSet of the #$MathematicalOrdering ORDER, is transitive on the #$baseSet of ORDER. Note that the predicate #$orderingRelations is not a functional predicate because we may have both (#$orderingRelations ORDER PRED1) and (#$orderingRelations ORDER PRED2). (This is true even if, extensionally, the two predicates PRED1 and PRED2 denote only one set-theoretic binary relation associated with ORDER.) Such an ordering relation is not necessarily a full order or even a partial order; it depends on the kind of #$MathematicalOrdering.", rdfs:label "ordering relations" Domain: Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$densityOfObject OBJ DENS) means that the tangible thing OBJ has the #$Density DENS.", rdfs:label "density of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$highlyRelevantPredAssertion PREDICATE ASSERTION) states that the given ASSERTION should be heuristically considered highly relevant to inferences concluding uses of the given PREDICATE in the current mt. See also #$highlyRelevantAssertion and #$highlyRelevantMt.", rdfs:label "highly relevant pred assertion" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$parentCompany relates an organization to the business which is its parent company. (#$parentCompany ORG1 ORG2) means that ORG1 is a (partly or wholly owned) subsidiary of ORG2. ORG2 is the parent company that owns and substantially controls ORG1. E.g., (#$parentCompany TheLAWeekly TheVillageVoice).", rdfs:label "parent company" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$catalyst identifies the particular thing that acts as a catalyst in a particular chemical reaction. (#$catalyst R X) means that the #$ChemicalReaction R has the particular quantity of substance X as a catalyst. For example, every instance of #$Photosynthesis-Generic has some portion of #$Chlorophyll as a catalyst; an amount of #$Water may be a #$catalyst in some #$OxidationProcess of a #$Metal.", rdfs:label "catalyst" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$in-ContFullOf STUFF CONT) means that STUFF is the substance that fills CONT. STUFF is unique in that it is the only substance that `fills' CONT, even though other things may be with it in CONT (e.g., as #$in-ContGeneric). Filling the container means that the inside surface of CONT touches the filling STUFF at virtually all points of CONT's inner surface, rather than touching whatever stuff CONT itself is immersed in and which CONT's outside surface touches (e.g., air). The only thing which can override this #$touches (i.e., get alongside CONT's inside wall without being STUFF) would be some other object which is also in CONT (e.g., with #$in-ContGeneric). In order to fill the container, STUFF must be #$Pourable or have a shape which conforms to the shape of CONT's cavity. Cf. #$in-ContGeneric to cover cases of stuff which is in a container without filling it.", rdfs:label "in - cont full of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$sheetSurfaceConnected MEMBRANE OBJ2) means that MEMBRANE is connected all over most of one surface to a surface of OBJ2. For example, a bi-layer membrane would have two parts #$sheetSurfaceConnected to each other. Or, a membrane could be attached over most of its surface to an object's surface, as the #$VisceralPleura is attached to the surface of the #$Lung in the body. The membrane(s) may be flexible, but the surface connection is firm (i.e. no sliding can occur without a separation, tearing, or breaking occurring).", rdfs:label "sheet surface connected" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$smells AGENT OBJECT) means that AGENT perceives the physical object or event OBJECT via the sense of smell. This implies that OBJECT releases (or involves the release of) a scent (see #$Odor) of which AGENT is sensuously aware. In the situation described by Joe smells the coffee brewing , both of the following are true: (#$smells Joe Coffee01) and (#$smells Joe CoffeeBrewingEvent09).", rdfs:label "smell" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$temporallyStartedBy PERIOD START) means that PERIOD and START are #$temporallyCooriginating and that START ends within the bounds of PERIOD. That is, the #$startingPoint of PERIOD and START are the same #$TimePoint, and the #$endingPoint of START is before the #$endingPoint of PERIOD. Note: This Cyc temporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen dubbed the STARTED-BY relation. We liked his name better than the one we had been using, and so we renamed this predicate accordingly.", rdfs:label "temporally started by" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The Cyc predicate #$transferInSubEvent indicates the final stage of a particular #$GeneralizedTransfer in which the #$transferredThing reaches the destination. For example, (#$transferInSubEvent COMM LISTENING) means that LISTENING is the final stage (see #$lastSubEvents) of the #$CommunicationAct-Single COMM.", rdfs:label "transfer in sub event" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$subsumedByIntervalType ?X ?Y) means that a time interval of type ?Y (i.e., something which #$isa ?Y) #$temporallySubsumes ?X. For example, (#$subsumedByIntervalType FredsBirth #$Wednesday) means that Fred was born on a Wednesday. As another example, Cyc contains an axiom which says, in a typical modern service-providing context, that each instance of #$HairCuttingEvent is #$subsumedByIntervalType #$DaytimeWorkingHours -- i.e., it is true as a default that the typical professional haircut is given during normal daytime working hours.", rdfs:label "subsumed by interval type" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$mate ANIM1 ANIM2) means ANIM1 and ANIM2 mate (at least once) from time to time.", rdfs:label "mate" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$infinitive WORD STRING) means that STRING is the infinitive verb form of WORD. For example, `to hit' is the infinitive form of #$Hit-TheWord.", rdfs:label "infinitive" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keFarthestGenlsStrongSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL such that SPEC-COL is not known to have dependent specializations, it is strongly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE SPEC-COL) is known in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke farthest genls strong suggestion inverse" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keFarthestGenlsStrongSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL such that SPEC-COL is not known to have dependent specializations, it is strongly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED SPEC-COL VALUE) is known in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke farthest genls strong suggestion preds" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$acknowledgementOf ACT PIT) means that ACT is an acknowledging act to signify receipt of the abstract information PIT that is being acknowledged and to indicate a response. The ACT may be an #$Accepting-CommunicationAct or a #$Rejecting-CommunicationAct, or several others. Some may be combinations, e.g. David may accept part of #$Wanda's order (say the part about cleaning the kitchen) but not the other part (say cleaning the bathroom). See also #$acknowledgedAct which relates the two acts directly.", rdfs:label "acknowledgement of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a spatial thing to its two-dimensional size or #$Area (q.v.). (#$areaOfObject OBJ AREA) means that the two-dimensional size of OBJ is AREA. OBJ might be, for example, a desk top, a geographical region, or a cross-section of wire. Of course not every spatial thing has an area. Purely #$TwoDimensional (q.v.) things like discs, interiors of squares, and cross sections have areas; and so do three-dimensional things that have only two salient dimensions in most contexts, such as floors, tennis courts, and geograhical regions. For the areas of the latter sort of thing, consider using the specialization #$areaOfRegion.", rdfs:label "surface area" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$natFunction NAT FUNCTION) states that FUNCTION is the function used in the non-atomic term NAT. For example, (#$natFunction (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog) #$JuvenileFn). More precisely, (#$termOfUnit ?NAT (?FUNCTION ...)) implies (#$natFunction ?NAT ?FUNCTION).", rdfs:label "nat function" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry is used to indicate that a particular country belongs to a particular international organization. (#$internationalOrg-MemberCountry INTORG NATION) means that the #$Country NATION (as represented by its national government or other legally designated body) is a member of the #$InternationalOrganization INTORG. For example, #$Bahrain is an #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry of the #$LeagueOfArabStates and of the #$UnitedNationsOrganization and #$China-PeoplesRepublic is a #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry of the #$UnitedNationsOrganization -- but #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina is not.", rdfs:label "international org - member country" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$elasticityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) indicates how readily the solid tangible thing OBJ returns to its original shape after being deformed (but not broken). The higher the DEGREE of elasticity, the more quickly and completely the object returns to its previous shape. Billiard balls, for example, are highly elastic in this sense. A related concept is #$compressibilityOfObject.", rdfs:label "elasticity of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$baseSet STRUCTURE SET) means that SET is the base set of #$RelationalStructure STRUCTURE. That is, SET is the domain from which the individual elements of the structure are drawn. Although there may be several relations involved in the relational structure, they all relate members of the base set. As each relational structure has a unique base set, this predicate is functional.", rdfs:label "base set" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$contrastedFeelings EMOTYPE CONTTYPE) means that a feeling of the type EMOTYPE differs in enough components from a feeling of the type CONTTYPE that it is unlikely (but not virtually impossible, as in the case of #$contraryFeelings) that someone would simultaneously experience feelings of both types EMOTYPE and CONTTYPE, especially with respect to the same object. E.g., (#$contrastedFeelings #$Pride #$Remorse), (#$contrastedFeelings #$Abhorrence #$Respect), (#$contrastedFeelings #$Entertained-Emotion #$Panic), etc. That last assertion expresses the rule of thumb that one does not often feel both entertained and panicy at the same time, though those two emotions are clearly not each other's `opposite' by any means.", rdfs:label "contrasted feelings" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$titleOfPerson-String PRSN STRNG) relates the #$Person PRSN to a #$CharacterString, STRNG, which is a word for a title PRSN has. E.g., (#$titleOfPerson-String #$Lenat ``Dr.''). A person may have more than one title, even cotemporally.", rdfs:label "title of person - string" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$rigidityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Rigidity. A higher DEGREE of #$Rigidity means more force is required to change the shape of OBJ than for a lower DEGREE.", rdfs:label "rigidness" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$biologicalRelatives ORG1 ORG2) means that ORG1 and ORG2 are biological relatives, related by birth.", rdfs:label "biological relatives" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$possesses AGENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT is in the physical possession of AGENT. Compare with #$owns.", rdfs:label "possess" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$in-Among OBJ GROUP) means that the tangible thing OBJ is physically located within the spatial cluster GROUP, which is composed of individuals. OBJ may (but need not) be a member of GROUP. OBJ is spatially distinct from any (other) member of GROUP; cf. #$spatiallyIntersects. Examples: a bird in the branches of a tree; a zebra in its herd; a flea in a dog's pelt; a bee in a swarm of bees; a snake in the grass.", rdfs:label "in - among" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$quantitySubsumes WIDER NARROWER) means that the #$ScalarInterval NARROWER is completely included within the #$ScalarInterval WIDER. For example, (#$Meter 2 5) subsumes (#$Meter 3 4) and (#$Meter 3 5), but not (#$Meter 2 6).", rdfs:label "quantity subsumes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$malleabilityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) indicates that the instance of #$SolidTangibleThing OBJ has the degree of #$Malleability DEGREE.", rdfs:label "malleability of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$atomicNumber indicates the atomic number of a type of element. (#$atomicNumber E N) means that E, a collection belonging to #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons, has the positive integer N for its atomic number. This means that any instance of (#$AtomFn E) must have N #$Protons in its #$AtomicNucleus. For example, (#$atomicNumber #$Carbon 6), and every instance of (#$AtomFn #$Carbon) has six protons in its nucleus.", rdfs:label "atomic number" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$analogousFeelings EMOTYPE1 EMOTYPE2) means that a feeling of the type EMOTYPE1 is analogous to a feeling of the type EMOTYPE2. In part, this means that there is a high probability that an agent having an emotion of one type is also feeling an emotion of the other type. Often the two feelings differ only in degree, context, etc. E.g., (#$analogousFeelings #$Irritation #$Anger) and (#$analogousFeelings #$Irritation #$Impatience).", rdfs:label "analogous feelings" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The purpose of this predicate is to record the existence of a conceptual link between two Cyc constants that would otherwise require a very complex explicit assertion to be related to one another. Good examples of such couples are #$PublicTransportationDevice and #$PublicTransportationScheduleDocument or #$Dog and #$DogFood. The knowledge representation philosophy here is similar to that behind many #$RuleMacroPredicates. Having complex relationships represented -- possibly redundantly -- in a more compact fashion makes for faster retrieval. Because Cyc constants can be conceptually related in many different ways, no explicit definition for this predicate is provided.", rdfs:label "conceptually related" Domain: owl:Thing Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$causedBy is the predicate used for token-token event causation, i.e., causation between individual events. (#$causedBy EVENT1 EVENT2) means that EVENT1 is causedBy EVENT2. See #$causes-ThingProp to state that a #$TemporalThing causes a proposition. See #$causes-PropProp to express a causal link between one proposition and another.", rdfs:label "caused by" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$temporallyDisjoint X Y) means that there are no time points in common between X and Y. If you view each of them as a set of #$TimePoints, the two sets are disjoint. For example, consider the discontinuous events `Fred sleeping this week' and `Fred driving this week'. These are presumably #$temporallyDisjoint even if they `interlock' during the week.", rdfs:label "temporally disjoint" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$informationOrigin is used to indicate the source of information for a particular #$InformationTransferEvent. (#$informationOrigin TRANSFER ORIGIN) means that in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER, the information being transferred is coming from ORIGIN. ORIGIN is either an IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing) or an agent. Note that if ORIGIN still exists past the transfer, it presumably still contains the information.", rdfs:label "information origin" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates one event to another that follows it. (#$postEvents BEFORE AFTER) implies two things: (1) BEFORE occurs strictly before AFTER; i.e., AFTER starts after BEFORE has ended; i.e., (#$startsAfterEndingOf AFTER BEFORE); and (2) BEFORE and AFTER are significantly relevant to each other. This required `relevance' of the two arguments to each other is difficult to formalize but often intuitively clearcut. Often, e.g., AFTER is caused by BEFORE. For example we would say (#$postEvents TakingAShower001ExitingShower001); we would not say (#$postEvents BolshevikRelvolution DeathOfJohnLennon) since they are not at all relevant to each other.", rdfs:label "post events" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$doesBusinessWith relates two agents who do business with each other. (#$doesBusinessWith AGENT1 AGENT2) means that AGENT1 does some business with AGENT2. Minimally, that means the two agents at least occasionally negotiate to buy or sell products or services from one other. The two agents may or may not complete the sales/purchase and enter into actual contracts.", rdfs:label "does business with" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$owns AGENT OBJECT) means that AGENT owns OBJECT -- that is, AGENT enjoys #$FullUseRights (q.v.) over OBJECT. Note: There are commonsense rules relating #$owns to #$controls. E.g., ownership typically implies control. But they are just default rules, as there are many exceptions (e.g., when the owner of a building leases it to a company for ten years, the owner gives up almost all `control' over it during that decade).", rdfs:label "own" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$in-Floating OBJ LIQUID) means that OBJ is floating at the surface of LIQUID. Thus, OBJ is buoyant and is #$in-ImmersedPartly in LIQUID. #$in-Floating does not describe the relationship between an object that has neutral buoyancy, such as a stationary submerged (see #$Underwater) submarine and the water in which it is immersed. However, see #$suspendedIn.", rdfs:label "in - floating" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$convexHullOf SURFACE OBJECT) means that SURFACE is the convex hull that encloses, precisely, all of the minimal convex region of space that spatiallySubsumes all parts of OBJECT. See also #$ConvexHullFn for the corresponding function. The convex hull is a surface; for the minimal convex region of space, see #$minimalConvexSpaceSubsuming.", rdfs:label "convex hull of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$structureMemberIsa SIT COL) means that each of the #$structureMembers of the situation SIT is an element of the collection COL.", rdfs:label "structure member isa" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$physicalParts WHOLE PART) -- WHOLE is a physical object and PART is one of its distinct, non-diffuse, identifiable parts, such as the relationship between a car and its wheels or bumpers. The #$physicalParts of an object include only those spatial decompositions which are distinct, identifiable parts.", rdfs:label "physical part" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$deadEndInSystem END SYS) means that END is a dead-end node in the specified #$PathSystem SYS. A node X in SYS is a dead-end node in SYS if there is exactly one link LINK in SYS that END is on and END is not on any loop in SYS. One easy way to illustrate a deadend X in SYS is to picture it as a node with only one path (possibly very 'short') in the system through which one can approach or leave X. Note that no totally isolated node in SYS can be a deadend in SYS, neither can any point in SYS that is on a loop in SYS. If there is no specified #$PathSystem in which the path ends, but the ending is a dead end of a #$Path-Customary like a road or wire, then use #$pathTerminus instead.", rdfs:label "dead end in system" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$greaterThanOrEqualTo is Cyc's representation of the `greater than or equal to' ( >= ) relation in mathematics, adapted to use with Cyc's scalars, which include quantitative intervals as well as point values. (See #$ScalarInterval.) Formally, there are three disjunctive conditions under which (#$greaterThanOrEqualTo SI-1 SI-2) is true, for two elements of #$ScalarInterval: (1) (#$equals SI-1 SI-2) is true; (2) (#$followingValue SI-1 SI-2) is true; or (3) the minimum of SI-1 is greater than or equal to the maximum of SI-2. Note that `A is less than or equal to B' is expressed in CycL as (#$greaterThanOrEqualTo B A).", rdfs:label "greater than or equal to" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$waterSolubility OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Solubility in water. A higher value of DEGREE indicates that a substance dissolves more readily and completely than one with a lower solubility.", rdfs:label "water solubility" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate indicates, for the particular rotational motion ROT, the orientation that the #$primaryObjectMoving in that event has after that motion. (#$toOrientation ROT ORIENT) means that when ROT ends, the object that moved in ROT has the final position ORIENT, with respect to the current frame of reference. Examples of orientations include: #$HorizontalOrientation, #$VerticalOrientation, #$UpSideDown. See also #$fromOrientation, #$OrientationAttribute.", rdfs:label "to orientation" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$laws is used to relate a geopolitical region (country, state, city, etc.) to a law or entire legal code which applies there. (#$laws GEOPOL CODE) means that the #$GeopoliticalEntity GEOPOL officially has the law (or set of laws) CODE. See also #$GovernmentCOC for the representation of a #$Law or a #$LegalCode as a #$Microtheory.", rdfs:label "laws" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$toInterruptInEvent-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means that, in the planning context, a situation of type SIT_TYPE is supposed to cease to obtain at some point in EVENT but that a situation of type SIT_TYPE should become true again sometime before the end of EVENT.", rdfs:label "to interrupt in event - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nearestGenlMt MT NEAR-MT) relates any microtheory MT to the nearest unsubsumed microtheory of which it is a spec microtheory. This predicate is #$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from the current state of the #$genlMt hierarchy.", rdfs:label "nearest genl mt" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$ethnicity PERSON GROUPTYPE) means #$Person PERSON belongs to the #$EthnicGroupType GROUPTYPE. E.g., (#$ethnicity #$JohnWilkesBooth #$CensusGroupOfCaucasians). One #$Person may belong to more than one #$EthnicGroupType. See also #$residesInRegion.", rdfs:label "ethnicity" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$simultaneousWith T1 T2) means that #$TimePoints T1 and T2 occur at exactly the same time (and therefore T1 #$equals T2). Note that individual #$TimePoints are seldom mentioned in axioms. Rather, an axiom is more likely to use some #$ComplexTemporalRelation, such as #$cotemporal or #$temporalBoundsIdentical, which holds between two #$TemporalThings. These #$ComplexTemporalRelations are themselves usually defined in terms of #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations, such as #$after and #$simultaneousWith, which relate one #$TimePoint to another.", rdfs:label "simultaneous with" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$behind-Generally AFT FORE) means that AFT is behind FORE. More precisely, a line originating at the center of FORE projecting away from the front side of FORE and parallel to the intrinsic front-to-back axis of FORE forms an angle of less than 45 degrees with a line intersecting both AFT and FORE. AFT may be intangible.", rdfs:label "posterior" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates two agents. (#$clients AGENT1 AGENT2) means that AGENT1 provides goods and/or services to AGENT2. AGENT2 may or may not pay AGENT1 for the goods/services received. The predicate #$clients can indicate either a one-time or a more long-term relationship. See also #$suppliers and #$customers.", rdfs:label "client" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$in-ImmersedGeneric OBJ FLUID) means that OBJ is immersed in FLUID. #$in-ImmersedGeneric is noncomittal as to whether OBJ is completely or partially immersed. But FLUID #$touches OBJ and conforms to a significant portion of the surface of OBJ. See also #$in-ImmersedFully, #$in-ImmersedPartly.", rdfs:label "immerse" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$relationAll PRED COL) means that, for every instance of COL (OBJ) the unary predicate PRED holds for OBJ. For example, the statement 'calendar dates are temporally continuous' can be represented as (#$relationAll #$temporallyContinuous #$Date). Thus, #$relationAll can be used to express a whole class of rules about unary predicates as simple GAF assertions. One must be aware of the implicit quantification underlying this predicate.", rdfs:label "relation all" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$reformulatorEquals TERM-1 TERM-2), asserted in the microtheory MT, means that TERM-1 may be reformulated into TERM-2 or vice versa (based on meta-properties of this rule and what mode the reformulator is in) in MT or a specMt thereof. Free variables in TERM-1 and TERM-2 are shared, and may bind with CycL terms which match the template. Truth and semantics are not necessarily preserved (see #$TruthPreservingReformulation).", rdfs:label "reformulator equals" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$wearsClothing ANIMAL ITEM) means that ANIMAL is wearing ITEM, an element of #$SomethingToWear. The first argument of #$wearsClothing is loosely constrained (by #$PartiallyTangible), so that this predicate may be used to describe mannequins, animals, and other individuals (of whatever kinds) that might wear clothes, as well as humans; however, by default Cyc assumes that an individual who #$wearsClothing is an element of #$Person. See also #$wornOn, which relates the item worn to the body part on which it is worn.", rdfs:label "wear" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$constituents is used to indicate a particular #$PartiallyTangible which makes up another (possibly non-distinct) #$PartiallyTangible thing. (#$constituents WHL PART) means that the individual object WHL is partially constituted by PART, and PART is more or less uniformly distributed in WHL. For example, the two teaspoons of chocolate syrup that I put in my milk become #$constituents of my glass of chocolate milk. Note that #$constituents does not entail any special kind of association or bond among the constituents of a thing; they might be simply mixed, they might be chemically bonded, and they might be part of some complex structure.", rdfs:label "constituent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$barometricPressure GAS PRESS) means that the instance of #$GaseousTangibleThing GAS has the #$Pressure PRESS. Typically, GAS is a piece of atmosphere; #$barometricPressure indicates the atmospheric pressure in and around that `object'.", rdfs:label "barometric pressure" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$toUpholdInEvent-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means that if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does not obtain at the start of EVT, then it must be brought about some time in the course of SIT, and if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does obtain at the start of EVT, then it must be maintained throughout EVT, in order for EVT to count as successful in the planning context. The predicate is defined in terms of #$toMaintainInEvent-SitType and #$toInsureInEvent-SitType.", rdfs:label "to uphold in event - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$eventToThwart-SitType EVENT SIT_TYPE) means that if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE obtains at the start of EVT, then it is part of the purpose of EVT that it be stopped some time in the course of SIT, and if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does not obtain at the start of EVT, then it is part of the purpose of EVT that such a situation be prevented throughout EVT. The predicate is defined in terms of #$eventToStop-SitType and #$eventToPrevent-SitType.", rdfs:label "event to thwart - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$providerOfMotiveForce ACT OBJ) means that OBJ provides, through its expenditure of energy, a significant fraction of the physical force required to make ACT happen. For example, if ACT is an element of #$PedalingABicycle, OBJ will be the person who is operating the bike. Another example: in the use of a belt sanding tool, there will be two values for #$providerOfMotiveForce, the electric sander and the person operating the sander. In that case, although force is transmitted and applied through the sandpaper, the paper doesn't count as a #$providerOfMotiveForce, because it only transmits force and does not itself expend energy. Note that inferences involving this constant require that every #$providerOfMotiveForce be a whole object, not just a part of an object. For example: (=> (#$and (#$isa ?LOCO #$LocomotionEvent-Animal) (#$providerOfMotiveForce ?LOCO ?OBJ)) (#$objectMoving ?LOCO ?OBJ)) or (=> (#$and (#$isa ?LOC #$LocomotionEvent-Animal) (#$providerOfMotiveForce ?LOC ?PROV)) (#$doneBy ?LOC ?PROV)) or (#$domainAssumptions #$ManualHumanActivitiesMt (#$forAll ?U (#$forAll ?PERS (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?U #$Action) (#$providerOfMotiveForce ?U ?PERS)) (#$isa ?PERS #$Person)))))).", rdfs:label "provider of motive force" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$hasCommConvention AGENT CONV) means that the agent AGENT knows the #$CommunicationConvention CONV and can use it to encode or decode information.", rdfs:label "has comm convention" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$successfulForAgents is used to indicate that a particular agent achieves its goal in a particular action. (#$successfulForAgents ENDEAVOR AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT is successful in accomplishing the #$PurposefulAction ENDEAVOR. This means that each of the purposes AGT had in doing ENDEAVOR has come true. See also #$purposeInEvent.", rdfs:label "successful for agents" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$myCreator X Y) means that Y is the constant representing the person who introduced the constant X into the Cyc vocabulary. In general, the editing interfaces to the Cyc KB only allow the KB to be modified when an instance of #$Cyclist is designated as the author of the changes. See also #$sourceOfTerm-Person.", rdfs:label "my creator" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$flammabilityOfObject SUBST DEGREE) means that the tangible SUBST has this DEGREE of #$Flammability. A higher value of DEGREE describes objects that catch fire and burn more quickly and easily than those with a lower value.", rdfs:label "flammability" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$byProducts EV OBJ) means that OBJ is one of the outputs of EV, but not one of its intended outputs. For intended outputs, see #$products. For a particular EV and OBJ, it will not be true that both (#$products EV OBJ) and (#$byProducts EV OBJ).", rdfs:label "by-product" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$assertionTimeOfMicrotheory MICROTHEORY TIME-INTERVAL) means that the assertions in the #$Microtheory MICROTHEORY were set forth during the #$TimeInterval TIME-INTERVAL. For example, the assertion time of the #$CIAWorldFactbook1997Mt, which contains information in the CIA 1997 World Factbook, is the year 1997. Note that the assertion time is not the time interval referenced in assertions within MICROTHEORY; for example, the #$CIAWorldFactbook1997Mt contains assertions about the 1996 gross domestic product of various countries. Nor is the assertion time the date on which assertions in MICROTHEORY were entered in the Knowledge Base; again, the #$CIAWorldFactbook1997Mt is a good example, since it was created in 1998. Generally, when the source of the assertions in a microtheory is a publication, the assertion time will be (or subsume) the publication date. (Specifically, date of first publication, in the case of unrevised subsequent editions. However, if the material in the source is made publicly available prior to the formal publication date, the assertion time will be the earlier date. Also, it seems best to treat as an exception a case such as the publication of a diary written years before.) Note that it will only make sense to assign an assertion time to a microtheory when the contents of the microtheory represent propositions that were the object of assertion, interrogation, etc. by some source or agent; not all microtheories fall into this category. See also #$mtTime and #$MtTimeFn.--Schwartz, Jul 23, 1998", rdfs:label "assertion time of microtheory" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$instanceElementType SET-TYPE COLLECTION) states that every element of every instance of SET-TYPE is an instance of COLLECTION. For example, (#$instanceElementType #$Set-Mathematical #$Thing). See #$typeGenls for a predicate which states a similar relationship for a collection of collections rather than a collection of sets.", rdfs:label "instance element type" Domain: owl:Class Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG1 specifies something which could be a nonvolitional cause of ARG2.", rdfs:label "non volitional result - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$cotemporal X Y) means that X and Y have the exact same temporal extent. This is a much stronger relation than #$temporalBoundsIdentical (q.v.). Note: Cyc's #$cotemporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the EQUALS relation.", rdfs:label "cotemporal" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg5Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the fifth argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL.", rdfs:label "arg 5 isa" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$definingMt TERM MT) states that TERM only begins to have semantic meaning in microtheory MT. In microtheories in which MT is not accessible, TERM is #$undefined. Additionally, (#$termDependsOn TERM MT).", rdfs:label "defining mt" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a translational movement event to the total distance travelled by the #$objectMoving in that event. (#$distanceTranslated MOVE DIST) means that in the event MOVE, the #$objectMoving covered the distance DIST. Note that DIST is the actual distance travelled by the object, not merely its net change in position; so if the #$motionPathway-Complete of MOVE is a round trip a mile each way to the store, the #$distanceTranslated would be 2 miles, not zero.", rdfs:label "distance translated" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$preSituation EVT SIT) means SIT is an element of #$StaticSituation that holds just prior to the start of EVT, and SIT is directly related to EVT. The required `salience' of the two arguments to each other is difficult to formalize but usually intuitively clearcut. Commonly, SIT and EVT share many of the same objects involved in various roles, and there is often a causal connection as well. For instance, a #$Configuration CONFIG (a specialized form of #$StaticSituation) might be somehow `taken apart' by event EVT, might `trigger' EVT, etc.", rdfs:label "pre situation" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$lastName X STRNG) means that #$Person X is known by the #$HumanFamilyNameString STRNG as his or her last name. E.g., (#$lastName #$Lenat ``Lenat''). A person rarely has more than one last name at any one time. Last names may change as a result of certain actions, such as marriages, deaths, etc., in various cultures. In Western cultures a #$lastName is generally a surname (see #$familyName), while in Eastern cultures a #$lastName is generally a given name (see #$givenNames).", rdfs:label "last name" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(litigants ARG1 ARG2) means that the agent ARG2 is one of the contending parties in the lawsuit ARG1.", rdfs:label "litigant" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$postalCodeOfAddress maps from a particular element of #$ContactLocation to a corresponding element of #$PostalCode. (#$postalCodeOfAddress LOC PC) means that the location LOC has the #$PostalCode PC. For example, if LOC had the address: P.O. Box 1677-B, New York, NY, 10014, PC would be the string `10014'. See also #$ContactLocation.", rdfs:label "postal codes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$residenceOfOrganization indicates the geographical location of a particular organization's main offices. (#$residenceOfOrganization ORG GEOGAGENT) means that the #$Organization ORG has its chief office on the territory of GEOGAGENT. GEOGAGENT is typically a #$City but may be a larger or smaller #$GeographicalAgent. For example, the #$residenceOfOrganization of the #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment is the #$CityOfWashingtonDC.", rdfs:label "residence of organization" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$sees AGENT OBJECT) means that the AGENT perceives the physical object or event OBJECT via the sense of sight. This implies that AGENT is sensuously aware of at least some of OBJECT's visible properties, such as its color, shape, or texture.", rdfs:label "see" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The Cyc predicate #$unitExpansions is used to express the relationship between a derived unit of measurement and the units from which it is derived, e.g., miles per second from miles and seconds. (#$unitExpansions UNIT FACTOR-LIST) means that UNIT is derived from the factors on the list UNIT-FACTOR. UNIT-FACTOR is an instance of #$SubLList. There are two kinds of items in the UNIT-FACTOR list: (1) all items except the last are themselves lists that consist of an element of #$UnitOfMeasure followed by an exponent for that unit; (2) the last element is the constant multiplier. Some examples: (#$unitExpansions #$MilesPerHour (((#$Mile 1)(#$HoursDuration -1)) 1), (#$unitExpansions #$SpeedOfLight (((#$Mile 1)(#$SecondsDuration -1)) 186000)), (#$unitExpansions #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond (((#$Meter 1)(#$SecondsDuration -2)) 1). The first of these examples is included only because it makes a clear example; the definition of #$MilesPerHour in terms of #$Mile and #$HoursDuration should actually be done with the simpler #$multiplicationUnits. In general, any relationship among units that can be expressed with #$multiplicationUnits should be, and #$unitExpansions should be reserved for those relationships that can't be expressed with the simpler vocabulary.", rdfs:label "unit expansions" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$startsAfterStartingOf LATER-START EARLIER-START) means (#$after (#$StartFn LATER-START) (#$StartFn EARLIER-START)). That is, the #$startingPoint of LATER-START is later than the #$startingPoint of EARLIER-START. This implies nothing about whether LATER-START and EARLIER-START overlap, or how much they overlap, except that they can't be fully #$cotemporal.", rdfs:label "starts after starting of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a particular instance of #$Infection to an organism which causes that infection. (#$infectingOrganism INFECT ORG) means that the organism ORG is one of the causes of the infection INFECT. For example, if INFECT is a case of #$StrepThroat, then ORG is an instance of #$Streptococcus. I.e., (#$forAll ?x (#$forAll ?y (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?x #$StrepThroat) (#$infectingOrganism ?x ?y)) (#$isa ?y #$Streptococcus))))", rdfs:label "infecting organism" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nearestSpecPreds PRED NEAR-PRED) relates any predicate PRED to the nearest unsubsumed predicates NEAR-PRED which are spec predicates of PRED. #$nearestSpecPreds is #$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from the current state of the #$genlPreds hierarchy. Moreover, it is merely the #$elInverse of #$nearestGenlPreds.", rdfs:label "nearest spec preds" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$endingDate X Y) indicates that Y is a #$Date such that (#$temporallySubsumes Y (#$EndFn X)). This is NOT the same as #$endingPoint. Rather, it means that X stopped happening (went out of existence, etc.) sometime on that date. Note: the date is tied to a time interval on a calendar, but need not be a particular day; it might be a particular calendar month, a particular calendar year, etc.", rdfs:label "ending date" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$birthChild BIRTH ANIM) means that ANIM is the #$Animal that is born in the #$BirthEvent BIRTH.", rdfs:label "birth child" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The #$Agent(s) most directly harmed by this possibly criminal act. In so-called victimless crimes, some would consider the state to be the victim, but we will not follow that convention here.", rdfs:label "victim" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$headquarters indicates the building(s) where a particular organization has its headquarters. (#$headquarters ORG BUILDING) means that BUILDING is the buildings, rooms, offices, etc., which house the main administrative and decision-making functions of the #$Organization ORG.", rdfs:label "headquarters" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: daml:disjointWith ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$performedBy relates an event to an agent who performs it deliberately, which in Cyc means, intentionally and volitionally. (#$performedBy ACT DOER) means that the agent DOER deliberately does the action ACT. DOER must be an #$Agent. For example, (#$performedBy #$AssassinationOfPresidentLincoln #$JohnWilkesBooth). If ACT has multiple performers, ACT will be #$performedBy each of them. See also #$deliberateActors, #$doneBy.", rdfs:label "performers" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$temporallyFinishedBy PERIOD FINISH) means that PERIOD and FINISH are #$temporallyCoterminal, and that FINISH starts within the bounds of PERIOD. That is, the #$endingPoint of PERIOD and FINISH are the same element of #$TimePoint, and the #$startingPoint of FINISH is later than the #$startingPoint of PERIOD. Note: This Cyc temporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen dubbed the FINISHED-BY relation. We liked his name better than the one we had been using, and so we renamed this predicate accordingly.", rdfs:label "conclusion" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$siblingOrganizations relates two organizations which are immediate #$subOrganizations of a common (unspecified) parent organization. (#$siblingOrganizations ORG1 ORG2) means that the #$Organizations ORG1 and ORG2 are sister organizations within some hierarchically structured organization; ORG1 and ORG2 are at the same `level' from the top.", rdfs:label "sibling organizations" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keFarthestGenlsWeakSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL such that SPEC-COL is not known to have dependent specializations, it is weakly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE SPEC-COL) is known in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke farthest genls weak suggestion inverse" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$covers-Skinlike SKIN OBJECT) means that SKIN forms all or part of OBJECT's outer surface, shell, or skin. The predicate is agnostic as to whether SKIN is a part of OBJECT.", rdfs:label "covers - skinlike" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$eventToInterrupt-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means that, in the planning context, it is part of the purpose of EVT that a situation of type SIT_TYPE should cease to obtain at some point in EVENT but that a situation of type SIT_TYPE should become true again sometime before the end of EVENT.", rdfs:label "event to interrupt - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$pathTerminus PATH END) means that END is a terminating end of a #$Path-Customary PATH, and that there are no further paths of the same type issuing from END that are spatially disjoint from PATH itself. The terminal end of any #$Path-Customary may be a dead-end, closed off path end, or it may be open, or it may be a terminus of motion; it is not generally a #$JunctionOfPaths with more paths of the same basic type issuing beyond it. Contrast this with the predicate #$deadEndInSystem that indicates a terminus with respect to a specified #$PathSystem only.", rdfs:label "path terminus" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$hingedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is some hinge connecting OBJ1 and OBJ2 which allows limited rotational motion between them. That is the only relative motion that can occur between them. The hinged pivoting motion may be repeated. #$hingedTo is noncommittal about whether the hinge is a distinct object or is part of OBJ1 or OBJ2. Some edge of OBJ1 adjoins an edge of OBJ2.", rdfs:label "hinged to" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$perpendicularVectors VECTOR1 VECTOR2) means that VECTOR1 is perpendicular to VECTOR2. E.g., (#$perpendicularVectors #$SouthEast-Directly #$SouthWest-Directly), (#$perpendicularVectors #$East-Directly #$North-Directly).", rdfs:label "perpendicular vectors" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$groundOf OBJ GROUND) means that GROUND is the stationary surface on which OBJ is located and possibly supported.", rdfs:label "ground of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$employingAgent identifies the employer in a particular work agreement. (#$employingAgent AGREE EMPLOYER) means that the #$Agent EMPLOYER has entered into the #$WorkAgreement AGREE with some employee, and AGREE obligates EMPLOYER to compensate that employee for specified work. See also #$Agreement, #$obligatedAgent.", rdfs:label "employing agent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$foodSourceFor is used to relate a particular organism to the kinds of things it usually eats. (#$foodSourceFor ORG OBJTYPE) means ORG is an organism that typically eats some instances of OBJTYPE for food. Note that OBJTYPE refers to a type of food source, not a particular object that ORG eats. For example, (#$foodSourceFor #$BillJ #$Popcorn) means that #$Popcorn is a #$foodSourceFor Bill, i.e., Bill often eats (instances of) popcorn.", rdfs:label "food source for" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$genlInverse NARROW BROAD) means that binary predicate BROAD is a more general version of binary predicate NARROW, but with the arguments reversed. Thus (NARROW ARG1 ARG2) implies (BROAD ARG2 ARG1). Note: Notice that if two predicates are true inverses of each other, such as the pair parents and children, or the pair greater-than and less-than, then each member of the pair will be a #$genlInverse of the other. Creating two predicates like that is considered poor KEing style, however, because in that case the second predicate in the pair adds no new `expressive power' over what the first already provides. One might decide to write an end-user interface which acts as though both predicates exist, so that the user doesn't have to remember which is `the real one' in the system, but there is no gain at the representation language level to having both predicates.", rdfs:label "genl inverse" Domain: daml:Property Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$distanceAboveSeaLevel REG DIST) means that the altitude above sea level of the #$GeographicalRegion REG is the #$Distance DIST. For elements of #$Mountain, distance is measured from sea level to the peak; for elements of #$Lake, from the surface to sea level; for cities, from the center of town to sea level. Examples: (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$PikesPeak-Mount (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 14110)); (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$MountEverest (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 29028)); (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$MountFuji-Volcano (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 12389)); (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$LakeHuron (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 580)). To describe ``distance above sea level'' for a non-#$GeographicalRegion, see #$altitudeAboveSeaLevel.", rdfs:label "distance above sea level" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$ist-Agreement is used to indicate the propositions which have been agreed upon in a particular agreement. (#$ist-Agreement AGR PROP) means that the proposition PROP is and should be true, according to the #$Agreement AGR. PROP is expressed as a #$ELSentence-Assertible and is considered true within the microtheory which represents AGR. PROP may or may not be true in reality. Note the distinction between #$ist and #$ist-Agreement: #$ist relates any particular microtheory to all assertions that happen to be true in that microtheory; but #$ist-Agreement specially indicates those assertions in an #$Agreement microtheory which belong to the agreement itself and are not just something that happens to be true in it (e.g., that one of the #$agreeingAgents is named Joe).", rdfs:label "ist - agreement" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(cavityConnectedAlongPathSide PATH CAVITY) means that there is a portal somewhere along the wall of the #$Path-Generic (which must also be #$PartiallyTangible) PATH which leads to the #$CavityOrContainer CAVITY. It does not apply if an end of PATH is the portal, nor to a branching of the path, nor a small hole in an otherwise dead end of the path. The portal is substantially smaller in width than the path, and instead of a smaller path connected there, the portal opens into a neighboring #$CavityOrContainer. Example: an #$Alveolus attached to a #$RespiratoryBronchiole in the #$Lung is so connected. Or, a room opening along the side of a hallway.", rdfs:label "cavity connected along path side" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$exhibitors GATHERING AGENT) means that AGENT actively presents information, markets a product, displays merchandise or artwork to the attendees of GATHERING.", rdfs:label "exhibitors" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$admittedArgument TERM RELATION) states that TERM satisfies the second argument constraint of RELATION. For example, (#$admittedSecondArgument #$JuliaChild #$wife) and (#$admittedSecondArgument #$TheYear2000 #$OccasionInYearFn). This predicate is a binary form of #$admittedArgument.", rdfs:label "admitted second argument" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$desires AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT desires that the world be as the proposition PROP (represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible) describes it to be. #$desires is implied by #$goals, but is weaker: PROP might be some desirable state of affairs that the agent is not actively working, or planning, to make/keep true; e.g., #$WorldPeace. See also #$goals and #$intends.", rdfs:label "desire" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The Cyc predicate #$providerOfService is used to relate a service to the agent that provides it. (#$providerOfService SEVT AGT) means that the #$ServiceEvent SEVT is performed or provided by the #$Agent AGT. Typically, AGT acts in order to serve the #$recipientOfService in SEVT.", rdfs:label "service providers" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$loves AGENT1 AGENT2) means AGENT1 loves AGENT2; AGENT2 has a strong emotional affect on AGENT1 whereby AGENT1 is usually loyal and devoted to and wishes well AGENT2, seeks AGENT2's companionship, and will incur substantial personal cost to help AGENT2. Any #$Agent can love any other #$Agent, though there are specialized types of love which are restricted to two animals, two adult people, a person and a corporation, etc.", rdfs:label "love" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$covering SETORCOL COVER) means that the mathematical set or collection COVER is a covering of the mathematical set or collection SETORCOL -- that is, the elements of COVER are themselves mathematical sets or collections, and every element of SETORCOL is an element of at least one of the elements of COVER. For example, the Linnaean taxonomy of types of living things (Dog, Mammal, Chordate, Fungus, etc.) is a covering of the set of all animals alive today. Every animal alive today is a member of one or more of the Linnaean categories. A covering set or collection COVER may contain `extra' elements, which are not members of SETORCOL. For example, the union of all the Linnaean categories (see #$OrganismClassificationType) is actually much larger than the set of animals alive today, encompassing plants, extinct animal species, etc. In order to express an assertion about covering, one need not create a new constant from scratch to play the role of COVER if such a constant doesn't already exist. Instead, one can specify a covering set by enumerating its elements, using the function #$TheCovering. (This is a special #$ReifiableFunction whose principal reason-for-being is to facilitate the inference heuristics associated with assertions about covering.)", rdfs:label "covering" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$pointOnPath-Generic POINT PATH-GENERIC) holds just in case either (#$pointOnPath POINT PATH-GENERIC) or (#$pointOnCycle POINT PATH-GENERIC) holds. Note that (#$pointOnPath POINT PATH-GENERIC) and (#$pointOnCycle POINT PATH-GENERIC) cannot both hold, and hence (#$pointOnPath-Generic POINT PATH-GENERIC) amounts to (#$xor (#$pointOnPath POINT PATH-GENERIC) (#$pointOnCycle POINT PATH-GENERIC)).", rdfs:label "point on path - generic" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$boilingPoint STUFF TEMP) means that TEMP is the temperature at which the substance STUFF changes from having the attribute #$LiquidStateOfMatter to #$GaseousStateOfMatter (when sufficient energy is input to raise STUFF's temperature through that point). Note that the boiling point of most substances is context-dependent; on a mountaintop in Tibet the boiling point of water is much lower than it is in New York City.", rdfs:label "boiling point" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The Cyc predicate #$evaluationDefn is used to relate an evaluatable Cyc function or predicate to the name of the piece of code that is used to evaluate it. (#$evaluationDefn E-REL NAME) means that the #$SubLSymbol NAME is the name of a piece of Heuristic Level (SubL) code in the Cyc system which is used to compute the value of expressions containing the #$EvaluatableRelation E-REL.", rdfs:label "evaluation defn" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$accountAdministrator identifies the agent who administers a particular account. (#$accountAdministrator ACCT AGENT) means that the #$Account ACCT is administered by the individual or organization AGENT.", rdfs:label "account administrator" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The facilitators of a process including the agents, brokers, or mediators that assist in arranging a contract, transaction, or agreement among several parties.", rdfs:label "mediators" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$defendants ARG1 ARG2) means that the agent ARG2 is the accused party in the lawsuit ARG1.", rdfs:label "defendant" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$on-Physical OVER UNDER) means that the object OVER is above, supported by, and touching the object UNDER. OVER and UNDER may be at rest or in motion, or one may be in motion and the other at rest (relative to it). Examples: a person on a bicycle; groceries on a checkout conveyor belt; a statue on a pedestal. Note that only #$touches (and not #$touchesDirectly) is implied.", rdfs:label "on - physical" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$pointQuantValue SCALAR VALUE) means that the reified point quantity SCALAR is equivalent to VALUE. SCALAR is an element of #$ScalarPointValue. This is used to state the equivalence of reified quantities such as #$One and 'SpeedOfLight' or 'AvagadrosNumber'. For example, (#$pointQuantValue #$One 1).", rdfs:label "point quant value" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$subSeries SER1 SER2) means that SER2 is a sub-series of SER1. This means that all the members of SER2 are members of SER1, that SER1 and SER2 share the same ordering principle, and that, if the first member of SER2 is the Mth member of SER1, the Nth member of SER2 is the (N + M - 1)th member of SER1. So a subseries is an uninterrupted ''slice'' of the whole.", rdfs:label "sub series" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$hasPatients represents a relationship between a medical professional and a patient (including nonhuman animals). (#$hasPatients MEDIC PATIENT) means that the #$MedicalCareProvider MEDIC is treating the recipient-of-care PATIENT. PATIENT may be a human or a nonhuman animal. An assertion using #$hasPatients holds only during the time that PATIENT has a condition that is being treated by MEDIC; it does not represent or imply a long term doctor-patient relationship.", rdfs:label "has patients" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$extentCardinality SETORCOL N) means that there are N terms in the currently represented extent of #$SetOrCollection SETORCOL. See also, #$cardinality, #$entityCardinality, #$Note-cardinality-vs-entityCardinality.", rdfs:label "extent cardinality" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$monumentHonors MONUMENT HONOREE) means that MONUMENT is a fixed, solid, lasting #$MemorialMarker (often, specifically a #$Monument) constructed to honor or commemmorate HONOREE, and to cause people who perceive MONUMENT to remember and respect HONOREE. HONOREE must be a #$Person (often a dead person) rather than a group of people, a pet, an event, other physical object (for honoring these, see #$artifactHonors). Usually, but not always, the MONUMENT is built by someone other than HONOREE (but some people build monuments to themselves). If HONOREE is a living #$Person when MONUMENT is built, HONOREE may be present at an #$Event of announcing, inaugurating or unveiling the MONUMENT; see #$eventHonors.", rdfs:label "honoree" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keGenlsStrongSuggestionInverse COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it is strongly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE SPEC-COL) is known in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke genls strong suggestion inverse" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: daml:subPropertyOf ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$toMaintainInEvent-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means that, in the planning context, the maintainance of a pre-existing #$Situation satisfying the description of SIT_TYPE throughout the course of EVT is a criterion of EVT's success.", rdfs:label "to maintain in event - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$bodilyDoer relates an event to an organism which does it non-deliberately, which in Cyc means without conscious intention or volition. (#$bodilyDoer EVENT DOER) means that DOER does EVENT (i.e., DOER is not merely subjected to EVENT by external forces), but DOER does EVENT non-deliberately. Note that for certain kinds of actions, considered as a class, organisms are necessarily merely #$bodilyDoers; for example, physical growth, peristalsis, and reflex actions. For other actions, such as breathing, flinching, or shouting, an organism commonly (but not necessarily) acts as #$bodilyDoer; some cases of such events may be deliberately #$performedBy the doer. Note: an organism which dies of natural causes (#$Dying) is the #$bodilyDoer of that event, because of the internal processes the body performs during #$Dying. Also, in certain #$PhysiologicalConditions, including an #$AilmentCondition (such as #$DiabetesMellitus) or a healing process, organisms are considered to be #$bodilyDoers because their own bodily processes are creating or sustaining those conditions. An organism killed by an external agent, however, is just the #$bodilyActedOn (q.v.) in that event; therefore, instances of #$Killing-Biological should use #$bodilyActedOn to refer to the organism killed.--Nichols, Nov. 21, 1996", rdfs:label "bodily doers" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$bodilyActedOn is used to describe an event in which a living organism is acted on by some external agency. (#$bodilyActedOn EVENT ORG) means that ORG is a living organism (i.e., an #$Organism-Whole) that is being affected in EVENT. ORG itself may be intentionally participating in EVENT (e.g., a person voluntarily getting a haircut) or not (e.g., an animal hit by a car). Either way, the organism ORG is not an active primary `doer' of EVENT. This predicate is appropriately used to identify actors who undergo (instances of) #$DrugTherapy or #$IncurringAnInjury. Note an important contrast with #$bodilyDoer (q.v.): #$bodilyActedOn is for events that merely happen to the body, as opposed to actions the body does. Because the body of an organism is an active `doer' in its instances of #$PhysiologicalCondition, including any #$InjuryCondition (which is the physical process of a body sustaining an injury and responding by healing or deteriorating), an organism is related to events of those kinds with #$bodilyDoer rather than #$bodilyActedOn. By contrast, organisms involved in instances of #$DrugTherapy (which refers to the effect of a drug on the patient) or #$IncurringAnInjury (which refers to the event in which an organism gets injured, rather than the process of its being in an injured and hopefully healing state) should be related to events of those types with #$bodilyActedOn.", rdfs:label "bodily acted on" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$hasRooms allows us to say that a particular space is within a particular building. (#$hasRooms BUILD ROOM) means that ROOM is a room or demarcated space which is physically contained within BUILD, a #$ConstructionArtifact. ROOM is not removable from BUILD. Spaces that can be identified in this way include lobbies, hallways, kitchens, closets, dining rooms, gymnasia, studios, stairwells, bedrooms, etc.", rdfs:label "room" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes ?BLO ?ATT) means that the #$BiologicalLivingObject ?BLO has the #$PhysiologicalAttribute ?ATT. #$PhysiologicalAttributes are concerned with the physiological functions of a living animal, especially with the physical and/or (bio)chemical basis of those functions. However, #$PhysiologicalAttributes need not be specified in scientific detail. Many common #$PhysiologicalAttributes permit commonsense inference about further features of an individual having a certain physiological state or condition. Note that many, perhaps most, assertions made with #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes will be time-dependent; e.g., an individual person is not #$SexuallyMature throughout his or her life, but only during a portion of it. Thus, it is necessary to make these assertions only about the appropriate temporal #$subAbstrac; one way to do that is by using #$holdsIn; e.g., (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1820) (#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes #$LudwigVanBeethoven #$Deaf)).", rdfs:label "has physiological attributes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$postActors is used to indicate a participant that continues to exist after a particular event. (#$postActors EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT exists after EVENT ends and that OBJECT #$temporallyIntersects EVENT. #$postActors is a very general element of #$ActorSlot; it subsumes #$outputsCreated, #$doneBy, and many others.", rdfs:label "post actors" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$fieldsOfCompetence Z FLD) means the #$Person Z has actual competence and knowledgeability in the #$FieldOfStudy FLD, or else at least is recognized by peers and colleagues in the same field as being competent in that field. E.g., (#$fieldsOfCompetence #$Nichols #$PhilosophyAncient). See also #$expertRegarding and #$domainsOfSpecialization.", rdfs:label "fields of competence" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$reformulatorEquiv SENTENCE-1 SENTENCE-2), asserted in the microtheory MT, means that SENTENCE-1 may be reformulated into SENTENCE-2 or vice versa (based on meta-properties of this rule and what mode the reformulator is in) in MT or a specMt thereof. Free variables in SENTENCE-1 and SENTENCE-2 are shared, and may bind with CycL sentences which match the template. Truth and semantics are not necessarily preserved (see #$TruthPreservingReformulation).", rdfs:label "reformulator equiv" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$surroundsHorizontally OUTSIDE INSIDE) means that OUTSIDE surrounds a horizontal slice of INSIDE. That is, there is some horizontal cross section of INSIDE such that all rays drawn horizontally from points in that cross section pass through OUTSIDE, and along each of those rays there are points which are in OUTSIDE and beyond all points of INSIDE. Thus, (#$surroundsHorizontally OUTSIDE INSIDE) is NOT true if INSIDE shares a boundary with OUTSIDE; e.g., Texas is not surrounded by the USA. Positive cases: water surrounds islands; foothills may surround a mountain range. See also #$surroundsCompletely.", rdfs:label "surrounds horizontally" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(pathConcatenationOf-Simple CHAIN PATH) means that PATH is the #$Path-Simple obtained by 'path-concatenating' all of the links in CHAIN. See also #$JoinPathsFn .", rdfs:label "path concatenation of - simple" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$insIsJobOf indicates a type of work done by a particular individual. (#$insIsJobOf EVENT-TYPE PER) means that the person PER performs instances of EVENT-TYPE as part of his or her job. E.g., #$KeithRichards performs instances of #$WritingMusic as part of his work; #$Goolsbey performs instances of #$ProgrammingAComputer in his job at Cycorp; a #$SecurityGuard performs instances of #$ProtectingSomething. Note that assertions using #$insIsJobOf are true for some specific period of time, which may be indicated with #$holdsIn.", rdfs:label "occupation" Domain: owl:Class Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A selling agent acts on behalf of a would be seller to bring about a buying event involving his/her/its client as the seller.", rdfs:label "selling agent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$ductilityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the instance of #$SolidTangibleThing OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Ductility (q.v.).", rdfs:label "ductility of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$myCreationTime X TIME) means that the #$CycLConstant X was created at time TIME. TIME is not, however, an instance of #$Date. Rather it is an instance of #$CycUniversalDate. This assertion is not intended for inference, only for documentation, so the format is a simple one, designed for human readability and for use by internal Cyc functions. The format of TIME is YYYYMMDD, so for example, 19870911 is September 11, 1987.", rdfs:label "my creation time" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$siblingDisjointExceptions is used to state exceptions to constraints normally imposed from #$SiblingDisjointCollection. (#$siblingDisjointExceptions COL1 COL2) means that the relationship between the collections COL1 and COL2 is exempt from the disjointness constraint which would otherwise be imposed because COL1 and COL2 are both instances of some element of #$SiblingDisjointCollection. (See #$SiblingDisjointCollection for a full explanation of the constraints.) For example, #$Killing-Biological and #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent are both elements of #$DefaultDisjointScriptType, which in turn is an element of #$SiblingDisjointCollection. The exception is useful in this case because it lifts the constraint that physically attacking and killing an agent must be disjoint from each other, while letting us continue to conclude that killing and attacking are each disjoint from many other kinds of actions. By asserting (#$siblingDisjointExceptions #$Killing-Biological #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent), we block the disjointness constraint between those two collections, without disturbing the constraints between each of those collections and all the other instances of their parent (disjoint) collection, #$DefaultDisjointScriptType. In other words, (#$siblingDisjointExceptions COL1 COL2) prevents COL1 and COL2 from being considered disjoint if they would otherwise be disjoint due to their being both instances of the same #$SiblingDisjointCollection.", rdfs:label "sibling disjoint exceptions" Domain: owl:Class Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which is an elaboration of the information described in ARG1 in the sense that it is seen as a step in the process of doing ARG1.", rdfs:label "elaboration process step - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$likesSensorially AGT SENSUM) means that the #$PerceptualAgent AGT derives some physical pleasure from the sensory experience of SENSUM (a taste, odor, or other #$SensoryAttribute).", rdfs:label "likes sensorially" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$includedItems is used to identify the peripheral items that come with a particular packaged product. (#$includedItems FORM ITEM) means that the #$Individual ITEM is one of the things that are included in the #$FormalProduct FORM, along with its #$mainProduct; but ITEM is not the main product itself. ITEM can be an accessory, owner's manual, warranty agreement, or included service. ITEM is something that is a regular part of the package. ITEM does NOT refer to free samples or extras thrown in--for that, see #$includesWithProductType.", rdfs:label "included items" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$madeBy was used to indicate that a particular product was made by a particular company. (#$madeBy PROD COMORG) means that PROD, an individual instance of #$Product, was manufactured by the #$CommercialOrganization COMORG. Cf. #$makesProductType.", rdfs:label "made by" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$negationAttribute ATT1 ATT2) means that a thing cannot have both ATT1 and ATT2 as attributes at the same or overlapping times.", rdfs:label "negation attribute" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$hasHabitat is used to relate an organism to the region where it lives. (#$hasHabitat ORG REGION) means that the organism ORG lives in the #$EcologicalRegion REGION. Typically, REGION will belong to one of the subsets of #$EcologicalRegion which represent specific biomes (e.g., #$Desert, #$CoralReef). See also #$residesInRegion.", rdfs:label "has habitat" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$quotedArgument RELATION NUMBER) means that, whenever an assertion is made with the #$Relation RELATION, what is being referred to in the argument place NUMBER is the symbol itself, not what the symbol denotes. For instance, in the statement (#$myCreator #$PlanetEarth #$Maeda), we are referring to the Cyc term #$PlanetEarth, rather than to the thing that it denotes: Maeda created the Cyc term, not the Earth! This is true of the first argument of the predicate #$myCreator whenever it is used, so we should assert (#$quotedArgument #$myCreator 1). On the other hand, in the statement (#$orbits #$PlanetEarth #$Sun), each of the terms is being used to refer to what it denotes: we are saying that the planet Earth, not the cyc term #$PlanetEarth, orbits the Sun.This is often called the 'use versus mention' distinction. In the statement 'Bertrand Russell was a philosopher,' one is using the term 'Bertrand Russell', whereas in the statement ' 'Bertrand Russell' is a proper noun,' one is mentioning the term 'Bertrand Russell.' In English, in order to indicate that one is mentioning rather than using a term, the term is often enclosed in quote marks: hence the name of our predicate.", rdfs:label "quoted argument" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$widthOfObject OBJECT WIDTH) means that the #$Distance across OBJECT from one side boundary to the opposite side boundary is WIDTH. Side boundaries are roughly perpendicular to the top and bottom of the object. Note that some objects have widths by virtue of having one or more intrinsic default orientations (see #$BilateralObject and its specializations), while some objects have widths by virtue of having orientations determined only in relation to their environments. In any case, having a width requires being at least two-dimensional (see #$TwoOrHigherDimensionalShape). See also #$lengthOfObject, #$heightOfObject, and #$depthOfObject.", rdfs:label "width" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$income is used to state the income of a person or other agent. (#$income AGT RATE) means that the #$Agent AGT has the income RATE, where RATE is a #$MonetaryFlowRate, e.g., a number of #$DollarsPerHour or #$DollarsPerYear. See #$MonetaryFlowRate.", rdfs:label "income" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$illuminationLevel LOC DEGREE) indicates how brightly illuminated the location LOC is. Higher values of DEGREE mean greater light intensity.", rdfs:label "illumination" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$traversalFrom TRAV POINT) means that POINT is a starting point of the #$Traversal TRAV along some paths. Note that (#$traversalFrom TRAV A) and (#$traversalFrom TRAV B) may both be true even when A and B are different. This can happen when, e.g., A is a part of B and a path goes from both. This is why we did not call POINT, in the context above, THE starting point of TRAV.", rdfs:label "traversal from" Domain: Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$hasHeadquartersInCountry identifies the country in which a particular organization has its headquarters. (#$hasHeadquartersInCountry ORG COUNTRY) means that the #$Organization ORG has its world-wide headquarters and place of primary central control in the #$Country COUNTRY.", rdfs:label "has headquarters in country" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$perfect WORD STRING) means that STRING is the perfect verb form of WORD. This form is also known as the past participle. The regular perfect verb form is often the same as the past tense verb form. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon will have a #$perfect entry only if they are irregular. Regular forms are generated by the morphology component. Regular example: `helped'. Irregular example: `eaten'.", rdfs:label "perfect" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$objectOfStateChange is used to identify the object of an instance of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent. (#$objectOfStateChange EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT is an #$Entity that undergoes some kind of intrinsic change of state in EVENT. OBJECT exists before EVENT, is directly involved in EVENT, and persists after EVENT. (Accordingly, this predicate inherits the #$genlPreds #$preActors and #$postActors through #$objectActedOn.) The change which OBJECT undergoes is internal or intrinsic; this predicate is not used for extrinsic changes, e.g., in location, orientation, ownership, status, etc. Note: If OBJECT were destroyed by EVENT and went out of existence in the course of EVENT, then the right predicate to use would be #$inputsDestroyed, rather than #$objectOfStateChange.", rdfs:label "object of state change" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$containsPropositionalInfo-Complete IBT INFO) means that instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing INFO contains all and only the propositional information content of the #$InformationBearingThing, IBT.", rdfs:label "contains propositional info - complete" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$transformedInto ?X ?Y) means that ?X stops existing at the instant that ?Y is created. Furthermore, the material which made up ?X when it ceased to exist will generally make up ?Y when it is created, which in turn implies things about the location of ?Y at that moment, etc.", rdfs:label "transformed into" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$seriesLength SER LEN) means that the series, SER, is LEN members long. Note that some #$Series have an unknown or infinite number of members.", rdfs:label "series length" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$typedGenlPreds NARROW BROAD) means that predicate BROAD is a more general version of predicate NARROW that allows for more general argument types. If the predicate BROAD applies to a set of arguments which meet the argument restrictions of NARROW, the predicate NARROW also applies to those same arguments. For example, (#$typedGenlPreds #$sisters #$siblings) means that if (#$siblings John Alex) is in the KB and Alex is an instance of #$FemaleAnimal (the arg2 restriction of #$sisters) then (#$sisters John Alex) is true.", rdfs:label "typed genl preds" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$opinions AGENT PROP) means that AGENT believes PROP is true, but isn't sure about it, is at least somewhat open to the idea that her mind might be changed, and (in most cases) is aware that her belief in PROP is just an opinion. AGENT might or might not have good evidence (be it empirical, rational-logical, or whatever) to support PROP. Note that while #$opinions and #$knows (q.v.) each entail (via #$genlPreds) #$beliefs (q.v.), #$opinions and #$knows are by default mutually exclusive (i.e. related by #$negationPreds). This is so, not because they have strictly incompatible truth conditions, but because each of them -- or rather, its natural language counterpart -- conversationally implies (in the Gricean sense) the negation of the other.", rdfs:label "opinion" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nearestSpecAttributes ATT NEAR-ATT) relates any attribute value ATT to the nearest unsubsumed attribute NEAR-ATT which are spec attributes of ATT. #$nearestSpecAttributes is #$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from the current state of the #$genlAttributes hierarchy. Moreover, it is merely the #$elInverse of #$nearestGenlAttributes.", rdfs:label "nearest spec attributes" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$relatives ANIM1 ANIM2) means ANIM2 is some biological relative of ANIM1.", rdfs:label "relative" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$eventOccursNear relates an event to its approximate location. (#$eventOccursNear EVENT LOC) means that EVENT occurs at or near (see #$near) LOC. #$eventOccursNear is useful when the more exact location is unknown, hard to specify, or not worth reifying; otherwise use #$eventOccursAt. For example, #$eventOccursNear could be used to CycLify Bob was cycling by the dam , We played checkers near the TV , and He is standing by the horse's hind legs . See the #$cyclistNotes for ideas on how to formalize this.", rdfs:label "event occurs near" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a temoral thing to the time point at which it ends or ceases to exist. (#$endingPoint THING POINT) means that THING ends at POINT, which is the last moment of its temporal extent. See also #$startingPoint.", rdfs:label "end" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$toLocation is used to indicate the ending point of a particular movement. (#$toLocation MOVE LOC) means that LOC is where the #$objectMoving in MOVE (a #$Movement-TranslationEvent) is found when the event MOVE ends; the final location of the #$objectMoving in that event is LOC. The #$objectMoving may or may not be #$Stationary at LOC. If MOVE is a single-pathway translation (see #$Translation-SingleTrajectory), then every #$objectMoving in it is found at LOC when MOVE ends. If MOVE has multiple movers and multiple pathways (see #$Translation-MultiTrajectory), then at least some of the #$objectMoving(s) can be found at LOC at the end of MOVE. If MOVE is a fluid flow (see #$Translation-Flow), then at least some portion of the fluid #$objectMoving can be found at location LOC at the end of MOVE. See also #$motionPathway-Complete, #$pathConnects.", rdfs:label "destination" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$shearStrengthOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has a DEGREE amount of #$ShearStrength, i.e., resistance to shearing stress.", rdfs:label "shear strength of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$inPlane OBJ SURFACE) means that OBJ spatially intersects with the #$FlatSurface SURFACE.", rdfs:label "in plane" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$agreeingAgents relates a particular agreement to the agents who are making the agreement. (#$agreeingAgents AGR PARTY) means that the #$Agreement AGR has the #$Agent PARTY among its agreeing parties. #$agreeingAgents may have specialized roles, such as #$agreeingBuyer or #$agreeingSeller, #$insuringAgent or #$policyHolder, #$employedAgent or #$employingAgent. The #$agreeingAgents will be mentioned in their agreement.", rdfs:label "agreeing agents" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate indicates the amount of money involved in a particular transfer of funds. (#$moneyTransferred TRANS MONEY) means that MONEY is the quantity of #$Money transferred in the money transfer event TRANS. Note: MONEY is distinct from the physical #$TenderObjects (q.v.) used to accomplish that transfer (cf. #$objectTendered). For example, the #$moneyTransferred to pay a car payment might be the amount US$400, while the #$objectTendered in the paying is an instance of #$Check-TenderObject.", rdfs:label "money transferred" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg4Genl REL COL) means that the fourth argument to the #$Relation (i.e., predicate or function) REL must be a subset of the #$Collection COL.", rdfs:label "arg 4 genl" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$cohabitants X Y) means that X and Y live together in the same dwelling structure, nest, etc. Note: in some contexts (in the real Cyc knowledge base) the arguments to this predicate are restricted to being #$Persons. Note: in many parts of the world, esp. in past centuries, people cohabit (have cohabited) with domesticated animals that are/were not pets.", rdfs:label "cohabitants" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$behind-Directly AFT FORE) means that AFT is directly behind tangible object FORE. More precisely, it implies both (#$behind-Generally AFT FORE) and that there is at least one line parallel to the backward pointing axis of FORE that intersects both AFT and FORE. Note that FORE must have a back side. AFT may be intangible, such as an image projected behind an actor on a stage.", rdfs:label "behind - directly" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$constantID CONSTANT ID) states that the integer ID is the unique internal id for the #$CycLConstant CONSTANT.", rdfs:label "constant i d" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$endsAfterStartingOf X Y) means (#$after (#$EndFn X) (#$StartFn Y)). That is, the #$endingPoint of X is later than the #$startingPoint of Y. This implies nothing about whether X and Y overlap, or how much they overlap.", rdfs:label "ends after starting of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$recipientOfInfo is used to indicate who receives information in a particular communication event. (#$recipientOfInfo TRANSFER RECIP) means that the information transferred in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER is received by the #$Agent RECIP. After TRANSFER, RECIP understands or conceives of the information transferred in TRANSFER; Cyc does NOT conclude that s/he #$knows the information or counts it among his/her #$beliefs, because RECIP might not believe it. In receiving the information transferred, RECIP may be acting intentionally or unintentionally. Note that if the communication event used in the first argument slot of this predicate is a #$CommunicationAct-Single and the recipient of the information was intended to receive the information by the originator of the communication event (see #$communicationTarget) then #$recipientOfInfo-Intended should probably be used instead of #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$infoTransferred.", rdfs:label "perceivers" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG1 and ARG2 are presented as being similar in many ways but contrasting in ways the speaker wants to point out.", rdfs:label "contrastive - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$seller relates an agent to a sales event. (#$seller EVENT AGENT) means that the #$Agent AGENT sells something in the #$CommercialActivity EVENT.", rdfs:label "sellers" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$volatilityOfSubstance SUBST DEGREE) indicates how volatile SUBST is. Objects with a higher DEGREE of #$Volatility evaporate more readily than objects with a lower DEGREE.", rdfs:label "volatility" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$acknowledgedAct ACKACT COMACT) means that the #$CommunicationAct-Single COMACT is acknowledged and replied-to by the responsive #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct ACKACT. Particular acceptances or rejections of a particular project proposal would involve examples of this predicate, as would a person responding to a wedding invitation, or a court responding to a motion. See also #$acknowledgementOf which refers to the abstract content of the communication.", rdfs:label "acknowledged act" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$origin-RoundTrip TRIP PLACE) means that the #$Translation-RoundTrip event TRIP leaves from and returns to the location PLACE. PLACE is both the #$fromLocation and #$toLocation of the entire TRIP, considered as a whole. For example, some commuters to Manhattan leave and return each day to #$Connecticut-State, which is their #$origin-RoundTrip. See also #$destination-RoundTrip.", rdfs:label "origin" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$linkInSystem LINK SYS) means that LINK is an instance of #$Path-Simple taken as a primitive path (called a link) in the #$PathSystem SYS. For each link LINK in a path system SYS, there is a unique pair {X, Y} of different nodes in SYS (see #$nodeInSystem) such that X and Y are the two end-points of LINK in SYS. Other 'points' can also be on LINK, but they cannot be nodes in SYS. There can be no point on a link that is different from its end points but nevertheless on another link, i.e., no matter how many points there are on a particular link in a path system, none of them can be an 'intersection' (see #$junctionInSystem) except the end points of the link, which are nodes in the system. See #$linkBetweenInSystem. Each link in SYS is also a path in SYS, i.e., (#$linkInSystem LINK SYS) implies (#$pathInSystem LINK SYS). Note that there is no general collection of all links. Any path can be a link if you can somehow ignore the intersection points on it--it all depends on the #$PathSystem. Note also that in some cases (such as talking about relations between different #$PathSystems), using (#$LinksFn SYS) to denote the set of all links in SYS is more convenient than using the predicate #$linkInSystem.", rdfs:label "link in system" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nationalLanguage NAT LANG) means that LANG is officially recognized by the political region NAT as a national language. A country may have more than one nationalLanguage.", rdfs:label "national language" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$objectOfPossessionTransfer identifies the object which `changes hands' in a particular event wherein some user's rights to it are changed. (#$objectOfPossessionTransfer EVENT OBJECT) means that in EVENT, all or some rights to use OBJECT are transferred from one agent (the #$fromPossessor) to another (the #$toPossessor). EVENT is an element of #$ChangeInUserRights (q.v.), for example, a buying, renting, lending, repossessing, etc.", rdfs:label "object of possession transfer" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nameString THING STRING) means that the name of the thing THING is the string STRING. Use it to connect constants or NATS with their names. For agents, use the more specific predicate #$nameOfAgent. If a constant has several namestrings, use #$preferredNameString to pick one for use in English paraphrase.", rdfs:label "name string" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$frequencyOfSignal WAVE FREQ) means that the #$WavePropagation event WAVE consists of waves that occur at intervals of FREQ. FREQ is a measure of #$Frequency generally expressed as cycles per unit of time; frequency of electromagnetic radiation is standardly measured in #$Hertz.", rdfs:label "frequency" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$indexicalReferent INDCONCEPT THING) means that in the context of the assertion, the #$IndexicalConcept INDCONCEPT has the referent THING. This is a #$FunctionalSlot, in keeping with the idea that the predicate will return one and only one 'value' for the second argument place at any given point in context space. However, be advised that the arg2 will change from context to context.", rdfs:label "indexical referent" Domain: Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg5Genl REL COL) means that the fifth argument to the #$Relation (predicate or function) REL must be a subset of the #$Collection COL.", rdfs:label "arg 5 genl" Domain: Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$massOfObject OBJ MASS) means that the tangible object OBJ has #$Mass MASS.", rdfs:label "mass" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keConsiderationInverse COL BIN-PRED) means that for every instance INS of COL, it should be determined whether there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED INS VALUE) could be asserted.", rdfs:label "ke consideration inverse" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$maleParentActor ?EVENT ?ORGANISM) means that ?ORGANISM is the male parent in the #$SexualReproductionEvent ?EVENT.", rdfs:label "father" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$ruleTemplateDirection TEMPLATE DIRECTION) states that all assertions which are instantiations of TEMPLATE should have a direction of DIRECTION.", rdfs:label "rule template direction" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$connectedTo-SemiRigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is a physical connection between OBJ1 and OBJ2 such that due to the flexibility of a connector, OBJ1, or OBJ2, limited movement around the point of connection is possible. Positive exemplars include a book flap hinged to the spine of a book (see #$flapHingedTo), the #$GallBladder's attachment to the #$Liver. Negative exemplars include a wheel and axle or a door hinged to a door frame because the degrees of freedom of the object arise out of geometrical/mechanical properties of the objects and their connectors, not out of the flexibity of said objects. Note that all flexible connections have a limit to their relative motion. An extreme example of such a limit is in the connection between a propeller and the fuselage of a rubber band powered airplane.", rdfs:label "connected to - semi rigidly" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$reciprocalTransfers T1 T2) means that T1 and T2 are transfers of possession done in exchange for each other. They are part of some #$ExchangeOfUserRights.", rdfs:label "reciprocal transfers" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$baseOfUnit PUN BUN) means that PUN is an instance of #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix that is formed by affixing an instance of #$MetricUnitPrefix to BUN.", rdfs:label "base of unit" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$timeSlices WHOLE PART) means that PART is one of the temporal decompositions of WHOLE. PART is part of WHOLE and is thus temporally included in WHOLE (see #$temporallySubsumes). There is no other part of WHOLE that happens at the same time but is not included in PART. Unlike #$subEvents, which can divide up an #$Event both in space and time, #$timeSlices divides up its first argument in time only. So #$timeSlices is more specialized than #$subEvents. On the other hand, it has broader application; #$timeSlices makes sense for any #$TemporalThing, not just #$Events; e.g., one can talk about year-long #$timeSlices of a rock.", rdfs:label "time slices" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$dateOfDeath X Y) indicates that the #$Entity X ceased to exist during #$Date Y. For people, this is the date at which they died, hence the name of the predicate. The first argument to this predicate must be an #$Entity, and not just any old #$SomethingExisting, because we don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath of a subabstraction like AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other words, proper subabstractions will have #$startingDates and #$endingDates, but only true #$Entitys will have a #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath", rdfs:label "date of death" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$memberOfThisPoliticalParty PARTY PERS) means that #$Person PERS is a (registered) member of #$PoliticalParty PARTY. For example, (#$memberOfThisPoliticalParty #$DemocraticParty #$BillClinton).", rdfs:label "member of this political party" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$toPreventInEvent-SitType EVT SITTYPE) means that, in the planning context, a #$Situation satisfying the description of SITTYPE must NOT come about at any time during the course of EVT in order for EVT to count as 'successful'. It is presupposed that no #$Situation of type SITTYPE obtains at the start of SIT.", rdfs:label "to prevent in event - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$containsInformationAbout Is THING) means that the #$InformationStore IS is generally 'about' THING -- which may be any #$Thing at all. This is a very general notion of aboutness, which does not require that THING be explicitly named in IS, nor that it be the main topic.", rdfs:label "concern" Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$toThwartInEvent-SitType EVENT SIT_TYPE) means that if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE obtains at the start of EVENT, then it must be stopped some time in the course of EVENT, and if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does not obtain at the start of EVENT, then it must be prevented throughout EVENT, in order for EVENT to count as successful. The predicate is defined in terms of #$toStopInEvent-SitType and #$toPreventInEvent-SitType.", rdfs:label "to thwart in event - sit type" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$notices AGT PROP) means that AGT believes the proposition PROP because AGT has seen, heard, smelled, etc. PROP via some element of #$Perceiving. Although (#$notices AGT PROP) implies (#$beliefs AGT PROP) {via the assertion (#$genlPreds #$notices #$beliefs)}, exceptions occur if AGT believes they have been hallucinating or drugged, for example. The predicate #$beliefs, unlike #$notices, can include propositions gathered through inferring, dreaming, intuiting. The temporal extent of (#$notices AGT PROP) is at least a 'short time' following the perceiving of PROP. The extent of this time is a function of the type of fact perceived noticed, when forgetting or other overriding information comes into play.", rdfs:label "notice" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$ist-Asserted MT FORMULA) states that there is a Cyc #$CycLAssertion for FORMULA in the microtheory MT. This predicate is therefore a more specialized form of #$ist with the additional requirement that there be an actual assertion for FORMULA in MT. Note that this is also more precise than (#$ist MT (#$assertedSentence FORMULA)) which states that there is an assertion for FORMULA in some microtheory visible from MT.", rdfs:label "ist - asserted" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$itemWorn is used to indicate a particular article of clothing (or other wearable item) that is worn in a particular situation. (#$itemWorn WEARING ITEM) means that ITEM is the #$ClothingItem worn during the situation WEARING, an element of #$WearingSomething (q.v.).", rdfs:label "item worn" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$tastes AGENT OBJECT) means that AGENT perceives the (partially) tangible object or physical event OBJECT via the sense of taste. We can taste certain objects (such as lollipops) as well as, arguably, certain events (such as the finish of a wine).", rdfs:label "taste" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$age THING TIME) means that the thing THING has the age TIME, where thing can be a person, a galaxy, or anything else with temporal extent, e.g., (#$age #$MaryShepherd (#$YearsDuration 40)). The previous assertion is not quite right, however: notice that one can talk about the #$birthDate of a person quite safely, but whenever one makes a statement about the AGE of a person that statement will only be true `for a while' -- i.e., in some temporal context. Therefore it would be a mistake to simply assert to Cyc that (#$age #$Lenat (#$YearsDuration 45)), because that would be true in some contexts and false in others. So what one does is to assert an expression of the form (#$holdsIn X (#$age Y Z)) to indicate that during time interval X, the thing Y has age Z. For example, (#$holdsIn (#$QuarterFn 2 (#$YearFn 1996)) (#$age #$Lenat (#$YearsDuration 45)), which means that Doug is a 45-year-old during the entire second quarter of 1996. It is seldom correct to use #$age outside of some temporal qualification.", rdfs:label "oldness" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$satisfiesStandard is used to identify a product standard that applies to a certain type of products. (#$satisfiesStandard PRODTYPE STAND) means that every instance of the #$FormalProductType PRODTYPE satisfies the #$ProductStandard STAND. STAND will contain a description of the desired physical form and/or function for the type of product (or service) denoted by PRODTYPE, and the instances of PRODTYPE fulfill those specifications. See also #$ProductStandard.", rdfs:label "satisfies standard" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$fragilityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Fragility. The higher the fragility, the more easily the object can be broken.", rdfs:label "fragility of object" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$hungerLevelOf is used to express how hungry an #$Animal is. The first argument is a #$LevelOfHunger (q.v.): for instance, #$Hungry, #$Starving, #$Stuffed. The second argument is the #$Animal who feels hunger at this level.", rdfs:label "hunger level of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$facesDirection OBJ DIR) means that the intrinsic forward axis of OBJ (i.e., the vector normal to its intrinsic front side) points in the direction DIR. Note that an object only has an intrinsic forward axis if it has some intrinsic front side by virtue of its design or function. For example, trains, cars, and bullets have intrinsic front faces by virtue of the direction in which they are intended to travel. Other objects, such as refrigerators, bookshelves against walls, and televisions, have front faces by virtue of how people usually view the object. Spheres, being symmetric, do not have an intrinsic forward axis.", rdfs:label "faces direction" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$maxQuantValue SCALAR POINT) means that the upper limit of the quantity SCALAR is POINT, an element of #$ScalarPointValue. SCALAR is an element of #$ScalarInterval. For example, the #$maxQuantValue for the pay of mail room employees might be (#$DollarsPerHour 6.5); e.g., (#$maxQuantValue `MailPay' (#$DollarsPerHour 6.5)). Another example: (#$maxQuantValue (#$Unity 5 10) 10).", rdfs:label "max quant value" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(shortTimeIntervalAfter INTER TEMP-OBJ) means that the instance of #$TimeInterval INTER is the short time interval after the instance of #$TemporalThing TEMP-OBJ.", rdfs:label "short time interval after" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$maleficiary ACT AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT is harmed by the occurrence of the action ACT. That is, the interest or welfare of AGT is thwarted, blocked, or harmed in ACT.", rdfs:label "maleficiaries" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "If this constant has been renamed after Oct 95, and if the system variable cyc::*note-old-constant-name* is set to t on the machine on which the name change occurred, then this slot automatically records the most recent name that this constant had.", rdfs:label "old constant name" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$beliefs AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT subscribes to the truth of the proposition PROP (represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible). PROP states something that AGT believes to be true, but of course PROP may or may not actually be true. Another way to think of this is that PROP is true in the context whose epistemological status is `what AGT believes'. Naturally, PROP may itself be a proposition about beliefs; one would use nested #$beliefs in this fashion to express a rule such as `most Canadians believe that most Americans believe Canada is a US State.'", rdfs:label "believe" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$governmentType indicates what kind of system of government a geopolitical entity has. (#$governmentType REGION GOVSYSTEM) means that the government of the #$GeopoliticalEntity REGION is an element of the #$SystemOfGovernment type denoted by GOVSYSTEM. For example, the #$governmentType of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica is a #$FederalRepublic and a #$RepresentativeDemocracy.", rdfs:label "government type" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$requiredArg2Pred COL PRED) means that for every instance INST of COL, there exist some THING1, ..., THINGn-1 such that (PRED THING1 INST THING2 ... THINGn-1) holds, where n is the #$arity of PRED.", rdfs:label "required arg 2 pred" Domain: owl:Class Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$cost OBJECT MONEY) means that buying OBJECT costs the amount MONEY, where this amount can be an interval. The #$cost of something is time- and seller-dependent. For example, the cost of a particular mansion Grey Gables is US$800,000 in an actual sale, or when offered for sale; #$cost does not refer to appraised value.", rdfs:label "cost" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$passiveParticiple WORD STRING) means that STRING is the passive participle form of WORD. The regular passive participle in English is generally identical to the #$perfect form. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon will have a #$passiveParticiple entry only if they are irregular. Regular forms are generated by the morphology component.", rdfs:label "passive participle" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$fourWayJunctionInSystem JUNCT SYS) means that JUNCT is a 4-way junction in the specified #$PathSystem SYS. (See also #$FourWayJunctionOfPaths for the general case.) Formally, a 4-way junction in SYS is any point (actually, a node) X in SYS such that either there are exactly 4 links and no loops in SYS that X is on, or there are exactly 2 loops and no links in SYS that X is on, or there are exactly 2 links and 1 loop in SYS that X is on. See #$junctionInSystem.", rdfs:label "four way junction in system" Domain: owl:Thing Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$arg2Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different second arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT.", rdfs:label "arg 2 format" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$unchangedActors EV OBJ) means that the object OBJ remains virtually unchanged by its participation in the event EV. This means that OBJ does not appreciably move, nor does it undergo some internal change in its properties, nor is it created or destroyed in the course of EV.", rdfs:label "unchanged actors" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$negationPreds is used to represent a relation between some elements of #$Predicate. (#$negationPreds PRED1 PRED2) means that PRED1 is a negation of PRED2 in the sense that any tuple in the extension of PRED1 is NOT also a tuple in the extension of PRED2. In other words, (#$negationPreds PRED1 PRED2) is shorthand for (#$implies (PRED1 {arg-list}) (#$not (PRED2 {arg-list}))). For example, (#$negationPreds #$transportees #$transporter).", rdfs:label "negation preds" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$in-Spiked OBJ REG) means that an object, OBJ, is spiked into another object, REG, in the way that nails, push pins, needles, and other pointed objects stick into other objects. Thus, OBJ must be #$LongAndThin and must be harder than REG. Typically, the rigid connection between REG and OBJ can support forces substantially greater than the weight of OBJ.", rdfs:label "in - spiked" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$objectHasColor OBJECT COLOR) means that some visible part of OBJECT is colored COLOR. This is the most general of the color predicates; for more specialized predicates see e.g. #$mainColorOfObject and #$uniformColorOfObject. Note that, unlike these latter two predicates, #$objectHasColor is _not_ a specialization of #$hasAttributes. This is because an object's having some part that's a certain color does not entail that the object itself, as a whole, is characterized by that color in the sense of having it as an attribute.", rdfs:label "object has color" Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$wearer is used to indicate an individual who is wearing some article of clothing (or other wearable item) in a particular situation. (#$wearer WEARING ANIMAL) means that ANIMAL is the wearer during WEARING, an element of #$WearingSomething (q.v.).", rdfs:label "wearer" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$in-Permeates LIQUID SOLID) means that LIQUID permeates SOLID. LIQUID must be separable from SOLID by physical, not chemical means. LIQUID must be a #$LiquidTangibleThing, and SOLID a #$SolidTangibleThing. If LIQUID is not a constituent (#$constituents) of SOLID, then SOLID is #$Porous. Exemplars include water permeating a wet sponge (Sponge-CleaningImplement), #$Oil soaking a sponge, or water in #$Soil-Generic. Negative exemplars include vapor suspended in #$Air (see, e.g. #$suspendingFluid or #$solute) . Other negative exemplars include liquids which undergo a chemical change and combine with some other substance, e.g. water which becomes a chemical part of plant material in photosynthesis.", rdfs:label "in - permeates" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nearestSpecs COL NEAR-SPEC) relates any collection COL to the nearest unsubsumed collections NEAR-SPEC which are subsets of COL. This predicate is #$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from the current state of the #$genls hierarchy. Moreover, it is merely the #$elInverse of #$nearestGenls.", rdfs:label "nearest specs" Domain: owl:Class Range: owl:Class ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$solute indicates a particular #$TangibleThing in a #$Solution which is dissolved in the #$solvent of that #$Solution.", rdfs:label "solute" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The relation known as logical condition in Rhetorical Structure Theory.", rdfs:label "logical condition - r s t" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$rotationallyConnectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are connected in such a way that rotational motion, and only rotational motion, can happen between them. The rotational motion may be fully or partially rotational. Non-rotational movement between two rotationally connected objects at their connection point can occur only if the connection is broken, deformed, or disassembled. If OBJ1 and OBJ2 do rotate relative to one another, then this may be due to sliding of their surfaces, articulation of some joint part, or deformation of OBJ1 or OBJ2 (so long as that deformation only allows rotation between OBJ1 and OBJ2). Positive examples: Femurs are rotationally connected to hips, doors are rotationally connected to door frames, doorknobs are rotationally connected to doors, and propellers are rotationally connected to airplanes; in computer trackballs the ball is rotationally connected to the housing. Also a book cover is rotationally connected to its binding (but #$flapHingedTo is more appropriate because it is more specific). Negative examples: a planet orbiting around a star (they are not connected). Cf. #$MovingInACircle. A toothpick stuck in a person's leg is also a negative exemplar: Although elastic deformation of flesh allows there to be rotational motion between toothpick and leg, it also may allow a small amount of translational motion to occur between toothpick and leg. #$in-Lodged is more appropriate for describing the case of a toothpick stuck in a leg.", rdfs:label "rotationally connected to" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate is used to indicate that a particular object is being controlled in a particular event. (#$objectControlled EVENT OBJ) means that the object OBJ is being controlled in the #$Event EVENT. Note: #$objectControlled does not assume or require physical contact between controller and object controlled.", rdfs:label "object controlled" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$myCreationSecond X SECOND) means that the #$CycLConstant X was created precisely at SECOND within the day it was created. SECOND is not, however, an instance of #$Date. Rather it is an element of #$CycUniversalSecond. This assertion is not intended for inference, only for documentation, so the format is a simple one, designed for human readability and for use by internal Cyc functions. The format of SECOND is HHMMSS, so for example, midnight is 000000 (or simply 0), noon is 120000, 3:42:59 pm is 154259, and 11:59:59 pm is 235959. See also #$myCreationTime.", rdfs:label "my creation second" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$topicOfInfoTransfer is used to indicate what a particular communication is about. (#$topicOfInfoTransfer TRANS TOPIC) means that TOPIC is a primary topic of the information communicated in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANS. For example, a result reported after an instance of #$BloodTest will contain information about the #$objectTested (viz., the blood sample); the patient's blood is thus a #$topicOfInfoTransfer of that report.", rdfs:label "topic" Domain: Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "ARG2 is a CycL expression which indicates the meaning of expressions in which the relation ARG1 is the operator (i.e., in which ARG1 is in the 0th argument position). In ARG2, the variables ?arg1, ?arg2, ?arg3, ?arg4, and ?arg5 correspond to the objects in the argument positions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively, in expressions which have ARG1 as the operator.", rdfs:label "relation expansion" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$informStatement ?MT ?PROP) means that the #$ELSentence-Assertible ?PROP is true in the information context ?MT. (An information context here usually means a particular database application of #$Cyc. In these applications, ?PROP is communicated to #$Cyc directly as an explicit #$informStatement, and is not inferred to be true.) Note that (#$informStatement ?mt ?clpe) implies that (#$ist ?mt ?clpe).", rdfs:label "inform statement" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nonDeliberateActors ACT ACTR) means that ACTR has a #$Role in the #$Event ACT but is not acting deliberately. Examples: (1) President #$JohnKennedy was a #$nonDeliberateActors in his assassination; (2) a person is a #$nonDeliberateActors in his/her own autonomic bodily functioning (e.g., heart beating, digesting); (3) Mount #$Vesuvius-Volcano was a #$nonDeliberateActors in the event of its eruption that destroyed Pompeii. #$nonDeliberateActors is a negative specification of the role an actor has in an event; the role of particular #$nonDeliberateActors might be further specified positively, e.g., with #$bodilyActedOn or #$bodilyDoer.", rdfs:label "non deliberate actors" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "", rdfs:label "example assertions" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$propositionsPerceived PERCEIVING PROP) means that in the #$Perceiving event PERCEIVING, the perceiver mentally grasps the proposition(s) PROP. E.g., ten people witness a particular car crash, and yet each one gets their own particular set of propositions which they later can relate to the police; there are ten separate #$Perceivings in this case, and each one has its own unique set of #$propositionsPerceived.", rdfs:label "propositions perceived" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$trajectoryPassesThrough MOVE LOC) means that the #$trajectory-Complete of the #$Translation-SingleTrajectory MOVE passes through LOC, which is an instance of #$SpatialThing-Localized, and thus can be a location, a portal, a river, a path, the equator, etc. More formally, the #$objectMoving which undergoes MOVE from the #$fromLocation to the #$toLocation passes through LOC. Here `passes through LOC' means that the #$objectMoving OBJ both arrives in and leaves LOC. Thus, LOC can not be a super region of any #$fromLocation nor any #$toLocations of MOVE. Otherwise it would be possible to state (#$trajectoryPassesThrough TripToTheStore01 TheUniverse). On the other hand, LOC can be a sub region of some #$toLocation or some #$fromLocation.", rdfs:label "trajectory passes through" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$symmetricPartTypes BIG SMALL) means that every instance of BIG has exactly two, symmetrically positioned, instance of SMALL as parts.", rdfs:label "symmetric part types" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate is used in connection with particular instances of #$EmittingAnObject, to identify the object which `comes out' during the event. (#$objectEmitted EMIT OBJ) means that OBJ is emitted from the #$emitter during the emission event EMIT. The #$objectEmitted is also an #$objectMoving in EMIT. For example, in a particular human #$BirthEvent, some particular #$HumanInfant is an #$objectEmitted.", rdfs:label "emission" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Internal bookkeeping predicate used for keeping track of the category of the task that the creator of a Cyc constant was performing at the time that constant was created. The categories that this predicate takes in the second argument exist for the purpose of internal record keeping; do not confuse them with the official Cycorp billing categories.", rdfs:label "my creation purpose" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(containsCavity OBJ CAV) means that the object OBJ contains the #$Cavity CAV somewhere in it or on its surface. The cavity of a container could be, e.g., the interior of a box with its walls.", rdfs:label "contains cavity" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$subEvents WHOLE PART) means that the event PART is a meaningful part of the event WHOLE. So both WHOLE and PART are elements of #$Event. The predicate #$subEvents can be used to decompose events in time, in space, and/or in other ways. Following a recipe often has this property: the task is broken down into several sub-tasks, some of which happen before others, and some of which happen simultaneously but involve different ingredients. One could also decompose `making dinner' into #$subEvents according to how dangerous they are, which might be useful if one had kids of various ages helping. Often, a more specialized relation than #$subEvents can be used; e.g., if you have subevents that decompose an action in time only, then the more specialized predicate #$subProcesses should be used.", rdfs:label "subevent" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$infoAdded CHANGE INFO) means that in the #$InformationUpdating action, CHANGE, INFO was added to the IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) acted on.", rdfs:label "info added" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$direction-Pointing OBJ DIR) means that the intrinsic pointing axis of OBJ points in the direction DIR (which is described using an instance of #$UnitVectorInterval). Pointing axes may be ascribed to certain objects especially in relation to their function(s); e.g., objects which are intended to indicate direction (e.g., a pointer stick, a compass needle); objects which cause motion in a certain direction (e.g., a gun, a train); objects which are accessed from a certain direction (e.g., cupboards, couches).", rdfs:label "direction - pointing" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$cavityInteriorRegionOf INT OBJ) means that INT is all of the interior space (see #$CavityInteriorRegion) within the #$Cavity or cavities (possibly discontinuous chambers, passages, pockets, bubbles, etc.) that occur inside of OBJ. Instances of #$CavityInteriorRegion, unlike instances of #$CavityWithWalls, do not include the walls of the chamber or passage, just the interior space itself without any of the enclosing walls, panels or membranes. See also #$CavityInteriorRegionFn.", rdfs:label "cavity interior region of" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$containsInformationAbout-Focally IS THING) means that the #$InformationStore IS is generally 'about' THING -- which may be any #$Thing at all. This is a very general notion of aboutness, which does not require that THING be explicitly named in IS, but that it be one of the main topics of IS. Use the more general predicate #$containsInformationAbout to specify that IS contains some information about THING, but that THING is not necessarily a topic [#$topicOfIndividual] of IS.", rdfs:label "contains information about - focally" Range: owl:Thing ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$goals AGT G) means that the #$Agent AGT has the #$Goal G. That is, G is one of their goals. This implies (#$desires AGT G), but #$goals is stronger than #$desires, in that an agent will take action (or at least intend to take action, and plan accordingly) to make their #$goals true, while their #$desires may include things s/he merely wishes were true, but about which s/he has no intention of undertaking action. Additionally, #$goals are generally about the future, whereas #$desires can be about the present, future, or even the past. For further information about goals, see #$Goal and #$goalCategoryForAgent. Also see #$intends.", rdfs:label "purpose" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$amplitudeOfSignal ?WAVE ?AMP) means the distance from the average to the extremes of the signal ?WAVE is ?AMP.", rdfs:label "amplitude of signal" Domain: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$singular WORD STRING) means that STRING is the singular noun form of WORD. For example, the #$singular form of #$Hit-TheWord is `hit'.", rdfs:label "singular" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$moneyTransferMode TRANSACTION TYPE) means that in some particular money transfer TRANSACTION, the #$MoneyTenderType used in that transaction was TYPE, e.g., #$CreditCard, #$Check-TenderObject, etc.", rdfs:label "money transfer mode" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$posForms is used to indicate the different parts of speech that a particular English word has associated with it. (#$posForms WORD POS) means that the #$EnglishWord WORD has a form that can serve as the #$SpeechPart POS. For example, #$Dot-TheWord has forms for both #$SimpleNoun and #$Verb. Forms of a word used for different parts of speech may or may not differ from each other in sound and/or spelling. To find out, or to specify, the string that represents a particular POS form of a specific word, use #$partOfSpeech.", rdfs:label "pos forms" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$controls X Y) represents the assertion that agent X controls the object Y, in one of the following 2 senses: X can influence (prohibit, enable or constrain) the behavior of Y; or else X can at least influence (prohibit, enable or constrain) the behavior of other #$Agents in/concerning Y. For example, Fred may control his horse directly, forcing it to do things, or not do them; and he also could control the horse indirectly, by deciding who else has access to and use of that horse. Control of one agent over another agent is rarely total, of course, so this predicate is most likely to apply to a Y which is a non-living possession, and/or to apply in a very narrow context. X's control over Y is usually either actual (de facto) control or legal (de jure) control. It is usually #$cotemporal, meaning that some time slice of X controls the same time slice of Y.", rdfs:label "controls" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$dailyHighTemperature PLACE TEMP) means that the #$Temperature TEMP is the high temperature for a day at the #$GeographicalRegion PLACE. #$dailyHighTemperature is typically used for a specified period of time (e.g., a particular day or a specific season); it may be used with generic temperature ranges as well as precise temperatures. Examples: using #$holdsIn, we can say that Austin's temperature for 7/20/96 is 102 degrees Fahrenheit; or we can say that for any #$SummerSeason, Austin's [typical] #$dailyHighTemperature is #$VeryHot.", rdfs:label "daily high temperature" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$subOrganizations relates a particular organization to one of its sub-organizations. (#$subOrganizations ORG SUBORG) means SUBORG is a sub-organization of ORG, whether it is at the very next organizational level down, e.g., (#$subOrganizations #$NationalLeague-Baseball #$NationalLeagueEast-Baseball), or several levels down the hierarchy, e.g., (#$subOrganizations #$NationalLeague-Baseball #$NewYorkMets).--Foxvog, Feb 2, 1998", rdfs:label "sub organizations" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Whenever a source is added to a gaf use of a predicate, each of that predicate's #$afterAdding functions is called on that source.", rdfs:label "after adding" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keWeakSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that for every instance INST of COL, it is weakly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED INST VALUE) is known in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke weak suggestion preds" Domain: owl:Class Range: daml:Property ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$hangsAround ?loop ?obj) means that ?loop is a semi-flexible loop, looped around a piece of ?obj. ?loop is supported by gripping friction and/or ?loop's limited ability to elongate as it moves down on ?obj. See also #$hangsFrom.", rdfs:label "hangs around" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$includedInIntervalType SHORTER LONGER) means that for every X which is an instance of SHORTER, there is a Y which is an instance of LONGER such that (#$temporallySubsumes Y X) holds. Note that (#$includedInIntervalType SHORTER LONGER) does not necessarily entail (#$subsumesIntervalType LONGER SHORTER). See also #$subsumesIntervalType.", rdfs:label "included in interval type" Domain: Range: ObjectProperty: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$spectators E AGT) means that in the #$Event E, the #$Agent AGT is an onlooker of E but not actively acting in it in any other way. AGT will observe all or part of E.", rdfs:label "spectator" Domain: Range: DataProperty: guid DataProperty: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of microtheories that are each assumed to include at least one counterfactual assertion: an assertion which is believed to be untrue in the real world. It may be, however, that there is no explicit counterfactual assertion in a given #$CounterfactualContext. In particular, it is not required that there be any explicit contradiction of assertions in the #$genlMts of the #$CounterfactualContext. But intuitively speaking, most adults would be reticent about trusting too strongly in a propositon whose only justification was in a #$CounterfactualContext. All works of fiction relate events that transpire in counterfactual contexts. Examples: #$WorldMythologyMt, #$PaddingtonBearStoriesMt, #$ChristmasMythologyMt.", rdfs:label "counterfactual context" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each instance of #$DefaultDisjointFoodType is a collection of beverages or foodstuffs (a subset of #$Food or #$FoodIngredientOnly). More to the point, this collection-of-collections is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection (qv). So every two instances of #$DefaultDisjointFoodType are either disjoint, or are in a known subset/superset relationship, or have some known (reified) common specialization. Virtually every commonly-named type of food will be an element of this set-of-sets. E.g., the collections #$HotDog, #$ChickenSoup, #$Cocoa-ThePowder, #$Prune, #$ToasterTart, #$MilkPowder, and so on. One could easily define a collection of foodstuff and beverages, such as The-Food-That-Was-Eaten-In-Dallas-Yesterday, that would not be a member of this set-of-sets, but most such collections are not worth naming and keeping around. See the concept #$SiblingDisjointCollection for more information about this sort of arrangement.", rdfs:label "types of food" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all character-denoting terms in the CycL language, which are represented in SubL, the underlying implementation of the CycL system. Example: the term #x.", rdfs:label "sub l character" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Indignation, displeasure, and ill will felt about something regarded as a slight, affront, insult, or indignity. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Resentment are #$Jealousy and #$Envy.", rdfs:label "resentments" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Instances of #$HolidaySeason are events which encompass the activities around a #$Holiday (or group of #$Holidays). The clearest example is #$ChristmasSeason. While the exact boundaries of a #$HolidaySeason may be vague, it is nonethless a useful concept; in fact, much of the usefulness comes from that very fuzziness: it is hard to define exactly, but there are many things worth saying about it.", rdfs:label "holiday seasons" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of syntactically well-formed #$CycLNonAtomicTerms which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These terms 'make enough sense' to be a term in a #$CycLQuery. Denotational terms are not askable themselves. Each instance of this collection involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. #$CycLNonAtomicTerms are also called 'denotational formulas', to be distinguished from 'logical formulas', also known as #$CycLSentences. Note that an instance of #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Askable does not mean that the term must be used in a query; only that it can be used in a query. See #$CycLQuery for more details.", rdfs:label "cyc l non atomic term - askable" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all those #$MathematicalOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation R is a reflexive, transitive and antisymmetric relation on the #$baseSet S of ORDER. R is reflexive on S if and only if for each X in S, R(X X). R is transitive on S if and only if for each X, Y and Z in S, R(X Y) and R(Y Z) imply R(X Z). R is antisymmetric on S if and only if for each X and Y in S, R(X Y) and R(Y X) imply X = Y. For example, if you take a set of #$Lists and take the #$sublists relation restricted to this set, then you have a #$PartialOrdering because #$sublists relation is reflexive, transitive and antisymmetric. Since the ordering relation in each #$PartialOrderings reflexive and transitive, the collection #$PartialOrdering is a subcollection of #$QuasiOrdering. Subcollections of #$PartialOrdering include #$TreeOrdering, #$TotalOrdering and #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic. If you want a #$MathematicalOrdering in which the ordering relation is irreflexive, see #$PartialOrdering-Strict.", rdfs:label "partial ordering" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of centuries that make up the calendar (1900's, 1700's etc.) An example of such a constant in Cyc is #$TheNineteenthCenturyAD", rdfs:label "centuries" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$CotemporalPredicate is the collection of #$Predicates PRED such that whenever a formula (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN) is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of each ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN that is a #$TemporalThing (i.e., that each such ARG temporally subsumes the moment). For example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalPredicate. So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we can conclude (given that Nick and Spot are #$TemporalThings) that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalPredicate. The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington)) doesn't justify the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In general (with the qualifications indicated below), an assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)), with PRED a #$CotemporalPredicate and ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN a #$TemporalThing, licenses the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes ARG TIME). And an assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)) licenses the conclusion (#$temporallyIntersects ARG TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would undermine the conclusion above about temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARG is not a #$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerm; in practice, it almost never is. In order to bar predicates that would otherwise trivially qualify as instances of #$CotemporalPredicate, the argument-type of at least one of the argument-places of a #$CotemporalPredicate PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing (or, more generally, the intersection of the argument-types of at least one of the argument-places of PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing). See also the specialization of #$CotemporalPredicate, #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg.", rdfs:label "cotemporal predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of #$Mixture. Each instance of #$Solution is a #$Mixture of two or more chemically distinct substances. #$Solutions are homogeneous, meaning that the composition at any one point in the #$Mixture is the same as that at any other point. In contrast, a #$Suspension is a #$Mixture in which small discontinuous particles are surrounded by a continuous fluid. The #$solvent of every #$Solution has the #$stateOfMatter #$LiquidStateOfMatter. Thus #$Solutions also normally exhibit the properties of a liquid, since #$solvents are #$mainConstituents. Examples of #$Solutions: seawater, a cup of coffee, a tincture of iodine, some vanilla extract.", rdfs:label "solutions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mathematical objects. Each element of #$Tuple is a complex which contains some number (greater than or equal to 1) of ordered (or otherwise indexed) components (it might be a pair, a triple, etc., or there may be a function from column names into their value domains). For example, #$BloodPressureReading is a specialized subset of #$Tuple; each element of #$BloodPressureReading is an ordered or column-indexed pair (of numbers), in which the first is the systolic reading, the second the diastolic reading. Components of tuples need not be restricted to numbers; for example, the entries in a data base (e.g., my address book) also qualify as tuples, whose components are name, address, phone, email address, etc. A significant subset of #$Tuple is #$NTupleInterval (q.v.), whose elements are tuples consisting of intervals only; e.g., complex numbers, physical vectors. Technically, if the index set for the #$Tuple is the counting numbers in their usual order, then the implied order alone can be used to pick a member of the tuple, and the tuple is in fact a #$List. In the general case, any index set (distinct column names, for example, in a relational database) may be used to index the members of a tuple, not just their order-position numbers.", rdfs:label "tuple" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$IntangibleObjectPredicate is a predicate used in assertions which describe the properties of intangible objects. For example, #$arg3Isa, #$titleOfHeadOfPoliticalParty, #$religionOfRule, #$territoriesControlled.", rdfs:label "intangible object predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$SkolemFuncN is a collection of Cyc system-generated functions that partially implement existential quantifications in Cyc. Whenever someone asserts to Cyc an expression that contains a '#$thereExistAtLeast', a '#$thereExistAtMost', or a '#$thereExistExactly' quantifier, Cyc automatically creates a new element of #$SkolemFuncN and rewrites the assertion using this skolem function instead of that existential quantifier. See also #$termOfUnit. At this time (3/98), skolem functions are automatically named by the Cyc system using the prefix 'SKF-' followed by a number.", rdfs:label "skolem func n" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is a collection of collections. Each #$SocialAttributeType is itself a coherent collection of attributes that pertain to human behavior. This definition is very broad, and embraces attributes of behavior (personal and social) one might read about in a sociology, psychology, cultural anthropology, economics, political science, or social philosophy course -- in short, in the (human) `behavioral' sciences. A more specialized concept is #$SocialStatusAttributeType, which limits the focus to status-related attributes. This is a superset of that, much more general collection which includes, as elements, #$AcquaintanceAttribute, #$InterAgentRelationAttribute, etc., as well as all the elements of #$SocialStatusAttributeType (qv).", rdfs:label "social attribute type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each #$Dusk is a dimly-lit period of time which is #$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and is the #$Event which starts a #$Night.", rdfs:label "dusks" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all animals' respiratory systems. A #$RespiratorySystem is composed of body parts (such as the lungs) of the animal, which together function so as to enable it to breathe. Note: it is generally required that the #$RespiratorySystem (of a #$Vertebrate) work together with the #$CirculatorySystem (qv), as the air is used to supply needed substances to the blood and to remove waste products from the blood.", rdfs:label "respiratory systems" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate is a predicate used in assertions that describe spatiophysical aspects of individual objects. Examples: #$above-Directly, #$physicallyContains, #$touchesDirectly, #$colorOfObject, #$temperatureOfObject, #$spans-Bridgelike.", rdfs:label "physical feature describing predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all boats usually powered by motors (including in-board and out-board motors). If a boat is primarily a #$Sailboat, but has a back-up motor to use when becalmed or piloting, that is not enough to make it a Motorboat. To be more precise, this collection is the intersection of #$Watercraft-Surface, #$InternalCombustionPoweredDevice and #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle.", rdfs:label "motorboats" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs). Each element of #$ArtObject is a tangible object that is a work, or a reproduction of a work, in one of the representational or plastic arts, such as a painting, sculpture, ceramic piece, quilt, stained glass composition, etc. #$ArtObject does NOT include plays, movies, music, performance art, or other activities. #$ArtObject is a subset of #$InformationBearingObject, but its elements need not have propositional content, although they may. Examples of #$ArtObject: the #$StatueOfLiberty, the Mona Lisa, a poster reproduction of Van Gogh's `Starry Night', Rodin's `Burghers of Calais', a piece of Ju ware from the Sung Dynasty, the windows of Chartres Cathedral, a series of prints by Picasso.", rdfs:label "works of art" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of actions in which a device goes from one state (the #$fromState) to another state (the #$toState). A change of #$DeviceState may be due to an outside #$Agent adjusting a device, or it may happen automatically due to the behavior of a device. The two most general state changes (for powered devices) are from #$DeviceOn to #$DeviceOff, and vice versa. Many other states peculiar to specific devices can be identified; for example, the states of a #$Dishwasher: #$DeviceState-Washing and #$DeviceState-Rinsing; or the states that a trapping device may be in: #$TrapArmed, #$TrapTripped, #$TrapIdle. Note that a change in the state of a device is an intrinsic change in the device; i.e., #$ChangingDeviceState is a subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent.", rdfs:label "changes of device state" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element in the collection #$MakingAnAgreement is an event in which two or more parties specify the terms of an #$Agreement to which they will be #$agreeingAgents, and enter into it. Some types of #$MakingAnAgreement include its subsets #$EngagementEventPart-BecomingEngaged, #$EmployeeHiring, #$DeclaringCeaseFire, and #$MakingAReservation.", rdfs:label "agreement-making events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all directed simple graphs, i.e., node-and-link structure in which every link has one direction and no multiple links (between a pair of nodes) or loops are allowed, as studied in graph theory. This is the intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and #$DirectedMultigraph, which is the same as the intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and #$DirectedPathSystem.", rdfs:label "directed graph" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Animal appendages used for locomotion overland, supporting the animal and moving it along by walking, running, etc. Thus wings, fins, etc., are not #$Legs. The #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart is considered part of the #$Leg", rdfs:label "legs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of activities in which an #$Animal agent moves a part of its own body, whether consciously and intentionally or reflexively. #$BodyMovementEvent includes subsets such as #$TakingAStep, #$BlockingAPunch, #$Hiccoughing, and #$BlinkingOnesEyes.", rdfs:label "body movements" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of places; a subset of #$ContactLocation. Each element of #$BillingLocation is a location to which invoices are sent. For most private individuals, their billing location is their home address.", rdfs:label "billing locations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$FluidTangibleThing is a tangible thing that flows, including gases, liquids, and semisolid and granular tangible things which are #$Pourable (e.g., sand, see also #$GranularFluid). Examples: the AirInAustin, #$LakeErie, the snow drifted in my driveway, the sand on the beach at Hippie Hollow, mercury in the thermometer on the balcony. Note that the granules of a granular #$FluidTangibleThing are not necessarily themselves #$FluidTangibleThings. Cf. #$LiquidTangibleThing.", rdfs:label "fluid tangible thing" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Instances of #$QualitativeTimeOfDay are #$Events, not just #$TimeIntervals. They are celestial events such as instances of #$Dawn, #$Morning, #$Evening, etc. On #$PlanetEarth, each of these is of course synchronized with the daily cycle of the calendar, but its absolute timing (#$startingPoint and #$endingPoint) depends on the season and the observer's location on the planet's surface.", rdfs:label "times of day" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of processes in which an animal moves from one place to another by its own power. A #$LocomotionProcess-Animal is an activity considered as a #$TemporalStuffType, in which any time-slice of the activity can also be considered an instance of that activity. Subsets of #$LocomotionProcess-Animal include: #$AnimalWalkingProcess, #$Brachiating, #$Climbing, #$WheelchairLocomotionEvent, #$Boring-Locomotion, etc.", rdfs:label "locomotion processes" SubClassOf: , Class: UnitVector-Precise Class: PhysicalAttribute Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which, by means of vibratory sensors, a #$PerceptualAgent #$hears something that is causing (or consisting of) sound waves, and thereby acquires information about it. See also: #$ListeningDeliberately, the subset of #$Hearing events in which the aural stimulus is intentionally attended to.", rdfs:label "hearing" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$AudioCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne information between two (or more) agents; e.g., talking, clapping, or performing music.", rdfs:label "audio-communicating events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subcollection of #$StrictlyMentalEvent, i.e., those involving intentional mental activity on the part of at least one performer (see #$performedBy). Solving a math problem, planning an attack, performing a thought experiment are all examples of #$PurposefulMentalActivity. However, daydreaming or having undesired obsessive thoughts are not examples. A borderline example might be arriving at the solution to a math problem in one's sleep after intentionally working on the problem during the previous day.", rdfs:label "purposeful mental activity" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of artifacts; a subset of #$FixedStructure and of #$HumanShelterConstruction. An instance of #$Building is typically a substantial structure and must have walls and a roof, with rooms inside or at least some area designed to be occupied by humans (but not necessarily as a residence). Examples include the Empire State Building, Michael Jackson's house in L.A., King Arthur's castle, an #$AircraftHangar at O'Hare, a #$Lighthouse in the Mediterranean sea, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC, etc.", rdfs:label "buildings" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each #$TemperatureChangingProcess is an #$Event which has, as one of its significant effects, changing the #$Temperature of some object. E.g., #$CookingFood is a subset of this collection. A particular event in which somone uses a soldering iron to connect a resistor to a circuit board would be an element of this collection. Note that a change in temperature is one of the kinds of intrinsic change which an object can undergo; i.e., #$TemperatureChangingProcess is a subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent.", rdfs:label "temperature changes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mathematical objects, which are the #$LogicalConnectives used to express exceptions to rules. Elements include #$exceptWhen and #$exceptFor.", rdfs:label "exception relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$AnnualClimateCycle is an extended event, one year in length, which encompasses #$subEvents describing the changing of the seasons. Subsets include #$TemperateClimateCycle, #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle, etc. See also the comments on #$ClimateCycleType, #$hasClimateType.", rdfs:label "climates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$Titles, such as Mr., Ms., Mrs., Miss, Dr., etc., which precede names in Anglo-American addressing custom.", rdfs:label "courtesy title" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which some sort of damage is incurred to a person or property.", rdfs:label "instances of incurring damage" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all modal auxiliary verbs. Modals have only tensed forms, do not inflect for person and number, and can take contracted negation. Example: `should'.", rdfs:label "modal" Class: SharedNote Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of temporal slices (#$subAbstrac) of persons. Each element of #$UnitedStatesPresident is a person who holds the office of #$UnitedStatesPresident under the Constitution. Examples: #$BillClinton from January 1993 through the present (January 1998); #$RichardNixon from January 1969 till his resignation in 1974; #$LyndonJohnson from November 1963 until January 1969. John Hansen and others who held the title under the Articles of Confederation, are not included in this collection. Although ex-U.S. Presidents have, in recent journalistic practice, tended to retain the title `President', although those individuals are no longer members of the collection #$UnitedStatesPresident after they leave office.", rdfs:label "United States presidents" SubClassOf: , , , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike things. Example: 'water'. This collection also includes proper mass nouns like 'Pepsi', agentive mass nouns like 'moisturizer', etc.", rdfs:label "mass noun - generic" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Transaction is the collection of events performed by #$Agents cooperating (willingly) under some #$Agreement, each performing actions in exchange for the actions of the other. Note: Attack/counterattack in warfare is not a #$Transaction. Neither is fortuitous cooperation without agreement, such as a set of investors who, unknown to each other, all buy the same stock almost at once, and end up driving its price up. On the other hand, if you see agents acting to mutual benefit, it's not a bad strategy to guess that there is some agreement between them. Note: The word 'transaction' often means an exchange of user rights (to goods and/or money) between agents; see #$ExchangeOfUserRights for that concept. #$Transaction is a more general concept, and is a superset of #$ExchangeOfUserRights.", rdfs:label "transactions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all intrinsic axes of objects (where those objects can be either spatially localized or abstract), being the conventional or obvious axes depending on shape, movement or function of the object. For example, for a chest-of-drawers, the intrinsic axes are top-to-bottom, side-to-side, and front-to-back. See also #$AxisFn. Each intrinsic axis is a direction relative to the object's orientation.", rdfs:label "intrinsic axis of object" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of configurations; a subset of #$VisualInformationSource. Each element of #$Gesture is a configuration of animal body parts that has some meaning to an observer with an understanding of the interpretive convention. A gesture may include some tool or prop. Gestures may be fleeting (e.g., a hello wave) or may last a long time (e.g., the gesture embodied in the #$StatueOfLiberty). Note that, as defined in Cyc, a gesture is a meaningful configuration of body parts, NOT the actions producing the arrangement; for representation of the actions, see #$MakingAGesture.", rdfs:label "gestures" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each #$ReligiousHoliday is a #$Holiday which is specified by some religious tradition. Note that individuals may observe or otherwise participate in a #$ReligiousHoliday without being members of the associated #$Religion.", rdfs:label "religious holidays" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all dresses, a kind of women's clothing", rdfs:label "dresses" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$CycLAssertions which have a #$Predicate as their operator. Excludes assertions with logical operators in the arg0 position.", rdfs:label "cyc l atomic assertion" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all animals' skeletal systems. A #$SkeletalSystem is a system of body parts used to support, separate, and protect the other parts of the body, especially the torso and the soft, vulnerable internal organs of the animal. It can be an external #$Exoskeleton (see also: #$Shell-AnimalBodyPart) or an internal interlinking of numerous parts composed of #$Bone-BodyPart and #$Cartilage.", rdfs:label "skeletons" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttributes that express how hungry an #$Animal is (e.g., #$Hungry, #$NotHungry, #$Starving). These #$LevelOfHunger attributes are the first argument to the predicate #$hungerLevelOf (q.v.).", rdfs:label "hungers" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$PositiveNumber is a subset of #$RealNumber. Each instance of #$PositiveNumber is a #$RealNumber that is #$greaterThan zero; thus, it includes 42 and 0.17 but not 0 or -5.", rdfs:label "positive number" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of the atomic data belonging to the CycL substrate of the Cyc System. Elements of #$SubLAtom cannot be decomposed (e.g., a symbol).", rdfs:label "Cyc system atoms" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights. In an instance of #$BorrowingSomething, an #$Agent takes temporary control of something, usually with the permission of its owner(s). Generally, the lending agent expects the borrowing agent to use the object for one of its normal functions (#$intendedBehaviorCapable).", rdfs:label "borrowing events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all temporal intervals marking times of the day. This includes the twenty-four clock hours, and also longer and shorter pieces of time.", rdfs:label "time of day" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A set of predicates describing possible relations between text constituents. These predicates are roughly adopted from work in Rhetorical Structure Theory (Mann & Thompson) and the SENSUS ontology (Hovy). Typically, these relations serve as necessary coherence links between segments of a text.", rdfs:label "r s t relation" Class: TruthValue Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Animal brains. An individual #$Brain is an #$Organ which controls most bodily movement, receives sensory input from the body and objects outside the body, and in which the mind operates, being the locus for all #$MentalSituations.", rdfs:label "brains" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$UnaryFunction is the subset of #$Function-Denotational whose elements take only a single argument.", rdfs:label "unary function" SubClassOf: , Class: LogicalConnective Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of syntactically and semantically well-formed #$CycLExpressions. The name 'Assertible' derives from #$CycLSentence-Assertible, but instances of #$CycLExpression-Assertible are not necessarily assertible into the KB unless they are also instances of #$CycLSentence-Assertible.", rdfs:label "cyc l expression - assertible" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subcollection of #$OrganizationalTransfer such that elements necessarily have some thing which becomes the member of the 'to organization'. Exemplars include hiring someone to a company, pledging a fraternal organization, admitting a nation to NATO. The event of leaving one organization to join another is also an element of #$OrganizationalTransferIn as well as #$OrganizationalTransferOut. Negative exemplars include layoffs, expulsions, and excommunications which do not involve 'from organizations'.", rdfs:label "organizational transfer in" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of places where people customarily work (not the employing organizations). #$Workplace includes offices, restaurant buildings, construction sites, agricultural sites, the #$SpaceNeedle, etc. Some places may be #$Workplaces only during a small part of their existence (a piece of residential property while the house is being built, perhaps); some may almost always be #$Workplaces (grocery store buildings, office buildings, smithies, hospitals, etc.).", rdfs:label "workplaces" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A soldier who is in the Marines.", rdfs:label "marines" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of indexed terms in the HL language, used by the internals of Cyc. All these terms have special indexing support in Cyc's inference engine. Indexed terms are currently (September 2000) constants, NARTs, and assertions.", rdfs:label "h l indexed term" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Those instances of both #$ArgTypeBinaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlAttributePredicate used to specify the required attribute of an argument of #$Relation. Each instance PRED of this collection is a binary predicate with the following properties: ARG1 is an instance of #$Relation, and ARG2 is an instance of #$AttributeValue. (PRED ARG1 ARG2) means that some argument of ARG1 is constrained to be a spec attribute of ARG2, where PRED determines the argument place in question.", rdfs:label "arg genl attribute binary predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible substances; a subset of #$TangibleThing. Every instance of #$ElementStuff is a piece of tangible stuff, composed of a quantity of atoms, all of which are of the same chemical element. That is, every atom in an individual piece of #$ElementStuff has the same number of protons in its atomic nucleus as does every other atom in that piece. For example, all pieces of carbon are instances of #$ElementStuff. All pieces of two of #$Carbon's subsets, #$Diamond and #$Graphite, also are instances of #$ElementStuff. On the other hand, instances of #$Water, because they are constituted of both (some) #$Hydrogen and (some) #$Oxygen atoms, do not belong to the collection #$ElementStuff.", rdfs:label "chemical elements" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$Buying. An instance of #$SaleByCreditCard is a purchase in which the #$buyer makes payment using some element of #$CreditCard (the set of all credit cards). Note: This is different from instances of #$CreditSale (q.v.), in which the #$seller (rather than the credit card company) extends credit to the customer.", rdfs:label "credit card sales" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all pronouns. Pronouns are indexicals which can replace nouns. Example: `she'.", rdfs:label "pronouns" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information transfer events. Each element of #$IBTGeneration is an event which creates some information-bearing thing--thus, an event in which some idea or information is expressed. In elements of #$IBTGeneration, the particular IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing) which is created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g., made of sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting instance of #$InformationBearingObject (cf. #$IBOCreation). Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language, gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for elements of #$IBTGeneration whether there is another agent who immediately (or, indeed, ever) accesses the resulting IBTs. Note the difference: reading is NOT an IBT generation event, but writing (usually) is. IBTs may be generated intentionally or unintentionally. Also, every communication act starts with an instance of #$IBTGeneration. See also: #$Communicating and its subsets, esp. #$CommunicationAct-Single.", rdfs:label "generations of an Information Bearing Thing" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of devices. One can classify devices according to how many simultaneous users they typically have. An instance of #$Device-SingleUser is any device that typically has/requires exactly one (i.e., one and only one) user. A screwdriver (an instance of #$Screwdriver) is a #$Device-SingleUser, but a grand piano (an instance of #$GrandPiano) is not. A borderline non-example is a car --- although only one person operates it, several can `use' it at once, i.e. derive the value of its primary function which is transportation. So a car is not a #$Device-SingleUser. A borderline example is a telephone -- although it requires two or more users (each on telephones) for meaningful use, each phone generally has just one user at a time. So a telephone is a #$Device-SingleUser but a telephone-circuit is not.", rdfs:label "single-user devices" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$MusclePoweredDevice is a device which is powered by animal muscle power (including human labor); e.g., hammers, horse-drawn carriages, etc.", rdfs:label "muscle powered devices" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$ConceptualWorks. Each element of #$Map can be properly interpreted, models a region of physical space which may be many times greater or smaller than its own size by using graphical symbols (or possibly another code), often in conjunction with a natural language, to represent features of one or more of the following kinds: geographical areas (#$GeographicalRegion), topographical features (#$TopographicalFeature), political regions (#$GeopoliticalEntity), climate zones (#$ClimateCycleType), human artifacts (#$ConstructionArtifact), population densities (#$populationDensity), etc. Maps are generally intended to help an agent to orient itself in space or to understand some aspect(s) of a large spatial area. #$Maps are physically instantiated in map copies, which may be on paper, in computerized geographical information systems, or in other forms.", rdfs:label "maps" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all trains, the transportation devices that run on #$Railways and consist of multiple #$TrainCars coupled together.", rdfs:label "trains" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of taxonomic subdivisions directly under #$BiologicalPhylum (for animals and for the animal-like organisms in the #$ProtistaKingdom), or #$BiologicalDivision (for the plants and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom).", rdfs:label "classes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Elements of the collection #$Format are attributes that are used to constrain the multi-valued nature of a #$Predicate. Consider a predicate PRED which takes five arguments, and fix any four of those arguments -- say arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. The number of different legal values there can be for the third argument (given that we've already chosen the other four) is determined by which #$Format attribute has been specified for the 3rd argument place of PRED.. (1) If the #$arg3Format for PRED is #$SingleEntry, then there can be at most one single term that's legal (and thus at most one assertion), for those given values of arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. To illustrate, let's consider a predicate with a lower #$arity, say (#$mother CHILD MOM), which says that the mother of CHILD is MOM. The #$arg2Format for #$mother should be #$SingleEntry, since an animal can have only one biological mother. (2) If the #$arg3Format of PRED is #$SetTheFormat, then there may be any number of assertions with different terms in the third argument position, but sharing the same values for arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. E.g., the #$arg1Format for #$mother should be #$SetTheFormat, since a female can have multiple children. (3) If the #$arg3Format of PRED is #$IntervalEntry, then there may be multiple assertions sharing the values of 1, 2, 4, and 5, but with different terms in the 3rd argument; however, all the values for the 3rd argument must be overlapping elements of #$ScalarInterval (q.v.). E.g., the height of a person might be specified in several ways, with slightly different margins of error (or approximation), which is fine, but all those alternate values had better have SOME overlap since the person really just has one particular true height at any given time.", rdfs:label "format" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mathematical objects; a subset of #$NTupleInterval. For a measurable quantity, the ordered sequence of possible values may be thought of as a line. Each element of #$ScalarInterval is a line segment (or point) on such a line, representing a range of consecutive values. The most common case is where the line is just the real number line, and the scalar interval is either a contiguous set of points there (i.e., a range of numbers) or just a single point there (i.e., a single #$RealNumber). Another common case is where the line has some unit of measure marked off, such as meters. In relation to the latter kind of interval, see also #$UnitOfMeasure.--Nichols, Feb 21, 1997", rdfs:label "quantities" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all roofs of structures which are instances of #$HumanShelterConstruction. Like instances of #$Wall-Vertical, instances of #$RoofOfAConstruction may be considered as having one or two sides; the 'inner' side of a roof may or may not qualify as a #$CeilingOfARoom. It is understood that one and only one side of a #$RoofOfAConstruction is 'exposed to the elements.'", rdfs:label "roofs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all embassies, the official diplomatic representations of a country A in a foreign country B. Not to be confused with the buildings in which such offices are hosted. See #$Embassy-TheBuilding.", rdfs:label "embassies" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geographical regions; a subset of #$HumanResidenceArea. Each element of #$UrbanArea is a region that has urban features. Elements of #$UrbanArea can be as small as an urban neighborhood, or as big as, say, the New York City Metropolitan Area. By default, urbanness is an intrinsic property of such areas; i.e., every subregion of an element of #$UrbanArea is also an instance of #$UrbanArea. Examples: #$UTAustinCampus, #$WestlakeHills, #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfToulouseFrance, #$CityOfMurmanskRussia, #$CityOfTaipeiTaiwan, #$ResearchTrianglePark.", rdfs:label "urban areas" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative degrees of exhaustion that an animal may feel. Note that this predicate is NOT properly used for any other purpose (e.g., to describe metal fatigue, or the depletion of natural resources, or the gradual inhibition that a single cell devlops to repeated stimuli, etc., even though in English the words `exhaustion' and `fatigue' have those meanings.) This is a good example of how Cyc's internal representation must, and does, disambiguate different concepts even though they might be metaphors for each other, and even though those distinct meanings might be mixed together at a word level in a natural language like English.", rdfs:label "exhaustion" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of mathematical sets. An element of #$Set-Mathematical can be any arbitrary set, including sets whose members have nothing in common. In contrast, the members of an instance of #$Set-Mathematical's sibling #$Collection (q.v.) all have some important, natural properties in common. Sets and collections also differ in that there cannot exist two distinct sets that have exactly the same elements. A third point of contrast between sets and collections is that rarely will it be desirable to create a new constant to refer to a set. Instead, a set will either be intensionally specified by a defining property, using #$TheSetOf, as in (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$likesAsFriend Lenat ?X)), or extensionally specified by listing its elements, using #$TheSet, as in (#$TheSet 3 4 5). (In certain cases, a set will be extensionally specified by means of one of the more specialized functions #$ThePartition or #$TheCovering. See #$partitionedInto and #$covering.)", rdfs:label "sets" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$LandTransportationDevice is a device used for transportation on land. Subsets of #$LandTransportationDevice include the collections #$Automobile, #$Snowmobile, #$TrainCar, #$HorseCarriage, #$BabyCarriage, #$Bicycle, #$SkateBoard, and more.", rdfs:label "land vehicles" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of edible stuff. Each element of #$FoodAndDrink is a substance which instances of some spec of #$Organism-Whole normally consume a significant part of. Thus (#$genls STUFF #$FoodAndDrink) means it is normal for instances of STUFF to be eaten or drunk. Instances of #$FoodAndDrink need not be in the state they typically are in when they are eaten, but they must be in an edible state. For substances that constitute normal food or drink for a particular spec of #$Organism-Whole (e.g. #$Person), use #$FoodOrDrinkForFn.", rdfs:label "items of food or drink" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$TernaryFunction is the collection of all Cyc functions which take three arguments.", rdfs:label "ternary function" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$Animal; the collection of animals that change their dwelling place on a periodic, typically seasonal basis. Such behavior is usually characteristic of particular types of #$BiologicalSpecies.", rdfs:label "migratory animals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "People who can prescribe medications. Doctors are prescribers, as well as osteopaths and nurse-practitioners.", rdfs:label "prescriber" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of binary predicates; a specialization of #$Role. Each element of #$SubProcessSlot relates one instance of #$Event to a second instance of #$Event that is in some way a part of the first. Examples: #$subEvents, #$inPreparationFor, #$manufacturingSteps, #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip.", rdfs:label "sub process slots" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Concrete is a piece of an artificial mixture of cement, gravel, sand, and (during mixture, pouring, and forming) water. Used widely in construction, pieces of concrete are formed into the desired shape while fluid and afterward hardened into a sturdy, durable material. Examples: bridge pilings, foundations of houses, sidewalks, pieces of IH-35.", rdfs:label "concrete" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The fighting of two or more armies through the use of weapons. The same as doing battle.", rdfs:label "warz" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Negative, self-accusatory feeling of responsibility and blameworthiness for having caused harm by a past action, usually with conscious intent. Note that this is not `guilty vs. innocent', but rather the feeling of guiltiness. An unremorseful killer, though guilty (as opposed to innocent) of the murder, may not feel any #$Guilt (i.e., guiltiness) about it. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "guilt" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which one or more objects decompose more or less completely. See also the more general concept #$DecompositionProcess, in whose instances objects at least partially decompose.", rdfs:label "decompose" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of party events and other similar celebrations such as baby showers. #$Persons gather intentionally at a location in order to communicate or share some experience, and to enjoy themselves, but (unlike a #$MeetingTakingPlace) business is rarely transacted at a #$Party-Celebration, or at least is beside the official point of the party. Note: as with most collection worth naming, there are borderline cases here; e.g., Tupperware parties.", rdfs:label "parties" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all surfaces (including #$Surface-Abstract and #$Surface-Physical); each is a #$SpatialThing that has extent in at least two dimensions, but either does not have a thickness (i.e. a two dimensional object) or has an insignificant thickness compared with its length and width (Note: if the object is a closed surface, e.g. an apple skin, any significant sub region must have insignificant thickness compared to its length and width). Surfaces may be two or three dimensional, tangible or intangible. Such a surface may be curved, folded, crumpled, or flat. Thus a Euclidian two dimensional disc, a dinner plate, a crumpled sheet of paper, the top of a desk, a ribbon, and a basket ball's skin are exemplars of a #$Surface-Generic. They may be spatially connected or not spatially connected. Thus, both a frisbee and the Milky Way galaxy (as it appears in the sky) are examples. Negative exemplars include an entire basket ball (i.e. its skin plus the cavity inside), a planet, and a euclidian solid sphere. All of these are negative exemplars because thickness is not significantly smaller than length and width. If an object has an #$areaOfObject it must be a #$Surface-Generic. If the object `has two sides' (e.g. a sheet of paper, a frisbee, but not #$Texas-State or an #$InsideSurface of a cave or room. (See #$OneSidedVsTwoSidedObjectNote.) The areas on either side of a #$Surface-Generic are equal.", rdfs:label "surface - generic" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of all structures that are composed of one or more living cells (see #$Cell). Biological living objects (BLOs) may be either elements of #$Organism-Whole (like dogs or pine trees) or are components of such whole organisms (like noses, tails, and pine needles). The healthy leg of a living person is a BLO (as is the person), but an amputated leg is not a BLO. Every element of #$BiologicalLivingObject is either capable of biological reproduction itself or has components which are capable of biological reproduction (such as the cells in a living arm).", rdfs:label "living things" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of days that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its elements is Thursday, August 1, 1996.", rdfs:label "days" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of common bodily movements (e.g., walking, jumping) in which the whole body is involved in the movement.", rdfs:label "simple whole body movement" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of places. Each element of #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject is a place that humans occupy, not restricted to (though including) the interiors of things built by humans, such as houses, office buildings, and ships. #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject also extends to campsites, caves, villages, and towns. Examples: Doug Lenat's house, North Austin, the Five Boroughs of New York, Minnesota, the Vatican, an Antarctic research station, and (briefly) the Moon.", rdfs:label "objects or locations inhabited by humans" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent antisymmetric relations. A predicate F is an element of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and, if both (F X Y) and (F Y X) hold, then X=Y, for every X,Y within the domain and range of F. For example, #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, #$compatibleBloodTypes. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.", rdfs:label "anti symmetric binary predicate" SubClassOf: daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$ConceptualWorks which are executable pieces of information. Each element of #$Instructions outlines a sequence of tasks to be performed, such as instructions on a food package, verbal instructions, a musical score, etc.", rdfs:label "instructions" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The legal document in which a doctor authorizes a patient to purchase a certain amount of a drug and take it according to some specified schedule.", rdfs:label "prescriptions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Instances of #$ComplexTemporalRelation are predicates used to interrelate instances of #$TemporalThing in time. Some of them (e.g., #$startsAfterEndingOf) make statements about the relationship of the beginning and/or end of their first argument to the beginning and/or end of their second argument. One can think of this as an interval-based theory of time. Some of them (e.g., #$temporallyIntersects and #$temporallySubsumes) make statements about the relationship of the entire set of points that is their first argument to the entire set of points that is their second argument. One can think of this as a set-theoretic theory of time.", rdfs:label "complex temporal relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$AccountType is a collection of financial accounts of some type. Examples: #$SavingsAccount, #$CreditCardAccount, #$RetirementAccount, #$SocialSecurityAccount, #$TravelExpenseAccount. Typically, accounts are denominated in units of #$Money.", rdfs:label "account type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each instance of this collection is a 3-month-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances will be things like Fiscal3rdQuarterOf1995ForCycorp.", rdfs:label "fiscal quarter" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of situations in which one or more #$Agents are striving to be the sole exemplar of some high value judgement, or the highest value along some comparative or metric scale. Arm wrestling, football, fighting for prey, competitive courting, racing, rodeo events, etc. are examples. See also #$competitionExpr. Note: `striving' may be a bit of overstatement, as sometimes the competitors may even be unaware that a competition has been going on until after it is over, such as the first year a `Best Restaurant in Austin' award is given out.", rdfs:label "competitions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all traversals of paths and networks. A traversal is a trace of a pathway along pre-existing #$Path-Generics. It is the 'path-representation' of certain actual trajectories (instances of #$Trajectory) that are confined to paths. Different actual trajectories may have the same traversal; to see this, consider two cars driving along a block of 10th St. The actual car movements have different trajectories -- say, one drove straight while the other switched lanes many times. The two different trajectories are both characterized by the same traversal of that block of 10th Street. A traversal of a network of paths can be represented by (#$TraversalFn CHAIN) where CHAIN is a #$PathChain. We may choose to use a more detailed representation of the traversal, i.e., use a #$PathChain made of more, but shorter, paths. For example, we may use several paths to replace a cycle in CHAIN if we want to be clear about the direction in that part of the traversal, or we may have to replace a path in CHAIN by several 'shorter' paths if we want to preserve the fact that the object moved backward at a small part of PATH and then resumed its original direction. In summary, a traversal is a constraint on a trajectory and a characterization of it in terms of traversing pre-existing #$Path-Generics. Technically, a #$Traversal from A to B can be expressed as (#$TraversalFn CHAIN) where CHAIN is a #$PathChain such that the first item in CHAIN is A and the last is B (we can assert: (#$traversalFrom (#$TraversalFn CHAIN) A) and (#$traversalTo (#$TraversalFn CHAIN) B)). Related constants include #$TraversalFn, #$traversalFrom, #$traversalTo, #$pointOnTraversal, #$subTraversals, #$traversalPassesThrough, #$traversalInSystem, etc. Note that a #$Traversal, unlike a #$Path-Generic, can cross itself, i.e., can 'pass through' a point on it many times. (Mathematically: given a #$PathSystem or #$CustomarySystemOfLinks, a #$Traversal of it is a directed path that has a homomorphism into that system.)", rdfs:label "paths" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of microtheories. Each element of #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory is a context in which to state the propositional content of a particular visual representation. Visual representations include paintings, photographs, digitized images, moving pictures, statues, etc. For example, a visual representation microtheory of the #$StatueOfLiberty would include such assertions as `a woman holds up a torch in her right hand', `the woman is dressed in a neo-Classical robe', etc.; it would NOT include such information as, e.g., the #$StatueOfLiberty is made of copper or the #$StatueOfLiberty is in New York harbor.", rdfs:label "visual representation microtheory" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$TangibleProduct. Each element of #$ConsumableProduct is a product of which any portion can be used only once. A portion of a #$ConsumableProduct is `used up', i.e., destroyed or transformed into an unusable or waste form, during normal use. Note: `consumable' here does not necessarily mean consumed by mouth; the consumption may be any use of the product.", rdfs:label "consumable products" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$AstronomicalObject is an object of interest to astronomers, which includes the Earth along with other objects in outer space. Some, but not all, elements of #$AstronomicalObject belong to #$CelestialObject, the collection of heavenly bodies visible from earth. Examples: #$Polaris-TheStar, the #$Sun, #$PlanetSaturn. See also: #$HeavenlyBody.", rdfs:label "astronomical objects" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of structures which are typically found and formed as parts of #$Cells. This covers components of both #$EukaryoticCells and #$ProkaryoticCells. It includes organelles, vesicles, cell walls, extracellular matrix, plasma membranes, receptors, cellular humours, microtubules, etc.", rdfs:label "cell parts" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of measurable intervals; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$IntervalOnNumberLine is an interval on the real number line; for example, the interval described by `numbers greater than zero and less than or equal to 10'. A common special case of such intervals is that of a single point on that line, viz., a number such as five or 125. Note that such an interval need not be contiguous; e.g., `even numbers between Pi and the square root of 1000' describes a legitimate element of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. The collection #$RealNumber is a subset of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. The elements of #$IntervalOnNumberLine are measured by elements of #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure, e.g., units or percentages. See also #$Unity, #$Percent, #$UnitOfMeasure.", rdfs:label "intervals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Employee works directly for some business. Disjoint with #$SelfEmployedWorker.", rdfs:label "employees" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of involuntary bodily movements, those movements in which an #$Animal's body does the action automatically -- the agent's consent doesn't enter into it. Subsets of #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement include #$Heartbeating, #$Sneezing, #$Snoring, etc.", rdfs:label "involuntary body movements" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each element of #$AnimalSound is a sound of a type which originally was, and typically is, made by an animal using just its body parts (though such a sound may subsequently have been reproduced by imitation or recording). For example, instances of #$Birdsong, #$NeighingSound, #$PurringSound, #$BarkingSound, #$BrayingSound. Note that the restriction to sounds produced by body parts alone excludes noises produced by moving external objects; i.e., #$AnimalSound does NOT include rustling the leaves underfoot, splashing water, or playing a musical instrument.", rdfs:label "animal sounds" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A cloud of particles of liquid or solid water in the atmosphere covering a #$GeographicalRegion.", rdfs:label "cloud of h 2 o" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is the set of all calendar seasons. Four of its largest subsets are #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn", rdfs:label "calendar seasons" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$TimeInterval is a subset of #$TemporalThing. Each #$TimeInterval can be characterized fully just by specifying its temporal attributes. Anything which has a temporal extent is an instance of #$TemporalThing, but if that is essentially ALL that it has, then it is also a #$TimeInterval. In this respect #$TimeInterval and #$SpaceRegion are similar; they both can be used to talk about time and space as 'dimensions'. For example, `the year 1967' is a just a #$TimeInterval: although many interesting things happened during that year, the year itself is completely defined by its temporal extent. `Neil Armstrong Walking on the Moon' is an #$Event, not a #$TimeInterval, since it would be defined by many non-temporal assertions. And of course, `Neil Armstrong' is a #$SomethingExisting, not a #$TimeInterval, but like all instances of #$SomethingExisting, he does have temporal extent and is therefore a #$TemporalThing. One could, in principle, separately reify (name) the #$TimeInterval which is the period of existence of any #$SomethingExisting, or the period of time during which any #$Event occurred, but in practice that is rarely useful. Since they all have an implicit #$TimeInterval associated with them, any predicates which one might apply to time intervals can also be applied to a football game, a football, etc. E.g., we can talk about the #$startingPoint of a football game, or for that matter the #$startingPoint of the football itself (the moment of its creation).", rdfs:label "periods of time" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The class of functions which return one member of a symmetric relation. This class consists of #$LeftFn and #$RightFn.", rdfs:label "symmetry member function" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all the entire top sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces up.", rdfs:label "tops" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The set of all documents that provide a more or less non-speculative, `fact-oriented,' comprehensive description of some knowledge domain.", rdfs:label "reference works" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute is a physical attribute that determines or describes the structure of a tangible object. These attributes are qualitative, not measurable; in that way, they are unlike those described by the elements of #$Density, #$Mass, #$Elasticity, #$ThermalConductivity, and other attributes which belong to #$ScalarInterval. Examples of #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute: #$Granular, #$Powdery, #$Paste-Form, #$Brittle, #$Collapsible, #$Hollow, #$Woven, #$Burnt. An individual object's #$PhysicalStructuralAttributes are indicated with the predicate #$physicalStructuralAttributes.", rdfs:label "physical structural attributes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A #$TimePoint is a piece of time which has an infinitely small duration. In Cyc's basic representation of time, all time is like an infinite straight line, and any #$TimePoint is like a point on that line. Many temporal attributes of a #$TemporalThing may be described in terms of time points; e.g., its #$startingPoint. A #$TimePoint can also be contextual, such as #$Now.", rdfs:label "time point" SubClassOf: Class: Time-Quantity Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$CapacityAttribute is an attribute representing a specific capacity in which an agent does an action. For example, an action might be done as an agent's job (#$JobCapacity) or hobby (#$HobbyCapacity), as its main function (#$MainFunction) or an auxiliary function (#$SupportFunction).", rdfs:label "capacity attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Volume is an amount of three-dimensional space occupied by one or more three-dimensional objects. Elements of #$Volume may be either a fixed interval, such as the volume of a five-gallon aquarium, or a range, such as 'fits in a bread box'. See #$UnitOfVolume for the units used by Cyc to measure volumes.", rdfs:label "volumes" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all those #$PartialOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation R orders elements of the #$baseSet S of ORDER into a tree-like structure. This means that each pair of elements of S has a common 'R-lower-bound' in S (i.e., for each X, Y in S, there is a Z in S such that R(Z X) and R(Z Y)), and the set of 'R-lower-bounds' of each X in S is ordered in a chain by R (i.e., {Y: Y is in S and R(Y X)} is a chain). Note that a #$TreeOrdering can itself be a chain, i.e., a #$TotalOrdering. Note also that if you want a #$RelationalStructure that is just like a #$TreeOrdering but with the ordering relation to be irreflexive, see #$TreeOrdering-Strict.", rdfs:label "tree ordering" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of scalar rates of rotation.", rdfs:label "rate of rotation" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of particles of liquid or solid water emitted by clouds in instances of #$PrecipitationProcess.", rdfs:label "precipitation particle" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of plants that play a special role in human nutrition. Each element of #$Vegetable-Plant is a plant that produces the edible things that we normally call `vegetables' (which can include fruits, seeds, stalks, leaves, or other parts, or even the whole plant). The elements of #$Vegetable-Plant grow in gardens and produce the vegetables that are eaten; vegetable plants are not necessarily also elements of #$Food. See #$Vegetable-Food for the collection of vegetables--plants or (more usually) plant parts--that are eaten by humans.", rdfs:label "vegetables" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$RealEstate is either a parcel of land or a land-based property that can be bought, sold, or rented. This includes buildings and parts of buildings such as office suites or condominiums, as well as parcels of land. Some prominent examples: #$GuantanamoNavalBase, #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway, #$WorldTradeCenter.", rdfs:label "properties" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Transparency represents a capacity of some tangible object to transmit light. Degrees of #$Transparency may be represented qualitatively (e.g., #$Translucent, #$Transparent, #$Murky, #$Opaque), or using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$Transparency with the predicate #$transparencyOfObject.", rdfs:label "transparencies" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In an instance of #$ArrestingSomeone, a law enforcement officer arrests another person, who is thereupon taken into custody (#$HeldCaptive).", rdfs:label "arrests" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$PlantPart, the collection #$BotanicalOrgan includes parts of a plant which are major morphological and functional divisions of individual plants, typically consisting of stems, flowers, roots, leaves, etc.", rdfs:label "botanical organs" SubClassOf: Class: StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subset of #$MicroscopicScaleObject. Every instance of #$SubAtomicParticle is a physical particle smaller than an atom. Major subsets of #$SubAtomicParticle include #$Electron, #$Proton, and #$Neutron.", rdfs:label "subatomic particles" SubClassOf: , Class: PreparationAttribute Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things which are tactually intermediate between solids and fluids. When a force is first applied to a semisolid object, it deforms substantially and does not break or crack. It may return to its original shape, like a sponge, or retain the shape which resulted from the application of force, like soft clay. Like #$SolidTangibleThings, semisolids have shapes independent of their containers (they satisfy (hasAttributes ?X #$ContainerIndependentShape)) and they cannot be poured.", rdfs:label "semisolids" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of reified formulas in the HL language. This includes HL NARTs and HL assertions.", rdfs:label "h l reified formula" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. An instance of #$TransportationEvent is an event in which one object (in the role of #$transporter) aids in the translational movement of another object (having the role of #$transportees), so that both objects move together along the same #$motionPathway-Complete. Optionally, one of these objects, or some third object moving along with them, provides the force to make the movement happen (#$providerOfMotiveForce). Examples of transportation events include automobile transportation, dogs pulling goods on a sled, a wagon with groceries rolling down a hill, a person carrying clothes in a suitcase, etc. In that last case, note that the #$transporter is the suitcase, not the person. Things which are NOT #$TransportationEvents (as defined above): a river conveying some flotsam, the wind blowing a leaf, a conveyor belt moving a widget to the next person on the assembly line, or a walking beast of burden without #$transportees on it. The first 3 of these would be instances of #$Conveying-Stationary, since the would-be #$transporter doesn't actually change its overall location, and hence is a #$conveyor-Stationary; in the fourth case, the unburdened beast has no #$transportees.", rdfs:label "transport" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of intentional social gatherings of people who have the same or similar purposes in attending, and in which there is communication between the participants. E.g., a party, a conference, a wedding, etc. Note: A group of people waiting to board an elevator is not typically a #$SocialGathering, even though they share a common purpose, since they are not expected to talk to each other.", rdfs:label "social occasions" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Preservatives which are added to food to prevent spoilage.", rdfs:label "preservatives" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$LightingDevice has the #$primaryFunction of providing light. The light provided may be provided in different ways and for different specialized purposes. For example, it may be for general illumination of a fixed area (as by instances of #$Candle, #$Lantern, #$ElectricLamp, and #$Streetlight); or it may be for specially directed illumination (as by instances of #$AutomotiveLight and #$Flashlight); or it may be for use in a signal or sign (as by instances of #$TrafficLight and #$IndicatorLight); or it may be for some other special purposes (as by instances of StrobeLight).", rdfs:label "lights" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of ailments. An instance of #$ChronicCondition is an ailment that lingers or recurs in an organism throughout its life. In some cases, the symptoms of a chronic condition may abate with treatment. The condition may never go away completely. #$Asthma is a subset of #$ChronicCondition.", rdfs:label "chronic conditions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all animals; this large class of organisms is one instance of #$BiologicalKingdom. Animals are typically motile, living, whole organisms; they are elements of #$Heterotroph, incapable of performing instances of #$Photosynthesis. Animal cells contain cholesterol and lack cell walls made of cellulose. #$Person is a subset of #$Animal; see also #$NonPersonAnimal.", rdfs:label "animals" SubClassOf: , , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each instance of #$Depositing, a gas is cooled to (or its pressure lowered to) the point where the gas molecules solidify into a solid.", rdfs:label "deposition processes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$SkolemFuncNs with variable arity. These are only created when a sequence variable is in the scope of a bounded existential.", rdfs:label "variable arity skolem func n" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of official documents. Each element of #$StockCertificate is a document issued by a company to one of its shareholders, certifying the shareholder's ownership of some number of shares of stock in that corporation.", rdfs:label "stock certificates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$VisualCommunicating is an action in which information is transmitted by visual media. Every element of #$VisualCommunicating has at least one #$communicationToken which is an instance of #$VisualInformationSource. Examples of #$VisualCommunicating: a performance by mime Marcel Marceau; Seiji Ozawa conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra; a policeman directing traffic; shaking a fist at someone in anger; sending a message with flags, light pulses, or smoke signals.", rdfs:label "visual communicating" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of spatial objects. Each element of #$ContactLocation is a point at which some particular agent (e.g., corporation or person) may be contacted by any of several means, for any of several purposes. #$ContactLocation includes any place to which one may direct one or more of the following: letters, packages, phone calls or voice messages, bills, email, faxes, pages, subpoenas. Contact locations must be particular--e.g., my house or my office or even my secretary, but not simply `Austin'.", rdfs:label "contact locations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Self-esteem based upon one's actions, possessions, or relationships. #$Vanity is not necessarily entailed by #$Pride. This is a collection; see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes include #$PrideOfMembership, #$PrideOfAccomplishment, #$Vanity, #$Patriotism, etc.", rdfs:label "pride" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$AttributeValues that pertain to human social status; role or rank (formal or informal) in the surrounding culture. Most assertions should be made in terms of some specialization of this collection (or an instance of some specialization of this collection). Members of this collection include: #$LowerMiddleClass, #$GoodLooking, #$FourthGradeLevel, etc.", rdfs:label "social statuses" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$InformationBearingObjects (IBOs). Each element of #$OfficialDocument is a document that can be used as the basis, proof, or support of some fact (such as a person's nationality, marital status, credit, or qualifications; or the ownership or transfer of property; etc.). Official documents are typically generated, issued, and/or certified by the relevant institutions (as with #$Passports or #$StockCertificates), but they also include unique personal documents (such as wills [#$WillAndTestament]) which meet certain standards to be accepted in support of facts. Examples of #$OfficialDocument: #$BirthCertificates, #$TaxReturns, insurance policies, #$PostageStamps, receipts, #$PackingSlips, student ID cards, etc.", rdfs:label "official documents" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$BiologicalTaxons that is more restrictive than #$BiologicalSpecies. Members of different subspecies can produce fertile offspring by interbreeding, but the offspring are not members of the parental subspecies although they are members of the common #$BiologicalSpecies. All instances of a particular #$BiologicalSubspecies have significant traits or collections of traits in common which are not shared by all other members of the same #$BiologicalSpecies. A #$BiologicalSubspecies is formed by inbreeding of a restricted group of members of a single species. This can happen naturally through geographic isolation or intentionally through controlled reproduction to create, for example, #$Dog breeds or crop strains.", rdfs:label "subspecies" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each instance of #$Action is an event that is carried out by some 'doer' (see #$doneBy). Actions may include any event in which one or more actor(s) effect some change(s) in the tangible or intangible state of the world, typically by some expenditure of effort or energy. But note that it is not required that any tangible object be moved, changed, produced, or destroyed for an action to occur; the effects of actions may be intangible (such as the change in a bank balance, or the intimidation of a subordinate). Depending upon the context, actors may be animate or inanimate, conscious or nonconscious. For actions that are intentional, see also #$PurposefulAction, #$performedBy.", rdfs:label "actions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Julys, the seventh month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.", rdfs:label "July" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. The elements of #$Cloudiness characterize the amount of cloud cover at an #$OutdoorLocation. A higher value indicates more clouds or more dense cover. Degrees of cloudiness may be represented qualitatively (e.g., #$PartialCloudCover, #$CompleteCloudCover), or using #$GenericValueFunctions. The cloudiness of a location can be described with the predicate #$cloudinessOfRegion.", rdfs:label "levels of cloudiness" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$Emission. Each element is an event in which a wave is emitted at a #$fromLocation. For example, Themistocles ordering his fleet to withdraw; Miles Davis playing the trumpet; an emergency flare burning by the side of the road. See also #$WavePropagation.", rdfs:label "wave emissions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$AttributeType is a collection of attributes. Each element of #$AttributeType is a subset of #$AttributeValue (q.v.). Examples include #$SensoryAttribute, #$BodyPartPosition, #$OrientationAttribute, #$SecurityClearanceLevel, #$ComputerVideoResolution, #$ForceVector, and many more.", rdfs:label "attribute type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of translational motion events; hence a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any element of #$Translation-Complete, the whole #$objectMoving moves in its entirety from the origin (#$fromLocation) to the destination (#$toLocation). That is, the object completely leaves the origin and relocates at the destination. The #$objectMoving may be either a #$NonFluidlike object or a #$FluidTangibleThing all of which moves from one place to another; e.g., a baseball or the gasoline used to fill a gas tank. Another example: a single molecule of water flowing from point A to B in a river. Negative example: a river flowing from A to B (the river itself is not relocated); a rubber band stretching. A borderline case: a spider spins a web, leaving part of itself, in effect, extended out behind it. In most contexts that would still be considered a #$Translation-Complete event. Note: #$Translation-Complete is noncommittal as to whether net movement has occurred, so round-trip events qualify as complete translations. (For contrast, see #$Translation-LocationChange).", rdfs:label "translation - complete" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each element of #$TransformationEvent, at least one thing ceases to exist and at least one thing comes into existence. Usually at least some portion of the thing(s) destroyed becomes incorporated into the thing(s) that are created. Note: this collection is a superset of, but NOT coextensional with, #$TransformationProcess (q.v.).", rdfs:label "transforms" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In an instance of #$RecoveringFromAilment, some member of #$BiologicalLivingObject recovers from an #$AilmentCondition it has at the beginning of this recovery period.", rdfs:label "recoveries" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$ControlledLand is a geopolitical entity that is controlled to some extent by a foreign power. Examples: #$PuertoRico, #$Bermuda, #$Guadeloupe-TheDependency, #$Tibet.", rdfs:label "controlled land" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subset of #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice (q.v.) whose elements are powered by the wind. For example, instances of the collection #$Windmill.", rdfs:label "wind-powered" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The class of health professionals who provide various aspects of hands-on health care to patients. Nurses do not usually diagnose or decide on treatments, but they administer medicines and treatments, perform medical tests, give regular care to hospitalized patients, etc.", rdfs:label "nurses" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical processes; a subset of #$WeatherEvent. Elements of #$PrecipitationProcess are meteorological processes in which atmospheric clouds precipitate rain, snow, or other forms of H2O precipitation.", rdfs:label "precipitation processes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed non-atomic terms in the EL language. These sentences meet the criteria necessary to be part of an assertion into the Cyc KB, after being converted into HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Instances of this collection are not themselves assertible. Just because a non-atomic term is assertible does not require it to be used in an assertion. Each instance of this collection involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the logical relation. For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation.", rdfs:label "e l non atomic term - assertible" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$CycLSentences whose arg0 is not a free variable although free variables may occupy other argument positions.", rdfs:label "cyc l sentence - closed predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of artifacts. Each element of #$PathArtifact is a path made by agents, whether animal or human. Elements of #$PathArtifact range from deer trails to superhighways. Such paths connect places that animals or people are found in and/or between which they want to travel. Examples: #$ErieCanal, #$WellandShipCanal, #$ChampsElysee, #$WallStreet, USHighway80, #$Highway101CA. Note that each of these artifacts is a single, particular path; -- to refer to a whole system of #$PathArtifacts, use #$PathArtifactSystem.", rdfs:label "path artifact" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Decembers, the twelfth and final month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.", rdfs:label "December" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Feeling of discontent, due to a lack of fulfillment of an agent's desires, needs, or requirements. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Dissatisfaction are #$Disappointment, #$Frustration, #$Impatience, #$Anger, etc.", rdfs:label "dissatisfaction" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$Roadway that contains all streets inside of cities and towns.", rdfs:label "streets" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$QuantitySlot is a binary predicate that takes a quantity as the value of its second argument. In Cyc, those quantities are elements of #$ScalarInterval (q.v.). Examples of #$QuantitySlot: #$distanceTranslated, #$spatialExtent, #$densityOfObject. See also #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot.", rdfs:label "quantity slot" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is one important subset of #$TemporalThing. The elements of #$Event are events or actions, things that we say are `happening', changes in the state of the world. #$Event is also a subset of #$Intangible, since an event consists of the `actions' per se, and THEY then refer to the tangible objects which participate in them. In contrast, the collection #$SomethingExisting (another important subset of #$TemporalThing) has elements which have temporal extent yet are `static', such as a rock at the bottom of a pond. Note: While `#$SomethingExisting vs. #$Event' might seem at first to be an obvious partition of things with temporal extent, there are interesting borderline cases -- such as agreements -- which Cyc treats as instances of #$SomethingExisting, but which could also be represented as instances of #$Event. And there are still other cases, such as the pure disembodied elements of #$TimeInterval, which are elements of #$TemporalThing yet belong neither to #$SomethingExisting nor to #$Event.", rdfs:label "events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$Boiling, a piece of liquid matter is raised to its #$boilingPoint and is thereby changed from being in the #$LiquidStateOfMatter to being in the #$GaseousStateOfMatter. Note: this is not intended to cover the cases of heat/evacuation causing a solid to sublime directly into a gas.", rdfs:label "boiling events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The set of all rotational movements in which rotation occurs in a nonperiodic fashion; e.g., the turning of a knob on a kitchen appliance or a radio dial, or movements of a trackball. See also #$Rotation-Periodic for the context-sensitive nature of this dichotomy.", rdfs:label "rotation - non periodic" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$IndependentCountry is a distinct, independent geopolitical entity generally recognized by the international community. An independent country typically has a (relatively) stable government and enforced borders, its own currency, laws, culture, etc. Examples: #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, #$Germany, #$Liberia, #$Mongolia, #$India, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina, #$Honduras.", rdfs:label "independent countries" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$InternationalOrganization. An element of #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries is an organization whose members are countries (as represented by their goverments). Examples: the United Nations, NATO, SEATO, OAU, the League of Arab States, and OPEC.", rdfs:label "organizations of countries" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in #$Catholicism in which #$CommunionWafer(a sliver of bread) is transformed into the body of #$JesusChrist. #$Transubstantiation is one of the key issues of doctrine that separates #$Catholicism and #$ProtestantReligion.", rdfs:label "transubstantiation" SubClassOf: Class: JobAttribute Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Every element of #$Pants is a clothing item worn on the lower torso and legs. The collection #$Pants includes the subsets #$ShortPants and #$LongPants. There are also very specialized subsets, e.g., #$FootballPants.", rdfs:label "pants" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$SystemOfGovernment is an attribute describing a type of government that a country might have. Used with #$governmentType. Examples: #$DemocraticGovernment, #$Monarchy, #$SocialistGovernment, #$MilitaryGovernment.", rdfs:label "forms of government" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$ClothingItem is something that a person wears as a protective and/or decorative covering or ornament. Items of clothing are usually made of flexible materials, such as cloth, leather, or yarn. The collection #$ClothingItem contains primarily individual garments (e.g., elements of the collections #$Pants, #$Shirt, #$Coat, #$Shoe), together with pairs of shoes, socks, and gloves (since each wearer needs a pair). Jewelry, suspenders, belts, etc., are in the subset #$ClothingAccessory. Note: outfits (esp. specialized outfits) made up of several individual items worn together belong to the collection #$ClothingOutfit, which is NOT a subset of #$ClothingItem but IS a subset of the broader collection, #$SomethingToWear.", rdfs:label "items of clothing" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$ServiceOrganizations. An element of #$TransportationCompany is an organization that provide transportation (of goods or persons) to customers for a fee.", rdfs:label "transportation companies" SubClassOf: Class: daml:UniqueProperty Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all male animals.", rdfs:label "males" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of syntactically well-formed atomic sentences, also called 'atomic logical formulas', in the CycL language. Each instance of #$CycLAtomicSentence involves the application of a #$Predicate to some arguments.", rdfs:label "cyc l atomic sentence" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which one animal (prototypically, a #$Mammal) gives birth to another. The mother is the #$birthParent and the child is the #$birthChild. Both are #$objectOfStateChange; the mother goes from being pregnant to not pregnant (therefore a #$BirthEvent is an instance of #$PregnancyEndingEvent), while the child changes from being inside the mother and relying on the mother for nutritional, respiratory, and excretory needs (called in CYC the #$Embryo life stage, although different English terms apply to different stages of in utero development in mammals and not all of these terms apply to live-born #$Fish) to the #$JuvenileAnimal life stage (see #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment).", rdfs:label "births" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection including both the lists and the atomic data belonging to the CycL substrate of the Cyc System.", rdfs:label "Cyc system list or atoms" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subcollection of both #$PhysicalAttribute and #$SensoryAttribute. Each element of #$Color represents a specific color attribute of some object or substance; e.g., #$GoldColor, #$VividRed-Color, #$Auburn-HairColor, #$Olive-FleshColor. Elements of #$Color are #$CompositeAttributes, since they can vary along several dimensions (e.g., hue, brightness, chroma). Indicate a particular object's #$Color with one of the following predicates: #$objectHasColor, #$mainColorOfObject, or #$uniformColorOfObject.", rdfs:label "colors" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Almost every element of each element of #$ExistingObjectType (exceptions are allowed) is temporally stufflike yet is objectlike in other ways, including spatially. ``OBJTYPE is an #$ExistingObjectType'' implies: a) for most instances OBJ of OBJTYPE, for any proper physical part PART of OBJ, PART is not an OBJTYPE. b) for all instances OBJ of OBJTYPE, for most proper physical parts PART of OBJ it will not be the case that PART is an OBJTYPE. Any one of many #$timeSlices of a copy of `Moby Dick' sitting on your shelf is still a copy of `Moby Dick' sitting on your shelf. Most tangible objects are temporally stufflike in this fashion. That book is, of course, not spatially stufflike; spatially, it is objectlike: if we take a scalpel and slice the book into ten pieces, each piece is not a copy of `Moby Dick'. So (#$isa #$BookCopy #$ExistingObjectType) is true, because each book is temporally stufflike but spatially objectlike. See the comment for #$StuffType to find out more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType.", rdfs:label "existing object types" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of instances of #$ShapeAttribute that are held by spatial things that are two-dimensional.", rdfs:label "two dimensional shape attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$Watercraft that contains all ferryboats, i.e., boats that are used to carry people, goods or vehicles across rivers, lakes, canals or channels etc. or even from one side of a harbor to another, but normally not used to cross oceans.", rdfs:label "ferries" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A feeling of repulsion or aversion towards something considered distasteful or repugnant. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Disgust include feelings of #$Abhorrence.", rdfs:label "disgust" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all edges on objects that are instances of #$PartiallyTangible. For a two-dimensional object, its boundaries other than corners are it edges. For a three dimensional object the edges are the outer portions of those extremities, excluding any corners (#$Corner-2or3d), that are much more acute in cross section in one direction than in most other directions at the same point. Some objects, like spheres, hairs, poles and typical burrs, have no edges. A discus has one, round, edge has four edges. A mountain ridge might have only a single edge. A solid polyhedron has six or more edges.", rdfs:label "edges" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each #$Holiday is an #$Event wherein social celebrations and/or rituals are performed, typically lasting for one #$DaysDuration and typically coinciding with a #$CalendarDay. While #$Holidays are often #$AnnualEvents, they may also be one-time events or scheduled in some other manner. They are also contextual, as different nationalities, eras, etc. celebrate different ones.", rdfs:label "holidays" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$DoorwayCovering is a physical object used to cover some kind of portal, including but not limited to doorways in buildings. This collection also includes doors of cars, buses, subways, elevators, garages, airplane hangars--coverings over any doors that people (and perhaps vehicles) pass through.", rdfs:label "doors" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicates in the system used for facilitating #$Cyclists in their understanding of the system, tracking work being done, noting cleanup work to be done, etc. Such a constant usually is not involved in inference. Instances may be excluded from knowledge bases in which available memory is a premium without affecting the performance of applications. #$DocumentationPredicate is used in code to determine which documentation to show to the user when they request to see documentation for a FORT.", rdfs:label "documentation predicate" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$Products that are plants or plant parts (individually or in bulk), or substances derived from plants, which are produced by people or countries and made available for use, sale or exchange.", rdfs:label "plant products" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ProductType is a collection of things--i.e., some kind of substances, objects, actions--at least some of which are produced and/or performed and sold as products. Not all elements in such a #$ProductType collection must be products, but some are. Examples of #$ProductType: #$DairyProduct, #$HardDiskDrive, #$PlasticWrap, #$ServiceEvent, #$EnergyStuff, etc. Note that #$ProductType is not a subset of either #$ObjectType or #$StuffType, because there are products of both kinds (e.g., #$Rice-Foodstuff is a #$ProductType but not an #$ObjectType), and there are even event types that are instances of #$ProductType. *Many* of the collections which are elements of #$ProductType will, however, be an instance of either #$ObjectType or #$StuffType. Product types which are specific to a single #$BrandName should be made instances of the spec #$ProductTypeByBrand. Product types which are specified by both #$BrandName and #$ProductVersion should be made instances of #$ProductTypeByBrandVersion.", rdfs:label "product types" SubClassOf: owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is a #$Collection of physical urges of a certain type, namely the urges that animals have to scratch an itch (and their accompanying internal sensations.)", rdfs:label "itches" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlPredicate used to specify the required #$genls of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the required #$genls #$Collection.", rdfs:label "arg genl binary predicate" SubClassOf: Class: OrientationAttribute Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Mountain is a topographical region on the planet Earth of significantly higher elevation than its surrounding area. Mountains may occur individually or as part of a chain (see #$MountainRange). Examples: #$MountWhitney, #$DiamondHead-Mountain, #$MountKosciusko, #$AyersRock, #$MountOlympus.", rdfs:label "mountains" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$Agreement. Each element of #$LegalAgreement is an agreement which has a legal status, i.e., is recognized as a valid agreement by a government. #$LegalAgreement includes the elements in its subsets #$SalesContract, #$PublicHealthRegulations, #$Patent, #$InsurancePlan, #$Visa-Permit, and the different kinds of #$License-LegalAgreement -- among many others.", rdfs:label "legal agreements" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of intangible objects which consist of propositional information about an agent. #$Credential is a subset of #$PropositionalInformationThing (q.v.). Each element of #$Credential is specific information about one agent, provided by another agent; the information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. As represented in Cyc, credentials are intangible information, but each element of #$Credential usually has some associated physical document (e.g., a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e., the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g., legal bar certification, ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g., GED schooling, Ph.D. requirements; is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g., travel visa, permission slip); and so on. Recommendations are considered a kind of credential.", rdfs:label "credentials" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$WavePropagation. Each element of #$ElectromagneticRadiation is an event that arises from the interaction of an electrical field and a magnetic field. Examples include the elements of the collections #$VisibleLight, #$RadioWaves, and #$XRays.", rdfs:label "electromagnetic radiation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of things which have at least some intangible component and which are also #$Individuals. Instances of #$PartiallyIntangibleIndividual either have a tangible part, and thus are instances of #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject; or are fully #$Intangible, and thus are instances of #$IntangibleIndividual, such as the number 42 and the agreement between a person and his or her employer.", rdfs:label "partially intangible individual" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. During each element of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent, one or more instances of #$Entity come into or go out of existence. Elements of this collection are the sorts of events that have #$inputs, #$outputs, #$products, #$wasteProducts, and #$byProducts. Examples of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent would include a particular campfire (a #$CombustionProcess), manufacturing a particular car, etc.", rdfs:label "creation or destruction events" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$MechanicalDevice is a physical device which has at least one part that moves with respect to another of its parts. Thus a spoon is not one of these, but a pair of scissors is, as are more complex devices such as vacuum cleaners and the #$SpaceShuttleChallenger.", rdfs:label "mechanical devices" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of hours that make up the calendar. These are contiguous and disjoint time intervals, except of course for particular instances that represent exactly the same 60-minute-long time interval. See #$CalendarDay.", rdfs:label "calendar hours" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$InanimateThing-Natural is an #$InanimateThing that is not man-made in a #$PurposefulAction. Thus, the #$MoonOfEarth, human #$Sweat staining a shirt, and most footprints left by people in the snow belong to this collection, but wood chips left around a tree being chopped down, tailings left from a mine, a grunt made while lifting a log, and the #$ArcDeTriomphe do not.", rdfs:label "natural inanimate things" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each instance of #$Line is a one-dimensional path through two- or three-dimensional space, whether curved or straight. Formally, this is a 1-manifold. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the equator, as well as abstract lines.", rdfs:label "lines" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$FoodProfessional is a worker in the food and drink industry. This collection includes bakers, brewers, butchers, and bartenders--everyone from Julia Child to Joe the bartender.", rdfs:label "food professionals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Plant is the collection of all plants; it is a member of the #$BiologicalKingdom and contains the primary subjects of #$Biology. Plants are typically stationary, living, whole organisms; the cells of plants generally lack cholesterol and have cell walls that include substances of #$Cellulose. Most, though not all, plants are capable of making sugars by #$Photosynthesis-Plant processes and have green parts. Some example subsets of #$Plant are the collections #$RoseBush, #$SpruceTree, and #$Moss.", rdfs:label "plants" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$PulverizationEvent, some #$SolidTangibleThing is turned into #$Powder or a #$LiquidStateOfMatter through the application of a force.", rdfs:label "pulverize" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of physiological conditions brought on by consuming less of a nutrient than the body requires.", rdfs:label "dietary deficiency conditions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of vectors; a subset of #$UnitVectorInterval. Each element of #$DirectionExpression is a vector representing a direction. Typically these expressions are used to indicate direction between two objects or locations. An important subset of this collection is #$GeographicalDirection; e.g., #$South-Directly, #$NorthWest-Directly.", rdfs:label "direction expression" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of spatially localized (but intangible) objects #$SpatialThing-Localized. Positive examples are any things that both have some location or position in the Universe, and are characterizable in geometric terms, such as the intangible spaces determined by, for example, the pyramids of Egypt (pyramids), the Sun (a sphere), or the center of mass of the solar system at the first instant of the twentieth century (a point). #$GeometricThing-Localized is identical with (#$LocalizedFn #$GeometricThing) (see the #$cyclistNotes on this page for why we need this constant reified anyway). #$GeometricThing-Localized includes as specs (#$LocalizedFn #$Circle), (#$LocalizedFn #$Square), and in general all the 'localized realizations' of the generic geometric collections.", rdfs:label "geometric thing - localized" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of mammals; a subset of #$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Mammal is an air-breathing, warm-blooded animal which, if female, nurses its young with milk secreted by mammary glands. The collection #$Mammal includes the subsets #$Dog, #$Horse, #$Person, #$Elephant, etc. The skin of mammals is typically covered with hair (or sometimes hair modified into scales or plates (e.g. pangolins)), but some types are almost hairless. All mammals other than the Monotremes of Australia bear live young rather than laying eggs and have teats, which on females are used for nursing the young. Monotremes do not have teats, but both male and female produce milk from #$MammaryGlands. #$Mammal is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.", rdfs:label "mammals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. Each element of #$Translation-SingleTrajectory is a translational movement which involves exactly one #$trajectory-Complete. One or more items may have the role of #$objectMoving in such an event. Note that although there is a single #$trajectory-Complete, it does not follow that there is a unique #$fromLocation and a unique #$toLocation because that depends on our descriptions of locations. (A single-trajectory movement can be described as from TX to PA, or from Austin to Pittsburgh, or even from Northwest in Austin to Oakland in Pittsburgh.) However, the single #$trajectory-Complete connects #$fromLocation and #$toLocation. (Similarly there may be a single existing #$motionPathway-Complete that the trajectory goes along, and/or a single #$Traversal of paths indicated by #$traverses-Complete.) Consider a translational motion performed by a whole #$Group; it is likely to be a #$Translation-SingleTrajectory --- e.g., a flock of birds flying together, or a snarl of rush-hour traffic on the Beltway. Negative examples (see #$Translation-MultiTrajectory) would be: a set of billiard balls during the opening break, or a group of water droplets that come together into one big drop.", rdfs:label "translation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$River is a natural stream of water, normally of a large volume. Cf. #$Creek. Examples of #$River include the #$ColoradoRiverOfArizona, the #$AmazonRiver, the #$YangtzeRiver, the #$ThamesRiver.", rdfs:label "rivers" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all skirts, a category of clothing intended to cover the lower part of the body.", rdfs:label "skirts" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangibles; a subset of #$TangibleThing. Each element of #$Particle is a smallish liquid or solid tangible thing, at least small enough to be blown about by ordinary gusts of wind, and possibly much smaller. Examples include elements of the collections #$CornMeal, #$SandParticle, #$Sawdust, #$DustParticle, #$Sugar-Table.", rdfs:label "particles" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all buses, transport vehicles for ground transportation of many (they have room for at least 10, probably fewer than 60) people. A bus usually is driven by a professional bus driver.", rdfs:label "buses" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of artifacts. An instance of #$Shaft is an object which is long, straight, and cylindrical. A shaft may be made of wood, metal, etc.", rdfs:label "shafts" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, one living organism ends the life of another, either intentionally or unintentionally.", rdfs:label "killing - biological" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent irreflexive relations. A predicate F is an element of #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and, for every X in the domain of F, (#$not (F X X)). Examples: #$spouse, #$causes-ThingProp, #$northOf, #$temporallyDisjoint. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.", rdfs:label "irreflexive binary predicate" SubClassOf: daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$OutdoorLocation is a region of outdoor space, i.e., a region which is directly subject to atmospheric weather. Objects found in an outdoor location are #$in-ImmersedFully in the atmosphere of Earth. Thus, as defined here, #$OutdoorLocation does NOT include elements of #$UnderwaterLocation or places that are #$Underground. #$OutdoorLocations include large geographical regions. Among the elements of #$OutdoorLocation are instances of the subsets #$Lawn, #$Meadow, #$SkiSlope, #$Beach, #$Swamp (and many others). Note: #$OutdoorLocation is a collection of places, rather than an attribute; to represent the concept of being outside, see #$Outdoors-ExposedToWeather. Of course, elements of #$OutdoorLocation have the #$locationState attribute of being #$Outdoors-ExposedToWeather.", rdfs:label "outdoor locations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$ConceptualWorks. Instantiations may be either hardcopy or electronic. Traditional hardcopy instantiations are instances of #$BookCopy, but in the later half of the Twentieth Century of the Common Era additional formats were created (books on (audio) tape, computer media containing instantiations of textual computer files, etc. Instances of #$Book-CW are usually #$TextualMaterial, but some may contain only arrangements of images.", rdfs:label "books" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subset of #$MicroscopicScaleObject. Each instance of #$AtomicNucleus is an object composed of some definite number of instances of #$Proton and some definite number of instances of #$Neutron. Instances of the collection #$Atom are each composed of one member of #$AtomicNucleus and some number of electrons.", rdfs:label "nuclei" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible products. Each element of #$TextileProduct is a product made by spinning, weaving, knitting, wrapping, pressing, or other processes used to form fibers into usable materials such as cloth or line. Examples include elements of the subsets #$Yarn, #$Rope, and #$CottonCloth.", rdfs:label "textiles" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of the collection #$EndingAnAgreement is an event in which some instance of #$Agreement comes to an end. For example, instances of #$EmploymentTermination and #$EndingMembership.", rdfs:label "end of an agreements" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of character strings. Each element of #$PostalCode is a string used by a postal service to designate a particular geographic area. For example, the code used by the #$USPostalService for central downtown Austin, TX, is `78701'. Most countries have their own kind of #$PostalCodes. For example, see #$ZipCode, a specialization of #$PostalCode, which is specific to the UnitedStatesOfAmerica.", rdfs:label "postal codes" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all dogs of all breeds. Elements of #$Dog may be members of #$DomesticPet or of #$WildAnimal; e.g., #$Dog includes the dingo dogs of #$Australia. However, #$Dog excludes the members of #$Wolf, #$Fox, and the other non-dog subsets of #$CanineAnimal. #$Dog is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies, Canis familiaris.", rdfs:label "dogs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Cloth is a piece of textile sheet woven or knitted or pressed out of fibers. Pieces of #$Cloth are commonly used as material inputs to the manufacture of clothing items, towels, sails for sailing craft, parachutes, draperies, etc. Excludes #$Leather (q.v.).", rdfs:label "textiles" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A special kind of term that allows back-reference to any individual thing that satisfies the constraints on the #$TheTerm. E.g., 'Suppose a cat walks into a fish store. The cat is likely to get into a lot of trouble.' 'The cat' in the second sentence refers back to 'a cat' in the first; i.e., any cat that walks into a fish store. In Cyc, the constraints for a #$TheTerm in a given context are given by use of the predicate #$theTermConstraints on the unit representing that context. In lifting assertions out of that context, the constraints are added as antecedents.", rdfs:label "the term" SubClassOf: owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$LocalOrganization is an organization having local `scope' -- that is, members distributed in a local area (a #$Neighborhood, #$City, rural region, etc.) or having a local area of activity and concern, as opposed to statewide, national, or international organizations.", rdfs:label "local organizations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$CommercialOrganization. An instance of #$CommercialServiceOrganization is a commercial organization which sells its services as its main product (rather than tangible goods), for commercial gain. Some tangible goods may accompany or supplement the main service sold, but only as side products; e.g., some elements of #$HairSalon sell hair care products.", rdfs:label "service companies" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Every instance of this collection is a #$BinaryPredicate taking a kind of #$Situation as the second argument. Many of these predicates can be used to represent certain intentional concepts, such as the goals or beliefs of an #$Agent #$Plans to talk about states of affairs that various events or plans are supposed to facilitate or prevent, or that must be facilitated or prevented in order for the plan to count as successful.", rdfs:label "situation type slot" SubClassOf: daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Date is a subset of #$TimeInterval. A #$Date is any #$TimeInterval which can be defined purely by its location on the calendar. Thus a #$Date could be a particular calendar day, a particular calendar quarter, a particular calendar month, a particular decade, etc. So the subsets of #$Date include #$CalendarMinute, #$CalendarQuarter, etc., as well as #$CalendarDay.", rdfs:label "dates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$FormalProductType is a collection of products (i.e., tangible products, services, information products, etc.), all of which conform to a standardized product specification (i.e., a `form'). In Western-style capitalistic markets, elements of #$FormalProductType are often associated with a particular brand name (and perhaps model), since competing providers of products design them to be distinctive. For example, the collection #$InternalCombustionEngine is not an element of #$FormalProductType, but a specific collection of engines manufactured by (e.g.) Mazda would be. On the service side, the collection #$HairCuttingEvent is not a #$FormalProductType, but a subset of hair stylings for men (e.g., at a particular designer's salon) might be.", rdfs:label "formal product type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subset of #$PhysiologicalProcesses in which an organism performs respiration; i.e., it exchanges carbon dioxide for #$Oxygen which is used to oxygenate (in #$Vertebrates) hemoglobin, an oxygen carrier in the #$Blood distributed to all of the organism's cells. #$Respiration concerns the exchange of #$Oxygen and waste gasses with the environment. Circulation concerns distributing the oxygenated #$Blood to the cells. The oxygen carrier (hemoglobin) releases the oxygen to the cells, allowing chemical reactions necessary to sustain the cell life, which in turn sustains the life of the breather.", rdfs:label "respirations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all digits of all #$Hands (q.v.). Fingers are (typically) flexibly jointed and are necessary to enabling the hand (and its owner) to perform grasping and manipulation actions.", rdfs:label "fingers" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of regular, species-linked movements of an animal or group of animals from one place to another, usually with a return to the starting point after a certain period of time. In some species, the migration cycle occurs once in a lifetime, while others migrate annually on a seasonal basis. Migration is typically linked with an animal's reproductive cycle (as in salmon), but may also involve seasonal relocation to a more hospitable climate and/or more plentiful food supply. For example, many birds exhibit seasonal migration; e.g., native Northeastern U.S. birds that spend their winters in the Southern U.S.", rdfs:label "migrations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of reptiles; a subset of #$AirBreathingVertebrate. Each element of #$Reptile is an air-breathing, cold-blooded animal which has a body covered by scales or bony plates. The collection #$Reptile includes the subsets #$Snake, #$Turtle, #$Lizard, etc. Members of most species of #$Reptile lay eggs; none has milk, hair, feathers, or postembryonic gills.", rdfs:label "reptiles" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of postures, which are types of attributes that describe bodily configurations and/or orientations of #$Animals. Some #$Postures are: #$UprightPosture, #$KneelingPosture, #$LyingOnBackPosture, #$PronePosture, #$LeaningOnKnucklesPosture, #$ForwardFlyingPosture.", rdfs:label "positions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each instance of #$MicrotheoryType is a type of #$Microtheory, for example, #$ProblemSolvingCntxt and #$GeneralMicrotheory.", rdfs:label "microtheory type" SubClassOf: owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. Within the #$NaiveBiologicalDescentMt, each instance of #$CohabitationUnit is an animal domestic group, i.e., a group of animals which live together in the same domestic or living group. This domestic group is assumed (by default) to be of a single species.", rdfs:label "households" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of Cyc terms that are NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms; see #$Function-Denotational) whose functor is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction. E.g., since #$GovernmentFn is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, it is true that (#$GovernmentFn #$France) is a #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerm.", rdfs:label "cyc l reifiable non atomic term" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The set of possible directions for Cyc #$CycLAssertions; the direction indicates how the #$CycLAssertion will be propagated during inference.", rdfs:label "cyc l assertion direction" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subset of #$MicroscopicScaleObject. Each instance of #$ChemicalObject is an object whose behavior is typically described in terms of its outer cloud of #$Electrons. Subsets of #$ChemicalObject include the collections #$Atom and #$Molecule and #$Ion, the set of chemical radicals, and the set of molecular fragments.", rdfs:label "chemical objects" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Instances are collections of #$TangibleThing whose membership is based only on the physical and/or chemical composition of the elements, and not on any other property. Thus #$TangibleStuffCompositionType does not have as elements any collections whose instances are determined by the physical state they are in. For example, the collection #$Water is an instance of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType: instances of #$Water are all pieces of substance with the chemical composition H20. On the other hand , the collection of all pieces of ice [i.e., (#$SolidFn #$Water)] is not a #$TangibleStuffCompositionType, because membership in the collection of ice depends not solely on the substance's composition, but also on its physical state. More sample instances of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType: the collections #$Nylon, #$GasolineFuel, #$CottageCheese, #$FattyTissue, #$BabyPowder, #$Nitrogen, and #$Glass.", rdfs:label "tangible stuff composition type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each element of #$CreationEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (the #$outputsCreated) is brought into existence.", rdfs:label "creation events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical attributes; a subset of #$Rate. Each element of #$Frequency is a measurement of the number of times something happens during some time interval. Elements of #$Frequency may be either fixed values, such as 103 kiloHertz, or a range, such as #$Yearly, #$Hourly, or #$Rarely. See #$UnitOfFrequency for the units used by Cyc to measure instances of #$Frequency, e.g. (#$TimesPerSecond 35), (#$KiloHertz 103). Instances of #$Frequency are important in the characterization of types of #$WavePropagation.", rdfs:label "frequencies" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of socially based actions, those performed mostly for the sake of sociability, in which considerations of socially acceptable interactions with others are important.", rdfs:label "social activities" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Agent-Generic is the collection of all agents, or things (like #$Animals, #$Robots, #$DivineBeings, etc.) that have desires and intentions and the presumed ability to act on them. An instance of this collection may be an instance of #$AgentiveArtifact or #$Agent (but not both).", rdfs:label "agent - generic" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events involving the deliberate direction of #$VisualPerception on the part of an #$Agent.", rdfs:label "watching events" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Cooking food by surrounding it in steam.", rdfs:label "steaming food" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of abstract objects. Each element of #$Relation represents some kind of relation. Some elements of #$Relation are truth-valued, that is, when applied to arguments, they yield statements which are true or false. That includes elements of a subset of #$Relation, #$TruthFunction (which has the subsets #$Predicate, #$LogicalConnective, and #$Quantifier). Other elements of #$Relation yield new terms, rather than just true or false -- among them are all the members of #$Function-Denotational. Syntactically, elements of #$Relation are Cyc constants that can legally appear in the `zero-th' argument place of a CycL expression, i.e., immediately after the opening parenthesis in a CycL expression.", rdfs:label "relationships" SubClassOf: , , owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$CommercialOrganization is an organization which buys or sells goods or services for a profit. It may also be an element of #$Business or it may merely be a sub-organization of a #$Business entity.", rdfs:label "commercial organizations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of plants. Each element of #$EvergreenPlant is a plant that retains leaves or needles throughout all the seasons of the year. Cf. #$DeciduousPlant.", rdfs:label "evergreens" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Paper is a portion of paper, considered as a 'stuff' out of which things can be made, like metal or plastic. Thus, this collection includes the collection #$SheetOfPaper, but is wider. Important sources from which paper may be #$derivedFrom include wood pulp, cotton, papyrus, rice. Examples: business stationery, #$MaxiPads, paper currency, toilet paper, newsprint, paper coffee filters, notebook paper.", rdfs:label "paper" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In an instance of #$CapturingAnimal, an #$Agent takes physical control of a (human or non-human) animal. This collection includes trapping animals, kidnapping people (or animals), and also what the police do after they arrest a person for a crime. The animal may or may not be taken alive.", rdfs:label "apprehensions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$BinaryPredicates in Cyc which represent the various propositional attitudes. Examples include #$beliefs, #$desires, #$biases, #$knows, #$opinions, #$expects, #$intends, #$goals, #$notices, etc. The first argument of instances of this collection is the agent holding the relevant propositional attitude. The second argument is the information towards which the propositional attitude is held.", rdfs:label "propositional attitude slot" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$AccountStatusAttribute is an attribute that describes the obligational status of an #$Account; e.g.,#$PaidInFull, #$InComplianceWithPaymentSchedule, #$PaymentOverdue, #$AccountInactive.", rdfs:label "account statuses" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of translational motion events; hence a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any instance of #$Translation-NoLocationChange, the #$objectMoving undergoes translational motion but ends up where it started --- i.e., there is no NET movement; i.e., its #$fromLocation and #$toLocation are the same. Between the beginning and the end of a #$Translation-NoLocationChange, the #$objectMoving may visit the #$toLocation and the #$fromLocation any number of times. E.g., consider the motion of a person who is born in, and 80 years later dies in, the very same hospital, and has been there a few times in between for operations, visiting patients, etc. A less dramatic example is the motion of your car on a particular day, as it gets moved around, crosses its own path a few times, etc., but ends the day in the same place it started. Elements of #$Translation-NoLocationChange may be periodic or nonperiodic movements. An important subset of #$Translation-NoLocationChange is #$Translation-RoundTrip.", rdfs:label "translations without location change" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$SensoryAttribute is a sensory datum detectable by sentient beings. #$SensoryAttribute includes colors, odors, tastes, sounds, and feels, as well as the various feelings represented by its subset #$InternalSensoryAttribute. Examples of #$SensoryAttribute: #$Rough, #$Smooth, #$Slimy, #$GoldColor, #$VeryBrightLightIntensity, (#$HighAmountFn #$NoiseLevelAttribute).", rdfs:label "sensory attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of months that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its subsets is #$February, which is the set of all Februaries; one of its elements is February 1992 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1992)), a particular time interval.", rdfs:label "months" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of syntactically and semantically well-formed #$ELExpressions. The name 'Assertible' derives from #$ELSentence-Assertible, but instances of #$ELExpression-Assertible are not necessarily assertible into the KB (after being converted to HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer) unless they are also instances of #$ELSentence-Assertible.", rdfs:label "e l expression - assertible" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$Raininess describes the intensity with which it is raining at an #$OutdoorLocation. (At the low extreme, it is not raining at all.) Degrees of raininess may be represented qualitatively (e.g., #$Rainy), or using #$GenericValueFunctions. The raininess of a location is indicated with the predicate #$raininessOfRegion.", rdfs:label "raininess" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$BiologicalProductionEvent. Each element of #$SecretionEvent is an event in which a living animal or plant secretes a substance.", rdfs:label "secretion event" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent reflexive relations. A predicate F is an element of #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate, and for every X in the domain of F, (F X X). Examples: #$subSeries, #$inRegion, #$genls, and #$equals. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.", rdfs:label "reflexive binary predicate" SubClassOf: daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of microtheories. Each element of #$LegalCode is a microtheory for collecting all the instances of #$Law which hold in a given #$GeopoliticalEntity. For example, #$LegalCode-ModernUnitedStates.", rdfs:label "legal code" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Each element of #$ProtectiveAttire is something to wear that is designed for protection from the elements or from injury. Some subsets of #$ProtectiveAttire include the collections #$SnowGoggles, #$SurgicalGlove, #$WeldingMask, #$Helmet, #$BoxingHeadGear, #$FaceMaskForCatcher, #$FirefightersCoat, #$RainGear.", rdfs:label "protective garments" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all anatomical vessels in #$Animals. Instances of this collection are tubular animal tissue which acts as a conduit for body fluids or substances passing into or out of the body.", rdfs:label "anatomical vessel" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Receiving is an event in which something `comes in' to an object. Typically, a receiving has associated with it an element of #$Translocation; a particular receiving and its associated translocation(s) are related by the predicate #$transferInSubEvent. If the thing which `comes in' is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible (such as a baseball, or a SCUD missile), then its reception belongs to the specialized subset, #$ReceivingAnObject (q.v.). If the translocation associated with the receiving is an instance of #$WavePropagation (such as a radio broadcast, or heat radiation from the Sun), then the receiving belongs to the subset #$ReceivingAWave (q.v.).", rdfs:label "receiving" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which an #$Agent intends to have an object (other than itself) delivered to some other #$Agent. This involves at least a temporary loss of some user rights to the object by the sender. If successful, an instance of #$SendingSomething is also an instance of #$TransferringPossession.", rdfs:label "sending events" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all words. A lexical word is a free morpheme; it need not be bound to another lexical item. Note that inflectional forms of a word, if there are such, do not constitute distinct words. Examples of #$LexicalWord: #$Aluminum-TheWord, #$Confetti-TheWord, #$To-TheWord, #$Confetti-TheWord, #$Hang-Glide-MWW.", rdfs:label "words" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events, #$ReceivingAnObject is a subset of the collection #$Receiving. An instance of #$ReceivingAnObject is an event in which there is some #$PartiallyTangible which is the #$objectMoving, i.e., the thing which `comes in' to the receiver (the #$toLocation). For example, the #$objectMoving on an occasion when Lynn Swann received a pass from Terry Bradshaw during a Steelers' game would be a football (i.e., some instance of #$Football-American) and the passing/receiving event itself would be a #$ReceivingAnObject.", rdfs:label "receiving an object" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, an object is cooled to (and then below) its #$freezingPoint and is thereby changed from a #$LiquidStateOfMatter to a #$SolidStateOfMatter.", rdfs:label "freezing events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subset of #$Cleaning processes in which something is polished by rubbing it. For example, consider the event in which Aladdin polished his magic lamp for the first time. Polishing can be done to leather, wood, metal, etc. A #$PolishingSomething may be performed either by a person or by a machine.", rdfs:label "polishing events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of intangible objects; a subset of #$Agreement. Every element of #$WorkAgreement is an agreement between an employer and an employee, regarding the duties and remuneration which pertain to that worker's job for that employer. Elements of #$WorkAgreement consist of various #$subAgreements, typically including elements of #$JobDescription, #$CompensationPackage, and some #$CodeOfConduct.", rdfs:label "jobs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of actions which are #$performedBy one #$Agent to convey information about the receipt of a prior #$CommunicationAct-Single which was #$performedBy another #$Agent. An example: Judy saying `No' in response to Jane's prior act of saying `Will you clean the toaster.'", rdfs:label "acknowledgments" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$PositionType is a collection which represents a type of position filled by people within an organization. Examples of #$PositionType: #$Mayor, #$CampaignManager, #$Director-Movie, #$Chairman, #$Resident-Medical.", rdfs:label "position type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Temperature. E.g., (#$DegreeFahrenheit 451) denotes a #$Temperature of 451 F.", rdfs:label "units of temperature" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Every predicate in this collection is a #$TernaryPredicate that takes a #$SomethingExisting as its first argument, a #$SituationType as its second argument, and a #$Role as its third argument. Many of these predicate are used to express some version of capability; others may be used to delineate options or potential duties of an agent.", rdfs:label "situation type pred - ternary" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$PuttingOnAClothingItem is an event in which some wearable item is donned. Such an event may be performed either by the wearer or by someone else (e.g., putting on a horse's bridle or a child's mittens). After an element of #$PuttingOnAClothingItem occurs, there exists an element of #$WearingSomething (q.v.), i.e., the situation in which the item donned is #$wornOn the body of the wearer.", rdfs:label "putting on a clothing item" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of actions in which information is removed from or erased from an IBO (#$InformationBearingObject). After the action, the remaining info content, if any, of the IBO acted on is only a part of what it started out to be. The removed information doesn't go anywhere; after removal it doesn't end up encoded in something else.", rdfs:label "information removing" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Feeling of appeasement, not only of one's desires or longings but also of his needs or requirements. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Satisfaction are: #$Approval, #$Pride, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc.", rdfs:label "satisfying" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all parts of speech. Instances of #$SpeechPart include #$Preposition, #$Adverb, #$SimpleNoun, #$Determiner, #$QuantifyingIndexical, #$Punctuation-SP, #$Pronoun). To link a specific word with the parts of speech for which it has forms, see #$posForms; e.g., #$You-TheWord has a#$Pronoun form, #$And-TheWord has a #$CoordinatingConjunction form, #$Hit-TheWord has both #$SimpleNoun and #$Verb forms.", rdfs:label "parts of speech" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all modern nation-states' armies (the whole branch of service). This sense of 'army' is different from an 'Army' or 'Army Group' in the sense of a military unit. It is customary to refer to very large military units in the fields as 'armies', e.g. the American 5th Army in the European Theater in WWII. This is not the sense being referred to here--'the Army' itself is intended.", rdfs:label "regular armies" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of those elements of #$TangibleThing that can, under varying electrical fields, behave as an electrical insulator at times and an electrical conductor at other times.", rdfs:label "semiconductors" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous is the collection of attributes which describe the basic physical states that pieces of matter can be in. The only four elements of this collection are #$SolidStateOfMatter, #$LiquidStateOfMatter, #$GaseousStateOfMatter, and #$PlasmaStateOfMatter. Although the chemical composition of a substance does not change when its basic physical state changes, many of its intrinsic physical properties do change--including its density, viscosity, brittleness, color, size, etc. States of matter concern the organization of matter at the molecular level, as determined by temperature and pressure. Changes in temperature and or pressure will cause matter in one physical state to transform into another (see #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent). In scientifically sophisticated contexts states of matter apply only to a set of molecules of a single kind, but not to mixtures as a whole: Given a mixture such as liter of mud, we can say that the water part is in a liquid state, but we can't say anything about the mud as a whole. In scientifically naive contexts such as the one represented by the #$NaivePhysicsMt, states of matter can be correctly attributed to mixtures: Wine, a mixture of solids and liquids, may be have the attribute #$LiquidStateOfMatter in such a context.", rdfs:label "states of matter" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$PlantPart. Each element of #$Fruit is a plant structure that contains the seeds of angiosperms. Many fruits have fleshy walls having high concentrations of sugars or fats, and these are often eaten by humans and other animals. Fruits usually develop from the ovary wall, although some fruits include other tissues; e.g., the flesh of apples and of strawberries develops from the receptacle, and the fruits of pineapple and fig develop from a whole inflorescence (group of flowers). See also #$EdibleFruit.", rdfs:label "fruits" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all dirigible, motorized, lighter-than-air craft (airships). Each generally consists of a gas-filled gas-sack from which a control and passenger cabin hangs (the gas-sack may or may not have rigid reinforcement such as ribs). A BlimpTheAirship flies more slowly than an #$Airplane. They are also called blimps, dirigibles and Zeppelins.", rdfs:label "blimps" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of unincorporated businesses organizations. An element of #$SoleProprietorship is a business in which an individual #$Person (or a married couple) owns, operates, and assumes liability for the business. A #$SoleProprietorship may or may not have employees. It has no shareholders or partners.", rdfs:label "sole proprietorships" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent, some living structures are decomposed.", rdfs:label "biological decomposition event" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of electrical components. An instance of #$ElectricalComponent is an #$ElectricalDevice which is normally considered to be a part of some larger, more clearly distinguished #$PhysicalDevice (e.g., clearly distinguished in the sense that it is sold, moved, etc. as a unit). The #$ElectricalComponent must be connected with other parts in order to perform its #$primaryFunction.", rdfs:label "electrical components" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of atomic data, each element of which denotes a variable within CycL and therefore can have a value associated with it during inferencing. #$SubLVariable excludes Cyc System symbols which designate constants or strings.", rdfs:label "Cyc system variables" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the CycL language. This includes formulas, sentences, denotational terms, etc.", rdfs:label "cyc l expression" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$ServingFoodOrDrink is an event in which an item of food or drink is served. It starts when the server picks up the food or drink from a preparation or pickup area and ends when it is deposited at the location where the people being served may eat or drink it. Such events are typically part of the job of any restaurant server who waits on tables, and they may be performed also by a host or servant at a dinner party or banquet, or by a family member at a home meal. Note: this collection does not include placing a `serving' of food from a common dish onto a diner's plate.", rdfs:label "events in which food or drink is served" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who is an officer in some #$MilitaryOrganization.", rdfs:label "officers" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each #$TruthFunction is a relationship which is used to form sentences about the world. Informally, one can think of these as functions, which, when used in the ``arg0'' or ``predicate'' position in a CycL expression with the correct number and type of arguments, produce a CycL formula which has a particular truth value (true, false or unknown). #$TruthFunction stands in contrast to #$Function-Denotational. Both are special types of #$Relation, but instances of #$Function-Denotational are used in expressions to form new terms, rather than sentences.", rdfs:label "truth function" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of portals. Each element of #$Doorway is a portal in some instance of #$ShelterConstruction, suitable for people (and perhaps vehicles) to enter and exit. For example, doorways to houses, office buildings, elevators, automobiles, airplanes, garages, etc.", rdfs:label "doorways" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all ceilings of every instance of #$RoomInAConstruction. Note that, unlike walls, ceilings are conventionally considered to be 'one-sided' objects. The other side of a #$CeilingOfARoom may be a #$RoofOfAConstruction, or in a #$ModernShelterConstruction, more probably the #$FloorInAConstruction in another room.", rdfs:label "ceilings" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all underground #$Railways, under the surfaces of major cities. Some parts of Subways may be in trenches, on bridges or on elevated tracks, but most of a Subway is in underground tunnels.", rdfs:label "subways" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional is a person who uses some sort of creative or artistic abilities in the main function of his or her job. #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional includes both performing artists and producers of tangible artworks, either creative or commercial. This collection does NOT include people working on the business side of those professions, such as producers or art dealers, whose #$jobAttributes are more similar to those of other business professionals (e.g., managers, marketers, sales representatives) than to the artists'; cf. #$EntertainmentOrArtsAdministrator.", rdfs:label "entertainment or arts professional" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TypePredicate is a predicate used in asserting relations between #$Collections, or between #$Individuals and #$Collections, which in turn imply further assertions involving instances of the #$Collections. Examples: #$primaryActivityType, #$insuredEventTypes, #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected, #$frequencyOfActionType, #$objectTypesCollected.", rdfs:label "type predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of intangible objects. Each element of #$FinancialAccount is an instance of #$Account (q.v.) which is denominated in units of #$Money. Examples: savings accounts, credit card accounts, vendor accounts.", rdfs:label "financial accounts" SubClassOf: Class: daml:TransitiveProperty Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Acceleration is the change in speed of an object per unit time. It is a measurable physical quantity, measured in units such as MilesPerHourPerSecond.", rdfs:label "accelerations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The levels, also called floors or stories, of a #$ConstructionArtifact. Levels are regions in space; they are not two-dimensional planes.", rdfs:label "stories" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of partially tangibles. An element of #$FinancialAssetHoldings is a group of financial assets (e.g., stocks, bonds, ... ) owned by individual or corporate #$Agent(s). As a default, we assume that the monetary value of each group equals the sum of the monetary values of the individual assets in that group.", rdfs:label "fidelity investments" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$TangibleThings that are #$Convex, i.e. have no significant #$Concave surfaces, cavities or #$Crevices. A #$ConvexTangibleObject occupies about the same space as its convex hull; see #$ConvexHullFn and #$ConvexHullSpaceFn. A solid physical sphere or cube are #$ConvexTangibleObjects but a cup or doughnut cannot be. The size of allowable minor concavities depends on the context.", rdfs:label "convex tangible object" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$Relation such that instances are only permitted at the EL; that is, the canonicalizer will transform expressions that reference instances of #$ELRelation into equivalent expressions that do not reference instances of #$ELRelation; this transformation is guided by the value (arg2) of #$expansion for each #$ELRelation", rdfs:label "e l relation" Class: WeatherAttribute Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all CycL expressions which have at least one free variable, and which might denote something in the universe of discourse if their variable(s) were bound. #$CycLSentences are not considered part of the universe of discourse in this way. Examples include ?X, (#$JuvenileFn ?X), and (#$JuvenileFn #$isa ?X #$genls #$JuvenileFn), even though the latter is semantically ill-formed.", rdfs:label "cyc l open denotational term" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all human torsos. A #$Torso is the main portion of the person's body, and one can conceive of a human body as a torso to which are connected the head and various appendages (#$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart).", rdfs:label "torsos" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$LawEnforcementOrganization is the collection of official organizations whose purpose is to support or perform law enforcement. This includes both police organizations, at all levels, and information agencies such as #$INTERPOL whose purpose is to assist and coordinate police activities. See the subset #$PoliceOrganization for only those organizations which are legally empowered to enforce laws.", rdfs:label "law-enforcement organizations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of places; a subset of #$ContactLocation. Each element of #$ShippingLocation is a location to which merchandise is physically delivered, e.g., a house, an office, a corporate mailroom, a post office box.", rdfs:label "shipping locations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a #$Mixture is separated into two or more #$constituents.", rdfs:label "separating a mixture" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all CycL expressions which may denote something in the universe of discourse if they are meaningful and closed (having no free variables). Semantic well-formedness is not a requirement; (#$JuvenileFn #$isa ?X #$genls #$JuvenileFn) is a denotational term. However, if a #$CycLFormula, semantic properties of the arg0 may determine its membership in this collection. e.g. (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog) is a denotational term, but (#$Dog #$JuvenileFn) is not. Other examples of denotational terms include #$Muffet, ?X, (#$JuvenileFn ?X), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X GreenColor)), and 212.", rdfs:label "cyc l denotational term" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The positive emotion felt when one is free from doubt about an event or object from which the agent feeling #$Confidence expects positive contingencies. For example, one might say 'I feel confident that tomorrow it will not be rainy'. Do not confuse this with a personality disposition, e.g. 'Joe is a confident person.' (See #$PersonalityAttribute.) This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes include #$Grief, #$SelfConfidence, etc.", rdfs:label "certainties" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of Spring seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, Spring is the time ice melts, the average temperature starts to increase, the days get longer, plants begin to put forth buds, etc. #$SpringSeason represents the climatic aspects of spring; see #$CalendarSpring for the purely temporal aspects of spring.", rdfs:label "springs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$CounterfactualContexts which are (1) created intentionally, not by error or chance or gradual evolution and accretion in a culture, and (2) typically are the information content of some #$InformationBearingThing, and (3) are not expected (by their creator) to be believed as factual, nor do their creators believe them to be factual. In addition to asserting fictional propositions about existing things, a #$FictionalContext may include terms for nonexistent things. Examples: #$LordOfTheRings, #$AdventuresOfHuckleberryFinn.", rdfs:label "fictional contexts" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of the highest, most general taxonomic divisions of organisms. Traditionally, it has included the elements of #$Animal and of #$Plant and may include separate kingdoms for the elements of #$ProkaryoticCell, single-celled eukaryotes (protists), and fungi.", rdfs:label "kingdoms" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of partially tangible stuff which all normal instances of some spec of #$Organism-Whole can consume and successfully metabolize, with or without resulting harm to themselves, a significant portion of any instance of. This collection includes virtually all animal and vegetable matter and instances of #$OralDrug. It does not necessarily include things that are ingested but not metabolized, such as the stones that birds swallow to aid in digestion, or dirt, paint chips, and coins ingested by children. The function #$EdibleByFn is used to specify the collections of edible stuff that are ingestible by all normal instances of certain specs of #$Organism-Whole, including #$Person. Note that whether an edible substance *also* has a detrimental effect if eaten is a separate question. Something can be both edible and poisonous.", rdfs:label "edible things" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of agreements. Each element of #$SalesAgreement is an agreement which governs aspects of some #$Buying activity. This includes bidding activities (in the subset #$SalesBidOrContract), as well as the instances of #$SalesContract.", rdfs:label "sales agreements" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of semantically well-formed #$CycLAssertions which are supported by at least one belief argument, meaning that the assertion was explicitly asserted to Cyc, as opposed to having been deduced by Cyc's inference engine. An assertion can have more than one argument, and can therefore be both a #$CycLAssertedAssertion and a #$CycLDeducedAssertion.", rdfs:label "cyc l asserted assertion" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is the collection whose four elements are #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn.", rdfs:label "seasons" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Distance is the length of a path in space extending from one point to another. In some contexts, for example as in the argument 2 position of #$altitudeAboveSeaLevel, this distance includes directional information. In these contexts, elements can take on positive or negative values. Elements of #$Distance may be either a fixed interval, such as the height of the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC or the altitude of the #$DeadSea, or a range, such as #$WithinAudibleDistance (see #$ScalarInterval for more explanation). See #$UnitOfDistance for the units used by Cyc to measure distances. See #$Distance-Absolute for measures of distance that necessarily do not include directional information, i.e. are always non-negative.", rdfs:label "distances" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of agreements; a subset of #$AuthorizedAgreement. Each element of #$Warranty is an agreement between the seller (and/or manufacturer) and the purchaser of some object or service. In a warranty, the seller/manufacturer promises that the object or service will be satisfactory in some indicated way (e.g., free of defects, effective, etc.). Usually a warranty specifies what compensation an unsatisfied purchaser is entitled to (e.g., free repairs, a refund), and how s/he can claim it.", rdfs:label "guarantees" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations which are judicial agents. An element of #$Court-Judicial is an established judicial court, i.e., an enduring governmental #$Organization whose #$primaryFunction is to settle disputes by means of legal reasoning by one or more #$Judges. Typically, a court's orders are enforced by some other agency belonging to the government of which that court is a part. The collection #$Court-Judicial includes federal, state, county, and municipal courts, appellate and chancery courts, tax courts, courts of claims, courts-martial (if non-temporary), admiralty courts, courts of chivalry, American Indian tribal courts, and the Permanent Court of International Justice. It excludes Gypsy/Rom Kris courts, nonjudicial administrative county courts, stannaries, and temporary #$Tribunals.", rdfs:label "courts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$FusionEvent, two or more objects fuse together, yielding a product.", rdfs:label "fusion event" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$SomethingExisting is the subset of #$TemporalThing whose elements are more or less static, at least compared to the highly dynamic elements of #$Event. The clearest examples of #$SomethingExisting are tangible things, like people, lakes, stars, the Earth's ionosphere, etc. Some elements of #$Intangible, such as agreements and obligations, also exist stably in time over their lifetime (rather than `happening'), and thus both #$Agreement and #$Obligation are subsets of (i.e., have the #$genls) #$SomethingExisting).", rdfs:label "things existing stably in time" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A feeling of irritation and dissatisfaction arising from unresolved problems or unfulfilled needs. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "frustrations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In an instance of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion, one object causes another object to undergo a translational motion. The object causing the motion is the #$providerOfMotiveForce. The object which is caused to move is the #$objectActedOn (and also the #$objectMoving) in the event. One way to cause another object's motion is by carrying it along with one (see the subset #$CarryingWhileLocomoting), but there are many others, such as throwing, kicking, or knocking it away. Some elements of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion may be elements of #$Translation-Complete (such as elements of #$CarryingWhileLocomoting) whereas others (such as elements of #$PumpingFluid) may be elements of #$Translation-Flow. Examples: a train transporting passengers; a person pushing a coin into a vending machine; the release of a bowstring which propels an arrow; a magnet attracting a nail.", rdfs:label "events of causing another object's translational motion" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of artifacts. Each element of #$FixedStructure is a humanly-constructed, freestanding object that exists in a fixed location; e.g., buildings, pyramids, the Great Wall of China, dams, elevated roadways, canals, etc. Such structures may have parts which are also elements of #$FixedStructure (e.g., bridge pilings) and parts which are not freestanding (e.g., the span of a bridge, or a room in a building).", rdfs:label "fixed free-standing structures" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all islands, each being a #$LandBody (smaller than a #$Continent) surrounded by water.", rdfs:label "islands" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The food group consisting of grain products such as breads and cereals. Food that contains a significant amount of grain products should be specs of this.", rdfs:label "cereals" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Movement-Rotation is a subset of #$MovementEvent. Elements of #$Movement-Rotation are those moving events in which the #$primaryObjectMoving is an #$objectRotating, i.e., it rotates about an axis that spatially intersects it (or that goes through a hole in it). For example, the daily rotation of the #$PlanetEarth on its axis, or the rotation of a clock hand about its fastened end. A negative example is the orbiting of #$PlanetEarth around the #$Sun - the axis does not spatially intersect the object.", rdfs:label "rotations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of birds; a subset of #$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Bird is an air-breathing, warm-blooded animal, covered with feathers, having forelimbs modified as wings and a beak rather than teeth. Members of most, but not all, species of bird can fly. #$Bird is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.", rdfs:label "birds" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Every element of #$CompositeAttributeType is a collection of attributes which is a subset of #$CompositeAttribute (q.v.).", rdfs:label "composite attribute types" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In a #$ConnectingTogether event, two or more tangible things get physically connected together (attached) by means of some sort of connector or fastener. Some specializations of this include welding, buckling-up, using nailing, tying-up, etc. #$ConnectingTogether need not be a spec of #$Movement-TranslationEvent since two objects being connected may be already at rest with each other.", rdfs:label "links" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$OrganizationalChart is an IBO that graphically or in outline fashion depicts information about the control structure or resource use structure of an organization. E.g., a diagram of Exxon Corporation's top managers showing their reporting structure.", rdfs:label "organizational charts" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$CalendarYears which are leap years; i.e., calendar years in which February has 29 days", rdfs:label "leap years" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all strings of characters (in any languages or in no known language). Each element of the collection #$CharacterString is a string of characters or an abstract sequence of symbols. Note: it is NOT any particular physical, tangible representation; different encodings may represent the characters. An element of #$CharacterString has characters from some fixed character set. The characters are instances of #$Character-Abstract. An element of #$CharacterString may be any length, including zero (i.e., empty strings, which have no characters). If elements of #$CharacterString are concatenated, the result is also an element of #$CharacterString. The length of the resulting string is equal to the sum of the lengths of the concatenated strings. Some types (subsets) of #$CharacterString include #$EMailAddress, #$AreaCode, #$PhoneNumber, #$PhoneCountryCode, etc. Note that a #$CharacterString is ordered formally as a #$List (rather than physically left-to-right or top-to-bottom); thus the 'first' character in the #$CharacterString for an Arabic word happens to be the rightmost (first pronounced) character, not the leftmost character, due to the letter-order and word-order convention for Arabic writing.", rdfs:label "character sequences" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of artifacts. #$HOCObject is a very general collection for all artifacts that are found in places where humans live or work, i.e., in some element of #$HumanOccupationConstruct (= HOC). Since these objects are considered to be found indoors, they are all roughly `human-sized'. Elements include everything from furniture to tools, appliances to artwork, medical examining tables to church altars and pews.", rdfs:label "furnishings" SubClassOf: Class: TimePoint Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$Animal; the collection of all large plant-eating animals that travel and graze in social groups. Elements of #$HerdAnimal also belong to #$Herbivore; they include most instances of #$Ruminant and may also include Triceretops.", rdfs:label "herd animals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$TangibleProduct. Each element of #$DomesticatedAnimalFood is a foodstuff produced by human beings and intended for consumption by domesticated animals. This collection includes feed manufactured for horses, cattle, chickens, and other farm animals, as well as `pet foods'.", rdfs:label "domesticated animal food" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of syntactically well-formed atomic sentences in the CycL language which have no free variables. Each instance of #$CycLClosedAtomicSentence involves the application of a #$Predicate to some arguments.", rdfs:label "cyc l closed atomic sentence" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$RateOfRotation. E.g., (#$RadiansPerSecond 5) denotes a change of 5 radians in angular distance per second.", rdfs:label "units of angular speed" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Instances of #$PathSystemType-Structural are collections of path systems, including #$PointFinitePathSystem, #$NodeFinitePathSystem, #$LinkFinitePathSystem, #$FinitaryJunctionPathSystem, #$SimplePathSystem, #$Multigraph, #$FiniteMultigraph, #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic, #$ConnectedPathSystem, #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem, #$DirectedPathSystem, #$BidirectedPathSystem, #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem, #$BoundedDirectedPathSystem, #$DirectedMultigraph, #$DirectedGraph, #$DirectedAcyclicGraph, #$BoundedDirectedAcyclicGraph, #$NetworkFlowSystem-Bounded, etc.", rdfs:label "path system type - structural" SubClassOf: owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$ChangeInUserRights is an event in which some instance of #$Agent either gains or loses possession of something. `Possession' means having some right to use a thing that one has in hand or otherwise has access to. Different types of possession (e.g., ownership, rental, borrowings) can be specified by the using the appropriate element(s) of #$UserRightsAttribute (q.v.). Changes in an agent's user rights can come about in various ways: through buying and selling, renting, borrowing or lending, giving, repossession, etc. Some subsets of this kind of change are #$LosingUserRights, #$GainingUserRights, and #$ExchangeOfUserRights; in the latter class, there is an alteration in the rights of two (or more) agents to use two (or more) items -- as in a purchase, when one agent gets full use rights to an object by turning over a sum of money to the object's previous owner. In addition, some changes in user rights are classified explicitly in #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights (e.g., borrowing, renting), while others are permanent. Events that involve such changes in user rights all belong in the collection of events, #$ChangeInUserRights. In any particular #$ChangeInUserRights event, the item which is changing hands is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer.", rdfs:label "change in user rights" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of non-atomic denotational terms in the EL language. Each instance of #$ELNonAtomicTerm has as its functor either an instance of #$Function-Denotational or a function-denoting function. Also it optionally has other EL terms as additional arguments. If the functor is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, an #$ELNonAtomicTerm can be reified, whereupon it becomes an #$HLNonAtomicReifiedTerm, or 'NART'.", rdfs:label "NAUT" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Septembers, the ninth month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.", rdfs:label "September" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all lines, linear regions, or dividing planes or surfaces--physical or abstract--that each constitutes the boundary between (#$formsBorderBetween) two regions (i.e., two elements of #$SpatialThing).", rdfs:label "borders" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of pharmaceutical product types, including drugs and pharmaceutical devices.", rdfs:label "pharmacy products" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all joints of #$Animals. A joint is the juncture between the ends or edges of abutting bones of the animal's skeleton. Joints are of several types mechanically (e.g., ball-and-socket). Many major joints function as hinges, in which the ends of the abutting bones are joined with ligaments and cushioned by cartilege.", rdfs:label "joints" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$Watercraft that contains all fishing boats, including trawlers, seiners, junks etc. that are marine-life-catching devices, and the main purpose of the fishing is commercial. Note that not all instances of CommercialFishingBoat have to be used exclusively in the ocean--they can also be used in rivers and lakes, etc.", rdfs:label "commercial fishing boat" Class: KnowledgeBase Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of government organizations. An element of #$NationalTaxAgency is a revenue agency that is part of the government of a #$Country and which is concerned primarily with collecting tax money (from national taxes) from the residents of that #$Country. This collection does NOT include customs agencies and agencies that collect minor fees only.", rdfs:label "national tax agencies" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of #$Angle is formed by two lines diverging from the same point or two surfaces diverging from the same line. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the angle formed by the intersection of two walls, and abstract objects, such as the angle formed by the intersection of two (abstract) lines.", rdfs:label "angles" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events, and a subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvents. In each #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent, one or more living things undergo biological changes in which they progress from one developmental stage to another. For example, the germination of a seed, the opening of a flower, the pupating of a caterpillar, a teenager reaching puberty. Some borderline non-examples include: Groucho Marx being born, Groucho Marx dying.", rdfs:label "biological development event" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subset of #$Nucleon. Each instance of #$Neutron is a nucleon which has an #$ElectricalCharge of 0.", rdfs:label "neutrons" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$LandBody is a cohesive chunk of land whose extent is principally defined by one or more bordering bodies of water (liquid or frozen). Types of #$LandBody include the subsets #$Island and #$Continent. Examples: #$Australia, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica, #$Trinidad-Island, #$Crete-Island-Greece. Areas of land defined by human occupation or political boundaries, e.g., #$NorthernCalifornia or #$NorthernIreland, are elements of #$GeographicalRegion, but not of #$LandBody.", rdfs:label "landmasses" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$Connector is a device which connects two objects. A connector (or part of it) may be a part incorporated into one or both of the objects connected, or a connector may be a totally separate device. Examples include elements of the collections #$ButtonTheFastener, #$Staple, #$Nail, and many more.", rdfs:label "clasps" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of ailments that are classified as psychological due to their origin and/or manifestation in the mind of the sufferer rather than (or at least in addition to, and perhaps causing) manifestations in the sufferer's body. Having a brain tumor is not an element of this collection, but imagining that you have one is an element of #$PsychologicalAilment, and so is the deep case of depression you fall into once you believe (rightly or wrongly) that you have a brain tumor. Some subsets of this collection are the collections #$Phobia, #$Depression-PsychologicalCondition, and #$PanicAttack.", rdfs:label "psychological disorders" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$PortalCovering is something that covers a portal (e.g., window, door, hatch). Portal coverings may be either flexible or rigid; they may be either fixed in place or removable. Examples include windows (in buildings or automobiles), doors, shutters, screens, draperies, window blinds, convertible tops, lids, corks.", rdfs:label "portal covering" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$ConceptualWorks. Instantiations may be either hardcopy or electronic. Traditional hardcopy instantiations are instances of #$BookCopy, but in the later half of the Twentieth Century of the Common Era additional formats were created (books on (audio) tape, computer media containing instantiations of textual computer files, etc. Instances of #$Book-CW are usually #$TextualMaterial, but some may contain only arrangements of images.", rdfs:label "book generic - c w" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). Each element of #$VisualInformationSource is an IBT from which information is extracted by viewing it (with the appropriate interpretive conventions). Examples of #$VisualInformationSource include handwritten letters; newspapers and other print media objects; paintings, sculpture, and other visual art objects; projected images, neon signs, etc. The information content of instances of #$VisualInformationSource may or may not be propositional in nature. In the proper conditions elements of #$VisualInformationSources produce #$VisualImages. For example, if one shines light on a photograph, a characteristic #$VisualImage is produced. Likewise, if one electrifies a neon sign a #$VisualImage is produced.", rdfs:label "visual information sources" SubClassOf: Class: owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each instance of #$Condensing, a gas is cooled to (or its pressure lowered to) the point where the relative humidity (or similar partial pressure measure if something other than water is condensing) is greater than 100%, changing part of a component of the gas from the #$GaseousStateOfMatter to the #$LiquidStateOfMatter.", rdfs:label "condensation processes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of Winter seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, generally a time of cold and dormancy. #$WinterSeason represents the climatic aspects of Winter; for its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarWinter.", rdfs:label "winters" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The calendar season that begins at autumnal equinox and runs until winter solstice.", rdfs:label "autumns" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This collection is a subset of #$Event. Each element of #$GeneralizedTransfer is an event in which something (tangible or intangible) is transferred from one `place' to another. #$GeneralizedTransfer includes changes in physical location, in ownership or possession, transfer of information, and propagation of wave phenomena through space. See also the related predicate #$transferredThing, and the specialized subsets of this collection.", rdfs:label "transfers" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent involve the destruction of larger molecules. E.g., the degradation of glucose into carbon dioxide and water, which releases energy used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate).", rdfs:label "catabolisms" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$Cell. #$Ovum is the collection of specialized gamete cells produced by meiosis in the reproductive tract of female animals. Each ovum usually has half the number of chromosomes that regular body cells do, and when fertilized by a spermatozoon, it becomes a zygote and continues to develop into a mature individual. Also called 'egg'. See also #$FemaleAnimal, #$SexualReproductionEvent.", rdfs:label "ova" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$ElectricalCharge is an amount of net electrical charge (positive or negative) possessed by a particular instance of #$PartiallyTangible. Elements of #$ElectricalCharge may be either a fixed interval, such as the charge on one electron, or a range, such as a usable charge on a flashlight battery; see #$ScalarInterval. Also see #$UnitOfCharge for the units used by Cyc to measure electrical charges.", rdfs:label "electrical charges" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of binary predicates; a specialization of #$Role. Each element of #$ActorSlot relates some instance of #$Event to a temporal thing involved in that event (here called a `participant', but that does not imply activity). The first argument of every #$ActorSlot is an instance of #$Event, and the second argument is an instance of #$SomethingExisting. All instances of #$ActorSlot have #$actors as their #$genlPreds, directly or indirectly, so that the actor slots form a kind of hierarchy. Each specialized actor slot indicates HOW its participant participates in the event, i.e., in what role (e.g., #$inputs, #$outputs, #$doneBy). Actor slots are NOT used to indicate the time of an event's occurrence, external representations of the event, and other more remotely related things that are not directly or indirectly `involved' in occurrence of the event. Time and other quantities are relevant to events but are not instances of #$SomethingExisting; thus, they are related to events by some non-#$ActorSlot predicate. Things which are remotely related to the event--e.g., someone who is affected by the event but doesn't exist when the event occurs--may be related using some instance of #$Role that does not belong to #$ActorSlot, such as #$affectedAgent. See also #$Role.", rdfs:label "actor slots" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Flammability represents a specific readiness with which some tangible substance burns. Different degrees of #$Flammability are represented either using #$GenericValueFunctions or qualitatively (e.g., #$NonFlammable, #$BurnsEasily, #$ExplosivelyFlammable). Flammability of an object is indicated with the predicate #$flammabilityOfObject.", rdfs:label "flammabilities" SubClassOf: Class: GeographicalDirection Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections; a subset of #$RelationshipType. Each element of #$PredicateCategory is a collection of Cyc #$Predicates. Examples: #$TemporalPartSlot, #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot, #$FunctionalSlot, #$InterActorSlot, #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate, #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot. See also the comment on #$Predicate.", rdfs:label "predicate category" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible substances. Each element of #$GaseousTangibleThing is a tangible thing which shares many of the properties that matter in a #$GaseousStateOfMatter exhibits; i.e., its shapes would completely conform to the boundaries of a vessel containing it, and it is compressible (however, not all instances of #$GaseousTangibleThing can be said to have #$GaseousStateOfMatter, because that's reserved for pure compounds). Examples of #$GaseousTangibleThing: pieces of matter in #$GaseousStateOfMatter like the helium in a child's balloon; mixures of gasses such as #$TheAtmosphereQuaSinglePieceOfStuff; and suspensions of liquids and solids in gas such as #$Fog and #$Smoke. Cf. #$FluidTangibleThing, #$LiquidTangibleThing.", rdfs:label "gaseous objects" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The physical object which 'covers' or fills in the #$WindowPortal. It is a physical barrier, but because it is made primarily of glass, it allows light to enter.", rdfs:label "windows" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Please see the #$SharedNote #$NoteForUnitOfMeasureWithPrefixAndNoPrefix.", rdfs:label "units of measure without a prefix" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of languages which are used for human communication and evolved naturally. This includes dead languages such as Ancient Greek and Latin but excludes concocted languages such as Esperanto.", rdfs:label "languages" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$Form-StandardizedIBO is an IBO having some standard set of labelled `fields' left blank for the user to fill in with individualized information. Forms usually accompany some sort of bureaucratic procedure, which they may be used to initiate or to certify. Examples include the elements of #$JobApplicationForm, #$DepositSlip, #$InsuranceClaimForm, #$OrderForm, #$TaxReturn, #$BirthCertificate, #$DiplomaDocument, #$ATMTransactionReceipt, #$MarriageLicenseDocument, #$DeathCertificate, etc.", rdfs:label "legal forms" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Voltage. E.g., (#$Volt 120) denotes an electrical voltage of 120 volts.", rdfs:label "units of voltage" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and the collection of #$PathSystems without loops or parallel links. This collection includes #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic when there are no non-node points along links.", rdfs:label "simple path system" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of not yet fully-formed organisms, including mammals before birth, birds before hatching, and plants before sprouting from their seeds. Note that the criteria of the collection #$Embryo do not correspond exactly with the meaning of the English word 'embryo', since #$Embryo includes zygotes, blastulas, the set of cells derived from the embryo after the fetus is formed (#$AmnioticSac + #$Fetus + #$Placenta-FetalPortion), etc.", rdfs:label "embryos" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Each element of #$FinancialAccountTenderObject is an object, e.g., a check or a credit card, that serves as a vehicle for offering payment in funds drawn on an associated instance of #$FinancialAccount. The liquidity of an element of #$FinancialAccountTenderObject depends on the #$accountBalance or #$accountStatus of the financial account which that object legally represents. This collection excludes the elements of #$Currency and #$TravellersCheck.", rdfs:label "financial account tender object" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Area; e.g., (#$SquareYard 4) returns an area of 4 square yards.", rdfs:label "units of area" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events -- specifically, the seasons that occur as #$subEvents of an #$AnnualClimateCycle. For example, the elements of #$WinterSeason are all instances of #$SeasonOfYear.", rdfs:label "seasons" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of ailments which are distinguished by the shared characteristic that if left untreated, those ailments will certainly cause a patient to die -- and may eventually do so despite treatment. Subsets of this collection include: #$Diabetes, #$Cancer, #$Botulism, and #$Rabies. Note that this does not mean: `are 100% likely to lead to death if untreated'. It does not mean `the organism will not seek treatment elsewhere,. Also note that this is somewhat context dependent.", rdfs:label "terminal conditions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$Breathing is the collection of #$AirRespiration events in which the respiring organism takes air into its internal #$Lungs, where the gas exchange occurs. See also #$Respiration.", rdfs:label "breathing events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of languages invented for use by computers. This includes both command languages and others which one doesn't really `program' in.", rdfs:label "programming languages" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Volume. E.g., (#$Liter 5) denotes 5 liters.", rdfs:label "units of volume" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all atomic denotational terms in the CycL language. All such terms may denote something in the universe of discourse if semantically meaningful and fully bound (variables are #$CycLAtomicTerms). They are also atomic, meaning that they cannot be broken down via the CycL syntax. The string aabaab is a #$CycLAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down into substrings, just as 212 is a #$CycLAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down into digits. This notion of atomicity is only with respect to the CycL grammar, and digits and substrings are not part of the CycL grammar.", rdfs:label "cyc l atomic term" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all intangible objects that are parts of some language or other, in a broad sense of part whereby #$LinguisticObject's specializations include such diverse collections as #$Title, #$WordSense, #$SententialConstituent, #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject, and #$LinguisticAttribute.", rdfs:label "linguistic object" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$SheetOfSomeStuff is a substance which (in its `intrinsic' shape) is continuous and, when flattened, uncrumpled, unfurled, etc, has one dimension which is significantly smaller than the other two dimensions. The requirement of being a continuous sheet does not preclude some type of penetrability, as in instances of #$Screen-Mesh, #$Netting, or #$LaceCloth. Instances of #$SheetOfSomeStuff may be solid, liquid, or gaseous. A #$Puddle on a relatively flat surface (but not in a deep pothole) or an #$AltoStratusCloud would be members of this collection. Belonging to this collection implies nothing about the current configuration of the object; in particular, elements of #$SheetOfSomeStuff need not be lying flat. Aluminum foil on a roll or a bedspread crumpled up on a bed are instances of #$SheetOfSomeStuff. Cf. #$SheetShaped, #$TwoDimensionalShape.", rdfs:label "sheets" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of rotational movements; a subset of #$Movement-Rotation. In any instance of #$Rotation-Periodic, either partial rotation (e.g., rocking) or full rotation (e.g., spinning) occurs periodically. Examples include the swinging of a clock pendulum and the rotation of the Earth on its axis. Note that the accuracy and duration of the periodic rotation is context-dependent. E.g., in a context spanning a long enough period of time, and/or if measured sufficiently accurately, the Earth's rotation does not have a fixed period. In a context short enough, and `approximate' enough, a spinning Olympic ice skater is performing a #$Rotation-Periodic event, even though a few seconds later they slow down and stop rotating.", rdfs:label "periodic rotations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which are used for expressing how often something occurs during an interval of time, i.e., functions which return an element of #$Frequency. E.g., (#$MegaHertz 89.5) returns a frequency of 89.5 MHz.", rdfs:label "units of frequency" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$Function-Denotational whose instances, when applied to any appropriate (sequence of) arguments, return instances of #$Individual. Examples include #$PerimeterFn, #$MedalAwardCeremonyFn, and #$CavityInteriorRegionFn; (#$CavityInteriorRegionFn #$LincolnMemorialInWashingtonDC) denotes the region of space inside the Lincoln Memorial. Cf. #$CollectionDenotingFunction and #$SetDenotingFunction.", rdfs:label "individual denoting function" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Searching for something with the intent to find it. Instances of failure to find the object of the search are still instances of #$LookingForSomething.", rdfs:label "searches" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of computational (i.e., abstract, intangible, syntactically structured) objects which make up Cyc's CycL-based system.", rdfs:label "Cyc system objects" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection #$UnitVector-Precise is a subset of #$Vector-Precise and of #$UnitVectorInterval. Each element of #$UnitVector-Precise is a vector interval with a magnitude of 1 and a precisely specified direction (e.g., due North, straight down). Thus, one precise unit vector differs from another only in direction, since each vector consists of a magnitude and a direction (in a space of n > 1 dimensions). So elements of #$UnitVector-Precise in effect indicate different directions such as `straight up' or `due East'.", rdfs:label "unit vector - precise" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Mass. E.g. (#$Kilogram 5) denotes 5 kilograms.", rdfs:label "units of mass" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all string-denoting terms in the CycL language, which are represented in SubL, the underlying implementation of the CycL system by a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes. Example: the term foo .", rdfs:label "Cyc system strings" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$TopographicalFeature is a three dimensional feature of a planet's surface, typically with boundaries defined by formations of rock, dirt, water, etc., or by significant changes in elevation. Some important subsets include the collections #$Mountain, #$MountainRange, #$Peninsula, #$Harbor, #$Shoreline, #$Arroyo. Collections of regions defined by the presence of human artifacts (e.g., #$CitySkyline) or ecological characteristics (e.g., #$Forest-Wild) do NOT belong among the subsets of #$TopographicalFeature. Examples of #$TopographicalFeature: #$KyushuIsland-Japan, #$SaintThomas-Island, #$LakeErie, #$VictoriaFalls, #$MalayPeninsula.", rdfs:label "topographical features" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An important subset of #$Relation. Each element of #$CommutativeRelation is a relationship whose argument order can be changed without changing the value or meaning of the expression; e.g., #$PlusFn, #$TimesFn, #$or, #$bordersOn, #$temporallyIntersects, #$teammates. Most #$Relations are NOT commutative: if (#$isa EL COL) is true, it is rare that (#$isa COL EL) is also true.", rdfs:label "commutative relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all local organizations that provide professional medical care to non-human animals. Note that this is not a specialization of Hospital. The names may be the same, but hospitals provide medical care to persons only.", rdfs:label "veterinary hospitals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which an #$Agent deliberately facilitates and does #$Hearing.", rdfs:label "listening" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of documents that contain information about the time/location of each leg of a trip, accomodations, etc.", rdfs:label "itineraries" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Researcher is a person who performs research as his or her main occupation. This collection includes academicians, clinical investigators, experimental physicists, market researchers, industrial researchers, etc.", rdfs:label "researchers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$TeethCleaning event, an animal's teeth are cleaned. In order to distinguish, e.g., professional teeth cleaning by a dental technician from daily personal care, different microtheories are used. Consider just the frequencies of performing this action: in the #$HumanActivitiesMt, where a person brushes their own teeth as a subevent of #$DailyPersonalCleaning, this occurs once or twice per day. In the #$ProviderOfServicePerspectiveMt, that is from the dental hygienist's point of view, it occurs about ten times per day. In the #$RecipientOfServicePerspectiveMt, that is from the point of view of someone going to get their teeth cleaned at a dentist's office, it happens a couple times per year.", rdfs:label "teeth cleaning" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate is a predicate involved in assertions used by the Cyc application to direct inferencing. Examples: #$defnIff, #$defnSufficient, #$termOfUnit, #$afterAdding.", rdfs:label "inference related bookkeeping predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations engaged in financial activities as their main concern and as a business. An element of #$FinancialCompany is a commercial service organization that buys, sells, trades, converts, or lends money, in the form of currency or negotiable financial instruments (such as stocks, bonds, commodities futures, etc.), as (one of) its major function(s). The collection #$FinancialCompany does not include businesses, such as retailers, which simply exchange goods or non-financial services for money. Examples: Chase Bank, University Federal Credit Union, Fidelity Investments (but NOT the IMF). Cf. the superset #$FinancialOrganization for non-business organizations engaged in financial activities (such as the IMF).", rdfs:label "financial institutions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all heads of #$Animals. [Note: the hyphenated name reflects the need to have other terms in the knowledge base like #$Head-Vertebrate, representing a subset of this set, about which some useful specialized information is stated.]", rdfs:label "heads" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all events, brief or extended, in which an agent is acquiring information or know-how.", rdfs:label "learning events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of minutes that make up the calendar. These are contiguous and disjoint time intervals, except of course for particular instances that represent exactly the same 60-second-long time interval. See #$CalendarDay. Sixty of these partition each #$CalendarHour", rdfs:label "calendar minutes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Terms denoting formulas (typically without support for efficient inference) that can be (partially) instantiated as Cyc assertions (typically with support for efficient inference); see #$trueRule and #$ruleTemplateAssertion.", rdfs:label "rule templates" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of minimal scalar intervals. That is, each element of #$ScalarPointValue is a scalar interval which has no `width'. Scalar intervals include both pure numbers, such as 3.14, and linear measurements such as 3.14 meters, which in CycL would be written `(#$Meter 3.14)'.", rdfs:label "scalar values" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$OrganicStuff (and not, of course, of #$Animal, whose elements must be alive). Each element of #$DeadAnimal is a corpse or partial remains of an individual animal, somewhat intact, and prior to any butchering, burning, cooking, dissolving, or fully decomposing.", rdfs:label "corpses" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Pressure represents a specific measure of a force exerted on some surface. Degrees of #$Pressure may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions or with qualitative collections (e.g., #$BruisingPressure, #$FracturingPressure, #$ImperceptiblePressure). Indicate the #$Pressure of a particular fluid with the predicate #$fluidPressure; indicate atmospheric pressure with #$barometricPressure.", rdfs:label "pressures" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$Database-Physical is an IBO that stores many pieces of information, organized for easy scanning and access. Typically, a data base involves one or more formatted data record schemes, together with some device for searching and retrieving data. Note that, as an IBO, a #$Database-Physical is some particular, tangible copy of a database. To refer to the abstract 'content' of a database, use #$Database-AbstractContent. Instances represent databases, specifically the 'physical' aspect of the database rather than its meaning. Each physical database will be related to its tables (represented as instances of #PhysicalTableSchema). It will typically have information specifying access methods. The current vocbulary does not make the distinction between the abstract structure, perhaps shared by many copies, and the copies themselves, perhaps containing different data.", rdfs:label "databases" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An instance of #$SingleSiteOrganization is an organization which has a single location as its #$physicalQuarters. For example, the #$KMartStore at Parmer Lane, Simon & David at the Arboretum, and Great Hills #$FireStation Number 2 would be positive instances. But the #$KMart-TheCompany, #$TomThumbTheCompany, and the Austin City Fire Department are negative examples, since those `parent' organizations have several sites as their #$physicalQuarters.", rdfs:label "single-site organizations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$DegenerationEvent, some object loses its function(s) through a process of deterioration and/or a series of discrete breakdowns.", rdfs:label "degenerates" SubClassOf: Class: VectorInterval Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Fragility represents a specific property which determines how easily a physical object breaks. Different fragilities may be designated using a #$GenericValueFunction. Fragilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$fragilityOfObject.", rdfs:label "fragilities" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The class of all political disputes, including serious political controversies and skirmishes between individuals, organizations or countries. Such a dispute involves some question of public policy, as opposed to purely personal or commercial issiues.", rdfs:label "skirmishes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of artificial tangible objects. Each element of #$ShelterConstruction is an artifact built by some entity or creature, including but not limited to humans, and intended for use as a shelter. Elements of #$ShelterConstruction include bird nests, termite mounds, beaver dams, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, the #$PalaceOfFineArts-SanFrancisco, and the #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway.", rdfs:label "shelters" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Organism-Wholes which are members of the #$BiologicalClass Amphibia, being a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Members of this class are smooth skinned #$Vertebrates which hatch from eggs to form aquatic larvae [see #$Larva]. These larvae metamorphose into an air-breathing adult [see AirBreathingVertebrate] (normally) having #$Lungs. Subsets of this collection include #$Frogs and #$Salamanders.", rdfs:label "amphibians" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$UnitOfMeasure is the collection of all functions which return elements of #$ScalarInterval that describe physical quantities such as #$Speed, #$Volume, etc. Those functions are usually grouped into subsets depending on what they measure (e.g., #$UnitOfSpeed,#$UnitOfVolume). Functions which belong to #$UnitOfMeasure are variable-arity relations that take either one or two arguments, both of which must be elements of #$SubLRealNumber. If only one argument is given (e.g. (#$Meter 5)), the expression stands for a precise quantity (here, 5 meters); see also #$ScalarPointValue. If two arguments are given (e.g. (#$Meter 5 10)), the expression stands for a closed interval and the arguments are interpreted as the interval's mininum and maximum, respectively. Following are a few example uses of some elements of #$UnitOfMeasure: `10 years': (#$YearsDuration 10) `2 feet': (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 2) `50 dollars and 2 cents': (#$Dollar-UnitedStates 50.02) `between 1 and 50 pounds per square inch, inclusive': (#$PoundsPerSquareInch 1 50) `dimensionless quantity between 3 and 4.1, inclusive': (#$Unity 3 4.1).", rdfs:label "units of measure" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$AngularDistance. E.g., (#$Radian 5) denotes 5 radians.", rdfs:label "units of angular distance" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all sentient agents. Elements of #$PerceptualAgent are beings capable of doing instances of #$Perceiving. Furthermore, in many cases the information that a perceptual agent gathers is input that can influence its other actions.", rdfs:label "perceptual agent" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. The set of #$PhysicalDevices whose #$primaryFunction is to generate heat to raise the temperature of something else. The stuff being heated might be gaseous (air in a room or a hair dryer), liquid (water in a pool or hot water tank), or solid (food in an oven, hair with a curling iron, plastic during its shaping, etc.) An instance of #$HeatingDevice typically has some energy input, some way of converting that energy to heat, and some way of delivering the heat to the object(s) to be heated. A borderline positive example of this is a device which absorbs heat during warm periods such as daytimes, and radiates it back out again during cool periods such as nighttimes. Note that heating must be a primary function of the device; no matter how little you think of your personal computer, it is not a #$HeatingDevice.", rdfs:label "heating device" SubClassOf: Class: TimeInterval Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$XRay is an instance of electromagnetic radiation that has a #$wavelength range from about 1 #$Angstrom to 1x10^-3 #$Angstroms. Includes X-rays produced both naturally and artificially.", rdfs:label "x-rays" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of government organizations. An instance of #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization is an element of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization which is part of the #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment. This collection includes the U.S. military, Federal courts, U.S. Congress, U.S. territorial governments, Federal departments and independent agencies, and the city of Washington, D.C.; it does NOT include U.S. states, interstate compacts, and cities (other than Washington, D.C.).", rdfs:label "federal government organizations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of biological subkingdoms, the biological taxonomic divisions of organisms immediately below #$BiologicalKingdom.", rdfs:label "subkingdoms" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Every element of #$ClothingOutfit is a group of `coordinated' items that are intended to be worn together; e.g., an instance of #$ThreePieceSuit, consisting of one suit jacket, one vest, and one pair of long pants. Clothing outfits are often sold or provided together as a set; e.g., military uniforms, business suits, scuba gear. A clothing outfit may include some accessories, as well as garments. Cf. #$ClothingItem.", rdfs:label "outfits" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In an instance of #$LosingUserRights, some #$Agent loses possession of something. Thus, in such an event, that agent loses a previously held right (viz., some #$UserRightsAttribute) to use some item. The item in question is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer, and the agent is the #$fromPossessor (i.e., the one from whom possession is taken). The #$Agent may or may not be a #$deliberateActors in the event; e.g., selling one's car is done on purpose, but having one's car repossessed probably isn't. If either of those two events happen to you, though, it is an element of the collection #$LosingUserRights.", rdfs:label "losses of user rights" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of actions in which some transformation is applied to an IBT (#$InformationBearingThing) which renders it unaccessible to all but the intended audience, since the method required to decrypt the IBT is secret.", rdfs:label "encrypting events" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In an instance of #$Trapping, an animal is taken into custody by using a device that physically captures the body of the animal. The animal may or may not be killed in the event.", rdfs:label "trapping events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all human beings. The collection #$Person constitutes the species Homo Sapiens; thus, #$Person is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies in the #$BiologyMt. (See also #$HomoGenus, of which Homo Sapiens is the only nonextinct species.) Persons constitute the most intelligent subset of #$Primate, and it is the only class whose elements are known to be naturally capable of speaking a language. All cultural activity requires participation of persons. #$Person excludes non-human legal persons; see #$Agent.", rdfs:label "people" SubClassOf: , , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The truth/strength combinations used in the Cyc HL implementation of #$CycLAssertions and arguments.", rdfs:label "cyc h l truth value" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$AnimalSound. Each element of #$Utterance is a sound which was initially generated by someone speaking or making some sound with the mouth. If such IBTs are recorded and played back, the sound generated is still considered an element of #$Utterance. Examples: your spouse saying `Good morning' today; Ed McMahon saying `Here's Johnny' (on almost innumerable occasions); a child screaming at a playmate; Humphrey Bogart saying `Here's looking at you' on the set of `Casablanca'.", rdfs:label "utterances" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$CompositeAttribute is an attribute that is essentially a vector with many dimensions. Instances of #$Color are good examples; colors have intensity, hue, and saturation as independent dimensions. See also #$primitiveAttributeTypes, #$PrimitiveAttributeType.", rdfs:label "composite attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$Animal; the collection of all animals which are kept by humans for labor, transportation, food, or as pets, and whose relations with humans are more or less cooperative. #$DomesticatedAnimal does NOT include instances of #$Tiger being kept in zoos, though it arguably includes Shamu or Flipper. Cf. #$WildAnimal, #$CaptiveAnimal.", rdfs:label "domesticated animals" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of partially tangibles; a subset of #$FinancialAssetHoldings. Each instance of #$StockHoldings is a group of #$Stock shares owned by an #$Agent. It may consist of shares in only one company or different groups of shares in multiple companies.", rdfs:label "stock holdings" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all cyclic paths, i.e. paths that form cycles, circles, loops or circuits. An instance of #$Path-Cyclic is a #$Path-Generic that can be described as a cycle, i.e., a thing like a #$Path-Simple except that the ends of the path join at one point. A #$Path-Cyclic cannot cross itself (as in a figure-eight) nor double back along itself. More formally, let PATH1 and PATH2 be two #$Path-Simples. Suppose that each end-point of PATH1 is an end point of PATH2 and vice versa, and for each X, X is a point on both PATH1 and PATH2 only if X is an end point of both paths. Then PATH1 and PATH2 together form a #$Path-Cyclic. We allow 'loops'; a loop is a cycle with only one point on it, looping from the point right back to itself. Each loop of a path system is a special instance of #$Path-Cyclic. For differences between a cycle and a loop in the same #$PathSystem, see #$loopInSystem and #$cycleInSystem.", rdfs:label "cyclic paths" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each #$StudentStatusAttribute indicates the currency or bureaucratic phase of processing a student's participation in an educational course or institution; elements of this collection include #$Graduate, #$Enrolled, etc.", rdfs:label "student status attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Power. E.g., (#$Watt 5) denotes 5 watts.", rdfs:label "units of power" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all mathematical structures each being a composite individual structure consisting of a #$baseSet with structuring relations or operations on that set (and, optionally, one or more selected other sets, relations, functions or individuals). Examples include #$PartialOrderings, #$Multigraphs, etc. Sometimes mathematicians specify these using a #$Tuple of sets, relations, functions, and/or individuals, as specifications. Note that RelationalStructure is not the same as its #$baseSet since a pure SetOrCollection necessarily lacks the associated 'structure'.", rdfs:label "relational structure" SubClassOf: , Class: CycLAssertionDirection Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$AcademicProfessional is a person whose job is to educate and/or to perform research as an affiliate of an academic institution. This includes members of the teaching and/or research staff of schools, colleges, universities, and research institutes.", rdfs:label "academics" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A feeling of deep thoughtfulness, reflection, or introspection, and sometimes melancholia. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "pensive" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$County is a lesser geopolitical region, having an area typically larger than a #$City but smaller than a #$State-Geopolitical. Traditionally, a #$County area was within one day's horseback ride from the County Seat.", rdfs:label "counties" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The enjoyment of pleasurable satisfaction that goes with well-being, security, effective accomplishments, or satisfied wishes. As with all #$FeelingAttributeTypes, this is a #$Collection -- the set of all possible amounts of happiness one can feel. One instance of #$Happiness is `extremely happy'; another is `just a little bit happy'. Note: Obviously there are no real units of measure for this quantity, ways of objectively measuring the amount of happiness possessed or gained or lost, etc., but still this has proven to be a useful way for Cyc to represent and reason with emotions. E.g., one can have a rule that says that most people have a greater `amount' of happiness at their wedding than at their high school graduation, etc. There are functions, such as #$LowAmountFn, which take a #$PrimitiveAttributeType (such as the instances of #$FeelingAttributeType) such as #$Happiness and return as their value a certain-sized amount of that feeling; e.g., (#$LowAmountFn #$Happiness) is an expression whose value is a positive but small amount of happiness, and that in turn will be an element of #$Happiness (and also will be an element of #$FeelingAttribute and an element of #$AttributeValue, etc.) #$FeelingAttributeTypes organize into a lattice; e.g., there are several more specialized forms of #$Happiness that are present in Cyc's ontology, such as #$Elation, #$Delight, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc.", rdfs:label "happily" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ConnectionPredicate is a predicate that specifies physical connections between objects. Examples: #$nailedTo, #$rivetedTo, #$connectedTo-Rigidly, #$rotationallyConnectedTo, #$hangsFrom, #$in-Embedded.", rdfs:label "connection predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$TruthValue is a collection of mathematical objects; it contains the abstract, logical objects #$True and #$False.", rdfs:label "truths" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of Cyc functions. #$Dollar-UnitedStates, #$Peso-Mexico, and #$Yen-Japan are each elements of this collection (along with functions for many other nations's monetary units). Each of these is a function which, given real numbers as arguments, returns an instance of the collection #$Money (q.v.). For example, (#$Dollar-UnitedStates 5.99) denotes an element of #$Money whose size, or amount, is five dollars and 99 cents, expressed in the `unit of measure' US dollars; in short, (#$Dollar-UnitedStates 5.99) denotes $5.99. Note: The monetary values associated with the members of #$UnitOfMoney, and the exchange rates between them, fluctuate (sometimes widely) over very short periods of time -- daily, even hourly. In being heavily time-dependent, #$UnitOfMoney is unlike most other subsets of #$UnitOfMeasure.", rdfs:label "units of money" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons. Each element of #$UnitedStatesPerson is a person who either was born in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica or is currently among that country's #$citizens.", rdfs:label "united states person" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration. Each element of #$IBTGeneration-Original is an event in which some original idea is expressed; that is, the content of the IBT generated is not a copy of the content of a previously created information-bearing thing. See also #$IBTGeneration, #$Communicating.", rdfs:label "generations of an original Information Bearing Thing" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each instance is an establishment (an organization located at one site) that sells automobiles and other types of road vehicles to consumers.", rdfs:label "car dealerships" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of military organizations. An element of #$AirForce is a military organization, modern or historical, composed mainly of airborne forces: bombers, fighters, torpedo planes, parachute troops, surveillance aircraft, etc., and having the function of defending or attacking air space, ships, or ground targets.", rdfs:label "air forces" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of devices, biological or artificial, that gather information. Note: If a well-known named part of such an entity does the data-gathering, then generally only those parts are considered sensors, not the whole entity. E.g., even though a person gathers information, we generally do not consider them to be a sensor, but rather the sensors are their eyes, ears, skin, etc. In a context such as an ophthalmology convention, `well-known part' has a different binding, and they would consider just certain parts of the eye to be sensors.", rdfs:label "sensors" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ElectricalResistance is an attribute which measures the resistance to electrical flow through an object. Examples: #$InsulatorResistance, #$ConductorResistance, #$SemiconductorResistance, #$SuperconductorResistance.", rdfs:label "electrical resistance" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of denotational #$CycLNonAtomicTerms which have no free variable in the arg0 position. Examples: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus), (#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$colorOfType ?X #$GreenColor)), (#$JuvenileFn ?X). Counterexample: (?SOMEFN #$Gold).", rdfs:label "cyc l non atomic term - closed functor" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all those #$PartialOrdering ORDER in which the ordering relation R orders elements of the #$baseSet S of ORDER into a single line. A #$TotalOrdering is sometimes called a 'linear ordering' or a 'chain'. A #$PartialOrdering ORDER is a #$TotalOrdering if all elements of the #$baseSet S of ORDER are comparable by the ordering relation R of ORDER, i.e., for any X and Y in S, either R(X Y) or R(Y X). For example, if you take a set of real numbers and the usual 'greater than or equal to' relation among these numbers, you have a #$TotalOrdering. Note that if you want a 'strict line', i.e., if you want the ordering relation in a total ordering to be irreflexive, see #$TotalOrdering-Strict.", rdfs:label "total ordering" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$InorganicStuff is a tangible thing which is wholly composed of one or more types of inorganic #$Molecule. Instances of #$InorganicStuff usually didn't originate as parts or products of living things.", rdfs:label "inorganic substances" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of actions in which the lips and other mouth parts are used to make sound. #$MakingAnOralSound means the event in which sound is produced more-or-less voluntarily, using the mouth, mouth portal, lips, and tongue.--Kean, July 11, 1997", rdfs:label "verbalize" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$PathSystems that are instances of both #$SimplePathSystem and #$Multigraph. Each instance of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic is a 'graph', as studied in graph theory, in which there are neither loops nor multiple links between the same pair of nodes.", rdfs:label "simple graphs" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all artifical systems of #$PathArtifacts. These are the systems rather than the paths that comprise them: each #$PathArtifactSystem is a composite individual typically made up of many interconnected #$PathArtifacts. Examples would include a instance of a #$GutterSystem, #$ComputerNetwork, various road and highway systems, etc.", rdfs:label "path artifact system" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Large organizations that provide medical or psychiatric care and have facilities for patients to stay at least overnight.", rdfs:label "medical care facilities" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one third of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution and year, instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like UCLASpringTrimester1990-91.", rdfs:label "trimesters" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of change events. In each #$Cracking, something becomes cracked. I.e., two or more areas of the thing are separated from one another (though perhaps not divided wholly into parts). In order to undergo a #$Cracking, the #$objectOfStateChange must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter.", rdfs:label "cracking events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$SingleSiteLocalOrganizationWithClients is a single-site organization serving customers in a local area, working from a particular store, office, or other physical quarters where customers (or their agents) go in person to speak with company representatives about the services or products offered. Elements of #$SingleSiteLocalOrganizationWithClients may be either stand-alone organizations or sub-organization of a larger company. Examples of #$SingleSiteLocalOrganizationWithClients include #$NewYorkHospital, #$Threadgills restaurant, the Bank of America office on Jollyville Road, #$StudtmanPhoto studios, the Village Cinema on Anderson Lane.", rdfs:label "local customer contact points" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which a dead human being is raised from the dead. Examples from #$Christianity include the #$Resurrection of #$JesusOfNazareth after the #$CrucifixionOfJesus, or the resurrection of Lazarus by #$JesusOfNazareth in the new testament. Currently, this concept is defined relative to the religious (i.e., #$Christianity) interpretation of #$Resurrection, and should probably not be used in non-religious contexts (e.g., a doctor resurrecting a patient who 'died' twenty-seconds ago). However, fictional/mythological contexts that are in part informed by religious thought (e.g., #$Vampire, zombies, etc.) could conceivably employ this event.", rdfs:label "resurrection" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of locations; a subset of #$HumanShelterConstruction. An instance of #$PhysicalContactLocation is the principal place(s) where an #$Agent can be physically found. For people, that would (probably) be their home and/or office. For an organization, it would be the location of their place of business, their headquarters, etc. Note that a purely procedural method for getting in touch with someone, such as their Post Office Box number in a certain city, is not a #$PhysicalContactLocation.", rdfs:label "physical locations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$WavePropagation is an event in which a wavelike disturbance propagates through space, with or without a medium. A wave propagation is like a translational movement in that it can have a #$fromLocation and a #$toLocation, but differs in that there is no #$objectMoving. #$Sound and #$ElectromagneticRadiation are types of #$WavePropagation. Elements of #$WavePropagation include the sounds from exploding firecrackers at Penn State's Homecoming celebration in 1989; the light shining from my desk lamp right now; the X-rays generated in the dentist's office last Tuesday, for examining my teeth.", rdfs:label "wave propagations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$GenericQuantity is a specialization of #$ScalarInterval. Each instance of #$GenericQuantity is a generic measure that is not numerically specified. Examples: #$Low, #$Medium, #$High, #$HighToVeryHigh. When such quantities are related to their subject by a specialized predicate (e.g., #$feelsTowardsEvent, #$goalImportance), they may represent amounts in specialized areas, including strength of emotional responses and importance of goals. See also #$GenericValueFunction, #$followingValue.", rdfs:label "extents" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Sea is a body of salt water as large or larger than a lake. #$Ocean is a subset of this collection. Examples of #$Sea: #$PacificOcean, #$IonianSea, #$GulfOfCorinth, #$EastChinaSea, #$BlackSea.", rdfs:label "seas" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$CollectionType is by definition the collection of all types of #$Collections.", rdfs:label "collection type" SubClassOf: owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$ElectricalCapacitance. E.g., (#$Farad 20) denotes an electrical capacitance of 20 farads.", rdfs:label "units of capacitance" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of directions used to describe the orientation of objects on or near the surface of the Earth. Includes terrestrial directions related to compass points (e.g., #$East-Directly) and to the gravitational vector (e.g., #$Down-Directly, #$VerticalDirection). Note that assertions in different terrestrial contexts can be inconsistent in a neutral context: East in China points in a different direction than East in New York!", rdfs:label "terrestrial directions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a subcollection of #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem. For each instance SYS of #$BidirectedPathSystem, every link in SYS is given two directions.", rdfs:label "bidirected path system" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of Summer seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, Summer is generally the time of greatest warmth. #$SummerSeason represents the climatic aspects of summer. For its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarSummer.", rdfs:label "summers" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each event that is an instance of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent has an actor or group of actors (see #$actors) whose mental functions are involved. The collection includes such things as dreaming, perceiving, sensing, theorizing about something, having a realization, making a decision, building, designing something, and consciously carrying out a task. Some of those examples are actions as well as events (see #$doneBy or #$performedBy). Note that the above list includes both purposeful events and non-purposeful events that involve mental functions. Note also that any event that has a mental component is also an instance of this collection so that events like preparing lunch would be classified as instances of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent. It is almost always possible and preferable to use one of the specs of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent. If an event seems mostly mental in nature, modulo neurons firing and related brain activity, use #$StrictlyMentalEvent or one of its specs. If it essentially involves both mental and physical activity, see #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent or #$PurposefulCompositePhysicalAndMentalActivity. For mental events that are intentionally and purposefully performed, see the subset #$PurposefulMentalActivity.", rdfs:label "mental events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Each element of #$TenderObject is an item presented by an agent in instances of #$Paying or #$Spending. Typical examples include cash, checks, credit cards, travellers's checks. Unusual but possible tender objects could be gold, goats, or golf balls.", rdfs:label "items of legal tender" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Those instances of both #$TernaryPredicate and #$ArgIsaPredicate used to specify the required #$isa of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required #$isa #$Collection.", rdfs:label "arg isa ternary predicate" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$PreparationAttribute is a characteristic of a piece of material (e.g., food) indicating (1) a type of physical preparation which that stuff has already undergone, and (2) something about its current, resulting condition. Examples of #$PreparationAttribute which are applicable to food include: #$Baked, #$Fried, #$Toasted, #$Fermented, #$Grilled, #$Frozen, #$Dried, #$Raw.", rdfs:label "preparation attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of abstract (intangible) informational items. Each element of #$News consists of some factual information about recent events in the world (or #$geographicalSubRegions thereof). News is commonly embodied in newspapers and communicated through radio and television news broadcasts. Note that #$News does not include any #$NewsArticle. Rather, an element of #$News might be the content of a #$NewsArticle, and could be the content of distinct #$NewsArticles", rdfs:label "news" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subset of #$LegalAgreement. Each element of #$Account is a recorded obligation (of some particular type) between specified parties, consisting of `funds' which typically can be added to and drawn upon. Examples include the instances of #$RetirementAccount, #$TravelExpenseAccount, and of the many types of #$FinancialAccount. Note that the contents of an account need not be monetary; for example, the contents may be amounts of time, as in the subsets #$VacationAccount or a #$SickLeaveAccount. #$Account does NOT include debt obligations of fixed face value that cannot be increased or reduced (such as a bond).", rdfs:label "accounts" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Each element of #$MensClothing is a clothing item worn usually by men, i.e., items normally found in the men's section of department stores. Subsets include #$Tuxedos and #$MensJockeyUnderwear.", rdfs:label "men's clothes" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration. Each element of #$IBOCreation is an event which creates a new IBO (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingObject). An IBO is a relatively long-lasting instance of #$InformationBearingThing. Examples of #$IBOCreation include publishing a book, making a film, printing a photograph, molding a plastic credit card, painting a billboard, minting a coin. When an IBO is created, its content may be either original or be copied from a prior IBO. For creation of IBOs with new content, e.g., a personal letter, see the subset #$IBTGeneration-Original; for creation of IBOs with pre-existing content, e.g., reprinting a photograph, see #$IBTGeneration-Replication.", rdfs:label "creations of an information-bearing object" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$ArgIsaPredicate used to specify the required #$isa of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the required #$isa #$Collection.", rdfs:label "arg isa binary predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Safeness is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions in which the performer acts without endangering itself or others.", rdfs:label "safeness" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$FamilyRelationSlot is a binary predicate used to represent relationships among members of human families. Examples: #$spouse, #$siblings, #$grandmothers, #$grandfathers, #$relatives, #$cohabitingFamilyMembers.", rdfs:label "family relationships" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$TemperateClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) in terrestrial regions between (roughly) the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere, and between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere. Characteristics of a temperate climate include: four distinguishable seasons, Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter, with variations in temperature and precipitation; overall moderate precipitation.", rdfs:label "temperate climate cycles" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject. #$PlantBLO includes the elements of #$Plant and of #$PlantPart.", rdfs:label "plants or plant parts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of named parts (stretches or segments) of roadways. (Not roadway the stuff.) Instances are named pieces of roadways (or highways or streets) which have names and lengths, and (usually) intersect with other roads.", rdfs:label "named roadways" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of ailments; a subset of #$AilmentCondition. An instance of #$Infection is a disease condition in which microorganisms are abnormally present (or abnormally numerous) within an animal's body. The microorganisms involved in an infection may be some instance of the collections #$Bacterium, #$Virus, or #$ProtistaKingdom. Specialized subsets of #$Infection include: #$Bronchitis, #$Tonsillitis, #$SexuallyTransmittedInfection (which has further subsets). A particular case of tonsilitis is thus an element of the collection #$Infection.", rdfs:label "infectious diseases" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$Function-Denotational whose instances, when applied to any appropriate (sequences of) arguments, return instances of #$Collection. Examples include #$SwimmingEventFn, #$GroupFn, and #$MoleculeFn; (#$MoleculeFn #$Oxygen) denotes the collection of all oxygen molecules. Cf. #$IndividualDenotingFunction and #$SetDenotingFunction.", rdfs:label "collection - denoting functions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all motorized vehicles that are designed for golfers to use to drive around on #$GolfCourses while they are playing #$GolfGames. GolfCarts drive very slowly compared with #$Automobiles.", rdfs:label "golf carts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$Predicates which can affect the behaviour of the #$CycLReformulator or its submodules. When reformulator directive GAFs are asserted, they are only relevant to the reformulator when it is reformulating expressions in the microtheory in which the directive is asserted, or a specMt thereof.", rdfs:label "reformulator directive predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of microtheories that describe how things are 'supposed to be' according to some agent or agents. This technique can be used to represent things like the policies of a company, the laws of a country, the tenets of a religion, the rules of proper conduct for employees of a particular corporation, etc. The assertions in a #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory may or may not describe the world as it actually is. Examples: #$BasicWesternLegalConceptsMt, #$SportsRulesOf-BoxingSportsEvent, #$CycStaffCalendar, and #$OfficeCodeOfConductMt.", rdfs:label "supposed to be microtheory" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Time-Quantity; e.g., (#$YearsDuration 100) returns a time period equal to a century.", rdfs:label "units of time" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$EdibleStuff. Each element of #$FoodIngredientOnly is an edible substance that is used in making other food but isn't eaten by itself. These may or may not require some preparation. For example, #$TableSalt, #$VegetableOil, and #$Ketchup are subsets of #$FoodIngredientOnly, because all of their instances are used only as ingredients or condiments. In contrast, #$Egg-Chickens is not a subset of #$FoodIngredientOnly; some of its instances serve as ingredients in cooking other dishes, (and those instances are elements of #$FoodIngredientOnly,) but other eggs are simply eaten after poaching or frying (and those instances belong to the collection #$Food, not #$FoodIngredientOnly). Types of food, such as #$Pizza, whose instances are never merely ingredients, are just subsets of #$Food.--Nichols, Nov 22, 1996", rdfs:label "food ingredients" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Mass is an amount of matter present in a given object. Elements of #$Mass may be either a fixed interval, such as two pounds, or a range, such as a legal load for a certain type of trailer. The more mass an object has, the greater is the force required to accelerate it. See #$UnitOfMass for the units used by Cyc to measure mass.", rdfs:label "masses" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure is the collection of measurement functions whose results are elements of #$ScalarInterval which have no dimension; i.e., they are simply numbers, instances of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. Examples include #$Percent, #$Unity, #$Per1000. (#$Percent 50) returns the point-interval, one-half (0.5). (#$Unity 3 4) returns the interval that is the range of numbers between 3 and 4, inclusive.", rdfs:label "dimensionless units of measure" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Please see the #$SharedNote #$NoteForUnitOfMeasureWithPrefixAndNoPrefix.", rdfs:label "unit of measure with prefix" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$Relations which specify that a #$ELSentence-Assertible is to be interpreted in a given #$Microtheory. It will be canonicalized and checked for well-formedness with respect to that microtheory. Each microtheory-designating relation has an argument which denotes a microtheory, and another argument which denotes a #$ELSentence-Assertible. It may have other arguments as well. Use #$microtheoryDesignationArgnum and #$sentenceDesignationArgnum to specify these argument positions for each microtheory-designating relation.", rdfs:label "microtheory designating relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection consisting of all shares of stock. An element of #$Stock is a share of ownership in some instance of #$LegalCorporation; its owner is an #$Agent who is recorded as a shareholder in the official records of that corporation. A company may have several classes of #$Stock, such as Common, Preferred, Class A, Class B, etc.", rdfs:label "stocks" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of objects that are meant for, or are found on and distinctively structured for, the left side of some larger entity or ensemble of parts. Examples include left hands, left shoes, left automobile turning signals.", rdfs:label "left object" SubClassOf: Class: Posture Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Januaries, the first month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.", rdfs:label "January" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all existing objects that are commonly paths, or are normally used as paths or conduits for people, animals, vehicles, material or information. A #$Path-Customary is either designed as a path or it has a significant known function as a path for movement. Examples include roads, railroads, sea-lanes, cowpaths, boardwalks, tubes, channels, blood vessels, fibers, wires, communication links, etc. It is often a #$Path-Spatial. The collection #$Path-Customary does not include all the things that may be used as paths in some particular #$PathSystems, but are otherwise not ordinarily viewed as paths (though the latter are still instances of #$Path-Generic). If a #$Path-Customary is an instance of a certain #$PathType, it may be assumed to be part of a system (not explictly given) of such paths, called a #$CustomarySystemOfLinks. Or, on the other hand, it may be asserted to be part of a particular specified #$PathSystem using the predicate #$pathInSystem. A #$Path-Customary is either a #$Path-Simple (with two distinct ends, not forming a cycle) or else a #$Path-Cyclic.", rdfs:label "routes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$BusinessEvent is an intentional occurrence that is closely associated with, and either helps or hinders, the business purpose of some agent. Examples include: the development of General Motors' business plan for 1996; an individual sales call on a particular customer; printing the 1996 Yellow Pages directory for the Austin, TX, area; selling a newspaper; designing and manufacturing a new memory chip. #$BusinessEvent does NOT include purely social or recreational occurrences.", rdfs:label "business events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Aprils, the fourth month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.", rdfs:label "April" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). Each element of #$TextualMaterial is an IBT whose informational content is encoded in some instance of #$CommunicationConvention which is a linear symbolic language; e.g., a newspaper printed in English written with the Roman alphabet; a book printed in English using Braille; or a poster written in Chinese using characters. Textual material always includes some physical representation of one or more elements of #$CharacterString (which are abstract). Textual materials may be tangible objects, such as newspapers, but also may include intangibles such as patterns of light projecting words onto a wall. The subsets of #$TextualMaterial are multifarious, including, e.g., #$GroceryList, #$W2-Form, #$RestaurantMenu, #$GrantProposal, #$WillAndTestament, #$BusinessCard, #$MusicalText, #$BalanceSheet.", rdfs:label "texts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of solid particles or small chunks of ice emitted from clouds in instances of #$HailProcess.", rdfs:label "hailstones" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$ServiceEvent is an event in which one agent (or set of agents) does something for another agent (or set of agents). The former is the #$providerOfService; the latter is the #$recipientOfService. A service event may involve maintenance, repair, or refurbishing of some object belonging to the #$recipientOfService (including care of his/her person); a service event may involve gathering or transmitting information, providing advice, entertainment, transportation, etc. Service events may or may not be done for payment.", rdfs:label "services" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$CoolingProcess is a collection of events, and a subset of #$TemperatureChangingProcess. During each #$CoolingProcess event, the temperature of the #$objectOfStateChange is decreased by removing heat from the object.", rdfs:label "cooling process" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of Fall seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, Fall is usually the time of harvesting and beginnings of shutting down of growth. Also the time of harvest celebrations. #$FallSeason represents the climatic aspects of Fall; for its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarAutumn.", rdfs:label "autumns" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subset of #$SubAtomicParticle. Every instance of #$Electron is a subatomic particle with an #$ElectricalCharge of -1.", rdfs:label "electrons" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$Events which occur in front of, or in the contemporaneous awareness of, a large number of #$Persons -- #$ThePublic. Usually these are intended to be public events, such as the Olympics, a public beheading, etc.", rdfs:label "public event" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "One agent imparting learned knowledge to another. This may have #$subEvents of the student asking or responding to questions, but the teacher is the primary performer.", rdfs:label "teaching events" SubClassOf: , , Class: Country Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$PrimitiveAttributeType is a collection of `primitive' attributes such as mass, distance, charge, and others which have a single (total) ordering on (usually) a real line. Note: #$PrimitiveAttributeType excludes the elements of #$UnorderedAttributeType (e.g., gender). Cf. #$CompositeAttributeType.", rdfs:label "primitive attribute types" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The agreeable emotion of taking pleasure or satisfaction in an experience. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Delight, #$Celebratory-Emotion, etc.", rdfs:label "enjoyment" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Soaking food in salt to prevent it from rotting.", rdfs:label "food-salting events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Temperature is an amount of heat in a particular instance of #$PartiallyTangible. Elements of #$Temperature may be either a fixed interval, such as 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, or a range, such as #$HumanHabitableTemperature. See #$UnitOfTemperature for the units used by Cyc to measure temperatures.", rdfs:label "temperatures" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of military organizations. An element of #$Navy is a military organization, modern or historical, composed mainly of seaborne forces and/or forces responsible for military operations on water and adjacent coastal areas. Includes battleships and aircraft carriers (with their battle groups), submarines, shore patrol vessels, and special forces, as well as the support personnel of naval bases.", rdfs:label "navies" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each instance of #$PathForWheeledVehicles is an instance of #$PathArtifact, whose primary function is to serve as a place along which wheeled vehicles may move or park. Usually but not necessarily they are paved.", rdfs:label "roads" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$EnergyAsAQuantity. E.g., (#$Joule 5) denotes 5 joules.", rdfs:label "units of energy" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of individual plants like corn, wheat, etc., which bear grains.", rdfs:label "cereal plants" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which humans move their bodies for the purpose of general physical conditioning and/or strengthening muscles. comment by #$Nichols on June 25, 1996", rdfs:label "exercises" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of acts of reading #$TextualMaterial. These may be for extracting some sort of information from the text, for entertainment, to impart the content of the text to others (if #$ReadingAloud), or to test reading skills.", rdfs:label "reads" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of animals considered undesirable to find living in human habitation buildings or other facilities.", rdfs:label "varmints" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A specialization of #$TransportationEvent. In each instance of #$TransportingPeople, some instance(s) of #$Person are the main transportees (or are among the main transportees) in the event. Note that this collection excludes events in which people are merely conveyed (as, e.g., by a moving sidewalk), rather than travelling with their transporting device. Note that #$transportees is interpreted broadly: even the driver (#$driverActor) of the transportation device counts among the #$transportees). Cf. (#$TransportFn #$Person).", rdfs:label "transporting people" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all the entire bottom sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces down.", rdfs:label "undersides" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$GainingUserRights. In an instance of #$TakingSomething, an #$Agent takes an object, in the sense of taking it away or using or exercising access to it. The agent may or may not have any legal right or authorization to use that object. In an instance of #$TakingSomething, the taker (the #$toPossessor) must intend and actively (attempt to) acquire the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer, so the taking event is intentional and thus, strictly speaking, #$performedBy the taker.", rdfs:label "events of taking something" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$DaytimeWorkingHours is a set of time intervals. The length of each of those intervals, and their #$startingPoint and #$endingPoint, are defined by the bulk of a working population performing their daily jobs. The schedule varies by context -- i.e. which group of workers are being considered -- and the boundaries are fuzzy. This fuzziness makes the concept more useful in many ways, though, not less useful.", rdfs:label "daytime working hours" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Animals that are not #$Persons.", rdfs:label "non-human animals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all number-denoting expressions in the CycL language that are not CycL constants or NATs, but are terms of SubL, the underlying implementation language of CycL. Examples: the terms `212' and `3.14159d0'. Non-examples: the expressions #$One, (#$Meter 6), (#$Unity 3), `:34', #$PlusInfinity, and `Avogadro's number'.", rdfs:label "Cyc system real numbers" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of topographical features. The elements of #$Continent on the #$PlanetEarth are the six traditional main land masses on the surface of the earth (plus the two #$geographicalSubRegions of Eurasia, Europe and Asia). Elements: #$ContinentOfAfrica, #$ContinentOfAntarctica, #$ContinentOfAsia, #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$ContinentOfEurasia, #$ContinentOfEurope, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica, #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica. Former elements of this collection include Pangaea and the two continents it broke up into Gondwanaland and Laurasia (all of which are instances of #$TrueContinent (q.v.)).", rdfs:label "continents" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of places; a subset of #$ContactLocation. Each element of #$MailingLocation is a location at which an agent can be contacted by mail, e.g., a home, office, or post office box.", rdfs:label "mailing locations" SubClassOf: Class: Cloudiness Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all things that have a spatial extent or location relative to some other #$SpatialThing. Note well that to say that an entity is a member of this collection is to remain agnostic about two issues. First, a #$SpatialThing may be #$PartiallyTangible, like #$Texas-State or wholly #$Intangible, like the #$ArcticCircle or a line or a plane referenced in a geometric theorem. Second, although we do insist on location relative to another #$SpatialThing, a #$SpatialThing may or may not be located in the physically observable universe. It is far from clear that all #$SpatialThings are so located: eg, a trajectory through the phase space of some physical system. If the intent is to imply location in the empirically observable cosmos, the user should employ this collection's spec, #$SpatialThing-Localized.", rdfs:label "spatial things" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "In the #$FunctionalRoleAnalysisMt an #$Agent is defined quite simply as any temporally extended thing that plays one or more functional roles in some #$FunctionalSystem.", rdfs:label "agents" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of amounts of currency or debt, by which payments, wealth, capital, assets, etc., are measured. An instance of #$Money may be considered as either (1) an amount of actual, valuable tangible goods (such as gold) or (2) a purely abstract quantity. That is, from one perspective, elements of #$Money represent the amount of a debt (or credit), while from another perspective, they represent what is actually transferred to create or discharge a debt. In either case it is an abstract thing. Either (a) money is a backed claim for a certain amount of precious physical wealth payable by the government on demand (e.g., the gold standard), or (b) money is a legally enforced means of debt payment without any backing. In the past, money was created by national governments; today some currencies like the Euro or the CFA Franc are created by multi-government entities. Elements of #$Money in Cyc may be either a fixed amount, such as five U.S. dollars, or a range, such as `the price of a 1997 Mazda Protege'. See #$UnitOfMoney for the units used by Cyc to measure instances of #$Money. Note: The tangible coins, bills, checks, etc., that represent certain amounts of #$Money (but which as physical objects may have little value) are elements of #$TenderObject, not of #$Money. Elements of #$TenderObject which also belong to #$Currency are typically associated with some instance of #$UnitOfMoney (e.g., #$Dollar-UnitedStates) and have a fixed value.", rdfs:label "money" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The set of actors (mostly people) entitled to inspect and modify the Cyc knowledge base", rdfs:label "cyclists" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Nondeliberate loss of some #$UserRightsAttribute; for example, when something is stolen, appropriated, or, in some cases, simply lost.", rdfs:label "unintended loss of user rights" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of transportation devices -- those commonly known as `passenger cars.' An instance of #$Automobile is an element of #$RoadVehicle which was designed for carrying about 4 passengers (give or take a factor of 2). In addition to midsize cars, #$Automobile includes elements belonging to the subsets #$SportsCar, #$PickupTruck and #$Van. This collection does NOT include motorcycles, buses, tractors, etc.", rdfs:label "cars" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of the lowest taxons (#$BiologicalTaxon, q.v.) that are necessarily common to both parents of fertile offspring, or, in the case of asexual reproduction, necessarily common to parent and child. Members of different species cannot produce fertile offspring by interbreeding. An element of #$BiologicalSpecies has members who all have significant traits in common, and members of each biological species have other members as parents. In biological taxonomy, related species are grouped into a particular element of #$BiologicalGenus (q.v.).", rdfs:label "species" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A #$Collection of organisms classified by their typical source of food. Elements of #$Carnivore feed on animals. Note: #$Carnivore is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon; e.g., #$Carnivore contains #$Dog as a subset but is not its biological taxon. Note that a #$Carnivore is not necessarily a #$Heterotroph, as carnivorous plants both digest insects and produce food using #$Chlorophyll.", rdfs:label "carnivores" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of semantically well-formed CycL sentences that express propositions. Any seemingly free variables in such sentences are implicitly universally quantified at the outermost level.", rdfs:label "cyc l propositional sentence" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$ServiceOrganization. An element of #$InsuranceProvider is an organization whose #$MainFunction is to provide financial and material protection to its clients in the event of sickness, death, natural disaster, loss, theft, lawsuits, etc. (Insurers may specialize in one or more of those areas.) Elements of #$InsuranceProvider may belong to either #$CommercialServiceOrganization or #$NonProfitOrganization (including insurance providers belonging to #$LegalGovernmentOrganization). Examples include State Farm Insurance Co., Aetna Casualty Co., Lutheran Brotherhood, and all fifty members of U.S. #$StateMedicaidAdministrationOrganizations.", rdfs:label "insurances" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Augusts, the eighth month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.", rdfs:label "August" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of those #$Animals that (commonly) reside in #$HumanOccupationConstructs -- i.e., in structures that also house people. This mostly just includes domestic pets and people.", rdfs:label "human occupation construct resident" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections which is being phased out. In most instances instances of #$ConceptualWork should be used instead. Each element of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType is a subset of #$InformationBearingThing, all of whose instances are instantiations of the same #$ConceptualWork and share a primary media form. Instances of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType can be created to refer to any instance of #$ConceptualWork. For example, the collection of all instances of #$BookCopy which are instantiations of #$WarAndPeace-TheNovel would be an element of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, as would the collection of all instance of #$MovieShowing which are instantiations of #$Jaws-TheMovie (even though both the novel `War and Peace' and #$Jaws-TheMovie were issued in slightly different variants). Heterogeneous collections, however, such as those defined by `copies of books written by Mark Twain', or by `physical instantiations of the Jaws story in all its forms [movie, book, comic book, tape]', are NOT elements of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, although they are subsets of #$InformationBearingThing. Example of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType: #$DimeCoin-US.", rdfs:label "specified information bearing thing types" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of objects which are radially symmetric, such as wheels, starfish, etc.", rdfs:label "radially symmetric object" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subset of #$ClothingItem. Each element of #$OuterGarment is a piece of clothing that is worn outside of other garments. A common purpose of outer garments is protection (e.g., the subsets #$RainCoat, #$Apron). An outer garment may also be a robe of office or position, such as an academic gown or a bishop's mantle.", rdfs:label "outer garments" Class: OrderOfMagnitudeInterval Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all hostile or pugnacious events, adverse to someone, in which multiple agents take part, at least one of whom is acting deliberately. See also #$PurposefulAction. An element of this collection is #$AssassinationOfPresidentLincoln.", rdfs:label "hostile actions" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$Oxide. Each instance of #$Water is one piece of all the portions of the chemical compound H2O. Those instances may be in a gaseous, liquid, or solid #$stateOfMatter; they may be salty, not salty, drinkable, or not drinkable. Examples of #$Water include portions of the ocean, such as the #$BayOfBiscay and the #$BayOfBengal (see also #$SeaWater); bodies of fresh water, such as #$NiagaraFalls or the #$GangesRiver; quantities of chlorinated water (see #$PoolWater); and the contents of bottles of tonic water (see #$SeltzerWater). Things that have one or more important properties different from water's, but consist mostly of water, don't belong to the collection #$Water but have an element of #$Water as their #$mainConstituent; e.g., urine, coffee, lemonade.", rdfs:label "water" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$HeatingProcess is a specialization of #$TemperatureChangingProcess -- that is, (#$genls #$HeatingProcess #$TemperatureChangingProcess). During each #$HeatingProcess event, the temperature of the #$objectOfStateChange is increased by applying heat to the object.", rdfs:label "heating processes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tools. An instance of #$WritingImplement is a hand-held tool which is intended to be primarily used, by a person, for writing. Subsets include the collections #$Chalk and #$WritingPen (but not #$Typewriter). Note: A marginal example is a PDA, such as an Apple Newton, with a stylus; both items, the PDA and the stylus, can be held in one's hands and used to record one's handwritten notes. Another marginal positive example is a stylus designed to held in the mouth by a quadraplegic person; i.e., `hand-held' is not an absolutely hard and fast constraint here. A close NON-example is a handheld calculator.", rdfs:label "writing implements" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$SkolemFunction is a collection of Cyc system-generated functions that implement existential quantifications in Cyc. Whenever someone asserts to Cyc an expression that contains a `#$thereExists', Cyc automatically creates a new element of #$SkolemFunction and rewrites the assertion using that Skolem function, as described in what follows. (Most Cyc users don't need to know the following details, which are supplied only for the curious.) Suppose we tell Cyc that every animal has a birth date; i.e., for each animal, there exists a date such that the animal was born on that date --- in CycL, (#$implies (#$isa ?X #$Animal)(#$thereExists ?Y (#$birthDate ?X ?Y))). In response to that CycL formula, Cyc would create a new element of #$SkolemFunction -- we might call it the `BirthDateFn' -- whose single argument would be an animal and whose resultant value would be a date, namely, that animal's date of birth. Subsequently, Cyc would automatically use the `BirthDateFn' in asserting our rule, eliminating the need for a `#$thereExists'. Our formula would thus be rewritten by the system, as follows: (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?X #$Animal) (#$termOfUnit ?Y (`BirthDateFn' ?X))) (#$birthDate ?X ?Y)). See also #$termOfUnit. Note: Although our example uses the name 'BirthDateFn' for our Skolem function, at this time (4/97), Skolem functions are automatically named by the Cyc system using the prefix `SKF-' followed by a number.", rdfs:label "skolem function" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of durable artifacts which are used in #$HumanShelterConstructions to make human dwelling places more comfortable. An instance of #$FurniturePiece is a whole piece of furniture, such as a table, chair, or chest of drawers; an arm of a sofa is not a #$FurniturePiece. Its subsets can be classified according to the main functions their elements serve: (1) providing support for people's bodies while they are seated or reclining (e.g., #$Bed-PieceOfFurniture, #$Sofa-PieceOfFurniture, #$FootStool, #$FixedTheaterSeat); (2) providing work/action surfaces (e.g., #$Desk-PieceOfFurniture, #$DiningRoomTable); (3) providing organized and/or protective storage for people's stuff (e.g., #$Dresser-PieceOfFurniture, #$Bookcase-PieceOfFurniture); (4) providing extra illumination or some other function in living and work areas (e.g., #$ElectricLamp). Most pieces of furniture belong to the collection #$NonPoweredDevice (q.v.) in that they don't need any energy input in order to do their function. Note: Yes, of course lamps, fancy console TVs, hospital beds, etc. are exceptions to that last rule -- they require power. But in a sense they are really objects performing multiple independent functions. A fancy console TV is a piece of furniture even when it's turned off; it just so happens to fulfill two roles, one as a piece of furniture and one as an appliance. When it's turned on, in fact, its users are intended to stop noticing it as a piece of furniture.)", rdfs:label "pieces of furniture" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of behaviors that go against the social conventions of politeness. This will be a different set of behaviors in different circumstances (contexts). In an office, e.g., it might be rude to make a loud noise, but at a football game it might be rude to not do so.", rdfs:label "rude action" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which one #$Agent gets permission from another #$Agent to do something.", rdfs:label "obtaining permission" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Every element of #$Shoe is a shoe or shoelike thing worn on the feet. Important subsets include #$Boot-Footwear, #$Sandal, #$Slipper, and #$CasualShoe. Elements of the collection #$Shoe are single shoes. Pairs of shoes are elements of the collection denoted by (#$PairFn #$Shoe).", rdfs:label "shoes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each instance of #$Dawn is a dimly-lit period before a #$Sunrise.", rdfs:label "dawns" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each instance of this collection is an annually recurring #$TimeInterval defined by an educational institution. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like Stanford1989-90AcademicYear.", rdfs:label "academic years" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$MoneyTransaction is an event in which a transfer of money occurs. Thus, buying something, investing, making a donation, executing a bequest and exchanging currency, are all examples of #$MoneyTransaction events.", rdfs:label "money transactions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$PhoneNumbers. Each element of #$AccessNumber is a string that a user with #$Internet connections uses to connect to his/her #$InternetServiceProvider.", rdfs:label "access numbers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of acts of #$IBOCreation done by an #$Animal (including #$Person) arranging its limbs or other body parts (and whatever objects the limbs might be holding) in some meaningful configuration (static or dynamic). Vocal #$IBTGenerations are not considered to be gestures (see #$MakingAnOralSound for this), but they might be done in conjunction with gestures. NB: #$MakingAGesture is NOT a subset of #$NonVerbalCommunicating; at most, an instance of #$MakingAGesture is only half of a communication event. And someone can make a gesture while alone, without using it for communication. Thus, only some gestures are #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating. (But note that #$MakingAGesture IS a subset of #$IBTGeneration-Original (q.v.), since every gesture encodes information, whether or not it is used for communication in a particular instance.)", rdfs:label "gesture" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Cards that allow a user to make telephone calls by debiting the price of the call from the value remaining on the card. The value on the card may be encoded on a magnetic strip on the card, or kept track of by the company that issued the card.", rdfs:label "telephone cards" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices; the most general collection of electrical devices. Such devices require an input of electrical current (as #$energySource) in order to perform their intended functions. Instances of #$ElectricalDevice include both complex devices (e.g., elements of the collections #$StereoSystem or #$Computer) and simpler ones (e.g., elements of #$ElectricalComponents). Note: in some contexts, crystal radios might be classified as inert (unpowered) electrical devices; the same for some sorts of passive radar detectors. These are exceptional cases, but still elements of this collection. In other contexts, the power for these devices can be viewed as being supplied from the outside, hence they are clearly `powered' in such contexts.", rdfs:label "electrical devices" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$HumanResidenceArea is a region in which a number of people live, at least semi-permanently (i.e., for a year or more). Examples: #$SanFranciscoBayArea, #$ResearchTrianglePark, research stations at the #$SouthPole, radar posts in the Aleutians.", rdfs:label "residences" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. An instance of #$Artifact is a tangible which was more or less intentionally created by an #$Agent (or a group of #$Agents working together) to serve some purpose or perform some function. By `created', we don't require that the matter itself be created, it is often just the result of some sort of assemblage or modification process, such as a wooden flute that's been whittled from a tree branch, a sawhorse that's been put together out of boards and nails, a coin that's been minted by embossing or by melting liquid silver into a mold, etc. Let's consider some positive and negative examples. In addition to the obvious human artifacts (buildings, tools, textiles, power lines), this collection includes certain sorts of things made by #$Animals, such as bird nests, termite mounds, and beaver dams. Something which just barely squeaks through the intended meaning of this concept is #$YaleUniversity. In addition to the abstract legal entity, it consists of a set of physical buildings, furnishings, etc. By contrast, an organization that had no headquarters building, equipment, tangible property, etc. would not be an artifact. Similarly, a fictional character such as Tom Sawyer is not an artifact (in the context of the story, Tom is not an artifact because he is a real boy; in the context of the real world, Tom is not an artifact because he has no tangible component whatsoever.) While some artifacts may be alive, or contain living subparts, we do not intend this collection to encompass all organisms which resulted from normal biological reproductive processes. Your child is not an artifact. If you do an oil painting of a house that is an artifact, but much more borderline is what you get if you take a rock and just paint it a solid color, say white. In general that won't be an artifact unless it serves some purpose, such as marking the shoulder of a roadway, but more questionable cases are if the purpose of the white rock is just `to be sold as art' or `to look pretty.' The white rock might thus be an artifact in certain contexts, but not in others. Not every instance of #$Path-Generic (q.v.) is necessarily an instance of #$Artifact. For example, some channels used for navigation may not be artifacts, because even though they are marked with human artifacts (i.e., channel markers) as locations where ships may safely travel, the channel itself may have been a naturally occurring pre-existing thing -- e.g., the #$EnglishChannel. If a #$ChannelOrStrait were produced or maintained only by constant dredging, it might count as an artifact. By contrast, each #$Canal, such as #$SuezCanal, is almost certain to be an #$Artifact. See also #$Product.", rdfs:label "artifacts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subset of #$DomesticatedAnimal whose elements are animals kept by humans primarily for their companionship. (They may, however, do some chores such as catching mice.) Many members of #$DomesticPet live in the homes of their owners.", rdfs:label "pets" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of parts of a building that are 'built-in', that is, built with the intention of remaining as part of the building.", rdfs:label "parts of a building" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$InformationUpdating. Each element of #$InformationAdding is an event in which information is added to the information content of an IBO (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingObject). After the action, the IBO which is the #$informationDestination of the update `has' the new information (i.e., #$infoAdded). The resulting information content of that IBO includes both its content immediately prior to the addition, plus the newly added information. Examples of #$InformationAdding: recording a check in the check register of one's checkbook; taking the next photograph on a roll of film; adding a new constant to the #$CycKB.", rdfs:label "information adding" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all regions wherein two linear edges of a two dimensional or sheet-shaped object (i.e., considered in this context to be sheet shaped) meet to form an angle of substantially less than 180 degrees. Polygons have at least three corners each.", rdfs:label "two-dimensional corners" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A sub-collection of the atomic data belonging to the CycL substrate of the Cyc System. Each element of #$SubLAtomWithValue is an atomic datum that has a value (e.g., 2) associated with it.", rdfs:label "Cyc system atom with values" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events, #$Translation-RoundTrip is a subset of #$Translation-NoLocationChange. Each element of #$Translation-RoundTrip represents one round trip event. That is, an instance of #$Translation-RoundTrip is a complete translational movement that begins and ends in the same place (thus, the #$fromLocation and #$toLocation are identical). However, a round trip is usually a discontinuous motion (cf. #$Movement-TranslationProcess). In the simplest case, it has exactly one #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip and exactly one #$inboundLegOfRoundTrip, and the trip breaks at the #$destination-RoundTrip, which is the place that the traveller visits in between the two legs of the journey. Thus, in addition to a #$fromLocation and #$toLocation, an instance of #$Translation-RoundTrip also has an #$origin-RoundTrip and #$destination-RoundTrip. The #$origin-RoundTrip is just the same as the #$fromLocation and #$toLocation. For example, in Doug and Mary's trip to Antarctica, the #$origin-RoundTrip was #$CityOfAustinTX, the #$destination-RoundTrip was the #$ContinentOfAntarctica. Thus, the #$CityOfAustinTX was both the #$fromLocation and the #$toLocation of the WHOLE (round) trip, and it was also the #$toLocation of the homeward leg of their trip (#$inboundLegOfRoundTrip). The #$ContinentOfAntarctica was the #$toLocation for their #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip and the #$fromLocation of their homeward leg (i.e., their #$inboundLegOfRoundTrip). Note: to describe a multi-stop `round trip', instead of using #$Translation-RoundTrip one can represent it as a circuit composed of a series of one-way legs.", rdfs:label "round trips" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of sounds; a subset of #$SoundInformationBearingThing. Each element of #$Music is a sound produced by actions such as singing, whistling, playing an instrument, playing recorded music, etc. Music has certain features that distinguish it from random noise (though recognizing them may depend upon a specific cultural background); such features usually include variations of pitch over time (i.e., melody), multiple (somehow) related pitches sounding at one time (i.e., some kind of harmony), and/or some regular temporal pattern to the component sounds (i.e., rhythm). Examples of #$Music include: the debut performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony; Leonard Bernstein's rendition of the Ninth Symphony with the BPO in Berlin in 1989; a particular playing of a particular CD of Bernstein's 1989 Ninth in Berlin; the Messiah sing-in in Austin, TX, in 1995.", rdfs:label "musica" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all instances of muscle tissue, considered as an #$OrganicStuff; that is, the collection of all tissue composing the biological organs that convert chemical energy into mechanical energy. E.g., the elements of #$Biceps, #$Triceps, #$Heart, #$Stomach, all consist of some type of #$MuscleTissue.", rdfs:label "muscle" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of military organizations. An instance of #$MarineCorps is a military organization, modern or historical, composed mainly of soldiers (i.e., combat personnel) who serve on ships or in conjunction with naval forces, with the purpose of defending or attacking coastal areas.", rdfs:label "Marine corps" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all animal mouths. A mouth is a container #$AnimalBodyPart of an #$Animal. It has an opening (a #$Portal) to the region outside the organism. Through that opening, the animal ingests tangible substances from the environment, such as food, water, air, etc. Additional activities, such as #$Chewing, may occur in the #$Mouth, and it may participate in other activities such as talking, kissing, etc.", rdfs:label "mouths" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of both #$ControllingSomething and #$Movement-TranslationEvent. An instance of #$GuidingAMovingObject is an event in which an agent guides or steers an object which is in motion. For example, someone steering a car or a motorcycle, controlling a surfboard, or flying a kite. If all you `guide' is a rotation, then that is not quite a #$GuidingAMovingObject event. Also, if no motion actually takes place, then it would be stretching things to call that a `guiding.' So a marginal example is #$Running (you are guiding yourself) and two marginal non-examples are: spinning in place, and running in place.", rdfs:label "guide" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of public and private entertainment performances, like plays, street performances, ballets, movies. Each #$EntertainmentPerformance is a presentation or exhibition, to a human audience, with artistic or entertainment value. Note: Movies are included even though the Performers aren't performing in the same point in space-time. But we draw the line at still photographs; i.e., those are not considered #$EntertainmentPerformances.", rdfs:label "performances" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all activities in which an #$Agent makes it possible for another #$Agent to use (but not necessarily own) a good or service.", rdfs:label "provisions of goods or services" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$PublishedMaterial. Each element of #$RecordedSoundProduct is a sound recording which is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content. Typically, #$RecordedSoundProduct includes audio recordings (on audio cassettes, CDs, vinyl records) prepared and duplicated for sale as a product. See also #$AudioRecordedObject.", rdfs:label "sound recordings" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$LawEnforcementOfficer is a person whose job is to prevent, detect, stop, and/or punish people committing illegal activities. The collection #$LawEnforcementOfficer includes local, state, and special police (e.g., transit police), and federal agents (e.g., border patrol, national security agents). An instance of #$LawEnforcementOfficer typically also belongs to one of the following collections: #$StateEmployee, #$LocalGovernmentEmployee, or #$NationalGovernmentEmployee (see #$PublicSectorEmployee).", rdfs:label "policemen" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections, whose elements are some class of time of day, such as #$TimeOfDay-PM, #$TimeOfDay-9AM, #$TimeOfDay-MidnightHour, and so on.", rdfs:label "times of day" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Junes, the sixth month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.", rdfs:label "June" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of transportation devices; a subset of #$Conveyance. Each element of #$TransportationDevice is an artifact designed to play the role of #$transporter in transportation events. Such devices enable something to be moved, by (for example) carrying, pulling, or pushing the transported things (#$transportees). Transportation devices may or may not have their own power source (see #$SelfPoweredDevice). Those which do, such as automobiles and speedboats, constitute the specialization #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle. Other transportation devices require an external motive force, e.g., instances of #$Wheelbarrow or #$Bicycle. (For more examples, see #$MusclePoweredDevice.) Because #$transporter and #$transportees are specializations of #$objectMoving, it follows that any object in the role of #$transporter moves as a whole with those objects playing the role of #$transportees. Since any instance of #$TransportationDevice has playing the role of #$transporter as its intended function, stationary objects which cause motion, such as conveyor belts, escalators, rocket launchers, slingshots, etc. are excluded from the category of #$TransportationDevice. Also excluded are devices which, although they facilitate travel, are worn rather than 'ridden on', 'ridden with', or 'ridden in'. Ice skates, shoes, skis and other specializations of #$WearableConveyance fit this exclusionary criterion. Note that this is not the collection of all objects that can be used as transporters. For example, in an event of a man riding on a horse, the horse is the transporter but not an instance of #$TransportationDevice since a horse is not an artifact. So the main difference between transporters and transportation devices is that the latter have to be artifacts while the former do not.", rdfs:label "vehicles" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each element of #$VisualImage is an #$Event in which visible light is generated in a particular pattern. The generated pattern of light contains information for an observer familiar with the interpretive conventions. Visual images may be produced by illuminating some instance of #$VisualInformationSource, which is a tangible object (e.g., a photograph, movie film, or page of print), or by direct manipulation of light(s) to produce a pattern (e.g., nautical code lights). Visual images may be instantaneous or extended in time. Visual images may be classified by features of their appearance (e.g., #$ColorImage, #$BlackAndWhiteImage), by their origin (e.g., #$XRayImage, #$PenOrPencilDrawing, #$SatelliteImage), their content (e.g., #$LandscapeImage), and other distinctions. Note: The #$VisualImage is #$InformationBearingWavePropagation #$Event, not the abstract pattern which may be shared between such Events.", rdfs:label "images" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Relations of arity 1 in CycL. This collection was created in order to implement automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL, regardless of whether they are predicates or functions.", rdfs:label "unary relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Cyc collections. Cyc collections are natural kinds or classes, as opposed to mathematical sets; their elements have some common attribute(s). Each Cyc collection is like a set in so far as it may have elements, subsets, and supersets, and may not have parts or spatial or temporal properties. Sets, however, differ from collections in that a mathematical set may be an arbitrary set of things which have nothing in common (see #$Set-Mathematical). In contrast, the elements of a collection will all have in common some feature(s), some `intensional' qualities. In addition, two instances of #$Collection can be co-extensional (i.e., have all the same elements) without being identical, whereas if two arbitrary sets had the same elements, they would be considered equal. As with any Cyc constant, an instance of #$Collection should be created only if it is expected to have some purpose or utility. Moreover, the `best' collections to create are the ones which are impossible to define precisely, yet about which there are rules and other things to say. E.g., `WhiteCat' is not a good element of #$Collection to create, because it's easy to define with other Cyc concepts, and there's not much to say about the collection of white cats; but `WhiteCollarWorker' could be a good element of #$Collection, because it is hard to define exactly, yet there are many things to say about it.", rdfs:label "collections" SubClassOf: , owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each instance of #$EnergyConversionProcess, energy is converted from one form to another.", rdfs:label "energy conversion process" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all plant seeds: small nodules or granules consisting of young angiosperms and their protective containers during early (zygotic and embryonic stages) of development. Seeds, if planted, may grow into adult plants.", rdfs:label "seeds" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of food and drink, a specialization of (#$FoodOrDrinkForFn #$Person). An assertion of the form (#$isa FOOD #$Food-ReadyToEat) means that it is normal for people to eat or drink FOOD more or less in its current state. Instances can require unwrapping, cutting, pouring, buttering, or cooling before being consumed, but not cooking or other complex or sophisticated preparation that is typically done in a kitchen or other food-preparation area rather than at the table or site of consumption. If a cook would inspect it and pronounce it 'done,' it is probably an instance of #$Food-ReadyToEat.", rdfs:label "dishes" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of devices; a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice does not have an `on-board' energy source incorporated into it, at least not one supplying the bulk of the power requirements of the device. Instead, its operating power is supplied by the kinetic energy from something else in motion -- such as animal muscle power (including human labor), wind energy, or hydraulic power. Examples include elements of the collections #$Hammer and #$Piano-Acoustic. (Contrast with #$SelfPoweredDevice --- e.g., an electric organ is a #$SelfPoweredDevice, not a #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice.)", rdfs:label "kinetic energy powered device" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A #$Midday is the daily event where the #$Sun is near its `highest' position in the daily cycle. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and a #$Morning overlaps the start of a #$Midday.", rdfs:label "middays" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$PoliticalOrganization is an organization whose members share some common political, social, or economic values and goals, and the #$MainFunction of their organization is to achieve those goals by influencing governmental powers or by helping persons who favor their views and interests to win elections or otherwise obtain governmental power. The collection #$PoliticalOrganization includes instances of #$PoliticalParty and also of #$PoliticalInterestGroup. Note that governmental bodies (such as a #$CityCouncil) are not considered #$PoliticalOrganizations. Although such governmental bodies often act in political arenas, that is not their primary function.", rdfs:label "political organizations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$MonetaryFlowRate (i.e. transfer of money per unit of time). E.g., (#$DollarsPerHour 10) denotes a #$MonetaryFlowRate of $10 per hour.", rdfs:label "units of monetary flow rate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$WeatherEvent is a meteorological event of some duration, occurring over some spatial region. Some weather events are almost instantaneous (e.g., elements of the collection #$LightningEvent); others encompass an entire #$AnnualClimateCycle. Spatially, weather events may cover a small locality or a large portion of a continent. Weather events are regional weather (in the short term) and are, or partially constitute, the annual climate of a region (in the long term).", rdfs:label "weather events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of situations. A situation is a state of affairs; it identifies roles played by objects involved in the situation, and it articulates the relationships between those roles. One important partitioning of #$Situation is: (1) #$Event (q.v.), which consists of dynamic situations; (2) #$StaticSituation (q.v.), instances of which exist in time but are not dynamic, and are more like a set of static relationships among objects; and (3) atemporal situations, including #$RelationalStructures and abstract #$Lists. For a specialization of #$Situation that includes (1) and (2) but excludes (3), see #$Situation-Temporal. Also note that there is a fine line between (1) and (2). Consider Bill Clinton sitting in his easy chair on the evening of 7/4/96. This might be construed as an _event_ in which Clinton carries out a particular sitting process. But it might instead be viewed as a _static_situation_ involving Clinton, the chair, and various relationships such as the chair's seat supporting Clinton's bottom, Clinton's weight being off his feet, etc. In such cases, the interests and needs at hand will often make one of these sorts of representation more useful than the other.", rdfs:label "situations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. If COL is an element of #$ObjectType, and ITEM is any element of COL, then if you conceptually divide ITEM into two pieces, you do NOT generally end up with two elements of COL. Similarly, for most specs SPEC of COL, if you conceptually divide any instance of it in two, you do not end up two instances of COL. Another way of thinking of this is: If you take several elements of COL, and put them together, the result is generally not another element of COL. A collection can be spatially object-like temporally stuff-like (e.g. #$Automobile -- the set of all cars) or spatially stuff-like and temporally object-like (e.g. a total eclipse). See the comment for #$StuffType to find out more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType.", rdfs:label "types of objects" SubClassOf: owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subset of #$SubAtomicParticle. Each instance of #$Nucleon is a subatomic particle normally found in some atomic nucleus. #$Nucleon has two subsets, #$Proton and #$Neutron. Every instance of #$AtomicNucleus is composed of some number of #$Nucleons.", rdfs:label "nucleons" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all physical parts of #$Plants of all kinds. In the traditional view, plant organs are of four types: leaves, stems, roots and flowers. It seems useful to have a category for smaller plant parts which display a similar level of organization (they have vascular tissue, ground tissue, and an epidermis) but have not been included in the traditional view.", rdfs:label "plant parts" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all events in which an agent arranges for some kind of travel event.", rdfs:label "making travel arrangements" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An incorporated business whose stock, if it exists, is not traded publicly on some stock exchange. Businesses that are traded publicly are instances of #$PubliclyHeldCorporation.", rdfs:label "privately-held corporations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of corporations; a subset of both #$LegalCorporation and #$NonProfitOrganization. An element of #$NonProfitCorporation is a #$LegalCorporation which is engaged in non-profit or not-for-profit activities. Typically, (unlike commercial corporations,) non-profit corporations have no shareholders or owners, although they are commonly governed by a board (cf. #$BoardOfDirectors). Many non-profit organizations are incorporated, including charities, political action groups, clubs, and political parties. Most have official non-profit standing with a government. Because they are non-profit organizations, non-profit corporations do not pay corporate income taxes. For the broader class of non-profit entities, see #$NonProfitOrganization.", rdfs:label "non-profit corporations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An event in which a biological thing is a #$bodilyDoer.", rdfs:label "biological processes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of train cars (or train carriages), non-motored wheeled vehicles that run on #$Railways. When they are to be moved they are coupled together to form trains pulled by train engines. There are freight TrainCars, and passenger TrainCars for transporting people.", rdfs:label "train cars" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections; a subset of #$RegionType. Each element of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType is a collection of geographical regions, none of whose elements spatially intersects another. For example, the collection #$State-UnitedStates is an element of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType, because the territories of U.S. states do not overlap. Other examples of collections that are elements of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType: #$CanadianProvince, #$IndependentCountry, #$City, and #$Colony. A non-example is #$EcologicalRegion, since ecological regions can overlap.", rdfs:label "spatially disjoint region type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection #$UnitVectorInterval is a subset of #$VectorInterval. Each element of #$UnitVectorInterval is a vector interval with a magnitude of 1. The range of the endpoints of all the unit vectors [#$UnitVector-Precise] form a contiguous curve (in 2 space), surface (in 3 space), volume (in 4 space), etc. depending upon the dimentionality of the vector. One #$UnitVectorInterval differs from another only in range of direction, since the magnitude of every #$UnitVectorInterval is the same. An element of #$UnitVectorInterval may specify either a precise unit vector [#$UnitVector-Precise] or a generalized range of directions such as `in front of'. The range of directions in 3-space may be quite irregular, such as the direction interval from #$Chile to #$Russia.", rdfs:label "unit vector interval" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all 'symbols' in the CycL language, excluding variables. Note that this is a very technical definition of the word 'symbol'; the definition used in SubL, the underlying implementation of Cyc. Symbols are rarely used in CycL, except for some #$HLPredicates like #$defnIff. Examples: the symbols GENLS and CYC-SYSTEM-NON-VARIABLE-SYMBOL-P.", rdfs:label "sub l non variable symbol" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$TangibleProduct is a tangible object or tangible material that is exchanged for money or trade. Tangible products are purely tangible and do not have an intangible component (cf. #$PartiallyTangibleProduct, #$PartiallyTangible). #$TangibleProduct is the most general class of tangible products--everything from cotton swabs to coconut oil to F-16s belongs to this collection.", rdfs:label "tangible products" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of different shape attributes.", rdfs:label "shape attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$TransformationEvent. Each instance of #$ChemicalReaction is an event in which two or more substances undergo a chemical change, i.e., some portions of the substances involved are transformed into different #$ChemicalCompoundTypes. The transformations are brought about by purely chemical (including biochemical) means which affect chemical bonds between atoms in the molecules of stuff, rather than by physical means, biological means, or purposeful planning, etc. Examples of #$ChemicalReaction: instances of #$CombustionProcess; instances of #$Photosynthesis-Generic.", rdfs:label "chemical reactions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Ductility describes a specific capacity of a physical material to be stretched, drawn, or hammered thin without breaking. Different degrees of ductility may be represented using a #$GenericValueFunction. Ductilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$ductilityOfObject.", rdfs:label "ductilities" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InterPersonalRelationSlot is a binary predicate used to represent relationships between two instances of #$Animal. Examples: #$mate, #$friends.", rdfs:label "human relationships" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of those microtheories that contain so many assertions that they are not useful for `relevance' focusing during inference. (A #$BroadMicrotheory is not used internally in Cyc's indexing scheme during inference.) Examples: #$BaseKB and #$EnglishMt.", rdfs:label "broad microtheory" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of each element of #$TemporalStuffType is temporally substance-like. Consider, e.g., #$AnimalWalkingProcess, the set of all walking events. Consider a particular walking event. Videotape it. Play back a few seconds of that videotape, showing one of many #$timeSlices of the original walking event. That shorter video is still clearly going to be a video of a walking event. So the collection #$AnimalWalkingProcess (the set of all walking events) is an element of #$TemporalStuffType; it is NOT an element of #$TemporalObjectType (q.v.). Of course, there is a #$granuleOfTime for #$AnimalWalkingProcess, namely, #$TakingAStep, such that any #$timeSlices shorter than that are likely not to be considered real walking events. This is analogous to granule-size for physical substance types such as peanut butter (the granules there are a peanut piece, a glob of peanut oil, etc.) or wood (the granule there is an individual plant cell). More esoterically, consider a time slice of a person. `Albert Einstein while at Princeton' was still a person. So #$Person (the set of all people) is an element of #$TemporalStuffType. All tangible objects are temporally stuff-like in this fashion. If a collection COL #$isa #$TemporalStuffType, it is reasonable to state axioms about the temporally intrinsic properties of COL's instances --- properties such as rate of speed, cost per pound, kinds of actors, etc.", rdfs:label "temporal stuff types" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all trucks, large #$RoadVehicles for ground transportation. Trucks are most often used to haul freight, garbage, materials, liquids and other heavy loads. #$FireTrucks take firemen to fires. In many parts of the world, people routinely ride in the backs of Trucks. A Truck has a cab for the driver, separate from the cargo area of the Truck.", rdfs:label "trucks" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$Receiving. Each element of #$ReceivingAWave is an event in which an instance of #$WavePropagation is received at a #$toLocation. For example, my CD player receiving an infrared signal from the remote control; hearing a sound of distant thunder; a radio telescope receiving signals from a celestial body. See also #$WavePropagation.", rdfs:label "receiving a wave" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$SpatialThing. Each element of #$GeometricThing is a spatial thing that can be described mathematically. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the equator, and abstract objects, such as abstract shapes of various dimensions.", rdfs:label "geometric forms" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Gulf is a part of a sea extending into a land mass. Many gulfs are the outlet for a large river system. Examples of #$Gulf include the #$SaronicGulf, #$GulfOfMexico, #$GulfOfArkangelsk, #$GulfOfCalifornia, and #$PersianGulf.", rdfs:label "gulfs" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Plastic is a piece of some type of plastic. This collection includes plastics of all kinds: artifical, mostly polymeric, inedible, organic moldable hydrocarbons. Some common types are rayon, nylon, polyethylene, etc.", rdfs:label "plastics" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction whose instances are at or above ground level. See also #$BasementLevelInAConstruction and #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction.", rdfs:label "above ground levels" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of SubL keywords (e.g., :KEYWORD, :OBJECT, :PLURAL, etc.), which is a subset of the collection of #$SubLSymbol. Every element of #$SubLKeyword satisfies the #$defnIff KEYWORDP.", rdfs:label "Cyc system keywords" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of people. An instance of #$CorporateOfficer is a person who is recognized as an officer of a corporation, as officially recorded in the corporate records of that corporation. Common types of #$CorporateOfficer include #$President-CorporateOfficer, #$VicePresident-CorporateOfficer, Secretary and Treasurer of a corporation.", rdfs:label "officers" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of commercial organizations. An element of #$SupplyCompany is a company whose #$MainFunction is selling supplies to other companies. For example, elements of #$ElectricalSupplyCompany or grocery #$Wholesalers.", rdfs:label "supply companies" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of activities which are performed by one party primarily to amuse or entertain others. Every instance of #$EntertainmentEvent necessarily has among its subevents both an instance of (#$PerformingFn #$EntertainmentEvent) and an instance of (#$AttendingFn #$EntertainmentEvent). It is thus distinguished from #$RecreationalActivity: a #$RecreationalActivity need not involve any #$Entertainers, whereas an instance of #$EntertainmentEvent will always involve both an entertainer, and an entertainee. Note: This is more general than #$EntertainmentPerformance because it may not entail a formal performance per se. E.g., #$JokeTelling is a spec of #$EntertainmentEvent because it involves a joke-teller, the entertainer, and a listener, the entertainee. Such an event, however, can occur under informal circumstances, and need not be a formal performance. Thus #$JokeTelling is not a spec of #$EntertainmentPerformance.--Huffer, Dec 2, 1998", rdfs:label "entertainment events" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all customary or conventional network systems consisting of interconnected links (instances of #$Path-Customary) and nodes of obvious types, where the elements of the system can be assumed without specifying them as sets. Examples include pipe systems, road systems, vascular systems, wiring systems, mechanical linkages, etc. The links of any #$CustomarySystemOfLinks are assumed to share characteristics, e.g. in a road system, pipes are not links nor are streetlights, road paint, or other non-roadways, just the roadways forming the network. Also, what constitutes a #$JunctionOfPaths or #$pathTerminus in the system should be obvious from the system type. The links are related to the assumed system by #$linksOfCustomarySystem. This is in contrast to #$PathSystem in which the sets of point, nodes, links, and loops (if any) have to be specified for the system.", rdfs:label "customary system of links" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a subcollection of #$PathSystem. Each instance of #$Multigraph is an instance of #$PathSystem in which the only points are nodes in the system and all paths are made of links (i.e., no intermediate points along links). Sometime such a system is called a graph or multi-graph in graph theory. A #$Multigraph consists of nodes interconnected by links, with loops on single nodes allowed, and with multiple links between the same two nodes also allowed. (For a graph with no parallel links and no loops, see #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic.", rdfs:label "multigraph" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$MoneyTenderType is a collection of objects of a type commonly offered in payment for goods, services, fees, wage-work, etc. Examples include #$Currency, #$CreditCard, #$TravellersCheck, #$MoneyOrder, #$PostageStamp, #$Check-TenderObject, etc.", rdfs:label "money tender type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Every element of #$Shirt is a clothing item that is worn to cover the upper part of the human torso, with openings for the neck and lower body, and either openings for, or sleeves encircling, the arms. Subsets include #$LongSleeveShirt, #$Blouse, and #$TankTop.", rdfs:label "shirts" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all inside surfaces of (surfaces of the interiors of) tangible things. The tangible thing may have a #$Cavity or several cavities or passageways. Often the tangible thing can be thought of as a container of some sort.", rdfs:label "inside surface" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate whose elements represent asymmetric relations. A predicate F is an element of #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and (F X Y) implies (#$not (F Y X)). For example, #$northOf, #$children, #$greaterThan, #$overrides. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.", rdfs:label "asymmetric binary predicate" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$StaticSituations are states of affairs between two or more things, persisting statically over some time interval. #$StaticSituations always have a temporal extent; they usually have a tangible and spatial extent. As an example, consider the situation of Bill Clinton sitting in his easy chair on the evening of 7/4/96. There are participant objects such as Bill and the chair, there are relationships such as the seat of the chair supporting his bottom and his weight being off his feet, etc. In any #$StaticSituation, for the participants in that situation, there is some significant or focal relationship between them which does not change. In the most typical cases, there is no important change whatsoever, e.g. someone sitting would be such a #$StaticSituation. But some things represented as #$StaticSituations can alternatively be represented as #$Events. For example, a situation in which geese were flying in a flock would be static (the flock-like spatial relationship between the geese would be retained) but it would also be dynamic in that the geese were moving, so either representation could be chosen depending on the context.", rdfs:label "static situation" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Local (at one site) organizations composed of physicians, support personnel, and usually also administrators. The main function of the organization is to provide medical care (short or long term) to a number of patients/clients, for a fee if the patient/client is able to pay. A clinic services out-patients, while a hospital has in-patients. A hospital may have a clinic as a sub-organization, though.", rdfs:label "hospitals" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all represented atomic denotational terms in the CycL language. This consists of variables and Cyc constants.", rdfs:label "cyc l represented atomic term" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$City is a local human settlement which has its own government. This includes cities, towns, suburbs, villages, hamlets, and townships, as long as they have their own governments. A city government is usually mostly autonomous from the governments of its surrounding regions, rather than being a sub-organization of them.", rdfs:label "cities" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of devices. An instance of #$CuttingDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to (enable its user to) cut another object. Subsets of #$CuttingDevice include the collections #$Razors, #$Scissors, #$LawnMowers,and more.", rdfs:label "cutting implements" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all health-related professionals - including medical professionals as well as professionals not in the medical field. For example, health inspectors.", rdfs:label "health professionals" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of transportation devices deployed entirely in outer space, or whose trajectories leave the atmosphere of the planet they're launched from, in order to orbit the planet or to travel away from it beyond its gravitational field.", rdfs:label "spacecraft" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of transportation devices. An instance of #$WaterTransportationDevice is a vehicle used for transportation on or through water (not a device for transporting water). Subsets of #$WaterTransportationDevice include the collections #$Ship, #$Watercraft, #$Sailboard, #$JetSki, etc.", rdfs:label "water crafts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$MeasuringDevice is a device used for measuring some quantity such as #$Distance, #$Volume, #$Temperature, etc. Examples include the odometer in your car (an #$Odometer), the graduated glass measuring cup in your kitchen (a #$MeasuringCup), and the thermostat on your wall (a #$TemperatureMeasuringDevice, although it is also a #$ControlDevice.)", rdfs:label "measuring devices" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of strings. Each element of #$PhoneNumber is a string that represents a telephone number.", rdfs:label "phone numbers" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$WavePropagation. Each element of #$Sound is an instance of wave propagation in which longitudinal pressure waves travel through matter. Includes the elements of #$AudibleSound, #$UltraSound, and temblors.", rdfs:label "sounds" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection #$VectorInterval is a subset of #$NTupleInterval. Each element of #$VectorInterval is an n-tuple of intervals (where n > 1), one of which is a direction. Like the elements of #$ScalarInterval, the intervals in an element of #$VectorInterval may be point-valued or cover a range of values. The minimal interval (i.e., point-valued) type of vector interval is exemplified by a vector such as `10 meters due east'. Vectors may also cover a range of values; e.g., `at least 10 feet away and in a horizontal direction'; `between ten to twelve miles NNW'.", rdfs:label "vector interval" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Instances of #$FreeSpaceContent are connected, tangible, fluid individuals occupying regions of free space (i.e. instances of #$EmptySpaceRegion): space regions through which solid objects can move more or less freely. Examples include the #$Air in the interior of a room or the sky above a city. In an underwater context, a piece of free space content is likely to be an instance of #$Water. Often, a #$FreeSpaceContent is associated with a geographical region or some physical boundaries that define its edges. But a (partially) tangible #$FreeSpaceContent is not to be confused with the intangible #$EmptySpaceRegion it occupies.", rdfs:label "free space content" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of devices; a subset of #$PhysicalDevice. An instance of #$Tool is a device which is used by people to manipulate and/or alter other objects or the immediate environment in some way (hence, it does not include #$PomPoms). #$Tools are also typically controlled by their user during use (see #$Device-UserControlled) and can be used more than once (and is thus disjoint with the collection #$Device-OneTimeUse). #$Tool includes devices used in many different activities. A sampling of subsets shows some of that variety: #$WoodworkingTool, #$CarpentryTool, #$PlumbingTool, some kinds of #$MedicalDevices (but not all!), #$CleaningImplement, #$WritingImplement.", rdfs:label "tools" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An #$Artifact which has been deliberately designed to perform a particular function, and which depends upon the physical efforts of the user to perform that function in part or in whole. A paradigm example would be a bicycle. However, the definition also leaves room for some counterintuitive cases--combs and forks are also user-powered devices, on this analysis. Borderline cases would be devices which require effort on the part of the user to perform part of the function but not all of it. For example, many gas-powered lawnmowers have to be pushed by hand, but use an internal combustion engine to impart the necessary velocity to the cutting surfaces.", rdfs:label "user-powered devices" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Windows are one kind of portal found in a human occupation construct. They are usually covered by #$WindowThePortalCovering, which is the physical object made primarily of glass through which one can see.", rdfs:label "windows" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A heterogeneous collection of abstract objects that pertain to information. Subsumes not only #$Proposition, but also the collections #$Sentence, #$CharacterString, #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, #$Microtheory, #$PropositionalInformationThing, and #$ConceptualWork. Note that while all #$AbstractInformationalThings are abstract objects (this collection is disjoint with #$SpatialThing-Localized), most instances of this collection can have multiple concrete 'embodiments'. A single instance of #$Sentence can be written on several peices of paper (see #$instantiationOfAIS); a #$PropositionalInformationThing may be the content of several concrete documents, such as instances of #$BookCopy (see #$containsInfoPropositional-IBT); and several events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain #$Proposition as their content (see #$containsInformation). Note that some instances of #$AbstractInformationalThing have temporal extent. Examples include all instances of #$Novel-CW and #$Movie-CW. Others specs are disjoint with #$TemporalThing. Examples include all instances of #$Character-Abstract and #$Proposition.", rdfs:label "data" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$SensoryReactionType is an #$AttributeType, describing one natural kind of sensation (e.g., pain, pressure, pleasure, warmth, etc.) that may be felt by #$PerceptualAgents. Some examples of #$SensoryReactionType are #$LevelOfDizziness, #$LevelOfSoreness, #$LevelOfColdSensation, etc.", rdfs:label "sensory reaction type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of long flat walkways that jut out over water from shorelines. A Dock's main function is to provide a place to secure boats and to provide a place where passengers and cargo can be loaded and unloaded.", rdfs:label "docks" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons. Each element of #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState is a person who holds the title of president of some element of #$Country, whether that title belongs to a position which is #$HeadOfState or #$HeadOfGovernment (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, #$BillClinton, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui.", rdfs:label "presidents" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subcollection of both #$Situation and #$TemporalThing. #$Situation-Temporal is the collection of all instances of #$Situation that have duration or other temporal properties . Thus, #$Situation-Temporal subsumes #$Event and #$StaticSituation, as well as some other specializations of #$Situation. It does _not_ subsume specializations of #$Situation that have atemporal instances, such as #$Series, #$Tuple, or #$RelationalStructure.", rdfs:label "temporal situations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of transactions between two #$Agents in which one #$Agent gives items or services to another #$Agent, and the other #$Agent gives items or services in return, and neither of the items or services is money, credit, or payment of money.", rdfs:label "barters" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of organisms that feed on both plants and animals, and possibly other things. Subsets of #$Omnivore include, for example, #$Person, #$Pig, and #$Bear.", rdfs:label "omnivores" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of animals that do not eat other animals, or parts of animals, but instead eat plants or plant parts. #$Ruminant and its subsets #$Deer and #$Sheep are subsets of #$Herbivore.", rdfs:label "herbivores" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subset of #$Holidays which are typically declared to be #$Holidays by the governments of western countries, and which are therefore days on which most people governed by that government do not work and on which students do not attend classes. Such #$Holidays may coincide with #$ReligiousHolidays, especially where there is a government-sanctioned religion.", rdfs:label "national holidays" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$Events in which an organism undergoes (as #$bodilyDoer) some physiological state or process, which may be normal or abnormal. An instance of #$PhysiologicalCondition is, especially, a dynamic physiological state that (1) has important temporal aspects, such as a developmental condition or a progressive disease, and/or (2) affects the organism's physiological condition for a significant period of time, such that (a) the condition may be thought of as an `episode' in the life of the organism or even (b) a permanent aspect of the organism's ongoing life. #$PhysiologicalCondition is the most general collection of such states. In representing particular cases, one of the various subsets of #$PhysiologicalCondition is likely to be more useful; these include: #$Pregnancy, #$BacterialPneumonia, #$Cancer, #$KidneyStoneCondition, #$HeartAttack, #$AllergicReaction, #$Phobia, #$ChronicCondition, #$Asthma, #$Dwarfism, etc.", rdfs:label "physiological conditions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval, a subset of #$ScalarInterval, is the collection of intervals which represent significant differences in quantity, for the various types of measurable properties. The most familiar case is for numbers, in which orders of magnitudes typically correspond with powers of 10; thus, in any given numerical quantity, the 100's dominate the 10's or the units, which are negligible with respect to the hundreds. In Cyc, we can identify the significant intervals for any measurable property. For example, for #$Time-Quantity, some intervals which represent orders of magnitude are: #$AFewSecondsDuration, #$AFewMinutesDuration, #$AFewHoursDuration, #$AFewDaysDuration, #$AFewWeeksDuration, etc. Similar scales could be identified for any measurable property. Moreover, orders of magnitude for the same measurable property may differ between microtheories; e.g., the orders of magnitude for #$Time-Quantity in a `GeologicalTimeMt' would be much larger than those listed above, which are relevant for human perceptions and activities. Any two attributes which represent amounts of the same kind of property (e.g., time, distance) and which are also elements of #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval will be assumed to differ so substantially in size that the smaller one (and values associated with it) will be insignificant compared to the larger interval (and values associated with it). That is, in general and as a default, if ORD1 and ORD2 are two different elements of #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval which are also elements of the same type of #$AttributeValue (e.g., #$Speed, #$Mass, #$Density), then one is negligible with respect to the other. To know which dominates the other, we need additional knowledge about their relative size, e.g., that ORD2 is a #$followingValue of (i.e., 'bigger' than) ORD1. See also #$negligibleWRT, #$followingValue. The predicate #$orderOfMagnitude (q.v.) is used to relate particular quantities to the appropriate element of #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval. For example, two days -- in Cyc, (#$DaysDuration 2) -- has the #$orderOfMagnitude #$AFewDaysDuration.", rdfs:label "magnitudes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Alertness is an #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute which specifies how sleepy or alert an animal is. Levels of #$Alertness include #$Asleep, #$Sleepy, and #$Awake.", rdfs:label "alertness" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all cargo ships, i.e., ships that by design can transport a large amount of goods. See also #$TankerShip.", rdfs:label "cargo vessels" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all mathematical sets and all collections. Instances of #$Set-Mathematical and instances of #$Collection share some basic common features. They are both abstract entities, lacking spatial and temporal properties. More specifically, they (can) have elements, and hence may stand to one another in set-theoretic relations such as #$subsetOf and #$disjointWith. Nevertheless, sets and collections differ in two important respects. Every collection is associated with an intensional criterion for membership -- a more or less natural property or group of properties possessed by its members. (The criterion for membership need not, and often will not, be precisely definable in any language.) Collections are thus akin to kinds. In contrast, the elements of a set are not required to be homogeneous in any respect; any things whatsoever may together comprise the members of a set. The second major difference between sets and collections is that no two distinct sets can be co-extensional (be such that every element of one is an element of the other and conversely). Sets are, so to speak, identified on the basis of their extensions. Collections, on the other hand, are identified by their intensional criteria for membership. So collections which have exactly the same elements may be distinct, differing in their respective membership criteria.", rdfs:label "set or collection" SubClassOf: owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of documents; a subset of #$TenderObject. Each element of #$Check-TenderObject is a financial instrument, drawn on a particular account at some instance of #$FinancialOrganization, which is redeemable for a monetary value by the agent who is the payee. The financial organization pays the payee funds from the account, upon proper presentation of the check.", rdfs:label "checks" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of systems which use conventionalized signs or symbols. This includes dead languages, computer languages, unspoken languages, codes - anything which relates symbols to meaning.", rdfs:label "languages" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$FlowRate (i.e.,volume of stuff passing a point per unit of time). E.g., (#$CubicMeterPerSec 2000) denotes a #$FlowRate of 2000 cubic meters per second.", rdfs:label "units of flow rate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all entire outer physical surfaces of tangible objects. Excludes mere patches or portions of the whole surface of an object.", rdfs:label "exteriors" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of constants that are required to be defined in order to support the implementation of CycL itself. These constants are the minimal 'core' of the Cyc knowledge base which must be assumed to be defined in order for the inference engine to function.", rdfs:label "core constant" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$QuaternaryFunction is the collection of all Cyc functions which take four arguments.", rdfs:label "quaternary function" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all body movement events in which an animal takes air in through an appropriate portal (#$Mouth, #$Nose) and passes it into its #$Lungs. The elements of #$Breathing all have #$subEvents which are #$Inhalings.", rdfs:label "inhalations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of legal conflicts that are heard and decided by a court.", rdfs:label "trials" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of instances of #$Walking-Generic in which the #$locomotor is an #$Animal.", rdfs:label "animal walking processes" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who works for an #$Army-BranchOfSevice.", rdfs:label "army people" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$TensileStrength describes a specific capacity of a physical object to withstand a force pulling it apart. The higher the tensile strength of the object, the higher the force required to pull the object apart. Different tensile strengths may be represented using a #$GenericValueFunction. Tensile strengths of objects are indicated with the predicate #$tensileStrengthOfSubstance.", rdfs:label "tensile strength" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Instances of #$HourOfDayType are 24 canonical subsets of #$CalendarHour, such as #$TimeOfDay-8AM. This is a proper subset of #$TimeOfDayType, which could include larger or smaller times of the day, such as `before noon' (which in Cyc is named #$TimeOfDay-AM).", rdfs:label "hour of day type" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of actions generating #$Utterances which are speech. A subset of #$Talking: hence, #$Speaking normally includes only those #$Utterances using #$Language as a communication convention, unlike other #$Utterances, such as #$Booing and #$Cheering.", rdfs:label "speech" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Emotion aroused by the removal or lightening of something oppressive, distressing, or painful. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "reliefs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A feeling of fondness for someone or something. Sympathy, liking, warmth, tenderness. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Affection are #$Love, #$Passion, etc.", rdfs:label "affection" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each element of #$FrameOfReference is a representation of the context in which certain data are to be interpreted. Such contexts are typically physical (i.e., spatiotemporal), but contexts may also be purely mathematical. A Cartesian coordinate system represents a frame of reference.", rdfs:label "frames of reference" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$MicrotheoryPredicate is a predicate used to describe the properties and relationships of instances of #$Microtheory. Examples: #$domainAssumptions, #$mtTime, #$genlMt, #$adheresToCodeOfConduct, #$ist-Agreement, #$ist-Obligation.", rdfs:label "microtheory predicates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which an #$Animal goes from the state of being awake to being in a state of sleep.", rdfs:label "going to sleep" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A state of dissatisfaction, weariness, or restlessness accompanied by a lack of interest. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Apathy.", rdfs:label "boredom" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of event-types that occur weekly. Each #$WeeklyEventType is a collection of events, all of which are synchronized with the calendar and which occur once a week. E.g., once instance #$WeeklyEventType is #$CycStaffMeeting, since there is an instance of #$CycStaffMeeting once a week.", rdfs:label "weekly event type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of (local-level) organizations which sell mainly prescription drugs, but usually also carry non-prescription drugs and other medical supplies that might be needed by a family or individual. (i.e. not a supplier to hospitals). Sometimes these are free-standing stores, sometimes departments within other stores like drugstores and supermarkets.", rdfs:label "pharmacies" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In an instance of #$GivingSomething, one #$Agent gives a tangible thing to another #$Agent. Every #$GivingSomething event can also be thought of as a receiving event. Note: The common case in which one #$Agent gives ownership of an object to another #$Agent is represented by the subset #$GiftGiving.", rdfs:label "giving events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of organisms adapted to life underwater, which spend all or most of their time immersed in water. This includes the elements of #$Fish, also many instances of #$Mollusk, #$SeaMammal, etc.", rdfs:label "aquatic organisms" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$OrganismTypeByHabitat is a collection of organisms characterized by the sort of habitat in which they live. For example, #$AquaticOrganism or #$TerrestrialOrganism.", rdfs:label "organism type by habitat" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$MechanicalDevices, classified by the main way of supplying the force needed to operate them. #$SelfPoweredDevice is a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$SelfPoweredDevice has an `on-board' part which converts some kind of potential energy into force. That may be a battery and motor to convert electricity stored in the battery into kinetic energy (as in a cordless electric drill); other examples are the elements of #$Automobile, which (typically) convert gasoline and battery power to get the energy to move the vehicle. Some muscle power is involved in operating both a cordless drill and an automobile, but not the main part of the power, in either case. Negative exemplars of a #$SelfPoweredDevice include a #$Bicycle (powered by the person that rides it) a Cable Car (pulled along by cabled embedded in the street) and subway train (often powered by an electrified `third rail').", rdfs:label "self powered device" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all surface curvature attributes. These may apply to a particular piece of a surface of an object, or to the whole surface. For real-world (non-mathematical) surfaces, there is ordinarily some tolerance for minor surface deviations that depends on the context. Thus a 'flat' surface may have relatively small bumps and crevices.", rdfs:label "curvature of surface" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that operate by coming into physical contact with the object being perceived. #$TactileSensors are capable of perceiving properties such as texture, hardness, roughness, etc.", rdfs:label "tactile sensors" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of living cells; a subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each element of #$Cell is one of the basic structural units of nearly all living things, consisting (at least) of cytoplasm bounded by a cell membrane. Only the living structures viruses, mitochondria, and plastids are not composed of cells.", rdfs:label "cells" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of cities. Each element of #$StateCapital is a city that is the capital city of the geopolitical state in which it is located. Note that this collection is for capitals of all the elements in #$State-Geopolitical (q.v.), not just members of the subset #$State-UnitedStates. Examples: #$CityOfJuneauAK, #$CityOfLansingMI, #$CityOfAnnapolisMD, #$CityOfQuebecCanada, #$CityOfEdmontonCanada, #$CityOfPerthAustralia, #$CityOfXianChina, #$CityOfGuangzhouChina, #$CityOfLahorePakistan.", rdfs:label "state capitals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who works for an #$AirForce.", rdfs:label "air force people" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which a piece of stuff is transformed from a #$LiquidStateOfMatter to a #$GaseousStateOfMatter by evaporation as opposed to boiling.", rdfs:label "evaporations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of actions that express (transmit) visual information.", rdfs:label "visual information conveying act" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed sentences in the EL language. These sentences meet the criteria necessary to be asserted into the Cyc KB, after being transformed into #$HLAssertions by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Of course, just because a sentence is assertible does not require it to be used in an assertion. Each instance of this collection involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the logical relation. Example: (#$and (#$isa #$Pittman #$HumanCyclist) (#$residesInRegion #$Pittman #$CityOfAustinTX)). For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation.", rdfs:label "CycL formulas" SubClassOf: , , , , , owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element in #$EarthStuff is a portion of the stuff that the ground of Earth (at or near its land surface) is made of, including rocks, boulders, sand grains, soil, mud, etc., and mixtures of those things (such as islands or whole continents). Examples: #$Australia, #$CapeCod, ZionHill, #$GreatSmokyMountains.", rdfs:label "earth stuff" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of half-days from Noon to Midnight. See #$CalendarDay.", rdfs:label "PMs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all whole numbers; a subset of #$RationalNumber. Each element of #$Integer is a whole number, resolvable into units with no fractional remainder. An integer may be positive (e.g., 42), zero, or negative (e.g., -42). Note that 42.0 is a floating-point real number which is close to the integer 42 within the tolerance of the floating-point representation but is not necessarily equal to the integer 42. Therefore, 42.0 is not an element of #$Integer.", rdfs:label "integers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of expressions in the EL language which involve the application of a relation to some arguments.", rdfs:label "ELF" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalClass (or #$BiologicalSubclass) and above #$BiologicalFamily.", rdfs:label "orders" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all RoadVehicles that are equipped primarily for transporting wounded, injured or sick persons.", rdfs:label "ambulances" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent is an event in which one or more biological organisms (the #$parentActors) produce new organisms (the #$offspringActors) generally of the same kind as the parents.", rdfs:label "procreations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Those instances of both #$TernaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlPredicate used to specify the required #$genls of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required #$genls #$Collection.", rdfs:label "arg genl ternary predicate" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of seconds that make up the calendar. Sixty of these #$TimeIntervals contiguously divide up each #$CalendarMinute (qv)", rdfs:label "seconds" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical objects. An instance of #$Currency is a physical object generally accepted as legal tender (i.e., not checks or credit cards) and used as a means of transferring a quantity of #$Money between some elements of #$Agent. Elements of #$Currency may be coins, items of precious metal, paper bills for which precious objects are payable by a government to the bearer on demand, or unbacked paper bills required by a government to be accepted for payment of debts. Elements of #$Currency are typically backed by and issued by national governments. Note: This collection includes all instances of legal tender, worldwide and historically. But, for better or worse, the notion of legal tender is context-dependent. Normally what counts as currency is relative to the country one is in; legal tender in the United States is not the same as legal tender in China. (Though US dollars may have excellent value on the black market.) What counts as legal tender depends on historical events as well, since a government may change, withdraw, or cancel some types of currency it previously authorized. Also, conquest of one country by another usually brings about the collapse of the loser's currency. A Confederate ten dollar bill, e.g., is not an element of #$Currency in the context of twentieth century Alabama, even though it belongs to #$Currency in a different context.", rdfs:label "items of currency" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Instances are used to express durationalconstraints, constraints relating to temporal ordering, and subeventual commitments relating to reified #$PurposefulActions that are represented in the deontic contexts of #$Plans.", rdfs:label "plan action restriction predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each element of #$SoundInformationBearingThing is an audible sound that contains information: a spoken utterance, the performance of a sonata, a Morse code message tapped out on a prison wall, etc.", rdfs:label "sound information bearing things" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all layers of things, each layer being a #$SheetOfSomeStuff that is #$sheetSurfaceConnected, or situated adjacent, surface-to-surface, to at least one surface or layer or region on one side, and possibly to other layers or surfaces on both sides. A layer may be part of a larger object, or it may be an independent whole object such as a hide confined in a stack of hides. A #$Layer is not a #$FreeSheet. See the #$OneSidedVsTwoSidedObjectNote.", rdfs:label "layers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of ailments which are distinguished by the shared characteristic that if left untreated, those ailments may cause an organism to die (but will not certainly do so). Cases of #$Poisoning and of #$Pneumonia are often instances of #$LifeThreateningCondition. Cf. #$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition.", rdfs:label "life threatening conditions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$OrganicStuff is a tangible thing composed of one or more types of organic #$Molecule. Instances of #$OrganicStuff usually have their origin in the bodies (or other products) of living things. Since some organic substances can be synthesized, #$OrganicStuff is not a subset of #$NaturalTangibleStuff. Chemically, instances of #$OrganicStuff have fairly (or very) complex carbon-based structures. Examples include the elements of the collections #$Oil, #$DNA, #$Alcohol-Compound, #$Ivory, #$AnimalBodyPart.", rdfs:label "organic substances" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$PurposefulAction. An instance of #$ControllingSomething is a purposeful action in which some #$Agent intentionally controls some object. It is not necessary that the agent touch the #$objectControlled, only that s/he have an efficacious means of controlling its action -- thus, instances of #$ControllingSomething include all instances of #$GuidingAMovingObject (some of which involve a #$RemoteControlDevice). Further subsets: #$HandlingAnObject, #$Braking, #$SteeringADeviceByHand, #$PlayingAMusicalInstrument, #$CuttingFabric, #$CarryingWhileLocomoting, #$FlushingAToilet, etc. Whenever a #$ControlDevice (qv) is being used, for its primary function, presumably a #$ControllingSomething event is taking place. Borderline examples include having a conversation by telephone, doing the dishes by hand, and having a cat as a pet.", rdfs:label "controlling events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Night is the temporal complement of #$DaytimeHours: each #$Night is #$contiguousAfter one #$DaytimeHours, and vice versa. Each #$Night intersects two different #$CalendarDays. Each #$Night is #$temporallyStartedBy a #$Dusk, #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Dawn, #$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and has a #$Sunrise which is #$contiguousAfter it.", rdfs:label "nights" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which the condensed liquid water in clouds forms droplets (or ice cystals which subsequently melt) substantial enough to fall to the surface of the earth.", rdfs:label "showers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of plants; a subset of #$Plant-Woody. Each element of #$Tree-ThePlant is a tree, i.e., a tall woody plant that is usually taller than a person or a bush, generally having a branching form overall, and with roots in the ground, a trunk, and the branches having numerous leaves exposed to the sky. Cf. #$Bush.", rdfs:label "trees" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$NonNegativeInteger is the subset of #$Integer that excludes the negative integers. Each element of #$NonNegativeInteger is a whole number greater than or equal to zero, e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, ....", rdfs:label "non-negative integers" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The set of all even numbers (integers) including positive and negative even numbers and zero, but not including any infinite 'numbers'.", rdfs:label "even numbers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all subway (underground railroad) stations. These are usually located at least partly underground, on subway tracks, and their primary purpose is to be a place where subway trains discharge and receive passengers.", rdfs:label "subway stations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of container products; a subset of #$FoodUtensil. An instance of #$FoodVessel is a container designed for holding, storing, or preparing food. For example, a dinner plate, a cake pan, a wok, a plastic food storage container, etc. Subsets include the collections #$CookingVessel, #$EatingVessel, #$FoodStorageContainer, and numerous others.", rdfs:label "food vessel" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TangibleSubstancePredicate is a predicate that is used to specify or describe the properties (usually physical properties) of tangible substances. Examples: #$stateOfMatter, #$freezingPoint, #$physicalStructuralIntegrity, #$solubleIn.", rdfs:label "tangible substance predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$PersonByActivityType is a collection which classifies people by some kind of activity that an individual does regularly. Some examples are: #$Student, #$Tourist, and #$HornPlayer. If the differentiating activity is one that can be done as a career or job, it is preferable to make that collection an element of the more specific #$OccupationType (q.v.).", rdfs:label "person by activity type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$NationalOrganization is an organization which has nationwide `scope' -- that is, nationwide distribution (throughout some #$Country) of members and/or activities, as opposed to to local, state-wide or international organizations. Examples: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the Daughters of the American Revolution in the United States; the Red Guards and the Young Pioneers in China (PROC).", rdfs:label "national organizations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of generic agreements that are authorized by one of the agreeing parties (typically by the issuer of the document embodying the agreement). #$AuthorizedAgreements are generic in the sense that their authorizing agents are party to many similar agreements; for that reason, an #$AuthorizedAgreement is typically given a unique identification number. Examples: bank accounts, driver's licenses, stock certificates.", rdfs:label "authorized agreements" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of business organizations; a subset of both #$CommercialServiceOrganization and #$Business. An element of #$FoodServiceOrganization is a business which prepares and/or serves food as its major function(s). Important subsets of #$FoodServiceOrganization include #$Restaurant and #$CateringCompany. Note that grocery stores -- and airlines -- are not themselves considered elements of #$FoodServiceOrganization, even though some of those may have #$subOrganizations or sub-contractors which are#$FoodServiceOrganizations. Bars or taverns, in contrast to #$Restaurants that also prepare and serve food, are also not considered #$FoodServiceOrganizations.", rdfs:label "food service companies" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of NationalGovernmentEmployee. Each element of ArmedServicesPersonnel is a person who belongs to any of the national military services of some instance of Country.", rdfs:label "military people" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of microtheories; a subset of both #$Obligation and #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory. Each element of #$CodeOfConduct is a microtheory which contains rules and/or expectations governing the behavior of those agents subject to it in certain kinds of situations.", rdfs:label "codes of conduct" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all openings, as in a surface, through a tube, etc., with or without a covering. This includes doors, mouths, doughnut-holes, etc.", rdfs:label "portals" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The set of all odd numbers (integers) including positive and negative odd numbers, but not including any infinite 'numbers'.", rdfs:label "odd numbers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of spatial regions that include some piece of the surface of a planet (usually #$PlanetEarth). Each element of #$GeographicalRegion is a #$PartiallyTangible entity that may be represented on a map of the planet. This includes purely topographical regions like mountains and underwater spaces, places defined by demographics, e.g., language areas, and territory otherwise demarcated, e.g. #$TimeZones. In dualist geopolitical contexts [see #$DualistGeopoliticalMt], instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity are also considered to be instances of #$GeographicalRegion. In all cases the region in question must contain some tangible component with which it is possible to make physical contact. The elements of #$GeographicalRegion contrast in this respect with the elements of #$GeographicalThing-Intangible, which are wholly imaginary . Examples of #$GeographicalRegions: #$RockyMountainStates-USRegion, the #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$SinaiPeninsula, and -- in dualist geopolitical contexts -- #$YaleUniversity and #$CityOfPittsburghPA. Some important types of regions are represented by the subsets #$LanguageArea, #$TimeZone, #$PostalCodeRegion, #$EcologicalRegion, #$ConstructionSite, and -- in dualist geopolitical contexts -- #$GeopoliticalEntity. No elements of #$GeographicalRegion are wholly indoor locations.", rdfs:label "geographical regions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Emotion felt when one is unhappy or low-spirited. This is a collection; for more details, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Remorse, #$Gloominess, #$Disappointment, #$Depression-Emotion, #$Grief, #$Misery, #$Despair, #$Anguish, etc.", rdfs:label "blues" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all of real physical (hence technically three-dimensional) surfaces. The thickness of a #$Surface-Physical is much less than its average length or width, but it is not of zero thickness. A Surface-Physical may have holes, tears, and may be unconnected, in multiple pieces.", rdfs:label "physical surfaces" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of instances of requests for problem resolution that are posted on the CoABS grid. An instance of #$Broadcast-CoABS will have to include the #$GridAddress-CoABS of the broadcaster, who can then assemble a #$Community-CoABS of agents to solve the problem. A #$Broadcast-CoABS together with a broadcaster forms a degenerate instance of #$Community-CoABS.", rdfs:label "broadcast - co a b s" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. #$SituationType is the collection of subsets of #$Situation.", rdfs:label "situation type" SubClassOf: owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$InformationBearingThings (IBTs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$Spreadsheet is an IBT that presents (usually numeric) data in a two-dimensional matrix of cells that are organized into rows and columns. A spreadsheet may be produced by hand with pencil and paper or generated by a computer #$SpreadsheetProgram such as #$Lotus123. Associated with every spreadsheet are mathematical definitions of some of its cells as a function of other cells in that spreadsheet.", rdfs:label "spreadsheets" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum whose #$taxonMembers include (mostly) the numerous collections of chitin-armored invertebrates that have jointed bodies and limbs, e.g., insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc.", rdfs:label "arthropods" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$CountrySubsidiary is a political region that is a direct subsidiary of some country. This collection includes states, provinces, territories, and some special districts such as Washington, D.C. This class is somewhat artificial but is useful when representing addresses.", rdfs:label "districts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of tiny microbes called viruses, each consisting mainly of a capsid (capsule chamber) containing viral DNA or RNA. Viruses have no cells, but reproduce by inserting into living cells the viral DNA or RNA, which then uses cellular mechanisms to create new viruses. Viruses cause many diseases in all other organisms; some can infect elements of #$Bacterium. #$Virus excludes prions, bacteria, rickettsia, and protists.", rdfs:label "viruses" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Compressibility represents a specific capacity of a physical object to be compressed. Compressibility may be measured with a #$GenericValueFunction. Compressibilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$compressibilityOfObject.", rdfs:label "levels of compressibility" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections; #$OrganismClassificationType is the collection of all biological types used to classify animals, plants, or other elements of #$Organism-Whole. The scientific types in #$OrganismClassificationType may or may not correspond to naive categories of organisms, and, in addition, although they are scientific, they might not be officially accepted biological taxons at the standard taxonomic levels. (#$Invertebrate is an example.) Compare #$BiologicalTaxonType. Note that #$OrganismClassificationType is NOT an element of #$SiblingDisjointCollection since there are scientific classifications along different dimensions. Many specs of #$OrganismClassificationType are, however, specs of #$SiblingDisjointCollection.", rdfs:label "types of organism" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An important subset of #$Relation. Each element RELN of #$AssociativeRelation is a relationship such that the expressions (RELN A (RELN B C)) and (RELN (RELN A B) C) both have the same value or meaning; e.g., #$PlusFn, #$TimesFn, #$or, #$and. More generally, the truth of an asserted associative relation is unaffected by any change from one well-formed parenthesization of its use (on a given sequence of arguments) to another.", rdfs:label "associative relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Feeling sorry for another agent on account of the undesirable state of affairs s/he is in. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "pity" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Instances are predicates used to specify states that instances of #$Plan or instances of #$PurposefulAction in a planning context are supposed to bring about. Usually but not always this will entail a specific statement of purpose.", rdfs:label "purpose specification slot" SubClassOf: daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$InformationBearingObjects (IBOs), a subcollection of #$VisualInformationSource. Each instance of #$SignTheDisplay is an object typically posted where people can see it so that they can obtain information from it. Uses of signs include identification of objects (e.g., street signs, name tags, species labels at zoos), advertising (e.g., billboards, neon signs, posters for garage sales, #$WorldWideWeb page banners), and warnings (e.g., signs for road hazards or road construction, `No Trespassing'postings, printed tape marking off a police line).", rdfs:label "signs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of naturally occurring things which are at least partly tangible. Each element of #$NaturalTangibleStuff is a naturally occurring tangible thing, including, for example, elements of its subsets #$EarthStuff, #$Wood, and #$Air. Man-made materials are NOT included in #$NaturalTangibleStuff.", rdfs:label "natural tangible stuff" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of national postal services run by the governments of their particular countries. The United States Postal Service would be an example, but United Parcel Service, since it is a private business, wouldn't be.", rdfs:label "national postal services" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all hot-air buoyant balloons, #$AirTransportationDevices that usually lack a motor or a means of steering. Each consistes of a gas-bag into which hot air is introduced, and from which a basket or passenger compartment hangs.", rdfs:label "hot-air balloons" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of doctors that are trained with diagnosing and treating diseases of the gums and teeth.", rdfs:label "dental practitioners" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements are all transitive. A predicate F is an element of #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and (F X Y) and (F Y Z) together imply (F X Z). Examples: #$greaterThan, #$geographicalSubRegions, #$cotemporal.", rdfs:label "transitive binary predicate" SubClassOf: daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$CycLConstant is the collection of all CycL named constants used to denote terms. Colloquially, CycL constants are those atomic terms which are prefixed by '#$' in their printed representation. For example, #$Dog is an instance of #$CycLConstant while other terms like (#$GovernmentFn #$France) and the number 42 are not.", rdfs:label "ART" SubClassOf: , , , , , , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all train engines, each being a fuel-powered, non-steerable, wheeled vehicle that runs on #$Railway tracks, and has enough power to pull or push a group of #$TrainCars with it.", rdfs:label "locomotives" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Instances are types of #$anatomicalParts of bilaterally symmetrical organisms (#$Organism-Whole) which occur in bilaterally symmetric pairs. This is not intended to include broader categories like #$Tooth, #$Rib-AnimalBodyPart, or #$Finger, but the specific parts of which the organism only has two (EyeTooth, FifthRib, or #$RingFinger).", rdfs:label "symmetric anatomical part type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The emotion or state of feeling defeated in expectation or hope. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "letdowns" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all surfaces that are substantially flat (by the tolerance standards of the the context). This means that there are no 'significant' concave depressions or convex bulges or bumps, and that the surface approximates some portion of a Euclidian plane in space. Note that the surface may have holes or cracks and may be disconnected, in multiple (substantially coplanar) pieces. A typical table top is a #$FlatPhysicalSurface.", rdfs:label "flat surfaces" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Each element of #$WomensClothing is a clothing item worn usually by women, i.e., items normally found in the women's section of department stores. Subsets include #$Skirts and #$HairPins.", rdfs:label "womens clothing" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$EcologicalRegion is a region having one or more characteristic ecosystems. From knowledge of those ecosystems, we can posit whether certain organisms can forage, reproduce, and live successfully there. Information about ecological regions typically also includes what kinds of organisms are in fact found there. In theory, any arbitrary continuous region could be analyzed as an ecological region, but most regions identified in practice have some kind of sameness or systematic interconnection in their topology, climate, and biology. Examples: the #$WesternDesertOfEgypt, the #$GreatBarrierReef, the #$Amazon-Region.", rdfs:label "ecological regions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of family name strings such as ``Lenat'', ``Jones'', etc., which are given as last names (in most Western countries), usually at birth. Note: elements of this collection are really just character strings, not concepts like TheNameSmith that represent character strings.", rdfs:label "human family name string" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent. Each element of #$Ingesting is a complex process in which a thing is brought into some organism's mouth from the outside, is swallowed, and is moved to the organism's stomach. Every element of #$Ingesting has among its #$subEvents an instance of #$Swallowing which occurs after the intake. (Thus, though chewing gum is a #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, it is not an #$Ingesting unless the gum is swallowed.) An ingesting event ends when the ingested stuff reaches the ingester's stomach (where an instance of #$DigestionEvent begins -- provided that what was ingested is an element of #$EdibleStuff).", rdfs:label "ingestions" SubClassOf: , , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all naval bases with facilities for #$ModernNavalShips, or operated by a #$Navy.", rdfs:label "naval bases" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$ManufacturingOrganization is any organization whose #$MainFunction is #$Manufacturing or production of goods. These may be departments, suborganizations, companies, or conglomerate enterprises.", rdfs:label "manufacturing organization" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Each element of #$LiquidAsset is either an instance of #$Currency or some asset that is readily convertible to currency by selling or borrowing againstit. Examples: stocks, bonds, money market accounts.", rdfs:label "liquid assets" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of educational organizations. An element of #$University is an organization, usually (but not always) called `University', which does university-level teaching and/or research. Some universities comprise multiple `colleges' and professional schools. Some universities lie within a more or less local and spatially contiguous campus (e.g. #$UniversityOfTexasAtAustin) while others consist of a system of campuses (e.g. #$UniversityOfTexas).", rdfs:label "universities" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of non-cyclic paths, broadly conceived. Each instance of #$Path-Simple has two ends and it forms a #$pathBetween them. It can be a road, railroad, air lane, sea lane, channel, blood vessel, part of an electric circuit, part of a pipe system, or even some abstract chain of connections among people or a 'path' in Graph Theory. A #$Path-Simple cannot cross itself, return to the same point, nor double back along itself. Each #$Path-Simple has two distinct ends that do not 'overlap' each other. But in general a path may have more than two things that are its 'end-points' -- for example, a path between Austin and Pittsburgh can also be a path between Texas and Pennsylvania. In such an example Texas and Pennsylvania are required to be spatially disjoint. (To prohibit multiple things being an end-point of a path simultaneously, specify a #$PathSystem, because in a specified #$PathSystem a path's two end points in the system are unique. The predicate #$pathBetweenInSystem is restricted to a set of paths and points specified for the particular #$PathSystem.) For a #$Path-Simple, any points on it (e.g., #$pointOnPath X PATH) are connected: '#$pathConnects' is true of them. Any number of intersections may occur along a #$Path-Simple. A path with no intersections along it is a #$SimpleSegmentOfPath. A path may have #$subPaths. A path is different from a #$Traversal or a #$Trajectory: a #$Traversal is the trace of an object moving along paths, often in a #$PathSystem, and the #$Traversal can cross itself and/or double back along itself any number of times. While a path is fixed and may have no direction, a #$Traversal has a particular direction. Many distinct traversals may traverse the same underlying path (see #$Traversal and #$traversalInSystem), since a traversal can go back and forth across the same part of a path any number of times. A #$Trajectory (the space of a motion), if is goes along paths, determines a particular #$Traversal of those paths.", rdfs:label "paths" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "", rdfs:label "e l reifiable denotational term" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is the class of names which human beings give themselves. See two of its important subsets, #$HumanGivenNameString and #$HumanFamilyNameString, for examples.", rdfs:label "human name string" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of devices which use electronic circuitry. More specifically, any instance of #$ElectronicDevice in which electricity passes through a vacuum or semiconductor.", rdfs:label "electronic devices" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of Cyc functions; a subset of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. Each element of #$GenericValueFunction is a function that can be applied to an element of #$LinearOrderAttributeType and returns some `generic' amount (e.g., high, medium, low) of that attribute. Such functions are particularly useful for qualitative, hard-to-quantify attribute types, e.g., #$Happiness, #$Fragility, #$Absorbency, #$Glamor, etc. They save us from having to create individually the various levels of attributes like #$Happiness, #$Fragility, etc. Instead, for example, we need only refer to (#$HighAmountFn #$Happiness) as an alternative to painstakingly reifying `HighHappiness' and hand-entering all the formulas that such a constant requires (e.g. #$isa, #$followingValue, etc.). The compositionality afforded by the elements of #$GenericValueFunction allows this overhead to be taken care of automatically. (Rode, 11/9/1998) See also #$GenericQuantity and #$GenValueFn.", rdfs:label "generic value function" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$CycLSentences which have free variables. This only takes into account explicit closure; if a sentence is implicitly universally quantified, it is still an instance of #$CycLOpenSentence.", rdfs:label "cyc l open sentence" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$NonProfitEmployee is a worker who is employed by a non-profit organization such as a college, museum, or charity foundation.", rdfs:label "non profit employee" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$Communicating events. In a #$Negotiating, an #$Agent communicates facts and changes in the #$Agent's attitude or conditions to another #$Agent, with the (ostensible) purpose of their reaching an #$Agreement.", rdfs:label "negotiations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all those #$Lists, for each of which, no element appears more than once in the list. A #$ListWithoutRepetition is sometimes called an 'OSET'. Note that a #$ListWithoutRepetition amounts to a finite #$TotalOrdering-Strict. (In general a #$List and #$Series may have repeated elements.) See also #$SeriesWithoutRepetition.", rdfs:label "OSET" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$MilitaryOrganizations which belong to, and are directed by, the governing body of a geographical region or international organization. The government organization may be a national government, state or provincial government, or an international governing body such as the #$UnitedNationsOrganization. The military forces may include armies, navies, air forces, military border patrols, coast guards, etc. This collection excludes private armies and mercenary forces.", rdfs:label "government military organizations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements are all symmetric relations. A predicate F is an element of #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is binary and (P X Y) implies (P Y X). Examples: #$siblings, #$teammates, #$connectedTo, #$bordersOn.", rdfs:label "symmetric binary predicate" SubClassOf: , daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of the chests of #$Animals. The animal's chest is its #$AnimalBodyPart region located between its neck and its abdomen. For people and many other types of animals, the chest is bounded by (defined by, given shape by) the animal's ribcage.", rdfs:label "chests" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mathematical objects. This is the most general class of numbers, including #$RealNumbers, #$ComplexNumbers, various values of infinity such as Aleph Null, and whatever else might count as a number in mathematics.", rdfs:label "numbers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Solubility describes how readily some tangible substance dissolves in some kind of liquid. Different levels of #$Solubility may be represented with #$GenericValueFunctions or qualitatively (e.g., #$WillDissolve, #$Insoluble).", rdfs:label "solubility" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, some amount of #$Oxygen reacts with (`reduces') another substance and releases energy in the process.", rdfs:label "oxidations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of intangible individuals, a subset of #$Intangible and of #$Individual. The elements of #$IntangibleIndividual do not have mass, volume, color, etc. E.g., hours, ideas, algorithms, integers, distances, and so on. However, as a subset of #$Individual, this collection EXCLUDES sets and collections, which are elements of #$Intangible but not of #$IntangibleIndividual.", rdfs:label "intangible individual" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$ReligiousOrganization is a #$BeliefSystemFocusGroup whose members share religious beliefs, together with meetings, rituals, or practices related to those beliefs. The collection #$ReligiousOrganization includes elements of #$LocalReligiousCongregation such as local churches, temples, mosques and shrines (qua organizations), as well as worldwide religious organizations such as the #$RomanCatholicChurch.", rdfs:label "religious organizations" SubClassOf: Class: Quantifier Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative levels of comfort/relaxation/ease that an animal may have. This feeling is generally internal, and relatively long-lasting (compared with, e.g., the duration of a painful twinge.) Any positive degree of this #$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling is incompatible with a high level of #$MuscleTenseness, a high #$LevelOfPain, or a high #$LevelOfDiscomfort.", rdfs:label "level of relaxation feeling" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of decades that make up the calendar; e.g., #$The1970s.", rdfs:label "decades" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all female animals.", rdfs:label "female animals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ThermalConductivity represents a specific ability of some physical object to conduct heat; e.g., #$ConductsHeatPoorly, #$ConductsSomeHeat, #$ConductsHeatWell. An individual object's #$ThermalConductivity is indicated with the predicate #$thermalConductivityOfObject.", rdfs:label "thermal conductivity" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Leather is a piece of tanned animal hide. Pieces of #$Leather are commonly used as material inputs to the manufacture of shoes, gloves, upholstery, satchels and purses, saddles, etc.", rdfs:label "leather" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Each element of #$Group is a composite object, made up of individual members which may be either events or objects. A group is related to its members by the predicate #$groupMembers (q.v.). Note that elements of #$Group are NOT collections; consider: a group has temporal extent and may have spatial extent and location, while a collection is timeless and abstract. Nonetheless, it is possible to define a collection parallel to any group, so that the #$groupMembers of that group are also instances (#$isa's) of the correlated collection; e.g., each toe on my left foot is both an element of the collection of my left toes and a member of the group of toes on my left foot. But that group (of my left toes) is a spatiotemporal thing, while the correlated collection (of my left toes) is NOT. Another example: if I consider a certain flock of pigeons as having a location, a spatial extent, and a time of existence, then I am considering (the pigeon flock) a group and NOT a collection. As a default, a group whose #$groupMembers are elements of #$SomethingExisting is itself an element of #$SomethingExisting; and a group whose #$groupMembers are elements of #$Event is itself an element of #$Event. Finally, unlike a collection, a group cannot be empty; a group must have some #$groupMembers, or there is no group (at that point in time). Examples of #$Group: #$QueensGuard, #$ThreeWiseMen, #$SantasReindeer, #$InternationalCommunity.", rdfs:label "groups" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$ChangeInUserRights. In an instance of #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights, one agent temporarily gives up user rights over some object (see #$UserRightsAttribute), while another agent temporarily gains some user rights over that object. This occurs in renting, loaning, or sharing of things.", rdfs:label "temporary change of user rights" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Strength is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions performed by exerting nontrival force at the times it is necessary.", rdfs:label "vigors" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$SkolemFuncNs whose arity is fixed.", rdfs:label "fixed arity skolem func n" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of symbolic atomic terms, namely, all those things that satisfy the definition of a symbol in the Cyc system. Every element of #$SubLSymbol satisfies the Heuristic Level (SubL) #$defnIff SYMBOLP. Such terms cannot include numbers or strings (i.e., they must be symbolic), nor can they include lists, non-reified function terms, or axioms (i.e., they must be atomic).", rdfs:label "Cyc system symbols" SubClassOf: , owl:Thing Class: rdfs:Literal Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Any element, X, which is an element of #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection is a collection of interval types X1, X2, X3,..., whose instances are #$temporallyDisjoint; that is, each instance of X1 has no temporal intersection with any instance of X2 or X3 or...; each instance of X2 has no temporal intersection with any instance of X1 or X3 or...; etc. For example, consider #$DayOfWeekType, whose instances are #$Monday, #$Tuesday,... It is true that (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection), because no Monday can temporally intersect any Tuesday or Wednesday or....; no Tuesday can temporally intersect any Monday or Wednesday or...; etc. Other elements of #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection include #$DayOfWeekType, #$CalendarSeasonType, #$HourOfDayType, and so on. See also #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType.", rdfs:label "mutually disjoint interval collection" SubClassOf: owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$FoodGroupType is a collection of foodstuffs classified according to their nutritional contents. When restricted to human foods, the elements of #$FoodGroupType are familiar as the teaching tools used in public health education in order to promote nutritionally balanced diets. Examples include: #$DairyProduct, #$CerealFoodGroup, #$FruitAndVegetableFoodGroup, #$MeatAndLegumeFoodGroup.", rdfs:label "food group type" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of ranked categories accepted by biologists for the biological classification of organisms according to their suspected evolutionary relationships. Includes all levels of taxons. See also #$BiologicalTaxonType and #$OrganismClassificationType.", rdfs:label "taxonomic groups" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. An instance of #$UserRightsAttribute describes what right an agent has to use something. For example, the rights of an owner of a house can be distinguished from the rights of a renter by specifying the appropriate #$UserRightsAttributes. Elements of #$UserRightsAttributes include: #$FullUseRights (the agent can do whatever s/he wants with it), #$ExclusiveUserRights (the agent is the only authorized user), #$PrimaryUserRights (this agent's uses take priority over everyone else's), #$GroupUserRightsAttribute (the agent's right to use something depends on membership in a group), and more.", rdfs:label "property rights" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A specialization of #$GeometricThing each of whose instances is abstract in the sense of being intangible (see #$Intangible) as well as lacking spatial and temporal location. Each instance of #$GeometricThing-Abstract is an abstract region of an abstract space (the latter having two or more dimensions). Geometric figures that are located in this (or another) universe are not instances of this collection, but of #$GeometricThing-Localized.", rdfs:label "abstract shapes" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of medical care events in which drugs accomplish a medical purpose. An instance of #$DrugTherapy is the result of an instance of #$AdministeringADrug (q.v.). An instance of #$DrugTherapy is the event of the patient's body undergoing the physiological effects of the drug it was given. Note: #$DrugTherapy events do not include the administration of the drug; rather, they are the results of such administrations. Cf. #$AdministeringADrug.", rdfs:label "drug therapies" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$RadioWave is an instance of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range from approximately 1 centimeters (1x10^8 #$Angstrom) to 3,000,000 meters (3x10^18 #$Angstrom), and a frequency of approximately 10^8 #$Hertz to 10^2 #$Hertz. This includes the spectrum for RadioWave-UHF, RadioWave-VHF, RadioWave-FM, RadioWave-AM, and several other types of common use #$ElectromagneticRadiation.", rdfs:label "radio waves" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of actions in which text is produced, either via writing by hand, with a typewriter, with a computer, etc. Could be a single episode of writing, or a discontinuous set of episodes (as when one writes a letter over a few days). #$Writing is not a #$Communicating, because there is not necessarily a successful transfer of information to some other agent. Of course, instances of #$Writing can be #$subEvents of such transfers.", rdfs:label "writings" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$CycLSentences which have no free variables. Implicitly universally quantified sentences are not instances of #$CycLClosedSentence.", rdfs:label "cyc l closed sentence" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of permissions. Each element of #$Visa-Permit is an authorization issued by the government of some country to one (or more) person(s), stating that s/he is allowed to enter that country and remain for a certain period of time while engaging in certain specified activities (e.g., study, travel, work). Examples: (United States) #$H1WorkVisa, #$F1WorkVisa, #$GreenCard.", rdfs:label "visas" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of syntactically well-formed sentences, also called 'logical formulas', in the EL language. Each instance of #$ELSentence involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some arguments. #$ELSentences do not necessarily obey arity constraints or other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints).", rdfs:label "e l sentence" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Time-Quantity is a physical quantity possessed by #$TemporalThings. An #$Event transpires over a certain amount of #$Time-Quantity, a #$SomethingExisting exists for a lifetime which is a certain amount of #$Time-Quantity, and of course an abstract #$TimeInterval has a duration which is a certain amount of #$Time-Quantity. The standard unit of #$Time-Quantity in Cyc is #$SecondsDuration (qv) but there can be and are many other ways to specify an amount of time; e.g., with other #$UnitOfMeasure instances such as #$WeeksDuration and #$YearsDuration, and with reified quantities of (instances of) #$Time-Quantity such as #$LongTime, #$Immediately, #$AFewDecadesDuration, etc.", rdfs:label "times" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Faith in oneself and one's powers without any suggestion of conceit or arrogance. If one has a large portion of #$SelfConfidence, their state of mind is often marked by ease and freedom from uncertainty, diffidence, or embarrassment. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A typical more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$SelfConfidence is #$Vanity.", rdfs:label "self-confidence" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of `objects' with temporal extent. Each element of #$Agreement involves two or more parties, who agree that certain propositions should be true. Making the propositions true may require some action or commitment of wealth on the part of one or more of the #$agreeingAgents. Thus, elements of #$Agreement will usually involve some instances of #$Obligation. Note: Elements of #$Agreement and #$Obligation differ, however, in that an #$obligatedAgent is responsible for the truth of all of the propositions in an obligation. In an agreement, some agents may not be responsible for all of the propositions in the agreement being true. For example, in a loan agreement, the borrower agrees to give the lender back the money, but the borrower is the only #$obligatedAgent for the repayment. Note that #$obligatedAgents need not be among the #$agreeingAgents in the agreement that involves or generates the obligation. For example, the Board of Directors of XYZCorporation may agree that some non-director will assume the post and duties of President of XYZCorporation. Moreover, #$agreeingAgents aren't always obligatedAgents; e.g., Wanda and Paul may agree that Paul alone is obligated to do some task. Examples include instances of #$PeaceAccord, #$LegalAgreement, #$InformalAgreement, #$BusinessPartnershipAgreement, #$WorkAgreement, #$SalesAgreement, #$MaintenanceAgreement, #$Reservation, #$Appointment, etc.", rdfs:label "agreements" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$MetaPredicate can be used to define other predicates.", rdfs:label "meta predicate" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$AirRespiration is the collection of all #$Respiration events in which an organism trades some of the carbon dioxide in its tissues for oxygen from the atmosphere.", rdfs:label "air respiration" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of denotational terms in the CycL language which are reified in the KB. Examples include #$Muffet and (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog); a counterexample would be (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus) because that term is not currently reified in the KB. These are often called 'FORTs', which stands for 'first-order reified terms'", rdfs:label "forts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of actions, many of which are speech acts. In each element of this collection, somebody asks a question or requests some information. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with this action, #$Query.", rdfs:label "inquiries" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subset of #$SingleCellOrganism whose members are single-celled but lack nuclei and mitochondria. The members of the #$MoneraKingdom all belong to the collection #$ProkaryoticCell, which includes the subsets #$Bacterium and #$BlueGreenAlgae. #$ProkaryoticCell excludes viruses, protista, prions, and rickettsia. Unlike the elements of #$EukaryoticCell, prokaryotic cells are never assembled into multicellular organisms.", rdfs:label "prokaryotic organisms" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$BodyOfWater is a natural or artificial body of water. Elements may belong to specialized subsets such as #$Lake, #$Stream, and #$Ocean. #$BodyOfWater includes reservoirs, #$Canals, and navigation channels that are developed and/or enlarged by humans. However, it does not include smaller purely-artificial bodies of water such as #$SwimmingPools or tanks of water. Examples of #$BodyOfWater: #$HudsonBay, #$PanamaCanal, #$AdriaticSea, #$BayOfBengal, #$NiagaraFalls.", rdfs:label "bodies of water" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of art objects. Each element of #$Sculpture is a tangible three-dimensional work of art; buildings are NOT included, even though sculptural features of buildings (such as friezes) are. Types of #$Sculpture include stone statues, friezes, wood carvings, pipes welded into abstract art sculptures, etc. Examples: the #$StatueOfLiberty, the #$MountRushmoreMonument, Michelangelo's David, the friezes on the Parthenon, the Buddhas at Longan.", rdfs:label "sculptures" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$AgentiveArtifact is the collection of all artifacts (created by instances of #$Agent) that commonly possess (at least) the apparent ability to make decisions and commence actions more or less independently of those agents. The distinction here is conventional; a certain functional sophistication possessed by instances of #$Artifact that are 'not really living agents' seems to mirror that possessed by 'living agents'. This sense of agency derives from ability or function the artifact possesses, namely the ability to commence actions, independently of agents, based on some internal calculation or deliberation. Example subcollections include #$Computer, #$Robot, #$TrojanHorseComputerProgram.", rdfs:label "agentive artifact" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all heavier-than-air, self-powered flying machines (excluding cruise missiles) that get their lift while flying from #$AirplaneWings. Thus, #$Helicopters are excluded because the lift is caused by rotors. A borderline case are planes that take-off vertically, using a turbojet engine, so initially the lift is not due to their wings. In flight, however, such planes will need their wings to stay up in the air.", rdfs:label "airplanes" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In an instance of #$ExchangeOfUserRights, two #$Agents (the #$exchangers) perform two distinct (though related) #$TransferringPossessions with each other. Two objects are exchanged. Each agent gains possession -- in the form of some #$UserRightsAttribute -- of something (an #$objectOfPossessionTransfer) from the other. Each transfer is related to the other as some kind of condition, a precondition or an intended result; e.g., the news seller will hand over a paper if given fifty cents, and I give the news seller my fifty cents so that he will turn over a newspaper to me. The two #$TransferringPossession events are #$subEvents of the #$ExchangeOfUserRights event.", rdfs:label "exchange of user rights" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events in which something (usually more or less plastic in nature) is given a definite shape, or has its shape changed, through the purposeful actions of an agent. In many (but not all) cases, an instance of #$ShapingSomething is also a #$PhysicalCreationEvent (e.g. #$MakingPottery). Normally, elements of #$ShapingSomething are concerned with the basic, overall shape of an object. Thus, a #$PolishingSomething event, which doesn't affect the basic shape of the #$objectOfStateChange, is not a #$ShapingSomething.", rdfs:label "shaping events" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$Collections. Instances of #$MonthOfYearType are the canonical subsets of #$CalendarMonth. There are twelve of these in the #$JulianCalendar; for example, #$September is the set of all Septembers.", rdfs:label "month of year type" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of medical care events; i.e., a subset of #$MedicalCareEvent. In any instance of #$MedicalTreatmentEvent, the procedures performed by a medical professional are done to alleviate or ameliorate a #$PhysiologicalCondition. The set of treatments for a specific condition may be denoted using #$TreatmentFn (q.v.).", rdfs:label "medical treatments" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Mental disturbance and confusion at self-exposure. #$Embarrassment is often an impediment to freedom of thought, speech, or action. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$Embarrassment is #$Shame.", rdfs:label "embarrassment" SubClassOf: Class: BinaryRelation Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A line between the #$NorthPole and the #$SouthPole, intersecting the #$Equator at 90 degrees.", rdfs:label "lines of longitude" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mathematical functions. Each element of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities is a function that takes one or more numbers as its arguments, and it returns a number as its value. Examples: subtraction (#$DifferenceFn), square root (#$SqrtFn), absolute value (#$AbsoluteValueFn), and logarithm (#$LogFn).", rdfs:label "function from quantities to quantities" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all animal shells. An animal's shell is one of its #$AnimalBodyParts, and functions as a hard protective outer covering for the animal.", rdfs:label "shells" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mathematical sets and collections the members of which are themselves mathematical sets or collections. A set or collection, SETORCOL, of sets or collections is an instance of #$DisjointSetOrCollection just in case the elements of SETORCOL are mutually disjoint -- that is, no two elements of SETORCOL have any elements in common.", rdfs:label "disjoint set or collection" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of each element of #$TemporalObjectType is temporally object-like. Take an element of #$TemporalObjectType -- say COL. Take an element of that -- say OBJ. Imagine making a videotape of OBJ. Now play back just a small piece of that videotape. It won't be an element of COL. E.g., COL could be the set of events in which an orange is cut into quarters. Say a videotape of that has been made of one such event, which lasted thirty seconds. Now imagine some 5-second excerpt of that videotape. That, in turn, is not a videotape of someone cutting up an orange into four pieces. So the collection of all orange-quartering events is itself an element of #$TemporalObjectType; it is NOT an element of #$TemporalStuffType (q.v.). If a collection COL #$isa #$TemporalObjectType, it is reasonable to state axioms about temporally extrinsic properties of COL's instances -- properties such as duration, distance, cost, etc. E.g., it makes sense to talk about the #$duration of a particular #$Event in which an orange is quartered.", rdfs:label "temporal object types" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$NonNegativeNumber is the subset of #$RealNumber that excludes the negative reals. Each element of #$NonNegativeNumber is a number greater than or equal to zero, e.g., 0, 0.173, Pi, 4, 101, .... Quantities measured in units e.g. (#$SecondsDuration 4), (#$Mile 42) are not elements of #$NonNegativeNumber but are elements of its superset #$NonNegativeScalarInterval.", rdfs:label "non-negative numbers" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ExistingStuffType is a collection of things (including portions of things) which are both temporally and spatially stufflike; they may also be stufflike in other ways, e.g., in some physical property. Division in time or space does not destroy the stufflike quality of the object (down to a certain granularity). ``STUFF is an instance of #$ExistingStuffType'' implies: a) for most instances, OBJ, of STUFF, for any proper physical part PART of OBJ, PART is also an instance of STUFF. b) for all instances, OBJ, of STUFF, for most proper physical parts PART of OBJ, PART is also an instance of STUFF. For example, every piece of wood is temporally stufflike: if W-168 is a piece of wood during 1996, then it's also a piece of wood for the one-minute time-slice 9:05am 7/7/96. It's also spatially stufflike: if we take that piece of wood W-168 and cut it in half, we have two things which are both pieces of wood. The fact that every piece of wood is both temporally and spatially stufflike is represented in Cyc by the assertion (#$isa #$Wood #$ExistingStuffType). Other examples of #$ExistingStuffType: #$AppleJuice, #$IceCream, #$Diamond, #$WaxedPaper, #$StriatedMuscle. See the comment for #$StuffType to learn more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType.", rdfs:label "existing stuff types" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all directed multigraphs, i.e., node-and-link structures in which every link has one direction. There can be loops and multiple links between a pair of nodes. These are studied in graph theory. In Cyc, this is the intersection of #$Multigraph and #$DirectedPathSystem.", rdfs:label "directed multigraph" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element in #$IDStringType is a collection of character strings which is a subset of #$IDString (q.v.). A few instances of #$IDStringType: #$ProductName, #$ProductVersion, #$EMailAddress, #$PhoneNumber, #$PostalCode.", rdfs:label "ID string types" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all pathways made of RailroadTracks and used for train transportation. It includes main lines and sidings.", rdfs:label "railroads" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of clouds (instances of #$CloudOfH2O) in the sky over some #$GeographicalRegion (as opposed to being at ground-level).", rdfs:label "clouds" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that detect amplitude and frequency of vibrations through a physical medium. This includes ears, skin, and also artificial devices such as microphones, seismographs, etc. Note: #$Eyes are not #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensors because there need not be any physical medium for electromagnetic wave propagation. This is a somewhat close call, and indeed in past centuries most people believed that light propagated through aether, but what it comes down to is this: consider all the axioms that apply only to the structure, function, and operation, failure, etc. of a #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor, and of that set how many hold true for eyes --- and the answer is No, most of them don't. So parsimony dictates that #$Eye not be a subset of #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor.", rdfs:label "vibration sensors" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons. Each element of #$Student is someone who studies at an academic institution. This collection includes students at all levels of study in all types of educational institutions.", rdfs:label "students" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all events in which the performer determines the location of an object in some frame of reference, and determines the direction the object should travel to reach some destination. Navigating usually involves using some devices (compass, clock, etc.) as aids", rdfs:label "navigating events" Class: CommutativeRelation Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$OccupationType is a collection of workers, based on their kinds of work; each of those workers is an element of (#$isa) #$Professional. Elements of #$OccupationType represent all kinds of jobs, not just the kinds of occupations colloquially considered `professional'. Elements of #$OccupationType include the collections #$ComputerProgrammerProfessional, #$FoodServiceEmployee, #$MedicalCareProfessional, #$BaseballUmpire, #$SalesRepresentative, #$Brewer, #$Gymnast, and many others. Also see #$Professional, #$PositionType.", rdfs:label "occupations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a subcollection of #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem. Each instance of #$DirectedPathSystem is a path system SYS in which every link LINK is given exactly one direction (specified by (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS), (#$PathFromFn LINK SYS), or (#$PathToFn LINK SYS)). Note that only when a semi-directed path system is also a directed path system should we use the functions #$PathFromFn and #$PathToFn.", rdfs:label "directed path system" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all junctions of pipes or tubes. Each junction permits flow between any two #$Pipe-GenericConduits joined at that junction. At any #$JunctionOfPipes, three or more distinct (non-overlapping) lengths of #$Pipe-GenericConduit must be joined at their ends at the junction. (Some of the so-joined pipes may loop back to the same junction.)", rdfs:label "junction of pipes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all heads of #$Vertebrates (animals with backbones). Vertebrate heads all have faces (see #$FaceOfAnimal) and connect to the animal's torso via a neck; these things are not generally true for most non-vertebrates.", rdfs:label "vertebrate heads" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The union of the two collections of time intervals #$Dawn and #$Dusk. Each #$Twilight is a situation where the sky is indirectly illuminated by the #$Sun, either just before a #$Sunrise or just after a #$Sunset.", rdfs:label "twilights" SubClassOf: Class: TerrestrialDirection Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$MeasuringSomething is an event in which an agent uses a physical device to measure some physical attribute of a tangible object. The last part of such an event involves the perception (and perhaps recording) of a #$measurementResult by some instance of#$PerceptualAgent. See also #$MeasurementFn.", rdfs:label "measuring events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all the minimal intervals (i.e., points) on the number line; a subset of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. Each element of #$RealNumber is a single point on the real number line, which has no upper or lower bounds. Subsets of #$RealNumber include #$Integer, #$RationalNumber, #$NegativeNumber, #$PrimeNumber, and others. Note: Real numbers, like other elements of #$IntervalOnNumberLine, are measured along a single number `line'; but complex numbers, quaternions, etc., are n-tuples of numbers, and therefore are elements of #$NTupleInterval. For example, #$ComplexNumber is a subset of #$NTupleInterval", rdfs:label "real numbers" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$MakingAnAgreement. Each element of #$EmployeeHiring is an event in which some agent--either an organization or individual--hires a person to work as its employee. See also #$employees, #$WorkAgreement.", rdfs:label "employee-hiring events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of CycL expressions which have free variables.", rdfs:label "cyc l open expression" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of actions in which an #$Animal moves a solid or a liquid from its #$Mouth to its #$Stomach. A type of #$BodilyFunctionEvent as well as a type of #$BodyMovementEvent.", rdfs:label "swallows" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The disagreeable feeling of being without company. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Loneliness, #$Solitude, etc.", rdfs:label "lonely" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of frozen water crystals emitted by clouds in instances of #$SnowProcess.", rdfs:label "snowflakes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mathematical objects. Each element of #$Quantifier represents a relationship between a variable and a formula. In Cyc, a quantifier binds the variable found in its first argument within the formula that appears as its second argument. Elements of #$Quantifier in CycL include #$forAll, #$thereExists, #$thereExistExactly, #$thereExistAtLeast, #$thereExistAtMost.", rdfs:label "quantifier" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices; a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$NuclearPoweredDevice is a device which uses nuclear fission or nuclear fusion reactions as a source of power. Examples include elements of #$NuclearSubmarine and #$NuclearWeapon.", rdfs:label "nuclear powered device" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Cyclists who are also human (not androids)", rdfs:label "human cyclists" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Each element of #$Hat is either a hat or other headgear or hatlike object. Subsets include #$Helmet, #$SwimmingCap, and #$Sombrero.", rdfs:label "hats" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of edible stuff. Each element of #$FoodOrDrinkComposite is an edible substance that is made up of two or more foodstuffs as constituents. Typically, some recipe is, explicitly or implicitly, associated with the production of such substances. #$FoodOrDrinkComposite includes both some instances of #$FoodIngredientOnly (e.g., a dollop of ketchup) and some instances of #$FoodAndDrink (e.g., a slice of a cheese pizza).", rdfs:label "food or drink composite" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all segments of #$Path-Generics each of which has no path junctions between its ends. The two ends of such a segment may or may not coincide at the same location (i.e. a #$SimpleSegmentOfPath may form a loop -- see also #$SimpleUnloopedSegmentOfPath and #$SimpleLoopedSegmentOfPath). The only access to something located along a #$SimpleSegmentOfPath is via the #$endsOfPathSegment locations for that #$SimpleSegmentOfPath. When the segment is part of a specified #$PathSystem (as opposed to a mere #$CustomarySystemOfLinks), the predicate #$linkInSystem (or else #$loopInSystem) may apply to it and the system.", rdfs:label "simple segment of path" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all nerves. Each #$Nerve is a bundle of many nerve fibers (#$Axons) covered with a wrapping of #$ConnectiveTissue. #$SensoryNerves carry nerve impulses to the CNS; #$MotorNerves carry impulses to the #$Muscles. Most #$Nerves are mixed, containing #$Axons of both motor and sensory neurons.", rdfs:label "nerves" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is a #$Collection of physical urges of a certain type, namely the urges that animals have to sneeze (and their accompanying internal sensations.)", rdfs:label "urge to sneeze" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of microtheories. Each element of #$FieldOfStudy is a microtheory containing the knowledge, theory, hypotheses, evidence, and problems covered in a particular field of study (in propositional form). Examples: #$Linguistics, #$Ethology, #$ArtificialIntelligence, #$BusinessAdministration, #$Nursing-FieldOfStudy, etc. Fields of study are typically the subject of teaching and/or research within instances of #$AcademicDepartment, although the correlation between #$AcademicDepartment and #$FieldOfStudy is not one-to-one. Note also that elements of #$FieldOfStudy are intangible objects (i.e., contexts with propositional content), while academic departments are partially tangible organizations. For the activity of specialized study in a field, see #$CourseOfStudy.", rdfs:label "fields of study" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Farmer is a person who makes (or significantly supplements) his or her income by farming. This includes growing vegetables, grain, or fruit crops, dairy farming, or raising livestock (e.g., cattle, pigs, sheep, fish) for their meat or other animal products (e.g., wool).", rdfs:label "farmer" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of cold-blooded animals; a subset of #$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Fish has gills, cranium, and fins, and spends all or almost all of its life under water. The collection #$Fish excludes so-called star-fish and cuttle-fish, etc., as well as fish-shaped examples of #$Mammal such as porpoises and whales. #$Fish is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.", rdfs:label "fish" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$AngularAccelerationRate is the rate at which the #$RateOfRotation of an object changes.It is a measurable physical quantity, measured in units such as radians per second per second.", rdfs:label "angular acceleration rate" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of actions in which the #$DeviceState of a #$PhysicalDevice changes from #$DeviceOn to #$DeviceOff.", rdfs:label "turning off powered device" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. Each instance of #$DirectedTranslation is a movement event that is #$performedBy an #$Agent --- that agent intends for the #$objectMoving to reach a particular #$target. Examples: William Tell shooting the apple off his son's head, John Wilkes Booth shooting Abraham Lincoln, the last time you tossed a frisbee to someone, a pilot landing an airplane, and a skiier skiing one run of the downhill course.", rdfs:label "directed movements" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each #$Sunset is an #$Event in which, at a given location, the horizon occludes the #$Sun as it appears to set. This event is construed to occur regardless of the visibility of the #$Sun due to obscuring objects such as clouds. There is a #$Dusk which is #$contiguousAfter each #$Sunset. Every #$DaytimeHours is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset (unless it #$endsDuring a #$MidnightSun), as is every #$Afternoon.", rdfs:label "sunsets" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of reified denotational terms in the HL language. These terms are used by the internals of Cyc, such as the inference engine. They are often called 'FORTs', which stands for 'first-order reified terms'.", rdfs:label "FORT" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of lightning flashes, events in which the atmosphere discharges electricity.", rdfs:label "lightning" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of substances; a subset of #$Artifact. An instance of #$ArtificialMaterial is a portion of artificial stuff that was intentionally made by some agent(s), such as #$Plastic or #$SweetNLow. Since #$ArtificialMaterials are intentionally produced, this class does not normally include materials which are merely #$byProducts or #$wasteProducts of an intentional process. However, what is a byproduct at one time or in one context may be a useful material that would count as an instance of #$ArtificialMaterial in another.", rdfs:label "artificial substances" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent #$smells something and thereby acquires information about it.", rdfs:label "smell perception" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$SubLInteger is the set of all numbers which satisfy the #$defnIff CYC-SYSTEM-INTEGER (i.e., the set of numbers which are considered integers by CycL). Thus, 3, 0, and -4 are legitimate elements of #$SubLInteger. But (#$Meter 6), (#$Unity 3.3), :34, #$PlusInfinity, and Avogadro's number are NOT legitimate elements of #$SubLInteger.", rdfs:label "Cyc system integers" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$BinaryFunction is the collection of all Cyc functions which take two arguments.", rdfs:label "binary function" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink is an event in which a person or other animal ingests some portion of food or drink through its mouth. This collection generically covers eating or drinking, by a single person, of a meal- or snack-sized portion of food. For more detail, see the subsets #$EatingEvent and #$DrinkingEvent. For eating or drinking with a social group, see #$HavingAMeal. Note: #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink does NOT include intravenous infusion of nutrients or chewing of gum.", rdfs:label "events in which food or drink is consumed" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$TakingSomething. In an instance of #$Stealing-Generic, one #$Agent takes a possession of another agent's without the owner's permission (and possibly without the owner's knowledge). Stealing is commonly considered criminal in most contexts. Note: It is not the case that every use of another's things without explicit permission is categorized as an instance of #$Stealing-Generic. An informal agreement or `understanding' may exist between #$Agents that would cover casual `borrowing' (and excuse it from being stealing); the closer the relationship the more expensive and personal the items that fall into such an exclusion. E.g., even if I am in a perfect stranger's office, and they have left for a minute, I feel it is not stealing to take one of their Kleenexes if I am about to sneeze.", rdfs:label "thefts" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which the ambient air at a #$GeographicalRegion (or some significant part of the total air mass) is in motion.", rdfs:label "winds" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$JobAttribute describes a general property of a job or type of job. Examples of #$JobAttribute include #$BlueCollar, #$WhiteCollar, and #$FlexibleWorkingHours.", rdfs:label "job attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of space regions that constitute cavities inside the walls or boundaries of solid objects. Such regions need not be completely sealed off. As a space region, an instance of #$CavityInteriorRegion is intangible, and thus not to be confused with the partially tangible matter that might fill or occupy it (see #$CavityInteriorContent). See also #$Cavity, whose instances, unlike those of #$CavityInteriorRegion, can include walls (in which cases they are also instances of #$CavityWithWalls).", rdfs:label "interiors" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of clouds that emit #$PrecipitationParticles in instances of #$PrecipitationProcess.", rdfs:label "precipitation clouds" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events in which some aspect of a patient's physiological condition is evaluated using medical procedures. An instance of #$MedicalTesting is a test done on a patient -- or, often, on a sample taken from the patient's body -- in order to gather information (a) about the patient's general state of health, (b) to help in making a diagnosis, (c) to determine or monitor the severity of a known condition of the patient's. The collection #$MedicalTesting includes an enormous variety of procedures in modern Western medicine, from simple blood tests to complex MRIs.", rdfs:label "medical tests" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of syntactically well-formed #$CycLExpressions which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). The name 'Askable' derives from #$CycLSentence-Askable, but instances of #$CycLExpression-Askable are not necessarily askable as a query unless they are also instances of #$CycLSentence-Askable. See #$CycLQuery for more details.", rdfs:label "cyc l expression - askable" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of retail organizations. Every element of #$RetailStore is a #$SingleSiteOrganization (but not necessarily a stand-alone business) which sells goods directly to consumers at store's #$physicalQuarters. Note that the Niemann-Marcus store at the Galleria is an instance of #$RetailStore, but the Niemann-Marcus company as a whole is not, because it is a #$RetailStore-ParentCompany (with multiple outlets); both are #$RetailOrganizations.", rdfs:label "stores" SubClassOf: , , Class: owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all the entire front sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces in the frontwards direction.", rdfs:label "fronts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Relations of arity 3 in CycL. This collection was created in order to implement automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL, regardless of whether they are predicates or functions.", rdfs:label "ternary relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of plants. Each element of #$DeciduousPlant is a plant which sheds all of its leaves once a year, seasonally, and subsequently grows new ones.", rdfs:label "deciduous plants" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Pressure (i.e., force per unit #$Area) or #$Elasticity. E.g., (#$Pascal-UnitOfPressure 175) denotes a #$Pressure of 175 pascals.", rdfs:label "units of pressure" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all those #$RelationalStructures that are called 'orderings'. A #$MathematicalOrdering is usually described as an ordered pair where S is a set and R is a binary relation on S that is transitive, i.e., for each X, Y and Z in S, R(X Y) and R(Y Z) imply R(X Z). We do not have to define a #$MathematicalOrdering in Cyc as an ordered pair, but it is essential that each such #$MathematicalOrdering has a unique #$baseSet and a unique ordering relation. We use, for each #$MathematicalOrdering ORDER, (#$orderingRelations ORDER PRED) to specify a binary predicate PRED, the restriction of which to the #$baseSet S of ORDER indicates the ordering relation R on S, and we require the collections that are used to specify the arguments to PRED to be supersets of S. In principle, there could be different predicates PRED1 and PRED2 such that when restricted to the same #$baseSet S of a #$MathematicalOrdering ORDER, they order the elements of S exactly the same way. When we said that there is a unique ordering relation R on S, we mean to ignore the difference between PRED1 and PRED2 when they are restricted to S, and treat the results of such restrictions the same, as far as they are used to talk about ORDER. Subcollections of #$MathematicalOrdering include #$PartialOrdering, #$PartialOrdering-Strict, #$TreeOrdering, #$TreeOrdering-Strict, #$TotalOrdering, #$TotalOrdering-Strict, #$WellOrdering and #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic, etc.", rdfs:label "mathematical ordering" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Relations of arity 2 in CycL. This collection was created in order to implement automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL, regardless of whether they are predicates or functions.", rdfs:label "binary relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The heating of a milk product in order to kill off microorganisms that might make it spoil.", rdfs:label "pasteurizations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$TerrainAttribute is an attribute used for describing the terrain in a geographic region. Examples: #$USCS-Code-RK, #$Sandy-SoilAttribute, #$RuggedTerrain, #$Desertlike, #$SnowCovered, #$HighMountainous.", rdfs:label "terrain attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each instance of #$Starvation is an event in which an #$Animal is so hungry as to be #$Starving. If prolonged, it results in death. NB: Note that this is a #$SingleDoerAction (q.v.), so it doesn't cover cases wherein one creature withholds food from another.", rdfs:label "starvation" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all variables in the HL language, used internally by the inference engine and not normally visible to users of Cyc.", rdfs:label "h l variable" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$RegionType is a collection of spatial regions.Such collections have elements that are identifiable subregions of objects, but that are not themselves independent objects. Collections that are elements of #$RegionType include #$PalmOfHand, #$Doorway, #$Wall-GenericBarrier, #$WorkSurface, #$Handle, and many others.", rdfs:label "a type of spatial regions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all those #$MathematicalOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation R is a reflexive and transitive relation on the #$baseSet S of ORDER, i.e., for each X in S, R(X X) holds, and for each X, Y and Z in S, if R(X Y) and R(Y Z) then R(X Z). For example, if you take the set of all people in the states today, and take the relation '__ is at least as tall as ...' (i.e., either __ is as tall as ... or __ is taller than ...) on this set, you get a #$QuasiOrdering because this relation is reflexive and transitive on the set of all people in the states today. Note that the #$QuasiOrdering in this example is neither a #$PartialOrdering nor a #$PartialOrdering-Strict. Subcollections of #$QuasiOrdering include #$PartialOrdering, #$TreeOrdering, #$TotalOrdering and #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic.", rdfs:label "quasi-orderings" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all inflatable boats, that is, boats (mostly small watercraft) that are composed of some fabric or membrane and are inflated with air to give them buoyancy in water.", rdfs:label "inflatable boats" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ShearStrength represents a specific capacity of some physical object to resist the slipping of one segment in relation to another. Shear strengths are designated using a #$GenericValueFunction; higher value means more resistance to slippage. Shear strengths of objects are indicated with the predicate #$shearStrengthOfObject.", rdfs:label "shear strength" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$VisualInformationSource. Each element of #$VisualMark is a visible marking on some object. Visual markings may be applied to an object using ink, paint, or pencil; they may be engraved into or molded out of the object's material; they may be made of other objects affixed to or resting on the object (e.g., a plaque bearing a house number); or they may consist of contrasting areas of color or light level (e.g., markings on a computer screen).", rdfs:label "markings" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection #$HandTool is a subset of #$Tool. Each element of #$HandTool fills all the requirements for a generic tool, plus the requirement that a hand tool is a portable object which is hand-guided throughout its operation. Examples include the elements of #$Screwdriver, #$ManualDrill, and #$BlowDryer. See also #$Tool, #$PortableObject.", rdfs:label "manual tools" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each #$Evening is started by a #$Dusk and is #$temporallyCoterminal with the #$CalendarDay it's a part of. Each #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon, and each #$Overnight is #$contiguousAfter an #$Evening.", rdfs:label "evenings" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Cooking food by partial or total immersion in hot oil until desired level of doneness.", rdfs:label "frying" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$Dying is an event in which a living organism (i.e., an instance of #$Organism-Whole) ceases to live and thus ceases to exist. The physical portion of the organism may remain, but that is not considered an instance of #$Organism-Whole (cf. #$DeadAnimal). Note that the expiring animal is related to its dying event by #$bodilyDoer (q.v.)--in contrast to the role an organism plays when it is the #$objectActedOn in a #$Killing-Biological event (which will have some #$Dying event among its #$subEvents), and cf. #$bodilyActedOn.", rdfs:label "deaths" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events in which a #$MicrowaveOven is used to heat food (or drink). After a #$Microwaving event, the food involved has been #$Microwaved.", rdfs:label "microwave" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$Predicates which may appear as the operator in a #$CycLReformulationRule.", rdfs:label "cyc l reformulation rule predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalOrder and above #$BiologicalFamily.", rdfs:label "biological suborder" SubClassOf: Class: WorkStatus Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A set of physical objects. An instance of #$SeatingDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to serve as a sitting place for people. Types of seating devices include sofas, chairs, benches, camp and stadium stools, theatre seats, swings, bicycle seats, saddles, and more.", rdfs:label "seats" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all proper names, considered as character strings. This includes, as elements, city names such as ``Dallas'', people's names such as ``Douglas'', company names such as ``Apple'', conference names, book titles, etc.", rdfs:label "titles" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Rate. This includes any measurement function (see #$UnitOfMeasure) whose #$unitOfMeasureExpansions list includes the factor (-1 #$UnitOfTime). For example, (#$DollarsPerDay 1000) denotes $1000 per day.", rdfs:label "units of rate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical separation events. In each #$Separation-Complete, one object is separated into two or more distinct pieces.", rdfs:label "divisions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$PreparingFoodOrDrink is an event in which a single instance of #$FoodAndDrink is created from something. Preparation may begin `from scratch', with raw ingredients, or may use semi-prepared or `convenience' products (such as cake mixes, margarita mixes, or frozen foods). Typical #$subEvents in elements of #$PreparingFoodOrDrink include activities commonly performed by cooks and/or bartenders, including instances of #$ChoppingSomething, #$CookingFood, #$BakingFood, #$MixingAlcoholicDrinks, etc. Each #$PreparingFoodOrDrink event ends when the item prepared is ready to eat. This collection is NOT to include activities that a diner does with food at table (such as peeling, unwrapping, cutting into bitesized pieces), nor activities that a farmer does before food reaches market or kitchen (e.g., planting, harvesting).", rdfs:label "events in which food or drink is prepared" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of Microtheories each of which contains assertions that convey the information content of a particular text. The propositional content of a text is a #$PropositionalInformationThing, and it forms a #$TextMicrotheory.", rdfs:label "text microtheory" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. Every element of #$ProfessionalOffice is a #$SingleSiteOrganization comprising one or more professionals (physicians, dentists, lawyers, accountants, etc.) and their support staff.", rdfs:label "professional offices" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A person having as a profession a branch of Soldiering", rdfs:label "soldiers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The set of all attributes represented in Cyc. #$AttributeValue includes quantities, such as 5 inches (i.e., (#$Inch 5)) or 1000 dollars per year (i.e., (#$DollarsPerYear 1000)), as well as qualities like #$Hilly, #$Rough, #$DeviceOn, etc., which can be used to make assertions about the state of some tangible object.", rdfs:label "attributes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a single individual consumes a portion of some drink. A #$DrinkingEvent typically consists of several instances of #$DrinkingASip. See #$EatingEvent.", rdfs:label "drink" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$InformationRecordingDevice is a device used for the recording of sensory information (i.e., audio and visual, but not encoded as character strings.) So an instance would be your answering machine at home (an #$AnsweringMachine), your cam-corder (a #$VideoCamera), but NOT your address book or your copy of the Yellow Pages. Note: A borderline case is a PDA (such as an Apple Newton) used to record handwritten script. If it then processes that information and converts it to ASCII characters, it has stopped being an #$InformationRecordingDevice in the currently intended sense. Probably a better name for this concept, therefore, would be DeviceToRecordAnalogInformation.", rdfs:label "information recording devices" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of intangible objects; a subset of #$MathematicalThing. Each element of #$MathematicalObject is a purely abstract mathematical thing which is an individual (see #$Individual). Examples of #$MathematicalObject include: #$Quantifiers, #$RealNumbers, #$Triangles, #$TruthValues, etc. But instances of #$SetOrCollection are not #$MathematicalObjects in Cyc, because they are not #$Individuals.", rdfs:label "mathematical object" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of animals; every element of #$Invertebrate is an animal that has no backbone. #$Invertebrate includes insects, molluscs, sea squirts, worms (in a large variety of worm phyla), and many others. Note: Although #$Invertebrate is a scientific category, it is not a standard taxon in the biological taxonomy, hence it is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon.", rdfs:label "invertebrates" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent anti-transitive relations. A predicate F is an element of #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and, for every X,Y,Z in the domain of F, (#$not (#$and (F X Y)(F Y Z)(F X Z))). Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.", rdfs:label "anti transitive binary predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TaxonomicSlot is a binary predicate used in assertions indicating the position of a Cyc constant in one of Cyc's taxonomies (for #$Collections, #$Events, etc.). Examples: #$isa, #$genls, #$partitionedInto, #$coExtensional, #$disjointWith, #$hasMembers, #$subBeliefSystem, #$subGoals.", rdfs:label "taxonomic slots" SubClassOf: daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of biological processes in which substrates are converted into metabolites. The metabolites may be more or less complex than the substrates.", rdfs:label "biological metabolism event" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of illocutionary force attributes held by illocutionary acts. Each element of #$IllocutionaryForce is a specialized component of a communication; its function is to indicate how the speaker in a communication wants the agent(s) whom s/he is addressing to understand, and respond to, the situation--i.e., the state of affairs--described in that communication. Isolating the `illocutionary force' of a communication allows us to characterize the intention of a speaker; e.g., whether s/he means to assert that the described state of affairs in fact holds; or to express a desire that such a state of affairs hold; or to command someone to make that state of affairs hold; or to offer to make the state of affairs hold. S/he may even intend to make something true by stating it (e.g., ``I name this ship `The Intrepid'.''). Usually, apprehending a speaker's intention is important for understanding what s/he means and what s/he intends the hearer to do. Although the content of an illocutionary act can be represented propositionally, they are not generally communicated so explicitly. For example, questions in English are typically communicated by inverting subject-object word order and raising one's intonation at the end of the utterance. (The intonation marker so strongly indicates a question that it may suffice without the inverted word order, as in `You are going tonight' uttered with a rising intonation.) Commands in English typically have an (unexpressed) understood subject and perhaps a forceful tone. In every culture and language there are conventional sets of commonly used illocutionary forces which would be instances of #$IllocutionaryForce for that culture; e.g., in English, they include #$Inform, #$Request, #$Offer, #$Promise, and #$Query. Note: although in this comment #$IllocutionaryForce is explained in terms of utterances, it applies to communication generally; so `speaker' and `listener' should be broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$Communicating, #$CommunicationAct-Single. In #$CycL, illocutionary forces can be related to communication acts having some propositional content, via #$iteIllocutionaryForce, or to the microtheory containing formulas expressing the information transferred in an illocutionary act with #$componentIF.", rdfs:label "illocutionary forces" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$ShreddingEvent, the #$inputsDestroyed are destroyed by a large number of #$Ripping #$subEvents.", rdfs:label "shred" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType is a collection of attributes. If COL is such a collection, then nothing can have two instances of COL as attributes unless those two instances are related in a #$genlAttributes relationship to each other. For example, #$MaritalStatusOfPeople is an element of #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType; no person can have (at the same time) the #$maritalStatus #$Married and the #$maritalStatus #$Single. However, a person could have both the status #$Single and the status #$Divorced, if #$Single is a #$genlAttributes of #$Divorced. See also #$SiblingDisjointCollection.", rdfs:label "sibling disjoint attribute type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$MentalAttribute is an attribute which pertains to an agent's mental state or mental ability. Examples: #$HighIntelligence, #$LegallyDrunk, #$VisualAwareness, #$InattentiveMentalActivityLevel.", rdfs:label "mental attributes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Any athletic activity, i.e. one which involves physical exertion and tends to require strength and stamina. Not just limited to competitive sports events. Also includes spelunking, or going for a jog, or shooting a few hoops.", rdfs:label "athletic activities" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Instances of #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate are used to describe the relationship between a #$PartiallyIntangible and its non-physical parts.", rdfs:label "nonphysical part predicates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Any wall which is a part of a #$HumanShelterConstruction. This includes includes the walls on the outside of the building as well as those on the inside such as the wall separating two rooms in a house.", rdfs:label "wall of a construction" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$TopographicalFeature is a region of land distinguishable from surrounding regions by salient physical differences in surface texture, three-dimensional shape, or elevation. For example, the #$ArabianPeninsula, #$MountZion, the #$SanAndreasFault, the #$GreatSmokyMountains.", rdfs:label "topographical features" SubClassOf: Class: Transparency Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all tanks, armored vehicles designed for military purposes, with mounted guns, heavy armor, and often tracked wheels.", rdfs:label "tanks" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of ideologies (systems of belief) in terms of which an agent characterizes (i.e., makes sense of) their world. Elements of this set include: #$VegetarianBeliefs, #$GermanNaziIdeology, #$RepublicanPartyIdeology, #$CommunistIdeology, #$PacifistIdeology, #$Atheism, etc. See also #$ConventionalClassificationSystem.", rdfs:label "systems of belief" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$DerivedNumericAttributeType is a collection of measurable attributes that are measured in complex units, including #$Volume, #$Area, #$Acceleration, etc. The types of attributes in #$DerivedNumericAttributeType are `derived' from other, fundamental attributes (such as #$Distance and #$Mass) which are measured in simple units. Cf. #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType.", rdfs:label "derived numeric attribute type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, an object is heated to (and then above) its #$freezingPoint and is thereby changed from a #$SolidStateOfMatter to a #$LiquidStateOfMatter.", rdfs:label "melting events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Instances are types of #$OrganismParts that occur uniquely in the organisms (#$Organism-Whole) that have them. For example, #$Head-AnimalBodyPart.", rdfs:label "unique anatomical part type" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Impression due to something unexpected, unanticipated, or startling. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Surprise are #$Disappointment and #$Wonder-Admiration.", rdfs:label "surprising" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of drugs that require a doctor's permission before obtaining or consuming them.", rdfs:label "prescription drugs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of abstract (intangible) objects which consist of information about an agent. Each element of #$EducationalDegree is a credential conferred, by some instance of #$EducationalOrganization, on a student who has successfully completed a prescribed course of study there. #$EducationalDegree includes high school, associate, baccalaureate, licensate, magisterial, professional, and doctoral degrees, etc.", rdfs:label "degrees" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Ships that have been used since the Nineteenth Century primarily for naval purposes, including military attack and defense, reconnaisance, support, rescue, coastal monitoring, etc. Such a ship is naval in this sense even if it is not operated by a #$Navy. Most ModernNavalShips are specifically constructed for naval purposes.", rdfs:label "modern naval ships" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$LinguisticObjectType is the collection of subcollections of #$LinguisticObject.", rdfs:label "linguistic object type" SubClassOf: Class: PhysicalStructuralAttribute Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of negotiations intended to lead to the formation of a contract between the participants (or the parties they represent in the negotiations).", rdfs:label "contract negotiations" SubClassOf: , Class: HumanCyclist Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all the kinds of #$BeliefSystems: religious, philosophical, political, ethical, cultural, and scientific. Some elements of this collection include #$Religion, #$PhilosophyBeliefs, etc. The most general member of this set is #$BeliefSystems (qv).", rdfs:label "belief system type" SubClassOf: owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Intense feeling of displeasure and usually of antagonism. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Anger include #$Belligerence, etc.", rdfs:label "outrages" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of separation events in which something splits apart, often at a seam (e.g. in an item of clothing), perforation, or grain-line (e.g. in a piece of wood). That is, two areas of the thing are separated from one another (though perhaps not separated completely into discrete pieces or parts). Usually, a splitting occurs along a single line or plane that runs parallel to, and for a significant distance relative to, the length of the thing split. In order to undergo a #$Splitting, the #$objectOfStateChange must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter. See also #$Cracking.", rdfs:label "splitting" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the HL language. All of their subexpressions, if any, must also be in the HL language.", rdfs:label "h l expression" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Rigidity is a property of rigidity belonging to physical objects. Rigidities in Cyc are measured using a #$GenericValueFunction. Rigidities of objects are reported using the predicate #$rigidityOfObject.", rdfs:label "rigidity" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$TransportationDevice-Vehicle is the subcollection of #$TransportationDevice whose instances are also instances of #$SelfPoweredDevices, i.e., those that move under their own power. E.g. jet airplanes, automobiles, but not skateboards, gliders, or rowboats. Note that hand pushed gas powered lawnmowers, even though they are #$SelfPoweredDevices, are not instances of #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle because they are not their own #$providerOfMotiveForce when they move, whereas instances of #$LawnMower-Riding are vehicles.", rdfs:label "vehicles" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$SkolemFunctions with variable arity. These are only created when a sequence variable is in the scope of the skolem.", rdfs:label "variable arity skolem function" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each #$EducationLevelAttribute, when applied to a person, indicates their level of education or current involvement in a course of study; if applied to a course of study, it indicates the level of it. The very same attributes apply in both cases, though; some sample elements of this collection are: #$PhDLevel, #$TwelfthGradeLevel, #$BachelorOfArtsLevel, #$MedicalDegreeLevel, etc.", rdfs:label "educational levels" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates; a subset of #$TaxonomicSlot. Each element of #$TaxonomicSlotForAnyUnit is a binary predicate that may be used to define the taxonomy of instances; i.e., the collection of binary predicates applicable to any term. Examples: #$isa, #$generalizations.", rdfs:label "taxonomic slot for any unit" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$TemporalThing is the collection of all things which have a particular temporal extent, things about which one might sensibly ask `When?'. #$TemporalThing therefore includes many things, such as actions, tangible objects, agreements, and abstract pieces of time. Some things are NOT instances of #$TemporalThing because they are abstract, timeless, etc. -- such as a mathematical set, an attribute, an integer, etc. This collection is designated #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing.", rdfs:label "things that exists in time" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of semantically well-formed #$CycLSentences which express some proposition in the Cyc Knowledge Base. Each instance of #$CycLAssertion is either (1) an #$HLAssertion: an assertion reified in the Cyc Knowledge Base (i.e., a formula and its associated datastructure, actually in the Cyc KB), or (2) an #$ELAssertion: an Epistemological Level #$CycLSentence that can be canonicalized into one or more already extant #$HLAssertions. #$CycLAssertion is used as an argument type for meta-predicates such as #$overrides.", rdfs:label "CycL assertions" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of things which have at least some intangible part. This includes things which are purely intangible -- for example, instances of #$Collection, #$Number-General and #$Agreement. It also includes things which have some tangible part but also have an intangible component, such as a newspaper (information content) or a person (life).", rdfs:label "partially intangible" SubClassOf: owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Sleeping events, i.e., natural processes in which an #$Animal engages in some unconscious mental activity coupled with physical rest. #$Sleeping is a subset of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary; the process of #$Sleeping is essential for the health of sentient animals.", rdfs:label "slumbers" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subset of #$Nucleon. Each instance of #$Proton is a nucleon which has an #$ElectricalCharge of +1.", rdfs:label "protons" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Unpleasant emotion manifested by painful agitation in the presence or awareness of danger. Fear implies anxiety and loss of courage. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$Fear is #$Dread.", rdfs:label "scares" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events in which some object decomposes. I.e., in a #$DecompositionProcess event, some object's matter undergoes chemical reactions (sometimes mediated by microorganisms) that eventually result in the object losing its shape and material characteristics. This may sometimes superficially resemble #$Melting, but it is a different process.", rdfs:label "decomposition process" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType is a type of attribute that can be used to describe the manner in which actions are performed. Examples include: #$Competence, #$Precision, #$Dexterity, #$Gracefulness, #$Creativity, etc. So, e.g., one may run a race with some measure of #$Gracefulness, some measure of #$Competence, etc.", rdfs:label "script performance attribute type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$AnimalActivity is an action whose performer(s) (see #$doneBy) belong to the collection #$Animal.", rdfs:label "activities" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The emotion or state of disapproving of something; a negative attitude towards some situation, proposal, person, or thing, implying a judgment based on explicit or implicit standards (rational, moral, pragmatic, or etc.). This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Disapproval are #$Contempt, #$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc. More subtly, it is often true that feelings of #$Jealousy or #$Envy manifest in superficial shows of #$Disapproval. #$Disapproval is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "disapproving" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A feeling of appreciation towards another agent for a benefit or favor received from him/her. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "thanksgivings" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Instances are predicates used to give criteria of success for #$Plans, or for #$PurposefulActions reified in planning contexts.", rdfs:label "success criterion slot" SubClassOf: daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subset of both #$HumanResidence and #$ModernShelterConstruction. Each element of #$ModernHumanResidence is a humanly constructed shelter of a modern type, in which people live. Such residences are the typical dwellings in the developed world of the late 20th century and may be found in the more affluent regions of the developing world. Examples include houses in suburban `developments', modern apartment buildings, `modular' homes, etc.", rdfs:label "modern residences" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative levels of pain that may be felt by a perceptual agent. Although the agent is often a living entity, this is not required. The source of the pain could be either external or internal; in either case, the subjective feeling is generally `sharper' and hopefully shorter-lived than just `a feeling of discomfort' (see: #$LevelOfDiscomfort.)", rdfs:label "pains" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of people. An instance of #$Executive is a person who holds an executive managerial positions in some #$Organization. Among the members of #$Executive are top managers of organizations, including corporate officers (#$ChiefExecutiveOfficer, etc.), Chiefs of Staff, Generals, Admirals and others like Chief Corporate Counsel, Managing Partner, Producer, Chief Scientist, Chief Engineer, as well as other upper and upper-middle managers.", rdfs:label "executives" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tuples (see #$Tuple). Each element of #$SubLList is an ordered list of items enclosed in parentheses. Cyc system lists are those things that pass the #$defnIff LISTP, i.e., those things considered by the Cyc System to be lists.", rdfs:label "sub l list" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$PrivateSectorEmployee is a worker who is not paid a salary or wage by a governmental organization. For example, employees of publicly traded corporations are elements of #$PrivateSectorEmployee. Note: Private sector employees may contract with a government organization as consultants, however.", rdfs:label "private sector employees" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In a #$MarkingOnASurface event, visible markings are placed on a surface by an #$Agent. The marking may be done by adding material to or removing material from the surface; e.g., by painting or by engraving the surface.", rdfs:label "marking on a surface" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$MilitaryOrganization is an organization whose function (and expertise) is the use of armed force, or the threat of such use, against enemies, especially other organized, armed enemies. A military organization includes its fighting forces and their command structure, together with dedicated support services controlled by that military command. Typically, there are special conditions in the relationships between a #$MilitaryOrganization and its workers, going beyond what is expected of work agreements in civilian settings, including strict sanctions to enforce obedience. This collection includes #$GovernmentMilitaryOrganizations such as the armies, navies, air forces, etc., of the world's governments, and in addition private armies, rebel armies, and organized mercenary units.", rdfs:label "military services" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which an organism does (typically unconsciously) some process which involves alteration of that agent's physiological state. A #$PhysiologicalProcess is normally one that is done by organisms (or parts of organisms) in the course of living. A large subset of #$PhysiologicalProcess is #$BodilyFunctionEvent, including its subsets #$Respiration, #$DigestingInStomach, and #$Heartbeating. (Compare this collection with #$PhysiologicalCondition, whose elements are more episodic than process-like.)", rdfs:label "physiological processes" Class: Continent Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of sensory-perceptual events (#$Perceivings) in which a #$PerceptualAgent perceives (acquires information) by touch.", rdfs:label "touches" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A (piece of) skin serves as outer protective and tactile sensory covering for (part of) an animal's body. This is the collection of all pieces of skin. Some examples include TheGoldenFleece (an entire skin) and YulBrynnersScalp (a small portion of his skin).", rdfs:label "hides" SubClassOf: , , , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of official documents. Each element of #$IDDocument is an accepted credential for identifying some object. Important subsets of #$IDDocument include #$Passport, #$DriversLicense, #$SocialSecurityCard. Other examples include student ID cards, dog tags (worn by military personnel), dog tags (worn by dogs), authentication certificates for a work of art or an antique.", rdfs:label "identification cards" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of construction artifacts; a subset of #$Building (q.v.). An instance of #$ModernShelterConstruction is a building that provides comfortable shelter for humans during some of their daily activities. Elements of #$ModernShelterConstruction have the kinds of features found in modern-day buildings in Europe, the USA, and other technologically developed parts of the world, namely, amenities like doors, plumbing, electricity, and probably some kind of climate control system for maintaining humanly comfortable conditions indoors. Examples include the #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, and instances of the collection #$ModernHumanResidence (e.g., a newly built home in a suburban development or a renovated brownstone in NYC).", rdfs:label "modern shelter constructions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of attributes that indicate a person's social class, as determined by the person's general lifestyle, quality of life, and relative access to the (material and security oriented) desiderata of life. It may depend on a cultural non-material system of social rank, based on birth, office, manners, vocal accent or other factors. Members of this collection include #$LowerMiddleClass, #$UpperClass, etc.", rdfs:label "socio-economic classes" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The calendar season that begins at vernal equinox and runs until summer solstice.", rdfs:label "springs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of binary predicates (i.e., slots). Flexibility in the representation of quantities is allowed in assertions made with the binary predicates that are elements of #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot. Each of these predicates, like those in their superset #$QuantitySlot, is a binary predicate whose second argument must be an element of #$ScalarInterval, i.e., an interval or point representing the value of some measurement. For example, take the predicate #$heightOfObject, which relates an object to its vertical length. Although we suppose that in reality there is only a single distance that is the height of some one particular object, our measurement systems are in practice less precise--and typically we need a measurement only within a certain tolerance. For example, in measuring the #$heightOfObject of a person, usually a measurement to the nearest inch or centimeter will do. Or we may be even less detailed in our descriptions, perhaps caring only whether someone is more than four feet tall, or `Tall enough to ride' on an amusement park ride. By allowing an #$IntervalEntry #$Format (qq.v.) in the second argument of the measuring predicate, we are telling Cyc that it's okay to describe the (e.g.) #$heightOfObject in several different ways, with varying levels of precision, SO LONG AS all of the measurements asserted for the same object `overlap'. For example, it is consistent to say both that Jenny is 4'10'' tall, between four and five feet tall, and that she is `Tall enough to ride' the Dodgems (provided that `Tall enough to ride' is an interval whose minimum is at 4'10'' or lower). Even though there is only one height of a person in reality, using an #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot allows us to represent that height in many different ways, avoiding contradictions while still checking for consistency. For example, asserting both that Jeff's #$heightOfObject is 5'9'' and in the range 4.5-5.5 feet tall is an inconsistency.", rdfs:label "interval based quantity slots" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "One of the most general attributes for describing the level of skill with which an agent performs some task. Knowledge enterers will usually want to use some more specific attribute.", rdfs:label "crafts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of Cyc FORTs that are highly relevant to the reformulator.", rdfs:label "reformulator highly relevant f o r t" SubClassOf: owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all elements of #$BiologicalLivingObject which are wholes, not parts of other biological living objects (BLOs). Most members of #$Organism-Whole are capable of existing and reproducing while physically separate from other organisms (with allowances for sexual reproduction). Abnormal BLOs which are nonetheless considered to belong to #$Organism-Whole include elements of #$Virus, as well as sterile hybrids and colony organisms like those in slime molds or the elements of #$PortugueseManOfWar. All of those organisms operate by DNA- and RNA-controlled mechanisms.", rdfs:label "organisms" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of government organizations; a subset of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization. An element of #$RegionalGovernment is a government organization which controls a particular geopolitical region (e.g., a country, state, city, county, etc). The #$subOrganizations of an element of #$RegionalGovernment may include such function-specific #$Departments (q.v.) as legislatures, cabinets, police departments, Boards of Education, and miscellaneous regulatory agencies (which are also #$LegalGovernmentOrganizations). The #$subOrganizations of a #$RegionalGovernment do not include other #$RegionalGovernments.", rdfs:label "regional governments" SubClassOf: Class: AcquaintanceAttribute Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of planetary bodies. Each element of #$Planet is a planet either in Earth's solar system or elsewhere in the universe. Examples: #$PlanetJupiter, #$PlanetVenus.", rdfs:label "planets" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all faces of animals. A #$FaceOfAnimal generally consists of the region where the eyes of the animal are located. In most terrestrial animals, this is the front region of the animal's head, and also turns out to be where the nose, mouth, etc., are located.", rdfs:label "faces" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$DrugTherapy (q.v.). In an instance of #$Anesthesia, a #$BiologicalLivingObject undergoes the effect of some instance of #$Anesthetic, the effect of which is to eliminate the perception of pain. #$Anesthesia events occur in connection with other medical care events, so that a patient will not feel the pain or discomfort that would otherwise be associated with those medical procedures. #$Anesthetics are of various chemical kinds, work in various ways, and can be administered in various ways. They may topically numb an area, they may poison the central nervous system to the point where the animal loses consciousness, etc. The resulting anesthetic therapies thus may differ, according to the type of anesthetic used; for example, the patient may or may not be conscious during an instance of #$Anesthesia. See also #$AdministeringADrug.", rdfs:label "anesthesia" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$CalendarYears which are not leap years; i.e., calendar years in which February has 28 days", rdfs:label "non leap year" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of syntactically well-formed non-atomic terms in the EL language which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These terms 'make enough sense' to be used as part of a query, after being converted into HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Just because a term is 'askable' does not require it to be used in a query, and denotational terms are not askable themselves. Each instance of this collection involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. See #$CycLQuery for more details.", rdfs:label "e l non atomic term - askable" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of situations in which 2 or more ''parts'' or ''members'' are ordered in some linear fashion, by some relations among them. For example, the line of people at a ticket booth (a #$PhysicalSeries), an alphabetized set of words, or the series of pitches in a baseball game (an #$EventSeries). In every instance of #$Series, there is some relation by which its members are ordered (see #$seriesOrderedBy); this is in contrast to an instance of #$List, in which the only ordering relation on its members is that of succession in the list.", rdfs:label "series" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all the #$Organs of #$Animals; i.e., the #$AnimalBodyParts that have specialized physiological functions and which are more or less localized in the animal. For example: a heart, a kidney, etc. A borderline case of this is a person's (whole) skin; in some contexts, it is treated as a sense organ, and in some contexts it is excluded because it is distributed over their entire body.", rdfs:label "organs" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$ShavingSomething event, thin pieces of material on an object's surface are removed. An example would be someone whittling a wooden spoon, someone using a lathe to make a table leg, someone scraping the top layer of mold and cheese off a brick of cheese that was left in the refrigerator just a little too long, etc. WARNING: an event in which someone ``shaves'' their body hair (a #$ShavingBody event) from one's face, legs, etc. with a shaver or razor is NOT a #$ShavingSomething event; rather, it is an element of the collection #$CuttingSomething. If one uses a depilatory such as Nair, then one could actually ``shave'' (genuinely a #$ShavingSomething event) the resultant coating of depilatory and separated hair ends away.", rdfs:label "shave" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each #$DailyPersonalCleaning encompasses the standard cleaning and grooming activities that an animal engages in over the course of a day. Such a `daily routine' is almost sure to include many brief grooming and cleaning actions, such as licking one's paws, combing one's hair, washing one's hands, shaving, bathing, etc., and those are sub-events of that #$DailyPersonalCleaning event. For example, a human's #$DailyPersonalCleaning might have a #$TeethCleaning as one of its sub-events, along with a #$TakingABath, two instances of #$CombingHair, etc. Note: Those specialized kinds of events, like #$CombingHair, are NOT subsets of #$DailyPersonalCleaning, since it would be abnormal for someone to JUST comb their hair each day (and do absolutely no other daily cleaning activity whatsoever). Note: In the context #$HumanActivitiesMt --- where all the performers of actions are, by default, human beings --- #$DailyPersonalCleaning designates human grooming activities only. In that microtheory, dog-grooming performed by human beings does not constitute #$DailyPersonalCleaning, even if it happens on a daily basis for some pampered poodle, as it is not PERSONAL (i.e, self-) cleaning.", rdfs:label "daily personal cleaning" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events that have both a mental and physical component but are performed purposively. It is the intersection of #$PurposefulAction and #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent. Cutting a piece of wood would be an instance of #$PurposefulCompositePhysicalAndMentalActivity since it involves mental and physical functioning on the part of the performing agent and is done purposively. Having a car accident would not be an instance unless the actor responsible for the accident purposefully crashed her car.", rdfs:label "purposeful composite physical and mental activity" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$BlueCollarWorker is a person whose occupation is manual-labor intensive, sometimes demanding physical strength and, in some jobs, considerable skill, practical judgment, and work experience. Types of blue-collar workers include miners, truck drivers, steelworkers, construction workers, agricultural workers, laborers, mechanics, garbage collectors, assembly line workers, janitorial workers, etc. Their jobs may require some specialized training or apprenticeship but don't require a college degree.", rdfs:label "workmen" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$Organizations. An instance of #$OrganizationWithBusinessCustomers sells goods and/or services to #$customers, most of whom are businesses or other #$Organizations, rather than individual #$Persons.", rdfs:label "organizations with business customers" SubClassOf: Class: Alertness Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalFamily and above #$BiologicalGenus.", rdfs:label "biological subfamily" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An element of #$LifeStageType. #$JuvenileAnimal is the collection of all animals that are not fully grown nor fully mature.", rdfs:label "young animals" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all gerunds, that is deverbal nouns formed (in English) with the suffix '-ing'. Gerundive nouns usually denote a type of action (with mass agreement) or an instance thereof (with count agreement).", rdfs:label "gerundive noun" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$NegativeNumber is a subset of #$RealNumber. Each element of #$NegativeNumber is a real number that is less than zero; thus, it includes -0.17, but not 0 or 5 or 0.17.", rdfs:label "negative numbers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of fields of study. Each element of #$ScientificFieldOfStudy is a specialized body of knowledge, theory, hypothesis, observations, and problems, which are the propositional contents of the systematic endeavor to explain the natural world by rational (and frequently, quantifiable) methods, including induction, falsifiable hypotheses tested by repeatable physical experiments, and deductive proof. #$ScientificFieldOfStudy includes the traditional hard sciences (e.g., #$Physics, #$Chemistry), the life sciences (e.g., #$Biology, #$Genetics, #$Toxicology), and #$Mathematics.", rdfs:label "scientific disciplines" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A feeling of strong antagonism towards another agent, organization, or group, sufficient to motivate harmful speech or actions against them. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Hostility include feelings of #$Hate.", rdfs:label "hostile" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons partitions the collection #$ElementStuff. Each instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons is a subset of #$ElementStuff which is defined ONLY by the atomic composition of its instances -- neither the isotopic composition or physical state of the substances, nor any other additional feature, determines membership in a collection which #$isa #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons. All that matters is that the instances of that type (i.e., collection) of stuff are entirely composed of atoms having a particular number of protons in each atomic nucleus. Thus, the collection #$Carbon is an instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons, but neither the collection #$Diamond nor the collection #$Graphite is (even though they are subsets of #$Carbon), because their members have additional qualifications.", rdfs:label "element stuff type by number of protons" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Instances of #$EvaluatableRelation are functions and predicates for which there is some piece of system code that can be invoked to evaluate an expression using the function or predicate. Functions having this property should be an instance of the more specific #$EvaluatableFunction; in those cases, the result of evaluating the expression is a new term. For example, (#$PlusFn (#$Inch 3) (#$Inch 1)), when evaluated, results in the term (#$Inch 4). Predicates which are evaluatable have a piece of system code associated which can be used to obtain the truth value for any ground formula formed with the predicate. For example, (#$greaterThan (#$Inch 3) (#$Inch 1)) evaluates to ``true''. The predicate #$evaluationDefn is used to state the name of the piece of system code to be used to evaluate expressions formed with an #$EvaluatableRelation.", rdfs:label "evaluatable relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Cyc functions whose values CANNOT be reified and treated like Cyc constants. Usually we want to make functions reifiable for efficiency reasons (see #$ReifiableFunction), but on the other hand, it is not desirable to reify every non-atomic term; for example, all the measurable quantities, such as (#$Inch 5), and the numbers which result from using elements of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities (e.g., #$PlusFn), should all be instances of #$UnreifiableFunction.", rdfs:label "unreifiable function" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$EatingEvent is an event which involves the consumption of a substantial portion of food by a single individual (human or other animal). An instance of #$EatingEvent is a meal or snack taken in its entirety; it is a series of individual #$EatingAMorsel events. Note: If a group of people gets together and eats lunch, that activity is represented by an instance of #$HavingAMeal; during that `super-event' each participant engages in his/her own instance of #$EatingEvent, and all of those are #$subEvents of the #$HavingAMeal event.", rdfs:label "eating event" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of Cyc terms. All #$CycLConstants are elements of #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm, as is any NAT (#$CycLNonAtomicTerm, see #$Function-Denotational) whose functor is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction. E.g., since #$GovernmentFn is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, it is true that (#$GovernmentFn #$France) is a #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm. (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus) is a #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm; it is not in the KB but is reifiable. #$CycLVariables are not considered reified or reifiable terms. These terms may denote something in the universe of discourse if they are semantically meaningful. e.g. (#$BorderBetweenFn #$Canada #$Mexico) is a #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm even though it does not denote anything in the universe of discourse.", rdfs:label "cyc l reifiable denotational term" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed #$CycLSentences. These sentences meet the criteria necessary to be asserted into the Cyc KB. Example: (#$and (#$isa #$Pittman #$HumanCyclist) (#$residesInRegion #$Pittman #$CityOfAustinTX)). For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation. Each instance of #$CycLSentence-Assertible involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some arguments. #$CycLSentences are also called 'logical formulas', to be distinguished from 'denotational formulas', also known as NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms). Note that this notion of a CycL sentence is broader than the standard definition of 'sentence' in formal logic, which defines a sentence as a closed, well-formed formula. CycL sentences may be open (having free variables), but if they are asserted to Cyc, the free variables are implicitly universally quantified. Note that a semantically well-formed #$CycLQuery may be an instance of #$CycLSentence-Assertible; just because a sentence is assertible does not require it to be used in an assertion. See #$CycLPropositionalSentence for more details.", rdfs:label "cyc l sentence - assertible" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Relations of arity 5 in CycL. This collection was created in order to implement automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL, regardless of whether they are predicates or functions.", rdfs:label "quintary relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of acts concerned with an agent's intentionally moving one part of its body relative to another part of its body. The energy source is the agent's own body, not some external force. Each instance of #$WavingAHand is an instance of #$VoluntaryBodyMovement --- the focus of that action is on the hand moving relative to the body. By way of constrast, an instance of #$OpeningADrawer is probably not going to be an instance of #$VoluntaryBodyMovement, even though the person opening the drawer probably does move their hand relative to their body, because the focus of the #$OpeningADrawer action is not on the hand moving, but rather on the drawer opening.", rdfs:label "voluntary body movements" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is a large collection of events. As can be seen from its subsets, it embraces all types of buying, selling, offering to sell, offering to buy, requesting bids, performing services for hire, advertising, manufacturing for sale, etc.", rdfs:label "commercial activities" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of individual sports events, such as a single game of baseball, an individual 100M race, etc. An entire sandlot baseball game would be a #$SportsEvent, but one inning wouldn't be. A double-header could be viewed as a single #$SportsEvent, though, even though each half of it was also a #$SportsEvent. Several #$SportsEvents can be organized into a #$SportsFormalCompetition. One single double-header evening of baseball would not be a #$SportsFormalCompetition, nor one single tennis match, etc. note: The collection #$SportsEvent does not include every #$AthleticActivity; e.g., Rocky training for his boxing match, a group of kids racing to the bus stop, a person skiing for pleasure, etc. are not instances of #$SportsEvent, because they are not necessarily instances of #$Competition.", rdfs:label "sports events" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events in which food is baked in a #$RegularOven. After an event of #$BakingFood, the food involved has been #$Baked.", rdfs:label "baking food" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A feeling of arousal that stirs up, moves profoundly, or serves as a challenge to one's power, eliciting the desire to do or perceive something. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Excitement include #$Enthusiasm, #$Celebratory-Emotion, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc.", rdfs:label "excitement" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Relations that define a scope for one or more variables.", rdfs:label "scoping relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. An instance of #$StockType is a collection of all shares of stock of a particular type in a particular corporation. For example, ``General Motors Class E Stock''.", rdfs:label "stock type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ClimateCycleType is a collection of (extended) events which are weather processes of one type or another. Examples of elements of #$ClimateCycleType are #$TemperateClimateCycle and #$SteppeClimateCycle. Note: in practice, there is little need to create terms denoting members of the collections belonging to #$ClimateCycleType; so long as one just wants to state what TYPE of climate a particular region has, simply use the predicate #$hasClimateType with the appropriate subset of #$AnnualClimateCycle (q.v.). See also #$hasClimateType.", rdfs:label "climate cycle type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of attributes that specify ways in which (and/or degrees to which) one person is acquainted with another E.g., some instances of this collection are: #$FamousPersonAcquaintance, #$TrueFanAcquaintance, #$IntimateAcquaintance, #$FrequentContactAcquaintance, etc.", rdfs:label "acquaintance attribute" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate is a predicate whose use as the predicate of a locally asserted ground formula causes that formula to be entered, by default, as :MONOTONIC. Examples: #$isa, #$genls, #$disjointWith, #$equals, #$arity, #$arg1Isa.", rdfs:label "default monotonic predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of actions in which an encrypted IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) is transformed so that it can be accessed.", rdfs:label "decryptions" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$PurposefulAction is the collection of actions in which at least one actor is consciously, volitionally, and purposefully doing the action (i.e., there is one or more #$deliberateActors (q.v.)).", rdfs:label "intentional actions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of attributes related to a plant or animal organism's physiological characteristics. Some examples include #$Flexed, #$Deaf, #$Injured, #$Fertile, #$Swollen, #$AcidIndigestion, etc.", rdfs:label "physiological attributes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all connected #$PathSystems that are not in separate pieces. For any different points X and Y in such a system SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS that both X and Y are on. Another way to put this is that SYS is an instance of #$ConnectedPathSystem iff for any different points X and Y in SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS such that (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH X Y SYS) holds. Note that according to this definition, a connected path system does not have to contain a link--a path system containing a single node will be a connected path system. If a connected path system contains a link, nevertheless, every two different points must be connected by a path. Note also that because of our treatment of path (see #$pathInSystem) and our restriction of points in SYS that are not nodes (see #$nodeInSystem), that there is a path between every two points in SYS is equivalent to that there is a path between every two nodes in Sys.", rdfs:label "connected path system" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection comprising the predicates used to compare elements of #$ScalarInterval. Examples: #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, #$greaterThan, #$numericallyEqual. Note that `less than' and `less than or equal to' are simply inverses of #$greaterThan and #$greaterThanOrEqualTo. E.g., in Cyc `A is less than B' is written as (#$greaterThan B A).", rdfs:label "numeric comparison" SubClassOf: daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$LegalProfessional is a person working in the field of law. This collection includes lawyers, judges, paralegals, and law clerks.", rdfs:label "legal professionals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TangibleObjectPredicate is a predicate used in assertions which describe the properties of tangible objects. Examples: #$viscosityOfSubstance, #$objectHasColor, #$porosityOfObject, #$physicalBuild.", rdfs:label "tangible object predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Organizations that operate individual restaurants. For example, the group of individuals that operates the Threadgills on Lamar in Austin (and no other restaurants) is an instance of #$Restaurant-Organization, while the #$Organization that owns and operates both Threadgills (the one on Lamar and the one on Barton Springs) is not an instance of this collection (that organization would be an instance of #$FoodServiceOrganization). Instances of #$Restaurant-Organization operate out of #$Restaurant-Objects.", rdfs:label "restaurants" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which the condensed liquid water in clouds freezes into ice crystals which become substantial enough to fall to the earth as snow.", rdfs:label "snow process" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Collection of all two story buildings.", rdfs:label "two-stories" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ContactLocationType is a collection of places at which a particular agent may be contacted; such collections may be characterized in several different ways: (a) by method of contact (e.g., #$VoicePhoneLocation, #$FaxLocation); (b) by purpose of contact (e.g., #$BillingLocation, #$ShippingLocation, #$EmergencyContact); (c) by the agent's relationship to those places (e.g., #$HumanResidence, #$Workplace). Note that particular places may fall under different subsets of #$ContactLocationType for different agents; for example, one person's home might be another's vacation location.", rdfs:label "contact location type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events, and a subset of #$MovementEvent. An element of this collection is an #$Event in which the #$objectMoving returns repeatedly to a certain location or orientation at more or less regular time intervals. E.g., the motion of a seesaw one afternoon; the dribbling of a basketball in place by Magic Johnson; the motion of a slinky going down a staircase as it periodically changes its orientation through a fixed, repetive series of orientations.", rdfs:label "movement - periodic" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all organizations. Each element of the collection #$Organization is a group whose #$groupMembers are instances of #$IntelligentAgent, and which is established such that certain known relationships and obligations exist between the members, and/or between the organization and its members, and/or between the organization and `outsiders' (individuals or groups). #$Organization includes both informal and legally constituted organizations. Organizations can act as agents --- specifically, group agents, not individuals (cf. #$IndividualAgent) --- to undertake projects, enter into agreements, own property, etc. Most organizations have names. Almost all have at least two members. Examples: #$Cycorp, #$NASA, #$FreeSoftwareFoundation, #$UnitedStatesArmy, #$KMart-TheCompany. Note the specialization #$OrganizationOfPeopleOnly, whose instances have only human members, e.g., an instance of #$Family-Human such as Joseph Kennedy's family. Other kinds of #$Organization have organizations as their #$groupMembers, e.g., the #$OrganizationOfAmericanStates.", rdfs:label "organizations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$SymbolicThings which have some material part (i.e. are instances of #$PartiallyTangible). Each element of #$SymbolicObject by convention symbolizes some thing or event or achievement, without describing it propositionally in any detail. Examples include national flags, military medals and ribbons, an Oscar, a Crucifix, a caduceus, and printed trademark logos of commercial brands. Elements of #$SymbolicObject need not have propositional information contents; probably most do not. Rather, symbolic objects are typically associated (by an informed interpreter) with the particular entities that originated or appropriated them. To emotional interpreters, such as humans, symbolic objects are often evocative of certain attitudes associated with the entities symbolized--such as nationalism, respect, school spirit, hatred, reverence, etc. Only some elements of #$SymbolicObject have the #$primaryFunction of serving as symbols (e.g., national flags, war memorials); others are symbolic in a secondary capacity (e.g., a gravestone symbolizes death but its primary function is as a marker). Some objects are created to serve a symbolic function (primary or secondary), while others acquire symbolic associations in the course of their `lifetimes' (e.g., San Juan Hill, Ellis Island). Examples of #$SymbolicObject: the #$ArcDeTriomphe, the #$StatueOfLiberty, the #$PyramidOfCheops, the #$UnitedStatesCapitolBuilding (and other capitol buildings); a hangman's noose, a Menorah, a white dove, a black armband. Negative examples include instances of #$NationalAnthem, #$Halo-Symbolic (unless as a physical represenation in some artwork), and projected #$Swastikas because none of these has a material part. For such symbols, use the broader concept, #$SymbolicThing.", rdfs:label "icons" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each instance of #$Explosion is an event that involve an extremely violent, chaotic release of energy. It is not exactly controlled, even in the best circumstances, though it may be contained and channelled to do useful work (such as within the cylinders of a car engine, or such as when a hole is blasted for a backyard swimming pool.)", rdfs:label "explosions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$AirportOrganization is an organization that manages and controls particular airports and their appurtenant facilities; e.g., #$LaGuardiaAirport-Organization.", rdfs:label "airports" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$LightIntensity is a characterization of how brightly illuminated a location is. (At the low extreme is total darkness.) The light intensity of a location is indicated with the predicate #$illuminationLevel.", rdfs:label "light intensity" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Hardness is an attribute describing how much pressure a tangible material can withstand before deforming or fragmenting. Hardnesses may be characterized using a #$GenericValueFunction (q.v.), or relative to certain substances, e.g., #$HardAsARock. Hardnesses of objects are reported using the predicate #$hardnessOfObject.", rdfs:label "hardnesses" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Painful self-conscious feeling of guilt, shortcoming, or impropriety. #$Shame often accompanies social disgrace or disrepute. It often leads to #$Remorse. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "shames" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerms that are reified in the KB. Example: (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog). Counterexample: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus), because that term is not currently reified in the KB. These are often called NARTs, which stands for 'non-atomic reified term'.", rdfs:label "NART" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of processes; a subset of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Emission is an event in which something `comes out' of an object that actively contributes to that thing's emission (e.g., it is a #$providerOfMotiveForce). The source is indicated with the predicate #$emitter. An entire #$Translocation is associated with an emission, and these are related through the predicate #$transferOutSubEvent. If the thing which `comes out' is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible, then the event belongs to a more specific collection, #$EmittingAnObject (q.v.). If the associated element of #$Translocation is an instance of #$WavePropagation, then the emission belongs to the more specialized collection, #$EmittingAWave (q.v.).", rdfs:label "emission" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of #$ThreeDimensionalShape is a three-dimensional object. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the Pentagon, as well as abstract three-dimensional shapes.", rdfs:label "three dimensional shapes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A set of agents. Elements of #$Professional are agents who spend a significant part of their waking hours doing activities that are characteristic of some occupation, skilled or unskilled. However, elements of #$Professional need not be working the entire duration of when they are a professional, such as a #$Professor on summer break, or someone who is temporarily unemployed. The elements of #$Professional are persons, most of whom belong to at least one such collection during some portion of their lives. Typically their actions are performed for pay, but not always (e.g., #$Artist-Visual). What are colloquially considered professions or occupations are subsets of #$Professional; for example, #$LumberJack, #$Scientist, #$Lifeguard, #$StockBroker, #$Technician, #$CraftWorker, #$Housekeeper, #$SportsCoach, #$Athlete, #$LegalProfessional, #$Publicist, #$CrewMemberOnShip, #$SelfEmployedWorker (and many more). Additionally, other subsets of #$Professional classify workers according to other features of their working life besides skills; e.g., #$SelfEmployedWorker, #$DeskWorker. Subsets may be general (e.g., #$DeskWorker, #$Doctor-Medical) or specialized (e.g., #$ContinuingEdProgramCoordinator, #$PediatricNeuroSurgeon). Elements of #$Professional are temporal subabstractions [#$subAbstrac] of people: #$MaryShepherd (#$HumanCyclist), #$MichaelJordan (#$Athlete), #$AlfredNorthWhitehead (#$Philosopher), #$Michelangelo (#$Sculptor, #$PainterFineArtist), #$BillClinton (#$UnitedStatesPresident), etc.", rdfs:label "professionals" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Wood is a piece of solid, rigid, fibrous organic substance in or #$derivedFrom the inside of the trunks and limbs of trees. For example, any pieces of wooden furniture, doors, boards, fences, firewood, wooden spoons, etc. Use the Cyc function #$WoodFn with a collection of trees of one species, to designate the collection of all pieces of wood from a particular species of tree; e.g., (#$WoodFn #$OakTree). Note: cork and amber are NOT included in the collection #$Wood.", rdfs:label "wood" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "What some members of #$ResearchOrganizations do. Students are often supposed to perform elements of #$Research before they write term papers. Doers of #$Research events aim to learn things that they did not previously know. In some cases, they (e.g., professional scientists) aim to learn things that no one knows, in other cases they (e.g., high school students) aim to merely find published knowledge which they did not know before. In some cases research may involve doing experiments (see #$Experimenting), building systems (see #$ResearchProject), in other cases it may involve strictly document search.--BillJ, Nov. 30, 1998", rdfs:label "investigations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The attribute of having a desert climate. Wide termperature extremes from very hot in day to cold at night. Very little precipitation on a year-long basis, although there may be desert storms.", rdfs:label "desert climates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Shipping of objects from one physical location to another. Shipping from the perspective of being done as a dedicated service, such as what UPS, the US Postal Service, or Dominoes Pizza Delivery might do.", rdfs:label "shipping events" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. #$BuyingActivity very generally includes events related to purchasing goods or services. Each element of #$BuyingActivity is an event that is either (i) a common prelude to buying (i.e., the kinds of activities that contribute to their doers becoming buyers), or (ii) an element of #$Buying itself. Examples of #$BuyingActivity include shopping for, or ordering, something very specific, and also general expressions of interest in purchasing something, such as placing an `Item Wanted' ad in a newspaper.", rdfs:label "buying activities" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Area is an amount of two-dimensional space, i.e., a surface. Elements of #$Area may be either a fixed interval, such as the area of a rectangle 5 cm x 10 cm, or a range, such as the area of a city lot. See #$UnitOfArea for the units used by Cyc to measure areas.", rdfs:label "areas" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The set of all Cyc predicates. Each element of #$Predicate is a relationship in Cyc which takes some number of arguments to yield a well-formed CycL formula; each of those arguments must be of some particular type. For example, the predicate #$genls, which represents the subset/superset relation between collections, takes two arguments; each argument must be an element of #$Collection. The numbers and types of arguments to particular predicates are specified by explicit assertions using #$arity, #$arg1Isa, #$arg2Isa, etc., #$arg1Genl, #$arg2Genl, etc. Our example #$genls has #$arity 2, and both its #$arg1Isa and its #$arg2Isa have the value #$Collection. Informally, you can think of elements of #$Predicate as functions that always return either true or false. More formally, when an element of #$Predicate is applied to the legal number and type of arguments, an expression is formed which is a well-formed formula (wff) in CycL. Such expressions are called `atomic formulas' if they contain variables, and `gafs' (short for `ground atomic formulas') if they contain no variables. Quantifiers and logical operators are excluded from #$Predicate; see #$Quantifier, #$LogicalConnective. Currently (March 2000), the KB includes predicates of arity 1-7, inclusive. The KB also includes some predicates of variable arity (see #$VariableArityRelation). Unary predicates, which take just one single argument (e.g., `-- is a person' or `-- is white', are usually represented in Cyc by elements of #$Collection or #$AttributeValue, rather than of #$Predicate; but see also #$UnaryPredicate. Naming strings for elements of #$Predicate always begin with a lowercase letter.", rdfs:label "predicates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs). Each element of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject is an IBO in a `hard' format, e.g., written on paper, on wood, on palm leaves, engraved in metal, carved on stone. Humans can read hardcopy IBOs without using a computer or electronic device to access them. Thus, #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject does NOT include the tangible IBOs which are embodied in magnetic media (e.g., data or music on tapes or disks). Examples of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject: a billboard, a greeting card, a restaurant check, a magazine, an engraving by Rembrandt, a ten dollar bill, a price tag, or a hardcopy of a #$Map with no text on it.", rdfs:label "hard copies" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all prepositions. Prepositions are function words which usually take a noun phrase complement. They usually express temporal, spatial, or other relations. Example: `at'.", rdfs:label "prepositions" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of animals; a subset of #$Arthropod. Each element of #$Insect is a small arthropod whose body is segmented into thirds, with three pairs of legs, and one or two pairs of wings. The most familiar members of #$Arthropod are the 'bugs' encountered in human daily life. Some insects bite, some infest houses, and some carry disease. #$Insect is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.", rdfs:label "insects" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$FormalCOC (the set of formal codes of conduct). Each instance of #$GovernmentCOC is a formal regulation of behavior imposed upon agents -- including citizens, tourists, businesses, government entities, etc., in so far as they are subject to it -- who are located within the legal jurisdiction where that code of conduct holds. #$GovernmentCOC includes both individual laws and whole legal codes. Some examples of #$GovernmentCOC include: the Napoleonic Code, the United States Constitution and all Federal, State, and local laws of the United States, and the particular laws against stealing found in most, if not all, countries. Enforcement of a particular instance of #$GovernmentCOC is authorized by the government associated with that code and carried out by its agents within their jurisdiction(s). See also #$LegalCode and #$Law.", rdfs:label "governmental regulations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of microtheories. An instance of #$SourceMicrotheory represents a source external to the #$CycKB, from which the Microtheory Contents of such a microtheory were obtained.", rdfs:label "source microtheory" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of communication acts in which one agent requests something of another. Requests are typically followed by a response.", rdfs:label "claims" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of social events in which some kind of ritual is performed. E.g., a wedding, an awards ceremony, a baptism, an inauguration, a graduation ceremony, etc. Note: In Cyc's ontology, the collection #$Inauguration is not exactly a subset of #$SocialRitual; e.g., it is not true that (#$isa The1992InaugurationOfGeorgeBushAsPresidentOfTheUSA #$SocialRitual). This is because there are many aspects to an #$Inauguration, besides the social ritual aspects. E.g., there is the political aspect, namely the legitimate change of chief executive of a nation. The carrying out of the `script' for an inauguration (i.e., the ceremony itself) is an element of the collection #$SocialRitual.", rdfs:label "social ritual" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$Buying is an event in which an agent voluntarily pays to acquire something tangible or intangible, or for the performance of a service, which another agent sells in the event. Payment may be in money or other exchange of wealth. Elements of #$Buying may include #$subEvents of negotiation, the act of paying, and the transfer of the purchased thing to the buyer. Examples of #$Buying include: purchasing fighter jets for the Navy; buying a Pepsi from a vending machine; ordering dinner at a restaurant; acquiring a personal life insurance policy for oneself; mail-ordering clothes from Sears; shopping at a farmers' market.", rdfs:label "purchases" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$EcholocationPerception is the collection of spatial #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent (such as a bat or a submarine) generates sounds (potentially ultra- or sub- sonic in frequency), hears the sounds reflected from surfaces, and thereby acquires information about the position of other objects in its environment.", rdfs:label "echolocations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$CommunityOrganization is a group that consists of residents of a #$Neighborhood or apartment building or condominium complex, and which is concerned with issues affecting the #$Neighborhood or complex.", rdfs:label "community groups" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In an instance of #$GainingUserRights, some #$Agent gains possession of something. Thus, in such an event, that agent newly acquires a right (viz., some #$UserRightsAttribute) to use some item. The item in question is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer, and the agent is the #$toPossessor (i.e., the one to whom the possession comes). The #$Agent may or may not be a #$deliberateActors in the event; e.g., buying a car is done on purpose, but receiving a car as a gift isn't. If either of those two events happen to you, though, it is an element of the collection #$GainingUserRights.", rdfs:label "transfers of user rights" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$PhysicalConductingMedia is a physical thing that can serve as a conductor, e.g., for heat or electricity. Examples include power lines, pieces of superconductor materials, ceramic, etc.", rdfs:label "physical conducting media" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$Family-SocialEntity is a group of people or of animals related by birth and mating. The kinship relation is closer than simply being members of the same species. Such a family may function together as an #$Organization. See also the specialization #$Family-Human.", rdfs:label "family units" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$IlluminationModeAttribute describes something about the type of illumination falling on a region or an object. For example, #$DirectIllumination, #$IndirectIllumination, #$ReflectedIllumination, #$PartDirectPartIndirect.", rdfs:label "illumination mode attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$HeavenlyBody is an astronomical object located in outer space (including the Earth). Elements of #$HeavenlyBody are natural bodies, NOT artificially made objects such as spaceships or communications satellites. Examples: the #$Sun, #$Polaris-TheStar, #$PlanetPluto, #$MoonOfEarth. See also: #$AstronomicalObject.", rdfs:label "heavenly bodies" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of transportation devices. An instance of #$RoadVehicle is a vehicle which would typically be found travelling on roads and (optionally) carrying passengers: cars, busses, vans, pickup trucks, fire trucks, RVs, motorcycles, etc.. Since #$RoadVehicles are vehicles, i.e. self powered (e.g. see #$vehicle), #$LandTransportationDevices such as #$Bicycles, or #$Wheelchairs are not in this class.", rdfs:label "motor vehicles" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) in continental interiors within a temperate climate zone. Characteristics of a humid continental climate cycle include a warm summer and cold winter, with precipitation throughout. A good example of a region whose annual climate cycles are instances of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle is the American Midwest. Cf. #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle.", rdfs:label "humid continental climates" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The class of heavy construction equipment vehicles that are used to make roads and in other situations where one needs to move quantities of earth, rocks, etc. around. These are powered by internal combustion engines, and often have wheels but just as often have treads like tanks.", rdfs:label "road work vehicle" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which some instance of #$Infection is transmitted from one member of #$BiologicalLivingObject to another.", rdfs:label "infection transmission event" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of semantically well-formed #$CycLAssertions which are supported by at least one argument which is a dedction by Cyc's inference engine, as opposed to having been explicitly asserted to Cyc. An assertion can have more than one argument, and can therefore be both a #$CycLAssertedAssertion and a #$CycLDeducedAssertion.", rdfs:label "cyc l deduced assertion" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mathematical objects, including the basic logical connectives. Each element of #$LogicalConnective is a #$Relation which takes one or more truth-valued expressions (sentences) as arguments and returns a truth-valued sentence. The elements of #$LogicalConnective include #$and, #$or, #$not, and #$implies.", rdfs:label "logical connective" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all the entire back sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces in the backwards direction.", rdfs:label "backs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of things. Elements of #$Product are individual goods, services, investments, etc.--basically, anything which is offered (or may be exchanged) for money or trade. Typically, elements of #$Product are things which are intended to be sold or used for some kind of service in exchange for money at least once in their lifetime. Examples: a Lexus sedan, a package of McDonald's french fries, a massage, a bouquet of flowers, a share in a money market fund, the services of a real estate agent, a research satellite. See also #$Artifact.", rdfs:label "products" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$HumidClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) in various continental and subtropical regions. Characteristics of a humid climate include copious precipitation and high humidity.", rdfs:label "humid climates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all denotational terms in the CycL language which are either represented atomic terms or are composed of represented atomic terms. This includes Cyc constants, variables, and NATs.", rdfs:label "cyc l represented term" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Oil is a piece of some type of typically viscous, primarily hydrophobic liquid hydrocarbon. For example, portions of #$HeatingOil, #$MotorOil, #$PeanutOil, #$OliveOil, etc. NB: This constant should NOT be used to refer to #$Petroleum-CrudeOil or #$PetroleumProducts (q.v.).", rdfs:label "oil" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of situations; a subset of #$Configuration. Such a configuration has a temporal as well as a spatial extent, but activity is not implied. Each element of #$WearingSomething is an arrangement of tangible objects, one of which is wearing the other(s). Typically the wearer is a living person or animal, although surrogates are possible (e.g., mannequins, dolls, or corpses). Objects worn are elements of #$SomethingToWear. See also #$wearer, #$wearsClothing.", rdfs:label "instances of wearing something" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$Ship that contains all ocean liners, i.e., ships that by design can transport a large number of people across oceans.", rdfs:label "ocean liner" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A spec of #$Check-TenderObject. #$PersonalChecks are issued to individual persons who have a #$CheckingAccount with a bank. Each instance of #$PersonalCheck will include the checking account number and personal information, such as name and address.", rdfs:label "personal checks" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which some #$Agent deliberately gives up possession of something, without giving it to another.", rdfs:label "abandonments" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all canals, artificial waterways created to be paths for boats, or for irrigation (e.g., the #$PanamaCanal).", rdfs:label "canals" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all enclosed tubular fluid conduits with openings at both ends. #$Pipe-GenericConduit encompasses both human-made pipes as well as natural pipes, found naturally occurring in the environment, or found in an organism's body, like #$BloodVessels.", rdfs:label "pipes" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The calendar season that begins at winter solstice and runs until vernal equinox.", rdfs:label "winters" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In an instance of #$TransferringPossession, the possession of a single object (i.e., the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer) is transferred from one #$Agent to another. Thus, a #$TransferringPossession event alters the rights of TWO different agents to use the object in question; one agent loses some #$UserRightsAttribute over it, while the other agent gains some #$UserRightsAttribute over it. Each #$TransferringPossession event is both a #$LosingUserRights event and a #$GainingUserRights event. Note: In #$Buying events, #$Bartering events, #$Renting events, TWO such #$TransferringPossessions occur, because there are TWO objects which transfer possession. For example, in buying a car, the right to use the buyer's money is transferred to the auto seller, while the ownership of the car is transferred to the buyer. Both of the #$TransferringPossession events (one for each object) are #$subEvents of the instance of #$Buying, #$Renting, etc. See #$ExchangeOfUserRights.", rdfs:label "transfers of possession" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all stomachs. An individual #$Stomach is an #$Organ which is part of the #$DigestiveSystem that churns and digests #$Food.", rdfs:label "stomachs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ShapeDescribingPredicate is a predicate used in assertions about abstract shapes and shape-like configurations, such as posture. Examples: #$shape, #$xyCrossSectionShape, #$yzCrossSectionShapeType, #$continuouslyConnectedTo, #$postureOfAnimal.", rdfs:label "shape describing predicate" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of items which form the lexicon of a language. These include both free morphemes, like 'dog', and bound morphemes, like affixes.", rdfs:label "lexical item" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$SalesPerson is someone whose principal job activity is negotiating with potential buyers, finding out what they want, describing what is available, taking orders, etc. This collection includes door-to-door salespeople, Avon reprentatives, new and used car salespeople, sales representatives for the product lines of large industrial companies, and store clerks working on a sales commission.", rdfs:label "salespeople" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each #$Sunrise is an #$Event where, at a given location, the #$Sun appears to clear the horizon as it `rises'. This event is construed to occur regardless of the visibility of the #$Sun due to obscuring objects such as clouds. Every #$Sunrise is #$contiguousAfter a #$Dawn, and every #$DaytimeHours is #$temporallyStartedBy a #$Sunrise.", rdfs:label "sunrises" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all nouns in the agentive form. Agentive nouns usually denote the `doer' or `performer' of some action, and often end in `-er' or `-or'. Example: `runner'.", rdfs:label "agentive nouns" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A constant whose purpose involves facilitating Cyclists in their understanding of the system, tracking work being done, noting cleanup work to be done, etc. Such a constant usually is not involved in inference. Instances may be excluded from knowledge bases in which available memory is a premium without affecting the performance of applications.", rdfs:label "documentation constant" SubClassOf: owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of pieces of tangible stuff. Each element of #$LiquidTangibleThing is a tangible thing which shares many of the properties that matter in the #$LiquidStateOfMatter exhibits; i.e., its volume is relatively constant at varying pressures, and its freely changes shape (e.g., to conform to the shape a vessel containing it). Liquids can never be said to break. Note that not all instances of #$LiquidTangibleThing are in #$LiquidStateOfMatter, because that attribute applies to quantities of a single type of substance. Examples of #$LiquidTangibleThing: substances in #$LiquidStateOfMatter, such the water in a room-temperature glass of beer; liquid/liquid mixtures like the beer itself; solutions of solids in liquids, such as sea water; emulsions such as milk; and suspensions of solids in liquids like blood. Cf. #$FluidTangibleThing and #$GaseousTangibleThing.", rdfs:label "liquid objects" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject which includes all the elements of #$Animal and of #$AnimalBodyPart and #$AnimalBodyRegion.", rdfs:label "animal body parts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$VegetableMatter is a piece of stuff (solid, liquid, or, improbably but conceivably, gaseous) which is a piece of vegetable material. This includes all instances of #$PlantProduct (such as elements of its subsets #$VegetableOil, #$TobaccoLeaf, #$Jute-Fiber, #$VanillaExtract, etc.), as well as naturally occurring pieces of vegetable matter (e.g., a clod of peat in a bog, an apple hanging on a tree, a mushroom growing wild in a forest).", rdfs:label "vegetable matter" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all space transportation events. For each instance TRAN of #$SpaceTransportationEvent, at least a part of the #$Trajectory of #$objectMoving in TRAN must be in the outer space. Note that #$SpaceTransportationEvent is different from (#$TransportViaFn #$Spacecraft) because the former emphasizes where to find the #$Trajectory while the latter emphasizes what is used as a tool, not to mention instances of the former do not have to have parts on Earth or inside our atmorsphere.", rdfs:label "space transportation event" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$ConcentrationStrength-Generic (i.e., mass of some element of #$ExistingStuffType per unit of #$Volume). E.g., (#$GramsPerMilliliter 0.1) denotes a concentration of 0.1 grams per milliliter of one substance within another.", rdfs:label "units of concentration" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights (among other supersets). Each element of #$Renting is an event during which one agent grants to another agent the use of an object (owned or controlled by the first agent) in exchange for some remuneration. The schedule of payment may vary, depending upon the rental period, type of object involved, type of usage granted, and/or other considerations. The agent providing the object to rent is called the #$fromPossessor; the agent paying to use the object is called the #$toPossessor. Those agents enter into an #$Agreement (q.v.). Examples of #$Renting might include: Fred renting a particular apartment last year; Jane renting a car all this week; Jack renting a canoe on Saturday morning. See also #$PrimaryRoleUseRights.", rdfs:label "renting events" SubClassOf: , , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Glass is a piece of glass; e.g., a wine bottle, a plate glass window, a microscope slide, a crystal water goblet, the mirrors of a reflecting telescope.", rdfs:label "glass" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of Cyc functions. Each element of #$EvaluatableFunction is a Cyc function which is associated (via #$evaluationDefn) with a piece of Heuristic Level (SubL) code that computes the result of applying the function to legal arguments. See #$PlusFn for a good example. An evaluatable function is evaluated only if none of its arguments is unbound. See also the more general #$EvaluatableRelation.", rdfs:label "evaluatable functions" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In an #$Ablation, a (usually relatively thin) layer of material is removed from the surface of an object.", rdfs:label "ablations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of protozoa; a subset of #$SingleCellOrganism. Elements of #$Protozoan are also elements of #$EukaryoticCell. Subsets include #$Amoeba and many others. Protozoa lack cell walls made of cellulose. Many protozoa are motile, using pseudopoda, cilia, or flagella to move. Some cause diseases in larger organisms. The class #$Protozoan is an instance of #$BiologicalSubkingdom in many classification systems, sometimes placed under the #$ProtistaKingdom.", rdfs:label "protozoa" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of non-atomic denotational terms in the CycL language. Also called 'denotational formulas'. A non-atomic term, or 'NAT', is a term which is neither a variable nor a constant. NATs are terms formed by applying a function to its (zero or more) arguments. Like constants, each NAT denotes some thing in the universe of discourse. Currently, there are two main kinds of NAT: #$HLNonAtomicReifiedTerms, or 'NARTs', which are a type of #$HLReifiedDenotationalTerm, and are implemented with data structures that have indexing allowing all uses of the NAT to be retrieved; and #$ELNonAtomicTerms, or 'NAUTs', which have no such indexing and remain in the form of an EL expression in the formulas in which they occur.", rdfs:label "NAT" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each individual pane in a window. A window may only have one window pane.", rdfs:label "window panes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The attribute values indicating the #$maritalStatus of a #$Person. Members of this collection include #$Divorced, #$Widowed, #$Single, and #$Married.", rdfs:label "marital statuses" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all atomic closed denotational terms in the CycL language. All such terms may denote something in the universe of discourse if semantically meaningful. They are also atomic, meaning that they cannot be broken down via the CycL syntax. The string aabaab is a #$CycLClosedAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down into substrings, just as 212 is a #$CycLClosedAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down into digits. This notion of atomicity is only with respect to the CycL grammar, and digits and substrings are not part of the CycL grammar.", rdfs:label "cyc l closed atomic term" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all particular cases of cancer. Instances of #$Cancer may belong to any one of the many different types of disease that are studied and treated by oncologists. Cancer is characterized by abnormal (and usually rapid) growth of cells in some organ or system of the body; these growths are then prone to dispersal (metastesis) into other body regions. See also #$CancerFn --- the expression (#$CancerFn #$Lung) represents a subset of #$Cancer, namely the set of all lung cancers.", rdfs:label "cancer" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events in which involves a reduction in the moistness of something -- either its water content or its surface wetness -- by evaporation, absorption (e.g. with towels), or some other process. Typical objects of a #$Drying event include instances of: paint, food, dishes, clothes, humans. The event of a clothes dryer running is a #$Drying.", rdfs:label "dry" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$CycLFormulas which have no free variables.", rdfs:label "cyc l closed formula" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum within the #$BiologicalKingdom #$Animal, the #$ChordataPhylum contains the many chordate taxa. All have members who have a notochord (a flexible rod running the length of the body) at some stage of development and pharyngeal gills at some stage of development. The #$ChordataPhylum has as #$taxonMembers all the subsets of #$Vertebrate (including #$Person), as well as some non-vertebrate chordates like Amphioxus.", rdfs:label "chordates" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The broadest collection of attributes of #$Animals that describe the physiological aspects of an animal, including its physiological (1) capacities, (2) conditions, and (3) states. Examples include: (1) Capacities: #$Fertile, #$HearingImpaired, #$Paraplegic; (2) Conditions: #$Anemic, #$AthleticPhysicalBuild; (3) States: #$Intoxicated, #$Injured, #$Inflamed. #$PlantPhysiologicalAttributes, such as #$InBloom, are excluded.", rdfs:label "physiological attributes of animals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent is an event that involves both some mental event(s) and an interaction of physical objects. Examples include a news broadcast program, a court trial, inheriting property, writing a letter, a physical examination, a charity ball, traffic on some section of highway during rush hour. Note that this collection does NOT imply that the events which are its instances have doers (see #$doneBy). Subsets of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent whose elements all have doers (or performers) -- and there will be many of them -- should have as a second genls #$Action or the appropriate subset of #$Action (qq.v.).", rdfs:label "composite physical and mental event" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all animal arms. An #$Arm of an animal is one of its #$AnimalBodyParts, more particularly one of its appendages, a limb which it uses for manipulation moreso than for locomotion. A #$Hand is considered part of an #$Arm.", rdfs:label "arms" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$PoweredDevices. An instance of #$Engine is a device that changes some form of energy into motion (usually rotation). An engine may operate by burning some type of fuel (as do jet engines and internal combustion engines), or it may be powered by electricity, fluid flow, etc.", rdfs:label "engines" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$SiblingDisjointCollection captures a very important concept, but one that is rarely given a name. There are many sets of sets for which any two member sets either will be disjoint (i.e., have no intersection) or else one will be a subset of the other. For instance, consider the various types (i.e., sets) of animals in the usual Linnaean taxonomy: Vertebrate, Bird, Dog, Mammal, Invertebrate, Person, etc.; Vertebrates and Invertebrates are mutually disjoint, while Bird, Mammal, Dog, and Person are all subsets of Vertebrate. Dog and Person are disjoint with each other, but each of them is a subset of Vertebrate. All of the Linnaean sets, or collections, of animals can be grouped together into one set, or collection, of sets, which in turn is an instance of #$SiblingDisjointCollection. It turns out that the real situation --- and the real definition of #$SiblingDisjointCollection --- is slightly more complicated than that. Consider types of appliances: toasters, cars, shavers, clocks, etc. Is the set of such appliance-types a #$SiblingDisjointCollection, the way we defined it above, for types of animals? Almost, but not quite. One could have an appliance-type `ClockRadio', which would be the set of all clock radios, and clearly each clock radio is both a clock and a radio, yet neither #$Clock nor #$RadioReceiver is a subset of the other. So if we have some item that purports to be both a clock and radio, that is okay if one of the following three conditions is met: (1) the collection #$Clock is known to be a subset of #$RadioReceiver; (2) the collection #$RadioReceiver is known to be a subset of #$Clock; (3) there is already defined a collection X which is a subset of both #$Clock and #$RadioReceiver. More formally, the axiom that defines #$SiblingDisjointCollection is as follows: SIB is an element of #$SiblingDisjointCollection if and only if: (#$implies (#$and (#$isa C1 SIB) (#$isa C2 SIB) (#$isa C1-EL C1) (#$different C1 C2)) (#$or (#$not (#$isa C1-EL C2)) (#$thereExists C3 (#$and (#$genls C3 C2) (#$genls C3 C1) (#$isa C1-EL C3))))) That axiom, together with the minimization of #$genls, gives us the following characterization of our concept: If we have a collection SIB that is an element of #$SiblingDisjointCollection, and if we take two elements C1 and C2 of that collection SIB, then each element of C1 which is not an element of a common specialization (C3) of C1 and C2, MUST NOT BE an element of C2. In cases where there are a few exceptions --- that is, a couple of elements of SIB might have some overlap --- but it is undesirable to explicitly create a new reified constant (like `ClockRadio', above) for that intersection, Cyc allows you to use an explicit mechanism to override the #$SiblingDisjointCollection constraints for a particular C1 and C2; namely, you would assert to Cyc (#$siblingDisjointExceptions C1 C2). See also #$siblingDisjointWith and #$siblingDisjointExceptions.", rdfs:label "sibling disjoint collections" SubClassOf: , owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection (qv). So the elements of #$DefaultDisjointScriptType are kinds of actions (subsets of #$Event) that can be assumed to be mutually disjoint from each other (unless one is known to be a subset of the other, or there is a known common subset.)", rdfs:label "default disjoint script type" SubClassOf: owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Feeling of nervousness and excitability. One can be nervous ABOUT something in particular, or one can have undirected feelings of anxiety. For the former, state an assertion of the form (#$feelsTowardsObject ?AGT ?OBJ #$Nervousness ?DEGREE) or (#$feelsTowardsEvent ?AGT ?EVNT #$Nervousness ?DEGREE); but for the latter (undirected feelings of anxiety) use (#$feelsEmotion ?AGT #$Nervousness). Note: This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$Nervousness is #$Panic.", rdfs:label "jitters" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Oxide is a portion of stuff in which each molecule consists of a combination of oxygen atoms with one or more atoms of another element. For example, instances of #$Water (H2O), pieces of rust (#$IronOxide), portions of #$CarbonDioxide.", rdfs:label "oxide" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The feeling of being troubled, restless, concerned about something, or in emotional turmoil. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "restlessness" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Expectation of fulfillment or success. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "hopeful" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is a collection of collections. Each #$SocialStatusAttributeType is itself a coherent collection of attributes that pertain to rank/status along some particular `dimension' related somehow to `status in society.' Some sample elements of #$SocialStatusAttributeType are: #$SocialStatusAttribute, #$Glamor, #$SocialPower, #$CredibilityStatus, #$EducationLevelAttribute, etc.", rdfs:label "positions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The most generic collection of events in which #$Money changes hands. Thus, in an instance of #$MoneyTransfer, there is some way in which money transfers possession -- though `ownership' of the funds may or may not be transferred from and/or to the agents involved. E.g., an ATM withdrawal from the user's own account, a utility payment made at one's local grocery store, buying a newspaper, getting change for a dollar from a cashier, are all examples of #$MoneyTransfer events. Compare this collection with its subset #$MoneyTransaction; in money #$Transactions, which are also elements of #$CommercialActivity, not only is there a transfer of money, but it is done as part of an agreement (explicit or implicit) between the two participating agents that one will do something for the other -- something more than bookkeeping -- contingent upon the transfer of funds.", rdfs:label "money transfer" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$CGSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the CGS (i.e., centimeter-gram-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$CentimetersPerSecond, #$CubicCentimeter, #$Gram, #$SecondsDuration.", rdfs:label "centimeter-gram-second units of measure" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of syntactically well-formed #$ELExpressions which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). The name 'Askable' derives from #$ELSentence-Askable, but instances of #$ELExpression-Askable are not necessarily askable as a query (after being converted to HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer) unless they are also instances of #$ELSentence-Askable. See #$CycLQuery for more details.", rdfs:label "e l expression - askable" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all medical doctors - MDs and Osteopaths.", rdfs:label "doctors" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent #$tastes some object, by means of the appropriate #$Sensor, and thereby acquires information about it.", rdfs:label "taste perception" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all those #$MathematicalOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation R is irreflexive and transitive on the #$baseSet S of ORDER, and in which every pair of different elements of S has a common 'R-lower-bound', and the set of 'R-lower-bounds' of each X in S is ordered in a (possibly empty) chain by R (i.e., {Y: Y is in S and R(Y X)} is a (possibly empty) chain). Note that the only difference between a #$TreeOrdering and a #$TreeOrdering-Strict is that the ordering relation of the former is reflexive while that of the latter is irreflexive.", rdfs:label "tree ordering - strict" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Density is a measurable physical property of a tangible object, namely, its mass per volume. Densities may be represented relative to certain substances, e.g., #$SaltWaterDensity, #$FreshWaterDensity, #$DenseAsOil. Densities of objects are reported using the predicate #$densityOfObject.", rdfs:label "densities" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of topographical features. Each instance of #$Lake is a land-locked body of water, typically but not necessarily of freshwater. These are subdivided into freshwater [#$FreshWaterLake] and salt-water [#$InlandSea] lakes. Examples: #$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, #$LakeTahoe, #$CaspianSea, #$BlackSea, #$DeadSea.", rdfs:label "lakes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subcollection of #$OrganizationalTransfer such that elements necessarily have some thing which stops being the member of the 'from organization'. Exemplars include laying someone off, expulsions, and excommunications. The event of leaving one organization to join another is also an element of #$OrganizationalTransferIn as well as #$OrganizationalTransferOut. Negative exemplars include 'admitting a nation to NATO', 'hiring someone', and 'pledging a fraternal organization'.", rdfs:label "organizational transfer out" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of actions in which the #$DeviceState of a #$PhysicalDevice changes from #$DeviceOff to #$DeviceOn.", rdfs:label "turning on powered device" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$PositiveInteger is the subset of #$Integer that excludes the negative integers and zero. Each element of #$PositiveInteger is a whole number greater than zero; thus, it includes 5, but not -5 or 0.", rdfs:label "positive integers" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mental events, a subset of #$Perceiving. Each element of this collection is a perceptual event in which the agent does not merely passively receive sensory information, but is actively filtering or directing how he is perceiving. Thus, searching for a set of lost keys would be an element of this collection, as would straining to hear something, but merely hearing a balloon pop next to you would not.", rdfs:label "perceiving - voluntary" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). Each element of #$PublishedMaterial is an IBT that belongs to a set of multiple copies which have identical information contents, embodied in similar form, and which have been produced for distribution. Note that published here does not mean printed and physically distributed -- intangible IBTs can be published using the #$WorldWideWeb, or broadcast on the airwaves. #$PublishedMaterial includes the published elements of #$TextualMaterial (e.g., books and magazines); software duplicated for sale or distribution; and mass-produced elements of #$RecordedSoundProduct. Periodicals, television shows, commercial films, annual business reports, tax schedules, Top 10 songs, all are sub-classes of #$PublishedMaterial. Examples of #$PublishedMaterial: Cycorp's copy of `The New York Times' for July 4, 1998; my paperback copy of the novel `Parade's End'; Bill's copy of OS/2; the instance of the Beatles song `Can't Buy Me Love' now playing on Lisa's radio. See also #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType.", rdfs:label "publications" SubClassOf: Class: daml:Ontology Individuals: _:http://mkrmke.net/knowledge/cyc/cyc.daml#genid1 Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$EndingAnAgreement. Each element of #$EmploymentTermination is an event in which some employee ceases to work for his or her employer. The termination may be initiated by either party, or it may have been specified in the original #$WorkAgreement (q.v.). Different kinds of #$EmploymentTermination are specified by the subsets #$Resigning, #$EmployeeLayoff, #$RetirementEvent, etc.", rdfs:label "employment termination" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$DirectedPathSystems each of which has no directed cycle in it (see #$directedCycleInSystem). Note that each instance of #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem has no loops in it, though it may have a (undirected) graph cycle in it.", rdfs:label "directed acyclic path system" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of actions, many of which are speech acts. In each element of this collection, somebody offers to do something, furnish something, make something the case, etc. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with these actions, #$Offer.", rdfs:label "offers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all hearts. A #$Heart is an #$Organ that pumps blood throughout the body of an #$Animal.", rdfs:label "hearts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subset of #$CharacterString. Each element of #$IDString is a character string which is used to denote a specific object in some identification mapping; for example, instances of #$ModelNumber (e.g., ``JHS146973S2''), or instances of #$PostalCode (e.g., ``78751''). See also #$DenotedObjectFn and #$objectID.", rdfs:label "identification strings" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of denotational #$CycLNonAtomicTerms which have free variables. Examples: (#$JuvenileFn ?X), (#$JuvenileFn ?X ?Y ?Z). Counterexample: (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X #$GreenColor)).", rdfs:label "cyc l open non atomic term" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of expressions which are valid CycL formulas except that their EL variables are not canonicalized into HL variables.", rdfs:label "EL formula template" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons. Each element of #$Leader is a person who heads an instance of #$Organization. Typically, a leader of an organization makes major decisions on behalf of the whole organization, has the authority to direct the organization's personnel to carry out those decisions, and is empowered to engage or negotiate with external agents to achieve the organization's goals. This collection includes leaders of #$subOrganizations, such as department heads within larger organizations. Also, a single person may be a leader in more than one organization. In addition, see #$hasLeaders, #$Manager, and #$seniorExecutives.", rdfs:label "leaders" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of edible stuff. Each element of #$Vegetable-Food is a foodstuff which is derived from a plant and is ordinarily considered a vegetable; e.g., a carrot (an instance of #$Carrot-Foodstuff), a potato (an instance of #$Potato-Foodstuff), a lima bean (a #$Bean-Foodstuff), a tomato (a #$Tomato-Foodstuff). Note: #$Vegetable-Food includes certain plant parts that are technically classified as fruits by botanists, but which are treated as vegetables in food classification -- such as tomatoes. These would, e.g., be found in the vegetables section of a supermarket, and they satisfy more of the axioms about vegetables than those about fruits (e.g., sweetness.)", rdfs:label "vegetables" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$MetaKnowledgePredicate is a predicate used in assertions about the Cyc ontology itself. Examples: #$myCreator, #$cyclistNotes, #$sharedNotes, #$salientAssertions, #$assertionConclusionActionType.", rdfs:label "metaknowledge predicates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A feeling of calmness or serenity, being quiet and free from disturbance. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Calm.", rdfs:label "calm" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of #$TwoDimensionalShape is a two-dimensional object. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the flat surface of a table, as well as abstract two-dimensional objects.", rdfs:label "two dimensional shapes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Dexterity is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions in which the performer's hands move accurately, quickly, and with economy of motion.", rdfs:label "dexterous" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This collection is a subset of #$MetaKnowledgePredicate, instances over multiple assertions resulting from the polycanonicalization of an assertion. Suppose one asserts (dist-mk-predicate arg1 arg2) and arg1 polycanonicalizes into assertion-1 and assertion-2, then because (isa dist-mk-pred #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate) the kb will be modified to include both (dist-mk-pred assertion-1 arg2) and (dist-mk-pred assertion-2 arg2). NOTE: The constant name might suggest that these predicates are predicates about knowing, but this is not the sense in which 'MetaKnowledge' is here intended.", rdfs:label "distributing meta knowledge predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$TechnicalWorker is a professional who works in some branch of engineering, computers, mathematics or one of the natural sciences. Negative examples are #$MarketingPerson, #$Manager and #$Psychiatrist.", rdfs:label "technical worker" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$WavePropagationType is itself a collection, containing one type of #$WavePropagation events. Examples include the collections #$ElectromagneticRadiation, #$Sound, #$VisibleLight, and #$XRay.", rdfs:label "wave propagation type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Movement-NonPeriodic is a subset of #$MovementEvent. Each element of this collection is an #$Event in which the #$objectMoving does not return to a previous location or orientation (either not at all or only in a chaotic fashion). E.g., the motion of a basketball being dribbled by Magic Johnson as he runs downcourt. For contrast, see #$Movement-Periodic.", rdfs:label "non-periodic movements" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which one #$Agent (or a small group of #$Agents) physically attacks another #$Agent (or small group of #$Agents.) Each assassination attempt is an example of such an event.", rdfs:label "attacks" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InterExistingObjectSlot is a binary predicate used in assertions that relate two elements of #$SomethingExisting (i.e., two objects). Examples: #$soldAt, #$derivedFrom, #$cohabitants, #$capitalCity, #$electricallyConnectedTo.", rdfs:label "inter existing object slot" SubClassOf: , daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that detect #$ElectromagneticRadiation.", rdfs:label "electromagnetic radiation sensors" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons. Each instance of #$UnemployedPerson is a worker who is unemployed. An unemployed worker is someone who either has worked previously and could still do so (if s/he had a job), or someone who is qualified to work (e.g., a recent graduate) but has not yet worked.", rdfs:label "unemployed people" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of weeks that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its elements is WeekOf2-14-1994.", rdfs:label "weeks" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of processes. In each element of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, some object(s) are taken into some living structure.", rdfs:label "biological intake event" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all those #$ConnectedPathSystems that look like trees, i.e., those #$ConnectedPathSystems that have no #$Path-Cyclics at all. Note that since each instance of #$Tree-PathSystem has no cycles in it, it has no loops, nor multiple links between two nodes.", rdfs:label "tree - path system" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subcollection of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each element of #$Card is a small, sturdy sheet of stuff--usually cardstock paper, but could be plastic or thin metal--bearing some kind of information. Some kinds are folded. Examples: #$CreditCard, #$BusinessCard, and #$PostCard. Note that electronic objects that perform some of the same functions are not subcollections of #$Card.", rdfs:label "cards" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An airstrip, at an airport, on an aircraft carrier, or in some field, upon which airplanes taxi, take off, and land.", rdfs:label "runways" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$ClothingAccessory is something that is worn as an accessory with other clothing items. Examples include elements of the collections #$Jewelry, #$Scarf, #$NeckTie, #$Belt-Clothing, #$Suspenders, and suchlike.", rdfs:label "accessories" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all those #$PartialOrdering-Strict ORDER in which the ordering relation R orders elements of the #$baseSet S of ORDER into a strict line. A #$TotalOrdering is sometimes called a 'strict linear ordering' or a 'chain'. A #$PartialOrdering-Strict ORDER is a #$TotalOrdering-Strict if all elements of the #$baseSet S of ORDER are comparable be the ordering relation R of ORDER, i.e., if X and Y are elements of S, then either R(X Y) or X = Y or R(Y X). For example, take any set of real numbers with the usual 'smaller than' relation among those numbers, you get yourself a #$TotalOrdering-Strict. If you want a the order relation in a total ordering to be reflexive, see #$TotalOrdering.", rdfs:label "total ordering - strict" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each #$PhysicalSeries is a #$Group of #$PartiallyTangibles which is ordered in a linear fashion, most likely according to some spatial relationship. For example, a group of people in line at a ticket booth, or the vertebrae in one person's spine.", rdfs:label "physical series" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$PrimitiveTemporalRelations specify temporal relations between #$TimePoints. The only two binary predicates which are elements of this set are #$after and #$simultaneousWith. Note: The predicate `before' is unnecessary since (before x y) would be the same thing as (#$after y x))", rdfs:label "primitive temporal relations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$Events; a subset of #$RemovingSomething. During an instance of #$RemovingSomethingByMovingIt, the #$objectRemoved is moved out of the object or configuration to which it belonged prior to the removal event. The #$objectRemoved is not destroyed by the removal event. Examples of #$RemovingSomethingByMovingIt include: someone unwrapping a present, undressing, digging up a root, or removing an appendix.", rdfs:label "removing something by moving it" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of both #$ControllingSomething and #$PhysicalContactEvent. An instance of #$HandlingAnObject is an event in which an object is touched and manipulated by some #$Agent. Examples of #$HandlingAnObject include instances of #$HoldingAnObject and of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion. So just holding a rock in your hand is a #$HandlingAnObject; so is washing your cereal bowl (an instance of #$WashingDishes), cutting a loose thread on your shirt (an instance of #$CuttingAThread), and carrying the rock from one place to another (an instance of #$CarryingWhileLocomoting.) One very important class of #$HandlingAnObject instances involve operating some hand-held device --- i.e., events which are instances of the collection #$HandlingADevice. I.e., the performer handles an object which happens to be a device, but not just lugging it around but actually employing it for its intended #$primaryFunction --- not merely to look at it or rearrange or relocate it. For example, if you move a fork from the dishwasher to the silverware drawer, that's just #$HandlingAnObject; if you use that fork to eat some food, though, that is an instance of #$HandlingADevice.", rdfs:label "handle" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all collections that are stuff-like in at least one respect. A collection COL is stuff-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which every part of an instance of COL is itself an instance of COL. More precisely, for a collection to be a #$StuffType it is sufficient that there be some spec-pred of #$parts, PARTPRED, such that if (#$isa OBJECT1 COL) and (PARTPRED OBJECT1 OBJECT2), then (#$isa OBJECT2 COL). (See the cyclistNotes for more detail). Here are two examples. Consider #$Breathing. Take an instance of that, say a ten minute long period in which I am breathing. Imagine some two minute snippet of that, one of its #$timeSlices (a spec-pred of #$parts). That, too, is an instance of #$Breathing. So #$Breathing is a #$StuffType, since all #$timeSlices of an instance of #$Breathing are also instances of #$Breathing. Consider #$Water. Take any instance of #$Water -- say the water in the Pacific Ocean. Now take any portion of that water -- say a handful of it that I scoop up near Honolulu, one of its #$physicalPortions (a spec-pred of #$parts). That handful is itself an instance of #$Water. Hence #$Water is a #$StuffType, in virtue of the fact that all #$physicalPortions of all instances #$Water are themselves instances of #$Water. Other examples are: #$AbstractInformationalThing, which is stuff-like with respect #$subInformation; #$CharacterString, which is stuff-like with respect to #$subCharacterStrings; and #$List, which is stuff-like with respect to #$sublists. These examples are somewhat exceptional -- most #$StuffTypes are like the examples of #$Breathing and #$Water. Before using #$StuffType read the cyclistNotes. See #$ObjectType, for the contrasting notion of being object-like.", rdfs:label "stuff type" SubClassOf: owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$AudioCommunicating. Each element of #$SpokenCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne verbal information by spoken words between two (or more) agents. The communication may be one-way or two-way (or multi-way); see #$Communicating. Examples of #$SpokenCommunicating: a telephone conversation, a classroom discussion, the #$GettysburgAddress-Speech. Note that the collection #$Speaking contains events in which a person generates spoken language but doesn't necessarily communicate it; e.g., a person practicing a speech alone. If someone who is speaking is also communicating, then her speaking is a #$subEvents of some element of #$SpokenCommunicating. Every element of #$SpokenCommunicating has at least one #$communicationToken which is an element of #$Utterance.", rdfs:label "rhetorics" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$GammaRay is an instance of electromagnetic radiation that has a #$wavelength less than 1x10^-2 #$Angstroms. Low power #$GammaRays overlap with high power #$XRays.", rdfs:label "gamma rays" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a solvent and a solute mix to form a solution.", rdfs:label "dissolving events" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike things. Example: 'water'.", rdfs:label "mass noun" SubClassOf: Class: daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangibles. Every instance of #$Mixture is an at-least-partially tangible thing composed of two or more different #$constituents which have been mixed. The stuffs which were inputs to the mixing do not form chemical bonds between them, and at a later time the mixture may be resolved by some #$SeparationEvent. Examples include all elements of the collections #$Blood, #$Mud, #$Air, and #$CarbonatedBeverage. A mixture has a composition but not a structure; thus, the following are NOT mixtures, since all have some structure: a wet sponge, a person, or a portion of plywood. Note: By default, mixtures are assumed to be stable, i.e., they won't separate on their own. Use #$separatingConstituent to override this default for a constituent that does separate out spontaneously (e.g. a #$CarbonatedBeverage going flat).", rdfs:label "mixtures" SubClassOf: Class: Agent Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$MedicalCareProfessional is a person whose occupation principally involves medical care of patients, including surgery, psychological care, physical therapy, practical nursing, and dispensing drugs. The collection #$MedicalCareProfessional includes members of the subsets #$Psychiatrist, #$Pharmacist, #$EmergencyMedicalTechnician, #$Nurse, #$Doctor-Medical, etc., as well as #$Veterinarian.", rdfs:label "medical care professionals" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each #$PhysiologicalConditionType is a coherent set of #$PhysiologicalConditions characterizing some non-instantaneous aspect of an organism. Some sample elements are: #$Menopause, #$SickleCellAnemia, #$Infection, #$Malnutrition, etc.", rdfs:label "health conditions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ProcessPredicate is a predicate used in assertions that describe processes. For example, #$amountOfEnergyUsed, #$signalState, #$toPossessor, #$primaryActivityType, #$exports, #$monetaryValue.", rdfs:label "process predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which two or more large groups of #$Persons meet and fight one another, each group seeking to vanquish (some of) the others. #$Battles are often conducted by #$MilitaryOrganizations, and they may influence the outcomes of #$WagingWar. A #$Battle will have as #$subEvents at least two #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent events, in which one of the fighting groups attacks the other.", rdfs:label "battles" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each instance of this collection is an annual, year-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its operational and financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances of this collection are time intervals like FiscalYearOf1989ForMicrosoft", rdfs:label "fiscal years" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of semantically well-formed atomic #$CycLAssertions which have no free variables. GAF stands for Ground Atomic Formula. Atomic Formula (or, more specifically, atomic sentence) means a #$Predicate applied to some arguments. Ground means no variables. GAF Assertions are ground at the HL (no HL variables) and closed at the EL (no free EL variables). For example, (#$isa (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$colorOfObject ?X #$GreenColor)) #$Thing) is ground at the HL and closed (but not ground) at the EL. GAF assertions typically express facts about the world.", rdfs:label "cyc l g a f assertion" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all lungs, the primary respiratory organs of #$AirBreathingVertebrates.", rdfs:label "lungs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Airplanes which are designed (and often used) as weapons of war.", rdfs:label "warplanes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$HavingAMeal is an event in which one or more diners consume a meal. In addition to #$HavingBreakfast, #$HavingLunch, and #$HavingDinner, this includes #$HavingASnack (among other subsets). Typically, instances of #$HavingAMeal include people eating some food and drinking one or more beverages.", rdfs:label "mealtimes" SubClassOf: , , Class: InternationalWaters Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of clouds (instances of #$CloudOfH2O) that cover a #$GeographicalRegion at ground-level.", rdfs:label "fog" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all railroad stations (train station buildings). These are buildings located near railroad tracks and their primary purpose is to be a place where trains discharge and receive passengers (and possibly freight).", rdfs:label "railroad stations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$QuaternaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc predicates which take four arguments.", rdfs:label "quaternary predicates" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of sets of objects, tangible or intangible, which have some special financial, scientific, cultural, or educational value. An instance of #$Holdings is a set of objects kept and usually maintained by some agent for their value, or to preserve the objects, or to make them available for public display or use (as in a museum's `holdings' or a library's `holdings'). The elements in a group of holdings may or may not be all of a similar type (e.g., books, paintings). An agent's holdings may or may not all be kept in the same location.", rdfs:label "collections" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mental information. Each element of #$SensoryInformation is the propositional content of a mental state in which the nervous system of an animal or other sentient perceives something. For example, if I perceive that my office is hot, the information is that my [the perceiver's] office is hot; if you perceive that my eyes are brown, the information is that Deborah's eyes are brown.", rdfs:label "sensory information" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$County governments.", rdfs:label "county governments" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$PhysicalConductingMedia. Each element of #$ElectricalConductor is a physical thing that can conduct electricity; e.g., a power cord, an electrical plug, a piece of metal.", rdfs:label "electrical conductor" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of strings. Each element of #$Address-LocationDesignator is a string that denotes an address. Each string indicates one entire address. For example: `President Bill Clinton, White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC.", rdfs:label "addresses" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all proper mass nouns. Proper mass nouns are usually capitalized.", rdfs:label "proper mass noun" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of attributes describing the position of a body part (or a whole body). A #$BodyPartPosition may be determined relative to the body's environment (as with #$Postures) or merely with respect to the body part itself (e.g., #$Flexed, #$Extended).", rdfs:label "body positions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Animals' nervous systems. A #$NervousSystem is composed of all the #$Nerves, #$Brain, and #$SpinalCord of an animal, and enables the animal to sense (#$perceives) things and react to them reflexively (from the spine), by instinct (in the #$BrainStem, #$Cerebellum, or #$Cerebrum), and or by deliberation (in the #$Cerebrum).", rdfs:label "nervous systems" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "What happens when you are in the hospital being treated for a disease like Cancer or Hepatitis or AIDS, or recovering from Surgery. This is not just a #$MedicalCareEvent which happens in a hospital; it's the whole event meant by a hospital stay. Also see #$HospitalRoomStay which only represents the stay in the room.", rdfs:label "hospital stays" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "X is an #$Entity if it is a `maximal' #$SomethingExisting. What we mean by that is that there cannot be another #$SomethingExisting of which X is merely a subabstraction (see #$subAbstrac). So #$AlbertEinstein is an entity, but AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is not. In other words, an #$Entity represents the entire existence of a thing, not just one or more `temporal chunks' or #$timeSlices of a thing.", rdfs:label "entities" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of animals; one of the #$taxonMembers of the #$ChordataPhylum. Each element of #$Vertebrate is an animal that has a backbone or spine made of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae, which may be separate or fused. #$Vertebrate includes the most familiar animals, viz., the instances of #$Mammal, #$Reptile, #$Bird, #$Fish. Some biologists class the 'Vertebrata' as a sub-phylum of the #$ChordataPhylum. #$Vertebrate excludes Amphioxus.", rdfs:label "vertebrates" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$CommunicationAct-Singles. In an #$Advertising event, someone is communicating, to potential customers of an #$Agent, the desire of that agent to do business with those customers (either to `do business' in general or to sell them something specific.", rdfs:label "advertising events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Collection of all three story buildings.", rdfs:label "three story buildings" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$AbstractInformationStructures. Each element of #$TextGroup is associated with a #$CharacterString which forms a 'natural' or meaningful group, at or above the level of a word, a multi-character symbol in a #$ComputerProgram-CW, or a chord in a #$MusicalText. Thus, 'er#q2' would be a #$CharacterString not represented by a #$TextGroup, whereas the #$Sentence you are now reading is represented by a #$TextGroup, as is a paragraph, etc. Note that a #$TextGroup is the abstract sequence of symbols, not the tangible encoding of them.", rdfs:label "texts" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of plants. Each element of #$FloweryPlant is a flowering plant that is actually and visibly in flower (i.e., has flowers showing). The collection #$FloweryPlant includes flowering bushes and trees with visible flowers. This collection represents a commonsense category, not the official #$BiologicalTaxon #$FloweringPlant.", rdfs:label "flowers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An #$Afternoon is the daily #$Event where the #$Sun moves from its `highest' position in the daily cycle and `sets' or becomes a #$MidnightSun, i.e from noon till #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and an #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon (except when there is a #$MidnightSun in which case a #$Morning is contiguously after the #$Afternoon). Each #$Afternoon is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun.", rdfs:label "afternoons" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of microscopic-scale objects; a subset of #$ChemicalObject. Every instance of #$Molecule is a microscopic object whose component atoms are all chemically bonded to each other; typically, this means that the atoms are covalently bonded. Examples: some instances of #$Molecule, including molecules of oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), etc., contain covalently bonded atoms belonging to the collection #$Oxygen. Some highly complex examples of #$Molecule are those belonging to the collection #$DNAMolecule. See also #$MoleculeFn. Note: #$Diamond and other macroscopic covalent solids are excluded from belonging to #$Molecule by the constraint that instances of #$Molecule are microscopic.", rdfs:label "molecules" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of all parts of all instances of #$RoomInAConstruction. This includes both solid parts, like #$Mantels, and enclosed regions such as are contained by cabinets and #$Cupboards. Instances should be features which are 'built-in', that is, built with the intention of remaining as part of the room.", rdfs:label "part of room in a construction" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Movement-TranslationProcess is the subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent whose elements can be pragmatically considered to be continuous processes. In any instance of #$Movement-TranslationProcess, all time-slices of that process are also themselves elements of #$Movement-TranslationProcess. Note that walking is a type of #$Movement-TranslationProcess, even though it involves some nonzero accelerations and jerks. A non-example would be a plot of the various residences you've lived in (``moved to'') over the course of your lifetime; another non-example would be Captain Kirk beaming up to the Enterprise; another would be the ``tunneling'' of an electron in a tunnel diode. Note: If you believe in quantum mechanics, then ultimately all physical motion is series of discrete, discontinous ``hops''. This is where ``PRAGMATICALLY'' continuous vs. discontinuous comes in; i.e., in a quantum physics context some particular motion might be considered discontinuous, whereas in some naive everyday context that same motion is considered continuous.", rdfs:label "movement processes" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$ResearchOrganization is an organization that carries out basic or applied research as its #$MainFunction (or one of its #$MainFunctions). It may or may not be a commercial, or a governmental, organization. For example, #$UnitedStatesSpaceProgram, Thomas J. Watson Research Laboratory at #$IBMInc, and the Hoover Institute.", rdfs:label "Research centers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$PublicSectorEmployee. Each element of #$PublicOfficial is a person who holds a position that is directly involved with some aspect of governing a country (or a sub-region of it). Many public offices in democratically governed countries are filled by election; some are filled by appointment. In other countries, public offices are sometimes filled by succession or by military decree. Note: Cyc represents a public office, such as #$Mayor or #$UnitedStatesPresident, as the collection of officials who have held that office, together with axioms describing their responsibilities. #$PublicOfficial is a #$PositionType.", rdfs:label "public officials" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$Organizations. Each element of #$ServiceEstablishment is a local, commercial service organization with a single physical location. What an individual retail store or outlet is for tangible products, a #$ServiceEstablishment is for services. Positive examples include the Broken Spoke bicycle repair shop on South Lamar in Austin, and the dry cleaners in Westlake Village.", rdfs:label "commercial service establishments" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Organizations which have been incorporated in accordance with the laws of a jurisdiction. Each instance of #$LegalCorporation is a legal entity distinct from its owners and employees and is afforded certain powers both by law and by its incorporating documents. Instances of #$LegalCorporation may be either #$CommercialOrganizations or #$NonProfitOrganizations. Each instance of #$LegalCorporation organized in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica is incorporated under the laws of a particular state, although it may be empowered to carry on activities in any state. Most American jurisdictions require that one of the words or abbreviations 'corporation', 'company', 'incorporated', 'corp', 'co', or 'inc' be included in the registered name of a corporation. Instances of #$LegalCorporation include #$IBMInc and #$Cycorp.", rdfs:label "corporations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Artifact-NonAgentive is the collection of all artifacts that in no plausible, literal sense may be considered to have a kind of agency in ordinary, non-fictional, straightforward contexts -- i.e. they are not instances of #$Agent-Generic. (Exceptions within metaphorical, fanciful, or fictional context could supersede membership in this collection: when someone says, 'My hairdryer hates me', the hairdryer would not be an instance of #$Artifact-NonAgentive in that special context.) Example subcollections: #$StoneStuff, #$Air, #$Tooth, #$Caffeine. #$AgentiveArtifacts like #$Robots are excluded.", rdfs:label "artifact - non agentive" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tools; a subset of #$HandTool and also of #$CleaningDevice. An instance of #$CleaningImplement is any hand-held tool used for cleaning something. Cleaning implements are used in a wide variety of activities and settings; some subsets include the collections #$Mop, #$DentalPick, #$ElectricToothBrush, #$WashCloth, #$FacialTissue, #$ShoeBrush. Many cleaning implements are intended for wiping, scrubbing, or polishing surfaces to remove patches of #$Dirt.", rdfs:label "cleaning implements" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$Cell. #$SpermCell is the collection of specialized gamete cells which are produced by meiosis in the reproductive tract of male animals. Each sperm cell usually has half the number of chromosomes that regular body cells do, and when it fertilizes an ovum, the ovum becomes a zygote and continues to develop into a mature individual. See also #$MaleAnimal, #$SexualReproductionEvent.", rdfs:label "sperm" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$InanimateThing is a (at least partly) tangible thing which is not a living structure. Examples: #$YaleUniversity, the #$StatueOfLiberty, a U.S. ten-dollar bill, the #$MoonOfEarth, a safety pin.", rdfs:label "inanimate objects" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each instance of #$PersonTypeByCulture is the set of all persons who participate (see #$cultureParticipants) in some particular human culture. Examples include #$FrenchPerson and #$EthnicGroupOfAustralianAborigines.", rdfs:label "person type by culture" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a subcollection of #$PathSystem. Each instance of #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem is a path system SYS in which every link LINK is given at least one direction (specified by (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS)), and in which every loop is given two directions (so in a sense we can ignore the directions of loops). The directions of paths and non-loop-cycles (if they have any) in SYS are determined by the directions of links in SYS. When designing a particular semi-directed path system, it is convenient to start creating a name for the system (say SYS1, and assert (#$isa SYS1 #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem)), a name for each node (such as Node1) in the system, and a name for each link (such as LinkA) in the system (using (#$isa LinkA #$Path-Simple)), and then assert directions of links using #$linkFromToInSystem (e.g., (#$linkFromToInSystem LinkA Node1 Node2 SYS1)). The axioms for #$linkFromToInSystem will automatically infer other assertions such as those involving #$pointOnPath, #$linkBetweenInSystem, #$nodeInSystem, #$linkInSystem etc. Then one can proceed creating loops, isolated points and extra points on links if they are desired.", rdfs:label "semi - directed path system" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$DistributionEvent is an event in which tangible or intangible objects are distributed from a source to various destinations via some distribution network.", rdfs:label "distributions" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all non-atomic denotational terms in the HL language, used internally by the inference engine. These are HL formulas with an instance of #$ReifiableFunction as their functor and optionally other HL terms as their arguments. These HL NATs are often called NARTs , which stands for Non-Atomic Reified Term. The difference between HL NATs and reifiable EL NATs should be transparent to users of Cyc, because the #$CycCanonicalizer automatically transforms all reifiable EL NATs into HL NATs.", rdfs:label "NART" SubClassOf: , , , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of topographical features. Each instance of #$FreshWaterLake is a freshwater land-locked body of water [#$Lake]. Examples: #$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, #$LakeTahoe. Note that inland saltwater #$Lakes, commonly referred to as `seas', belong to the collection #$InlandSea (rather than to #$FreshWaterLake); e.g., #$CaspianSea, #$BlackSea, #$DeadSea.", rdfs:label "fresh water lake" SubClassOf: , Class: CoreConstant Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of microtheories. An instance of #$DataMicrotheory contains information about #$Individuals, such as specific #$Persons, #$Organizations, #$GeographicalRegions, #$ConceptualWorks, etc. Assertions that do not refer to such individuals normally should be asserted in a more general microtheory.", rdfs:label "data microtheory" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ShapeType is a subset of #$GeometricThing.", rdfs:label "configurations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In an instance of #$GiftGiving, one #$Agent intentionally gives all use rights over an object (see #$UserRightsAttribute) to another #$Agent without taking payment in return.", rdfs:label "gifts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$RelationshipType is a collection of relations used in Cyc, including predicates, lambda functions, mathematical functions, non-atomic terms, and other types. Examples: #$UnaryFunction, #$LogicalConnective, #$IndividualDenotingFunction, #$GenericTimePredicate, #$LanguageDescribingPredicate.", rdfs:label "relationship type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$EarthStuff. Each element of #$MineralOre is a piece of substance from which some useful #$Mineral can be extracted. For example, elements of #$IronOre, #$BauxiteOre, and #$CopperOre.", rdfs:label "mineral ore" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$CycLFormulas which have a #$Relation in their arg0 position which is not known to be either a function, predicate, or logical operator. Examples: (?RELATION #$Dog #$Cat), ((RelationDenotingFn #$Muffet) #$Dog).", rdfs:label "cyc l generic relation formula" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$Relationships which are commutative with respect to some but not all of their arguments. Instances of #$PartiallyCommutativeRelation must therefore have an #$arity of at least 3. See #$CommutativeRelation.", rdfs:label "partially commutative relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$IndexicalConcepts are those whose referent essentially depends on the occasion of use and the user, e.g., #$Now, I, Here. When I use the word 'I,' I am referring to myself (#$OKeefe), but 'I' does not mean #$OKeefe, but refers to whomever the user is. Similarly, #$Now denotes the moment in which it is used.", rdfs:label "indexicals" SubClassOf: owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Elements of #$PartiallyTangible have some tangible (i.e., material) part and also have a temporal extent (i.e., they exist in time). They may or may not also have an intangible part; e.g., a book is made of matter, has a temporal extent, and also has intangible content which is the information content of the text that the author wrote.", rdfs:label "tangible things" SubClassOf: , owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Instances are kinds of medical care facilities. Some may be organizations , some may be places and some are equipment.", rdfs:label "medical facility type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Facial organ used in smelling and breathing", rdfs:label "noses" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all variables in the EL language, such as ?WHAT or ?X.", rdfs:label "EL variables" SubClassOf: , , , , owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Submarine is the collection of all boats that can operate underwater.", rdfs:label "submarines" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all path chains, or lists of points and paths alternating. A path chain is a #$List LIST = (X(1) Y(1) X(2) Y(2) ... X(n) Y(n) X(n+1)) satsifying the following conditions: (i) each X(k) is a #$Thing and each Y(k) is a #$Path-Generic, i.e., the length of LIST is an odd number greater than 2, every even-numbered position in LIST is a #$Path-Generic and every odd-numbered item is a #$Thing. (ii) Each #$Path-Generic in the list joins the points just before and after it. That is to say, (iia) if the kth item PATH in LIST is a #$Path-Simple, and if A is the (k-1)th item and B is the (k+1)th item in LIST, then (#$pathBetween PATH A B) holds, and (iib) if the kth item CYCLE is a #$Path-Cyclic, and if A is the (k-1)th item and B is the (k+1)th item in LIST, then (#$pointOnCycle A CYCLE) holds and A = B. Note that the concatenation of all the paths (simple or cyclic) in such a list results in a #$Traversal. For example, letting PATH1 and PATH2 be instances of #$Path-Simple and CYCLE a #$Path-Cyclic, if (#$pathBetween PATH1 A B), (#$pathBetween PATH2 B C) and (#$pointOnCycle C CYCLE), then (#$TheList A PATH1 B PATH2 C CYCLE C) is a #$PathChain. Note that although each instance of #$PathChain determines a unique instance of #$Traversal that is from X(1) to X(n+1), many different #$PathChains may determine the same #$Traversal.", rdfs:label "path chain" SubClassOf: Class: TwoDimensionalShapeAttribute Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. An instance SHAPE of #$ShapeType (q.v.) is also an instance of #$AbstractShapeType if and only if SHAPE is a spec of #$GeometricThing-Abstract. It is distinguished from #$GenericShapeType (q.v.), which is the collection of those collections that are instances of #$ShapeType, some of whose instances are abstract, and some of whose instances are localized. There is no '#$LocalizedShapeType'. The instances of #$AbstractShapeType are the acceptable second-arguments of the predicate #$shape. So, if you have have a spherical ball, BALL001, it is true that (#$shape BALL001 (#$AbstractFn #$SphereShape)), but false (in fact, undefined) that (#$shape BALL001 #$SphereShape).", rdfs:label "abstract shape type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of instances of #$PrecipitationProcess in which solid particles or small chunks of water ice fall to the earth from clouds.", rdfs:label "hail" SubClassOf: Class: BroadMicrotheory Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. An instance of #$DeviceRunning is an event in which some device is running. This collection includes events which are complete cycles of a device's normal function (see #$SingleCompleteRunOfADevice) as well as random time slices (#$timeSlices) of them running. Examples include instances of the collections #$AirplaneTakeOff, #$SkateBoarding, #$OffRoadMotorcycleRiding, etc. Some stranger examples --- which are not instances of #$SingleCompleteRunOfADevice --- include: all the the ignition phases of the firing of my Honda's engine during November of 1996; my TV when it was on and showing a commercial this year; my TV when it was on and I was watching it this week.", rdfs:label "device-running events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all databases, as abstract repositories of information rather than as physical storage devices. A database generally has some means of accessing the data from structured records, frames or relational structures, using some query language. A particular #$Database-AbstractContent may exist in multiple copies, and may be distributed over several different physical data storage sites: see also #$Database-Physical.", rdfs:label "abstract databases" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all airfields, where airplanes take off and land. An #$Airport-Physical definitely has a runway, may or may not have any other buildings. If it's the grounds of an #$AirportOrganization, some of those other features will be present.", rdfs:label "airports" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$HumanActivity is an activity that is performed by some instance(s) of #$Person.", rdfs:label "human activities" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Volatility represents the specific readiness of some liquid to evaporate. Higher volatility indicates a faster rate of evaporation. Volatilities of substances are indicated with the predicate #$volatilityOfSubstance.", rdfs:label "volatilities" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Agility is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions in which the performer's whole body moves precisely and in a well-coordinated fashion.", rdfs:label "agility" SubClassOf: Class: CycHLTruthValue Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of junctions, in each of which some #$Pipe-GenericConduit ends at a #$Cavity of larger diameter than the pipe, allowing flow or access between them. The flange where a water pipe enters a water tank is one example, as is the junction of the esophagus and the stomach in animals. See also the predicate #$pipeEndsAtCavity.", rdfs:label "pipe end to cavity junction" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A specialization of #$FunctionalPredicate each instance of which is a binary predicate that is functional in its second argument position. More precisely, a functional binary predicate PRED is an instance of #$FunctionalSlot if and only if, for any legal occupant THING1 of PRED's arg1 position, there is at most one legal occupant THING2 of PRED's arg2 position such that (PRED THING1 THING2) holds. #$FunctionalSlot is in effect one half of the intersection of #$BinaryPredicate and #$FunctionalPredicate, containing those whose second argument is functional. Examples: #$latitude, #$countryOfAddress, #$stateOfDevice, #$femaleParentActor.", rdfs:label "functional slots" SubClassOf: , daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of official `documents'. Each element of #$BankDebitCard is a plastic card that enables the holder to access the account with which the card is associated; typically used to withdraw funds from the account. Cf. #$CreditCard.", rdfs:label "debit cards" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collecton of all adjectives. Adjectives are words which can modify nouns. Many adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. Example: `red'.", rdfs:label "adjectives" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices; a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$SolarPoweredDevice is a device which is powered by energy from sunlight. Examples include solar-powered calculators and solar heating systems.", rdfs:label "solar powered device" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType is a collection of measurable attributes, including #$Distance, #$Time-Quantity, #$Currency, #$Mass, etc. The types of attributes in this collection are `fundamental' when contrasted with other attributes which are derived from them (such as #$Volume, #$Speed, etc.). Cf. #$DerivedNumericAttributeType.", rdfs:label "fundamental numeric attribute type" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all animals' reproductive systems. A #$ReproductiveSystem is a system of organs used by the #$Animal for reproduction; i.e., for creating an offspring, a new member of that species. Note: Strictly speaking, it might be more accurate to describe a #$ReproductiveSystem as containing the above sorts of systems for a mated male and female of a sexual species, as only that combined system is capable of actually producing an offspring. But most of the things one wants to say about a #$ReproductiveSystem really do only make sense for one single animal at a time. So think of reproduction as a cooperative activity, such as having a conversation, where we still refer to each animal's incomplete reproductive system as a #$ReproductiveSystem.", rdfs:label "reproductive systems" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Writing is the formation of characters or symbols on a suitable surface for transmitting information.", rdfs:label "writing by hand" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. An #$OrganizationalTransfer occurs when some #$IntelligentAgent changes membership with respect to some #$Organization. This can involve becoming a member of the organization, ceasing to be a member of it, or switching from one organization to another. An #$OrganizationalTransfer may be voluntarily undertaken by the transferee but may also be #$performedBy some other agent. Examples include: joining a club, being transferred from one division of a company to another, and being excommunicated. Negative examples include: transfer of objects or information between organizations (since the transferred items aren't #$IntelligentAgents), two or more organizations joining together in a temporary partnership.", rdfs:label "organizational transfer" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of intangible individuals; a subset of #$Database-AbstractContent. Each element of #$KnowledgeBase is a database that attempts to represent the structure of at least part of the world. Instances include the #$CycKB and #$SENSUS-Information1997.", rdfs:label "kb" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction whose instances are balconies in the style of those overhanging levels sometimes found in churches, theatres, etc. Such balconies are often approximately one-third the size of the floor or level below them, and therefore can be considered legitimate levels themselves. They usually contain a mob of seats. Note that this collection does _not_ include the kind of balcony that protrudes from a window or door on an already existing level. See also #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction and #$BasementLevelInAConstruction.", rdfs:label "balconies" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who is an enlisted person in some #$MilitaryOrganization, such as a private.", rdfs:label "enlisted people" SubClassOf: Class: ThreeDimensionalShapeAttribute Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of syntactically well-formed CycL formulas which involve a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some arguments. #$CycLSentences do not necessarily obey arity constraints or other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). #$CycLSentences are also called 'logical formulas', to be distinguished from 'denotational formulas', also known as NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms). Note that this notion of a CycL sentence is broader than the standard definition of 'sentence' in formal logic, which defines a sentence as a closed, well-formed formula. CycL sentences may be open (having free variables). They may be semantically ill-formed but must be syntactically well-formed. Also, queries (see #$CycLQuery) are CycL sentences.", rdfs:label "CycL sentences" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all the anatomical parts and physical regions of all living animals; a subset of #$OrganismPart. Each element of #$AnimalBodyPart is a piece of some live animal and thus is itself an instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject. #$AnimalBodyPart includes both highly localized organs (e.g., hearts) and physical systems composed of parts distributed throughout an animal's body (such as its circulatory system and nervous system). By default, all elements of #$AnimalBodyPart are considered a part (see #$anatomicalParts) of some instance of #$Animal. However, there are exceptional cases, e.g., a severed limb, hair which has fallen out, detached parts of dead animals, blood which has poured out of a body.", rdfs:label "body parts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections; a subset of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType. Every instance of #$ChemicalCompoundType is a subset of #$TangibleThing whose instances are defined ONLY by their chemical composition, and not by their physical state or any other property. In Cyc's current representation, #$ChemicalCompoundTypes can be of two varieties: (1) Collections whose instances are completely uniform with each other in terms of chemical composition; this includes (a) the chemical elements -- such as #$Carbon, #$Oxygen, and #$Hydrogen -- which are instances of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons (thus, the latter is a subset of #$ChemicalCompoundType), and (b) compounds constituted of more than one substance chemically bonded, e.g., #$Water, #$Caffeine, and #$IronOxide. (2) Substances which have a general chemical specification, that is, whose instances do not have exactly the same chemical composition but fall within certain specifications, e.g., #$DNAStuff. Cyc's current theory includes those cases in #$ChemicalCompoundType, though they are arguably borderline. (Future work may require the creation of type collections to identify various levels of chemical specification, such as `exact formula' or `exact structure'.) Note: Collections which Cyc does NOT classify as #$ChemicalCompoundTypes include collections of substances which have some component which is of overriding significance in some context, so that in everyday language such substances are frequently referred to by the name of their important component (e.g., `penicillin' applied to a tablet containing penicillin), but which have significant admixtures of other substances. Our representation distinguishes between the chemical compound (here, instances of #$Penicillin) and the mixture of substances in a tablet containing some #$Penicillin for pharmaceutical use. Thus, #$Penicillin is an instance of #$ChemicalCompoundType, but the collection of tablets containing penicillin and including other ingredients are not. Also, subsets of #$Mixture, such as #$Lemonade, are not instances of #$ChemicalCompoundType, because mixtures are determined by their physical state rather than solely by their chemical composition.", rdfs:label "chemical compounds" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of relationships. Each element of #$VariableArityRelation is a relationship that can take a variable number of arguments, making it unlike most relationships, which have a fixed number of argument places. Examples of #$VariableArityRelation include conjunction (#$and) and functions such as addition (#$PlusFn) that accept a variable number of arguments.", rdfs:label "variable arity relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$ScalarInterval, whose elements are an amount of some property, taken with respect to some unit of time. Elements of #$Rate include, for example, the instances of #$Speed (e.g., 55 mph), #$Frequency (e.g., 55 kHz), #$MonetaryFlowRate (e.g., 55 cents per minute). See #$UnitOfRate for the units used by Cyc to measure rates (e.g., #$DollarsPerYear, #$MetersPerSecond).", rdfs:label "rates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all denotational terms in the CycL language that are not explicitly represented in CycL, but are represented in SubL, the underlying implementation of the Cyc system. Examples include the terms 212, foo , :NOUN, #x, and VARIABLE-P.", rdfs:label "sub l atomic term" SubClassOf: , , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of eukaryotic cells, #$Cells which serve as the basic structural unit of eukaryotic organisms. These cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles. Multicellular Organisms generally have #$EukaryoticCells; #$EukaryoticCell DNA has introns. Certain #$EukaryoticCells, like the red blood corpuscles of #$Persons with heathy #$Spleens, lack nuclei.", rdfs:label "eukaryotic cells" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$TangibleStuffStateType is a collection of all pieces of tangible stuff that are associated with only a single physical state (i.e., structural phase). This includes collections both (1) of substances which exist only in one state (e.g., #$Diamond) and (2) of stuff which by definition has a certain state (e.g., ice, or gels of any composition). Thus, ice, water vapor, and liquid water--i.e., (#$LiquidFn #$Water)--would be represented by a #$TangibleStuffStateType. Water itself, however, can exist in all three states; thus, the collection #$Water, which includes all instances of water regardless of state, is NOT a #$TangibleStuffStateType. Elements of #$TangibleStuffStateType include the collections #$SolidTangibleThing, #$Air, #$Powder, #$Gel, #$Paste, and many others. Any of the Cyc functions #$SolidFn, #$LiquidFn, or #$GaseousFn can be used to create a collection which #$isa #$TangibleStuffStateType.", rdfs:label "tangible stuff state type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A feeling of just regard, consideration, or appreciation for the worth of someone or something. Note: #$Admiration (qv) is different than, or rather a more specialized form of, respect. To feel #$Respect towards someone is just to feel that s/he should be treated with politeness and consideration, as having dignity; #$Admiration and #$Wonder-Admiration implies all of that, but also implies that the target of the #$Respect actually did something special or has some special quality that sets them apart from others (or at least from the respecter). #$Respect is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Respect are #$Reverence, #$Wonder-Admiration, #$Adulation, #$Awe, etc.", rdfs:label "respect" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed #$CycLNonAtomicTerms. These non-atomic terms meet the criteria necessary to be part of an assertion in the Cyc KB. They are not assertible themselves. For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation. Each instance of #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Assertible involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some arguments. Note that a semantically well-formed #$CycLQuery may contain instances of #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Assertible; just because a nat is 'assertible' does not require it to be used in an assertion. See #$CycLPropositionalSentence for more details.", rdfs:label "cyc l non atomic term - assertible" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Marches, the third month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.", rdfs:label "March" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Malleability represents a specific capacity of a physical material to be shaped or formed. Different degrees of malleability may be designated using a #$GenericValueFunction. Malleability of objects is indicated with the predicate #$malleabilityOfObject.", rdfs:label "malleabilities" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Being hungry", rdfs:label "experiencing hunger" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of educational organizations. An element of #$EducationalOrganization may be a school, system of schools, college, seminary, etc., -- a place where teaching and/or training are programmed and provided as a service for students. An educational organization may be public or private. This collection includes #$AustinISD (i.e., the #$CityOfAustinTX Independent School District), #$StanfordUniversity, #$BrynMawrCollege, #$UniversityOfPennsylvaniaSchoolOfMedicine, and many other institutions.", rdfs:label "schools" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The feeling of being emotionally relaxed, of having no pressing troubles or duties weighing on one, of being at ease and untroubled. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Calm.", rdfs:label "relaxation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all cavities, including #$Crevices, deep concavities or holes, and cavities of containers (e.g. the interior of a box). Instances of #$Cavity, unlike those of its specialization #$CavityInteriorRegion, can include walls as parts, in which case they are instances of #$CavityWithWalls. Instances of #$Cavity, unlike those of #$Container, do not have well defined outside walls.", rdfs:label "cavities" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each element of #$IBTRecoding is an event which generates a new IBT (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingThing), by taking information from a source IBT (see #$informationOrigin), encoding it a new way, and incorporating it into a new information-bearing thing (see #$ibtGenerated). Elements of #$IBTRecoding may be done either by agents (e.g., people) or by non-agents (e.g., record players, or computers running translation software). Recoding the content of a pre-existing IBT presupposes some instance of accessing it (i.e., of #$AccessingAnIBT).", rdfs:label "events in which an Information Bearing Thing is recoded" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geopolitical entities which are sub-divisions of countries. An element of #$State-Geopolitical is a ``state-equivalent,'' i.e., a region whose political government is at the very next administrative level down from the national level. In different countries, such a main geopolitical subdivision may be called variously a `region', a `state', a `province', a `prefecture', a `department', a `parish', or something else. In the U.S.A., it is called a `state'. See also #$Province.", rdfs:label "states" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Instances of #$RuleMacroPredicate are predicates that have, implicit in their definition, the schema for a class of quantified formulas. A ground assertion (GAF) using one of these predicates is in fact shorthand for a rule fitting this schema. For example, #$genls is a #$RuleMacroPredicate and its implicit schema would be (#$implies (#$isa ?X ARG1) (#$isa ?X ARG2)). Therefore, (#$genls #$Poodle #$Dog) is shorthand for the rule (#$implies (#$isa ?X #$Poodle) (#$isa ?X #$Dog)). #$RuleMacroPredicates may be supported by system code, as is #$genls, or they may be defined with an #$expansionAxiom. In general, one should only introduce a new #$RuleMacroPredicate if 1) there is a plan to eventually provide code support for efficient reasoning with its uses, and/or 2) using it enables useful type-level reasoning.", rdfs:label "rule macro predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all long, slender cavities or cracks or furrows in otherwise solid objects. The width of a crevice is significantly less than its length. The depth of a crevice is often greater than its width, and is never significantly less than its width.", rdfs:label "crevices" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$ControlDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to control the behavior/functioning/properties of another thing (usually another instance of #$PhysicalDevice). Obvious instances of #$ControlDevice include: the remote control for your TV (an instance of #$RemoteControlDevice), the brake pedal on your car (an instance of #$Pedal-ControlDevice), the light switch on your bedroom wall (an instance of #$ElectricalSwitch); a less obvious instance of #$ControlDevice is #$HooverDam (an instance of #$Dam).", rdfs:label "control devices" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of strings. Each element of #$StreetAddress is a string that denotes a street number and street name. For example, `3721 Executive Center Drive', the street address of #$Cycorp.", rdfs:label "street addresses" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all intelligent agents. Each element of #$IntelligentAgent is an agent that is capable of having knowledge which it employs in its actions. An intelligent agent #$knowsAbout certain things, and having #$beliefs (and possibly #$goals) concerning those things may influence its actions. In addition to persons, Cyc considers certain social beings, such as business and government organizations, and intelligent machines, to be intelligent agents. See also #$Agent, #$performedBy.", rdfs:label "intelligent agents" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "", rdfs:label "n l phrase type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The emotion of viewing positively a state of affairs or other agent's actions. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "sanctions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A specialization of #$SpatialThing-Localized whose instances are intangible regions of space located in the empirically observable universe. A space region might or might not be connected (see #$spatiallyContinuous). It might be partially or completely filled with (occupied by) #$PartiallyTangibles, or it might be completely empty (but cf. #$EmptySpaceRegion). In any case, the space region itself is not to be confused with a physical object or other spatially localized (non-space-region) thing that might happen to be #$cospatial with it. A given space region can be characterized fully merely by specifying its location and dimensions. Thus (although this is not the case with spatial things in general), space regions are identical (#$equals) if and only if they are #$cospatial. #$SpaceRegion is in a way the spatial analogue of #$TimeInterval, whose own instances can be fully characterized by specifying their temporal properties; these two collections can be used, respectively, to talk about space and time as dimensions .", rdfs:label "regions of space" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A #$BiologicalKingdom proposed to include primarily single-celled, eukaryotic organisms such as #$Algae, #$Protozoans, and #$SlimeMolds.", rdfs:label "protista kingdom" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization is an organization which is a part of, and funded by, the government of a geopolitical entity. Examples include the #$InternalRevenueService, #$UnitedStatesNavy, and #$CityCouncilOfAustin (TX). Some elements of #$LegalGovernmentOrganizations have legal standing in courts.", rdfs:label "government organizations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A specialization of #$Predicate instances of which are functional in at least one argument-place (see #$functionalInTheNthArg). Given any sequence of legal arguments placed in such a predicate's other argument positions, there is at most one legal argument such that, when it is placed in the predicate's functional position, the resulting formula is true. More precisely: Suppose PRED is an N-ary instance of #$FunctionalPredicate that is functional in its Kth place. Given any (N-1)-tuple consisting of things that are, respectively, legal arguments (i.e. satisfy the argument-constraints) for the N-1 argument-places in PRED other than its argK-place, there is at most one thing -- call it O(K) -- such that (PRED O(1) ... O(N)) is true. (The one exception to the above is when the argument-format for PRED's functional argument-place is #$IntervalEntry (q.v.). In that case there might be more than one instance of #$ScalarInterval that, when put in this argument-place, yields a true formula; but all of these scalar intervals must be related to one another by #$overlapsIntervals.) For example, #$biologicalMother is functional in its second argument-place, since every animal has one and only one biological mother. It can happen that, for some ways of fixing PRED's other arguments, there will be _nothing_ that would yield a true formula when put into PRED's functional argument-place; for example, while a spatial thing has at most one length (see #$lengthOfObject), if it is (say) a sphere it has none. A binary #$FunctionalPredicate that is functional in its second argument is an instance of #$FunctionalSlot (q.v.).", rdfs:label "functional predicate" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of localized spatial events each instance of which involves one or more physical objects or stuffs. #$PhysicalEvents typically involve interaction among #$PartiallyTangibles. But note that a physical event might consist in the creation, destruction, movement, or a change in some physical feature of a single salient physical object. (See #$PhysicalCreationEvent, #$PhysicalDestructionEvent, #$MovementEvent and #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent.) For a contrasting (though not necessarily disjoint) collection, see #$StrictlyMentalEvent. For events that have both physical and mental components, see the specialization #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent.", rdfs:label "physical events" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$SolidTangibleThing is a piece of stuff which shares many of the properties that matter in a #$SolidStateOfMatter exhibits (though not all instances of #$SolidTangibleThing are formally in a solid state). Instances have a shape independent from their container. When deformed with sufficient force (which may be small for weak, brittle materials or high for materials that deform easily), they break. Examples of #$SolidTangibleThings include: pieces of substances having #$SolidStateOfMatter such as ice cubes; solid mixtures like a quarter-dollar coin or a paper bag; and complex mixtures of biological origin that behave like solids, e.g., bone. Collections of the solid form of any type of stuff can be created using #$SolidFn (q.v.).", rdfs:label "solid objects" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all carts and wagons, relatively small non-motorized wheeled devices with two or more wheels, used for moving goods. Usually they are human-powered or #$EquineAnimal driven.", rdfs:label "carts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of complex information transfer events. Each element of #$MultiDirectionalCommunication is an event in which more than one agent is involved as a #$senderOfInfo. For example, a conversation or a debate, as opposed to a speech or lecture. The predicate #$infoContributed is used to correlate each sending agent with the information s/he transmits in such an event. For communication acts having only one sender, see #$CommunicationAct-Single.", rdfs:label "dialogues" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all female persons.", rdfs:label "human females" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$CollectionEvent is an event in which tangible or intangible objects are collected together at a single place . The objects might come from various sources, and might be gathered via some collection network.", rdfs:label "collections" SubClassOf: Class: TernaryRelation Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each #$Nationality is the set of people resident in (or visiting for a long term) some country -- e.g., #$AmericanPerson, #$TrinidadAndTobagoPerson, etc.", rdfs:label "nationalities" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. This is a general category of workers that generally sit at desks, as opposed to those who do factory work or outside work, etc. Subsets include #$Administrator, #$ComputerOperator, and #$Secretary.", rdfs:label "office clerks" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subset of #$Pants. Every element of #$ShortPants has pantlegs that cover only the upper part of the wearer's legs, being typically knee-length or shorter.", rdfs:label "pairs of shorts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the properties of collections. These predicates implement the intensional structure of the ontology; e.g., #$citizens, #$unitsMeasuringThisQuantity, #$hasDepartmentTypes, #$granuleOfTime, #$objectTypeTransported, #$contraryFeelings.", rdfs:label "intensional representation predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Instances of #$PhysicalPartPredicate are used to describe the relationship between a #$PartiallyTangible and its #$physicalParts.", rdfs:label "physical part predicate" SubClassOf: , Class: UserRightsAttribute Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is the collection of all edges on spatial objects, tangible or intangible. Edges define the boundaries of two-dimensional objects and the edges of the surface boundaries of three-dimensional objects. Corners define where one edge ends and another begins. See #$EdgeOnObject for a discussion of some examples of edges on physical objects.", rdfs:label "edge on object - generic" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Cyc functions whose values can be reified and treated like Cyc constants. Using reifiable functions allow us to add to the KB efficiently; e.g., (#$GovernmentFn #$France) can be treated more or less the same as if we had created a new constant term called `GovernmentOfFrance', and #$GovernmentFn can be applied to any element of #$GeopoliticalEntity to produce such a reified term representing the region's government. On the other hand, it is not desirable to reify every non-atomic term; for example, all the measurable quantities, such as (#$Inch 5), and the numbers which result from using elements of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities (e.g., #$PlusFn), should all be instances of #$UnreifiableFunction instead. Thus, #$IndividualDenotingFunction does not and should NOT have #$ReifiableFunction as a #$genls, because #$IndividualDenotingFunction includes the elements of #$UnitOfMeasure and other functions whose uses we don't want to reify. See also #$Function-Denotational, #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm, #$UnreifiableFunction.", rdfs:label "reifiable functions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A set of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Scientist is a person who is educated and employed in one (or more) of the natural or abstract sciences. Elements of #$Scientist include members of its subsets #$Astronomer, #$Chemist, #$Linguist, #$Mathematician, #$Geneticist, #$CulturalAnthropologist, etc. Examples of #$Scientist: #$CharlesDarwin, #$RichardFeynman, Noam #$Chomsky.", rdfs:label "scientists" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of drops of liquid water emitted by clouds in instances of #$RainProcess.", rdfs:label "raindrops" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of objects which are symmetric on both sides of a bisecting axis, as are most vertebrates.", rdfs:label "bilaterally symmetric object" SubClassOf: Class: CountrySubsidiary Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of Cyc FORTs that are not relevant to the reformulator.", rdfs:label "reformulator irrelevant f o r t" SubClassOf: owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction whose instances are below ground level. See also #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction and #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction.", rdfs:label "basements" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$EmittingAWave. Each element of #$EmittingSound is an event in which an instance of #$Sound is emitted from some #$waveSource. Examples: an explosion generating a sound wave; a plucked violin string resonating; a baby crying; a person saying `Hello'.", rdfs:label "sound emissions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of those #$PhysiologicalProcesses that serve some end for their doers, which may be cells, tissues, or whole organisms; for example, #$Photosynthesis-Plant.", rdfs:label "physiological function" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of topographical features. Each instance of #$Ocean is one of the oceans of the world. This includes #$TheOceanSea, the interconnected expanse of salt water covering 71% of the Earth's surface, and of which the other oceans are subregions. Examples: #$AtlanticOcean, #$ArcticOcean, #$IndianOcean, #$PacificOcean.", rdfs:label "oceans" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which an #$Animal goes from the state of being asleep to being in a waking state.", rdfs:label "wake" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all variables in the CycL language, such as ?WHAT or ?var0.", rdfs:label "cyc l variable" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of human beings old enough to participate as independent, mature members of society. Since different societies have different age or maturity requirements for people to be considered adults, different axioms in various society-specific microtheories express these requirements. For most modern, Western, middle-class,... purposes, e.g., the current view is that anyone over 18 is an adult. In many cultures, adulthood occurs when one reaches puberty. Adulthood is #$contiguousAfter childhood; that is, a #$Person is a #$HumanChild for a while, and then is a #$HumanAdult.", rdfs:label "human adults" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$Organizations intended to make profits, i.e., make money for agents that own them. All #$Businesses are #$CommercialOrganizations (they must buy or sell something), but not all #$CommercialOrganizations are #$Businesses. In a franchise #$Organization, the #$parentCompany is regarded as a #$Business, while the #$subOrganizations are merely instances of #$CommercialOrganization. #$Businesses are typically #$LegalAgents, while #$CommercialOrganizations need not be.", rdfs:label "businesses" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of businesses. An element of #$ConstructionCompany is a business whose #$MainFunction is constructing or remodeling buildings, houses, dams, bridges, or other construction artifacts.", rdfs:label "construction companies" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of animal activities that, from an evolutionary standpoint, the body of the doer was 'designed' to do, and that are instances of action types that can be and often are done without conscious volition. It includes dreaming but not rational thought, and breathing but not holding one's breath. If an instance of #$BodilyFunctionEvent involves the doer moving all or part of its body, either volitionally or as a reflex, it is also an instance of #$BodyMovementEvent.", rdfs:label "bodily function events" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$ChainOrganization is a parent business which comes into contact with its customers or clients primarily through its geographically dispersed sub-organizations, which typically are (mostly) homogeneous in product line, style of physical quarters, local organizational structure, etc. Examples include the parent organizations of McDonald's and Midas Muffler.", rdfs:label "chains" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$BusinessPerson is a person whose occupation is primarily in the ownership and/or operation of a business.", rdfs:label "businesspeople" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$Communicating is an event in which the transfer of information between or among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted with events which involve communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the progressive actions -- and winning -- of the game are focal). Since #$Communicating is a subset of #$PurposefulAction, each #$Communicating event must be intentional on the part of the #$senderOfInfo; it may or may not be intentional on the part of the #$recipientOfInfo. Hence, a speaker on a soapbox haranguing an indifferent crowd is performing an instance of #$Communicating. In contrast, Juliet soliloquizing on her balcony, unaware that Romeo is listening to her, is not #$Communicating; this #$InformationTransferEvent would be an instance of #$Eavesdropping. Communicating may be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information (cf. #$CommunicationAct-Single, #$MultiDirectionalCommunication). Every event belonging to #$Communicating contains at least one transfer of information between at least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from #$Communicating, when those events are just the private accessing or generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g., #$AudioCommunicating, #$NonVerbalCommunicating, #$FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating); by the type of information involved (e.g., #$MakingAnAgreement); by the purpose of the communication (e.g., #$Teaching, #$Negotiating); by the agents involved (e.g., #$IntraOrganizationCommunication, #$StageProduction). Examples of #$Communicating include a symphony performance, an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic ticket -- all of which normally, and focally, involve communication between two or more agents.", rdfs:label "communicating" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of products. Each element of #$FormalProduct is a complete packaged product, including everything the customer gets when the product is purchased, e.g., the #$mainProduct, packaging, enclosures, warranties, etc. The typical packaged product as the retailer stocks it on the shelf and sells it at the register.", rdfs:label "packaged products" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A biological kingdom including bacteria, blue green algae, and prochlorophytes (recently discovered). All members are prokaryotes - their cells lack a nuclear membrane and other internal organelles.", rdfs:label "Monera" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all adult animals (including adult people), meaning all elements of #$Animal that are mature enough to bear offspring, or older.", rdfs:label "adult animals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The most general collection of ailment events; a subset of #$PhysiologicalCondition, and a subset of #$Event. An instance of #$AilmentCondition is a dynamic state of sickness, injury, or physiological impairment. Having an ailment is an event: it has temporal aspects, it progresses dynamically, etc., it is not just `being in some static state of un-wellness.' Some subsets of #$AilmentCondition are: #$RespiratoryAilment, #$HeartCondition, #$Cancer, #$MotionSickness, #$Poisoning, #$Infection, #$InjuryCondition. If a particular person suffers from asthma, that is an element of #$AilmentCondition. Each #$AilmentCondition is a state of actual, developed sickness or impairment, rather than the event of getting sick or becoming impaired. Also note that each type of ailment, such as #$Asthma, is the set of all `cases' or `instances' of individuals suffering from that condition.", rdfs:label "ailments" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of denotational #$CycLNonAtomicTerms which have no free variables. Examples: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus), (#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X #$GreenColor)). Counterexamples: (#$JuvenileFn ?X).", rdfs:label "cyc l closed non atomic term" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of pathways; a subset of #$Path-Generic. Each element of #$FlowPath is a path whose extent is delineated by the movement of a fluid over an area; for example, the path of a lava flow or the #$AlaskanPipeline. Elements of #$FlowPath may (but need not) be constrained by objects or forces that channel the flow of fluid; see also the subset #$FluidConduit.", rdfs:label "paths of flow" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType is a collection of things which are subsets of #$ThreeDimensionalShape. Examples: #$CylinderShape, #$Rectangular3DShape.", rdfs:label "three dimensional shape type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$Plants that have woody or hard trunks, stems or branches (and usually roots). includes large, hard bamboos, and balsa.", rdfs:label "woody plants" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one quarter of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like StanfordSpringQuarter1991.", rdfs:label "academic quarters" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons. Each element of #$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment is a person who holds the political office of Prime Minister in some element of #$Country. Examples: John Major, Benjamin Netanyahu, Lien Chen, #$AndreasPapandreou.", rdfs:label "prime ministers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subcollection of #$Watercraft that contains all boats each of which is usually powered by one or more persons' rowing.--Kat, April 15, 1998", rdfs:label "rowboats" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$CorrosionResistance represents a specific level of resistance to corrosion of some tangible object. Degrees of #$CorrosionResistance may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$CorrosionResistance with the predicate #$resistanceToCorrosion.", rdfs:label "corrosion resistance" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is the subset of #$BodilyFunctionEvent whose elements are actions in which the `doer' is, by definition, a #$nonDeliberateActors. Specializations (subsets) of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary include #$HavingASeizure, #$Blushing, #$Bleeding, #$ExperiencingHunger, etc. Note: if the `doer' of an involuntary bodily function is an #$Organism-Whole, then use #$bodilyDoer to describe its role in the event.", rdfs:label "involuntary bodily functions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$Mixing, two or more substances are combined to form a #$Mixture.", rdfs:label "mix" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$InformationStores, either intangible or partially tangible. Each element of #$StructuredInformationSource is an #$InformationStore in which bits of information are represented as related in a systematic way that is easily characterized by some type of formal structure, including spatial or architectural terms (used metaphorically). Examples include: a database organized in fields and values; a spreadsheet organized in rows and columns with entries; an organizational tree diagram with nodes and branches; a topographical map; a document written in HTML (hyper-text markup language). Negative examples include computerprograms poems, and novels.", rdfs:label "structured information sources" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$SelfEmployedWorker is a worker who earns a living from funds paid directly to him/her by customers, or who is paid by a company s/he owns. An instance of #$SelfEmployedWorker has no boss but him/herself.", rdfs:label "self employed worker" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$ShatteringEvent, something is destroyed by being broken into a mob of pieces. [A `mob' means `a large but indeterminate number'] Since the salient parts of the #$inputsDestroyed must be #$Brittle in order for this to happen, fluids (such as liquid water) and elastic stuff (such as rubber at room temperature) will generally not undergo any #$ShatteringEvents. Items which can be an #$objectActedOn in shattering events are typically made of glass, pottery, bone, plaster, etc. Many substances, particularly solid metals and alloys, are extremely difficult to shatter.", rdfs:label "shattering event" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$LocomotionProcess-Generic. In an instance of #$LocomotionEvent-Animal, the #$objectMoving (at least the object that is playing the role of #$doneBy in the event) is an #$Animal. In addition to episodes of walking and swimming, #$LocomotionEvent-Animal includes events in which an agent moves itself using a device, with that agent supplying the motive force to the device -- as in instances of #$PedalingABicycle, #$IceSkating, #$InLineSkating, etc. Since the locomotor virtually always supplies the vast majority of the force required to make the motion happen, it is safe to infer that IF something plays the role of #$providerOfMotiveForce, THEN it is an #$objectMoving. In certain abnormal situations this rule will make the wrong conclusions: e.g. if a mountain climber's assent is aided by another stationary person above. Some locomotion events are also transportation events, e.g. when someone is walking while carrying something else. Note: Elements of #$LocomotionEvent-Animal may be `non-homogeneous' (by contrast, each #$LocomotionProcess-Animal is `homogeneous.') That is, if you take #$timeSlices of a #$LocomotionEvent-Animal, they may or may not be #$LocomotionEvent-Animals. E.g., even though a mountain-climbing event is a #$LocomotionEvent-Animal, if you take a time-slice of it -- even a quite long time-slice of it! -- that whole time-slice could be where you were tying your climbing rope to a piton you'd just pounded into the mountainside, and that tying event is not a #$LocomotionEvent-Animal. Note that this is not quite the same thing as the granularity of a process, such as #$AnimalWalkingProcess, where if you take a fine enough time-slice you are just lifting your leg up into the air. In the case of a #$LocomotionEvent-Animal such as scaling a sheer rock wall, very little of the time actually involves the motion of your body up the wall.", rdfs:label "locomotion event - animal" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of linguistic objects which are not morphemes, but which nonetheless make up part of a language system; e.g., the parts of speech.", rdfs:label "nonlexical linguistic objects" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections, a subset of #$PrimitiveAttributeType. Each element of #$PolarAttributeType is a collection of attributes which can be possessed either to a positive or to a negative degree. Thus, #$ElectricalCharge would be an instance of this collection, whereas #$Wetness and #$BedSize would not be.", rdfs:label "polar attribute type" SubClassOf: Class: LivingLanguage Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$SellingOrganization is an organization whose main function is to sell things by conducting sales activities. Examples: sales departments (e.g., the sales department of #$ToyotaTheCompany); advertising agencies; and retailers (e.g., #$WaldenBooksTheCompany, #$KMart-TheCompany).", rdfs:label "selling organizations" SubClassOf: , Class: Entity Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all animals that are caged, tied, kept in an animal container, or otherwise held captive. There is some intersection here with #$DomesticPet, but not complete. Some elements of #$Person are members of #$CaptiveAnimal, e.g., political detainees, imprisoned criminals, kidnap victims.", rdfs:label "captive animals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$SalesActivity is an event which the performing agent does in an effort to achieve a subsequent sale to a second agent. Types (i.e., subsets) of #$SalesActivity include #$Advertising, telemarketing, showing sample and/or actual products to customers in a show room or a store. Elements of #$SalesActivity which are successful lead to corresponding elements of #$Buying. Note: #$SalesActivity does NOT include manufacturing, accounting, and other such ancillary business activities.", rdfs:label "sales activities" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of translational motion events; hence a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any element of #$Translation-Flow, the #$objectMoving is a #$FluidTangibleThing (i.e., a portion of some fluid, such as a quart of milk) rather than a discrete solid object. At least some of the #$objectMoving leaves the #$fromLocation and some arrives at the #$toLocation; but it is not necessary that all of the #$objectMoving go from the origin (#$fromLocation) to the destination (#$toLocation). Such fluid flows include rivers flowing or winds blowing or air filling your lungs when you take a breath. Note: also intended to be included here are flows of ``fluids'' such as sand, drifting snow, etc., which are composed of multiple solid particles. So a borderline case would be using a bulldozer to spread out a pile of rocks and gravel over a parking lot; depending on one's context (sensors, purposes, etc.) that might or might not be considered a #$Translation-Flow event.", rdfs:label "flows" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$PerceivingSlot is a binary predicate relating a perceiver and an object or event (not a sense-datum) that s/he perceives in the mode specified by the predicate; e.g., #$sees, #$hears, #$smells, #$perceivesByTouching, #$tastes. Assertions that use a predicate belonging to #$PerceivingSlot imply that some perception event occurs during the time that the assertion holds. See also #$Perceiving and its subsets.", rdfs:label "perceiving slot" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Instances of #$InfectionType are collections of infections, that is to say, specs of #$Infection. Nonetheless, any collection of infection shouldn't be promoted to the rank of an instance of #$InfectionType. For instance, #$BacterialInfection is a legitimate instance, more precisely an instance of #$InfectionTypeByPathogenType, itself a spec of #$InfectionType. A negative example would be the collection of infections of which Bertrand Russell picked up an instance during the year 1918.", rdfs:label "infection type" SubClassOf: Class: GeneralMicrotheory Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of #$Metal. Every instance of #$UnalloyedMetal is a metal which is also an element, i.e., a substance of unmixed chemical type. Thus, each subset of #$UnalloyedMetal is a subset of both #$Metal and #$ElementStuff. Examples of #$UnalloyedMetal include the instances of #$Gold, #$Iron, #$Uranium, #$Antimony, #$Titanium, and many more.", rdfs:label "unalloyed metals" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$PhysicalAmountSlot is a slot (i.e., a binary predicate) used in assertions that state (perhaps roughly) `how much' of an object there is. These can be viewed as different ways of stating the size of an object; e.g., #$lengthOfObject, #$volumeOfObject, #$massOfObject, #$depthOfObject, #$interiorFloorSpace.", rdfs:label "measures" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$PublicSectorEmployee is a person who is employed by a local, state (or provincial), or national government. This collection includes both those who are employed directly in government administration (e.g., elected and appointed officials, tax officers, police and military personnel, other regulatory agents) and those who are employed in support services wholly funded by the government (e.g., postal employees, public school teachers, firefighters, unionized government workers, etc.).", rdfs:label "public sector employees" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of calendar quarters that divide up a calendar year into four parts. For each year, the first of its four quarters includes January, February, and March; the second includes April, May, and June, and so on.", rdfs:label "calendar quarters" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of CycL expressions which have no free variables.", rdfs:label "cyc l closed expression" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A feeling of strong approval. An intense positive attitude towards another person(s) or group. May be accompanied by emulation. #$Admiration is different than #$Respect (qv). This is a collection --- see #$Happiness for an explanation. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Admiration are #$Wonder-Admiration, #$Adulation, #$Awe, etc.", rdfs:label "admiration" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of businesses; a subset of #$LegalCorporation. An element of #$PubliclyHeldCorporation is an incorporated business whose #$Stock is traded publicly on some stock exchange or another public securities market. Businesses that are not traded publicly are instances of #$PrivatelyHeldCorporation.", rdfs:label "publicly held corporations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of products. Each element of #$PersonalProduct is a service or tangible product designed for the physical body of a person, including clothing, accessories, personal care products (e.g., deodorant, hand soap) and devices (e.g., razors, heating pads), cosmetics, and personal services such as massages and manicures. These are products or services which a person would seek out or apply to him/herself; i.e., it excludes products used on the body of a person by physicians (e.g., scalpels), dentists (e.g., dental drills), or morticians.", rdfs:label "personal products" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons. Each element of #$Politician is a person who is involved in politics. Subsets of #$Politician include #$HeadOfState, #$PresidentialCandidate, and #$HeadOfPoliticalParty.", rdfs:label "politicos" SubClassOf: , Class: NaturalLanguage Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$Sound. Each element of #$UltraSound is a sound wave having a #$Frequency greater than 20,000 cycles per second, which is above the range of human hearing.", rdfs:label "ultra sound" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all agreed-upon or conventional classification systems, each consisting of #$ConventionalClassificationTypes. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement, without changing the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the category. (This applies only to named or known classification systems or schemas, and not to everything under the sun as might be urged by some 1990's-era postmodernist deconstructionist literary criticism theorists.) #$ConventionalClassificationSystems would include biological taxonomies, standard classifications, data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo systems, military doctrinal systems, calendar systems, etc.", rdfs:label "conventional classification systems" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all medical worker types, divided up by specialty.", rdfs:label "medical specialty type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of edible stuff; a subset of #$FoodAndDrink. Each element of the collection #$Food is a particular portion of food of a type which can, and habitually is, eaten (not drunk or inhaled) by humans or animals. Here the notion of ``eating'' is important --- not drinking or inhaling or osmosing; an element of #$Food will generally require biting, chewing, etc. A borderline example is a bowl of Jello; a borderline non-example is a very thick milkshake. Even closer to the border is a bowl of vegetable soup so thick and chunky that each spoonful requires chewing. The edibles in #$Food provide calories and/or other nutrients that humans or animals need (e.g., protein, vitamins); this is often true with a #$Drink as well, but probably less than half the time (since most drinking is of water).", rdfs:label "food items" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Cohesiveness represents a specific capacity of a physical object to cohere; e.g., #$RigidlyCohesive, #$LiquidCohesiveness, #$HumanlySeparable. Cohesiveness of objects is indicated with the predicate #$cohesivenessOfObject.", rdfs:label "cohesiveness" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$BioDeteriorationResistance represents a specific capacity of a tangible object to resist biological deterioration. Degrees of #$BioDeteriorationResistance may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$BioDeteriorationResistance with the predicate #$resistanceToBioDeterioration.", rdfs:label "bio deterioration resistance" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The #$Collection of instances of #$Animal while undergoing medical care - which includes routine examinations as well as treatment for injuries or illnesses.", rdfs:label "patients" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangibles; a subset of #$GaseousTangibleThing. Each element of #$Air is one `piece' among all the portions of the atmosphere of the Earth, considered as a substance present in various places, in various quantities, under various pressures, etc. Examples: the AirInAustin; the stuffy air in my office; the thin air atop Annapurna. See also #$TheAtmosphereQuaSinglePieceOfStuff, which is all ambient #$Air on the planet taken as a single object.", rdfs:label "air" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of temporal objects, including actions and events as well as physical objects. Each element of #$InformationBearingThing is an item that contains information, for an agent who understands how to interpret it. Examples: a copy of the novel `Moby Dick'; a signal buoy; a photograph; a flag; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; an account ledger; a word in ASL; a musical score; the #$Cyc program itself. Note: `an IBT' abbreviates `an information bearing thing'. See also #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType. For representation of the propositional content of information bearing things, see #$PropositionalInformationThing; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. #$ArtObject). Also note that events in which information is transferred (cf. #$InformationTransferEvent) are not considered instances of #$InformationBearingThing. Rather, such transfer events have, as one of their actors, some instance of #$InformationBearingThing which is the token considered to be transfered in the #$InformationTransferEvent.", rdfs:label "information-bearing things" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all aircraft used for military purposes, or equipped to be used for such purposes.", rdfs:label "military aircraft" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$EarthStuff. Each element of #$StoneStuff is a piece or portion of rock or stone; e.g., #$MountRushmoreMonument.", rdfs:label "stone" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attribute values. Each element of #$PhysicalAttribute is an attribute value could in theory be measured using physical instruments. Subsets of this collection include #$Density, #$Speed, #$Rigidity, #$Mass, etc. Elements include #$ColdToBitterlyCold, (#$MediumAmountFn #$Visibility), and #$AFewYearsDuration.", rdfs:label "physical attributes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physiological conditions caused by the lack of essential #$Nutrients (usually vitamins, minerals or proteins). Specialized forms of #$Malnutrition are: (1) #$DietaryDeficiencyCondition, in which the necessary nutrients are not ingested; and (2) #$Malnutrition-Secondary, in which the necessary nutrients are not properly metabolized.", rdfs:label "malnutrition" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A kind of cooking in which the food is exposed to smoke. This adds nitrates to the food to prevent rotting.", rdfs:label "smoking food" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$SpatialThings that have a relatively permanent location. Thus, every #$Place is stationary in the frame of reference of the current microtheory.", rdfs:label "places" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The set of rooms in #$ConstructionArtifacts", rdfs:label "rooms" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of actions. In a #$MeetingSomeone event, one #$Agent is moving and meets (comes into close proximity with) another #$Agent. This may or may not be purposeful. It may be performed by non-human animals, and occasionally by other sorts of #$Agents. Note: this does not mean `being introduced to someone', but rather `going to meet with someone'.", rdfs:label "meetings" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$TernaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc predicates which take three arguments.", rdfs:label "ternary predicates" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$BiologicalTaxons that is more restrictive than #$BiologicalPhylum. All instances of a particular #$BiologicalSubspecies have significant traits or collections of traits in common which are not shared by all other members of the same #$BiologicalPhylum.", rdfs:label "biological subphylum" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations; a subset of both #$MedicalCareProvider and #$ServiceOrganization. An element of #$MedicalCareOrganization is any organization that provides some kind of medical care; it may be a sub-organization of a larger organization. Examples include all instances of #$DoctorsOffice, #$DentistsOffice, #$OptometricFacility, or #$RehabilitationFacility; #$IndependentPracticeAssociation or #$Hospital; #$EmergencyRoom, #$DialysisUnit, #$AllergyTestingFacility; #$HomeNursingServiceOrganization or #$LongTermMedicalCareFacility; and #$VeterinaryHospital.", rdfs:label "medical care organizations" SubClassOf: , Class: TerrainAttribute Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of exact half-centuries on the calendar, such as #$FirstHalfOf20thCenturyAD", rdfs:label "calendar half centuries" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. An instance of #$PortableObject is something that is not `fastened down' and which is light enough for an average human (or more to the point: for its average intended user) to move it easily. For many #$PortableObjects, portability is important for them to fulfill their primary functions; for example, an article of clothing (a #$SomethingToWear), a hand-guided tool (a #$HandTool), a coin or dollar bill (an instance of #$Currency), a flashlight (a #$Flashlight), etc. would be pretty useless if they weren't portable. In other cases, making a device portable, or making a portable version of a device, simply provides a convenience, as with the subsets #$PortableTelevision and #$PortableStereoSystem. Note that #$Tool is not a subset of #$PortableObject, since many tools are heavy and/or stationary. A borderline example would be a heart/lung machine; although the beneficiary of its primary function is in no position to move it around, the physicians and nurses who also are `using' it can and do exactly that. The same goes for a playpen; the kids in it had better NOT be able to move it around, but the adults who set it up and put them there can and do move it. A borderline non-example would be a car; even though its user can make it move around, that is more a controlling action than a transporting action --- i.e., the car is doing the transporting in that case, not the driver. A borderline example is a cat; even though it moves under its own power, it is light enough for its owner to pick it up and move around. A borderline example is a bed or a dresser; though too heavy to lift, its owners can generally move it around (by sliding, disassembling and reassembling, etc.)", rdfs:label "portable objects" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Strong affection for another agent arising out of kinship or personal ties. Love may be felt towards things, too: warm attachment, enthusiasm, or devotion. This does not, however, mean something as specialized/metaphorical as `Fred loves to eat ice cream' or `Ethel loves to get her way.' #$Love is a collection, as further explained under #$Happiness. Specialized forms of #$Love are #$Love-Romantic, platonic love, maternal love, infatuation, agape, etc.", rdfs:label "loves" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each #$PhysicalDevice is an #$Artifact which is designed for a specific use or to perform a specific function. Thus, the collections #$Tool, #$Condom, #$BathTub, and #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle are all subsets of this collection, as are many other collections. Excluded are artifacts which can only be 'used' in a very loose or metaphorical sense, such as instances of #$Sculpture, #$FlowerBed, or #$Advertisement-IBT. Also, an instance of #$PhysicalDevice should have a relatively rigid, set shape (which doesn't exclude it having moving parts!); hence, #$GasolineFuel or #$AntiFreeze are not subsets of #$PhysicalDevice.", rdfs:label "devices" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of#$MoneyTransfer. Each element of #$Paying is an event in which one agent pays money to another agent. The payer is the #$fromPossessor; the recipient is the #$toPossessor. In all payings, the payer gives the payee #$FullUseRights to the money. Some types of payings: (1) all instances of #$Buying and #$Renting contain (at least one) #$subEvents which are elements of #$Paying; (2) making charitable contributions; (3) paying off one's gambling debts; (4) paying an employee's salary or a child's allowance. Writing a check or offering a credit card in payment are #$firstSubEvents of paying events; such payings are successful only if the check is not lost or stolen, if it clears the bank, etc. On the other hand, filling out a pledge card, e.g., for United Way, is NOT considered a #$Paying event or part of one, because it does not involve or initiate any legal reassignment of rights to the money.", rdfs:label "payments" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of #$SpacePoint is a zero-dimensional geometrical object. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the center of mass of the universe at the beginning of the twentieth century, as well as abstract objects, such as the point where two abstract lines intersect.", rdfs:label "points in space" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of the events in which a tool is used to grasp some object.", rdfs:label "grasping something with a tool" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of spatial objects; a subset of #$Product. Each element of #$PartiallyTangibleProduct is a product that has some tangible component and may, but need not, have an intangible component (e.g., information). (See also #$PartiallyTangible.) Examples of #$PartiallyTangibleProduct: a newspaper, a photograph, a videotape of `Star Wars', a sack of flour, lumber, a mobile home.", rdfs:label "goods" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$Cleaning event, dirt (or other unwanted substances) is removed from the #$objectOfStateChange of that event. If a #$Cleaning event is successful, then the #$Dirtiness level of the object will have been lowered.", rdfs:label "sanitations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Elements are portions of some #$Surface-Physical which constitute a boundary between the inside and outside of a tangible object.", rdfs:label "sides" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$PhysicalStateChangeEvent is the collection of events in which some piece of matter changes from one of the physical states of matter to another. Such changes of state can be induced by changes in temperature (or the equivalent in the manipulation of kinetic energy). Each particular instance of #$Boiling, #$Freezing, #$Evaporating, #$Condensing, #$Melting, etc. is an instance of #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent. Note: Most Cyc microtheories distinguish four states of matter, namely, #$SolidStateOfMatter, #$PlasmaStateOfMatter, #$LiquidStateOfMatter, #$GaseousStateOfMatter. See #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous and its individual state constants.", rdfs:label "physical state change events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$isa ?X #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) means that ?X is a collection of interval types whose instances recur in a set pattern throughout all of calendar history. ?X must partition all of time: the elements of ?X must be mutually disjoint, and unioned altogether they must encompass all time. For example, ?X could be the set of the seven calendar days (Monday through Sunday), or the set of the twelve calendar months (January through December). I.e., (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) and (#$isa #$MonthOfYearType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType). `Recurring in a set pattern' generally means that one can put the elements of ?X in order, say X1, X2,..., Xn, and there will be an instance of X1 immediately followed by an instance of X2 (that instance x2a of X2 will be #$contiguousAfter that instance x1a of X1), and there will be an instance of X3 immediately following that particular instance of X2, and there will be an instance of X4 immediately following that instance of X3, etc. One final note: when we arrange elements of ?X into such a pattern X1,...Xn (whose repetitions then `tile' all time), n may be larger than the cardinality of ?X. E.g., ?X might be the set with just the 2 elements WeekendDay (the union of the set #$Saturday and the set #$Sunday) and WeekDay, and then the arrangement that tiles all time is 5 contiguous WeekDays followed by 2 contiguous WeekendDays.", rdfs:label "cyclical interval group type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Engineer is a professional who works in some branch of engineering. Elements of #$Engineer include the members of the subsets #$ElectricalEngineer, #$ChemicalEngineer, #$CivilEngineer, #$MechanicalEngineer, etc.", rdfs:label "engineers" SubClassOf: Class: DeadLanguage Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of devices, a subset of #$MechanicalDevice. It includes those mechanical devices typically found inside a #$HumanResidence. An instance of #$HouseholdAppliance is a device used in one of the tasks typically carried on in a home, such as food preparation, food storage, laundry, household cleaning, personal cleaning, cooling or heating the house for comfort, etc. Examples include elements of the collections #$Oven, #$Refrigerator, #$ClothesDryer, #$VacuumCleaner, #$HotWaterHeater, #$Furnace. Note that a bed, which naively is thought of as having no moving parts, is not a mechanical device, and hence not a #$HouseholdAppliance --- the same is true for most chairs, tables, sofas, and other articles of furniture.", rdfs:label "appliances" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all microtheories, or `mts' for short. Microtheories implement contexts in Cyc. Each mt serves to group a set of assertions together that share some common assumptions. Thus each mt can be thought of as having two parts: a corpus of assertions that represent the `content' of the mt, and a separate corpus of assertions that represent the `assumptions' which are being made. E.g., in a normal modern everyday life microtheory, there might be hundreds of content assertions such as `drivers are at least 16 years old', and there might be dozens of assumption assertions about that microtheory's content, such as `all actors are assumed to be law-abiding'. You can think of the assumptions as a set of extra conjuncts on the left hand side (the antecedent or `if'-part) of every content assertion in the mt. Each assertion in the knowledge base must be explicitly stated to be true in at least one mt. It will then (by inference) also be true in all the more specialized contexts. If something is true in the `life in North America' mt, then it should by default be true in the `life in Canada' mt. I.e., the microtheories are organized into a generalization/specialization lattice by the predicate #$genlMt (q.v.), just as collections are organized into such a lattice by #$genls, and just as predicates are organized into such a lattice by #$genlPreds. Just as a collection may have several incommensurable supersets, so too a microtheory may have several incommensurable #$genlMts. Just as each and every collection must have some explicitly recorded superset (except for #$Thing), each and every mt must have some (expicitly recorded) more general mt (except for the #$BaseKB, which is the most general context, containing universal, timeless truths). Just as a Cyc concept may have multiple incommensurable sets of which it is an element (via #$isa), so too a Cyc assertion may be declared to be true in a set of incommensurable mts. Every query is made in some mt, so the answer you get might very well depend on the mt in which you ask the question. Let's call the current context C1, for the remainder of this paragraph. The only assertions which can be used in C1 to answer the query are those assertions which were explicitly stated to be true in C1 or in some more general mt than C1. But what if you want and need something like assertion P, to answer the question, but P doesn't fit that criterion, though P is true in some other mts that are unrelated to C1? You can `import' or `lift' P into C1, by conjoining to its left hand side (if-part) the various assumptions of a context C999 in which P is known to be true. I.e., what you actually conclude to be true in C1 is an assertion of the form `if a1 and a2 and... then P', where a1, a2,... are the assumptions of a context in which P holds (but which are NOT implied by assumptions of C1). When there are several contexts to choose from, from which to import P, you will usually prefer the context whose assumptions are most similar to C1's assumptions, so there will be few extra conjuncts that need to be inserted in the `lifting' process. There is an implicit third component to each #$Microtheory, namely the Cyc terms which are `known about' in that mt. E.g., #$Lenat is not `known about' in a microtheory set in prehistoric times; #$PhotochemicalEnergyTransduction is not `known about' in a microtheory representing things that a toddler believes to be true; etc. Unlike the content and the assumptions, however, there is no need to explicitly collect into one list all the terms which are `known about'. Rather, one could compute such a list by looking at all the terms which are mentioned anywhere in the content assertions of the mt. Note that #$Microtheory is itself a `first-class object', as is each and every element of that collection --- e.g., #$CommercialBuyingMt, #$WorldGeographyMt, #$USHealthcareMt, #$HumanSocialLifeMt, etc. The assertions about a #$Microtheory are just like any other Cyc assertions. Note that one important predicate we haven't mentioned here yet is the one that says `assertion P is true in microtheory M'. That predicate is #$ist. Thus: (#$ist M P). Note that another important predicate we haven't mentioned here yet is the one that says `microtheory M has the proposition P as a domain assumption'. Thus: (#$domainAssumptions M P).", rdfs:label "contexts" SubClassOf: , , owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of human residences. Each element of #$SingleResidenceUnit is either a modern-style detached house, an apartment, or another instance of #$ModernHumanResidence designed to accomodate either a single person or a single family (i.e., instance of #$FamilyCohabitationUnit). Usually, each element of #$SingleResidenceUnit has a unique mailing address.", rdfs:label "single-family dwellings" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Emotion accompanying an expectation of something pleasant in the foreseeable future. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "expectancies" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$Weapon is a device primarily designed for destructive action against animals (often against other sentient beings, most often humans) and/or their habitats (or, more rarely, some class of possessions of theirs.) This collection includes weapons as traditionally defined (e.g., instances of #$Sword, instances of #$Gun-Portable, #$Bombs, etc.) and also miscellaneous military hardware used to kill, to destroy, to immobilize, etc. in military operations. Note that in the case of missile weapons, both the launcher and the ammunition are considered #$Weapons in this sense. E.g., a bow, an arrow, a missile launcher, an ICBM missile, a gun, a bullet. This may seem odd at first glance, but in many contexts most of the same axioms apply to both. Even in our linguistic utterances this carries over; e.g., if asked what killed JFK we can say a rifle, or a bullet from a rifle. Of course there are specializations (subsets) of #$Weapon that limit themselves to `the real weapon itself' and to `ammunition for missile weapons.'", rdfs:label "weapons" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Organizations that are primarily or significantly engaged in the #$FinancialIndustry or whose activities focus on that industry. Instances of both #$CommercialServiceOrganizations (e.g., banks and brokerage houses) and #$NonProfitOrganizations (e.g., #$InternationalMonetaryFund) may be instances of #$FinancialOrganization. Specializations of #$FinancialOrganization include #$BankCompany, #$FinancialExchange, and #$InvestmentOrganization.", rdfs:label "financial organizations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of attributes referring to the physiological properties of plants. At the very least, these include seasonal stages, physical properties, and plant health. These attributes apply to entire #$Plants rather than just to certain parts of them.", rdfs:label "plant physiological attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of human meeting events, in which #$Persons gather intentionally at a location in order to communicate or share some experience; business is often transacted at such a meeting. Examples include: a particular conference, a business lunch, etc.", rdfs:label "meetings" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of intangible individuals. Each instance of #$Proposition is an abstract propositional thing that has some truth value in some context or world. A proposition is assumed to be representable (at least in principle) by a sentence in some formal or natural language. But it should _not_ be assumed that propositions are themselves intrinsically linguistic items in the way that sentences or formulae are. Indeed, propositions are often viewed as extra-linguistic, intensional entities that (while not sentences themselves) are represented or expressed by meaningful sentences (or, on some versions of this view, by concrete tokens of sentences). On such a view it is possible for distinct sentences (either from the same language or from different languages) to express the very same proposition; e.g. 'Snow is white.', 'White is the color of snow.', 'Schnee ist weiss.' (in German), and (arguably) '(#$relationAllInstance #$objectHasColor #$SnowMob #$WhiteColor)' (in CycL). Similarly, it is sometimes the case that a single sentence -- when used in different contexts -- will express distinct propositions; e.g. 'I am hungry.' said by you and said by me. Most formal languages (such as a first-order predicate calculus) and natural languages (such as English) include the resources for composing expressions that represent propositions from component expressions (that might or might not themselves represent other propositions).", rdfs:label "propositions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$NonVerbalCommunicating is a transmission of information by means of some bodily movement other than speaking. Subsets include #$ShakingHands and #$Cuddling, since such actions by definition are communications involving two actors. (Note that #$MakingAGesture (q.v.) is NOT a subset of #$NonVerbalCommunicating; instances of #$MakingAGesture are merely information-encodings. They may or may not be #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating events.)", rdfs:label "nonverbal communicating" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of regional government organizations. An element of #$GovernmentOfCountry is the government of some element of #$Country; e.g., #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment. See also the Cyc function #$GovernmentFn, which can be used to refer to the government of a political region. The governments of smaller regions within a country may or may not be #$subOrganizations of that country's government; in `federal' systems the smaller regions often have partly autonomous governments, as do the elements of #$State-UnitedStates.", rdfs:label "national governments" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A specialization of #$SpaceRegion whose instances are connected regions of empty space located in the empirically observable universe. The meaning of empty depends on context. In a high-energy physics microtheory where empty is defined as containing no particles, an empty space region would be a complete vacuum (see also #$Vacuum). In #$AmbientConditionsMt an empty space region would be occupied by a piece of #$Atmosphere. An undersea context could treat empty space regions as filled with seawater. An instance of #$EmptySpaceRegion is intangible, and not to be confused with the material -- if any -- that occupies it (cf. #$FreeSpaceContent).", rdfs:label "empty space region" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each instance of #$PreservingFood is an event in which a single item of food or drink (a member of the collection #$FoodAndDrink) is acted on to prevent its #$Spoiling.", rdfs:label "preserving food" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$IslandsAndIslandGroup is either an #$Island or a group of islands (see #$Archipelago), or an area which includes part but not all of an island (#$IslandSubregion). Elements of #$IslandsAndIslandGroup include groups of scattered islands which do not form a natural geographical area; the chief reasons for representing such groups is that they are geopolitical areas and/or were historically significant. Examples: #$FrenchPolynesia, #$Cyclades, #$OuterHebrides-Archipelago, #$Grenadines-Islands.", rdfs:label "islands or island group" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$Country is a nation-state having its own territory, population, and government, whether or not it is fully independent. For example, #$Scotland is an element of #$Country, even though it is a part of the #$UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland. Cf. #$IndependentCountry.", rdfs:label "countries" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of dynamic, physiological states. An instance of #$AllergicReaction is an event in which an organism which is exposed to a particular substance (e.g., pollen, mold) develops some abnormality or impairment of its physiological condition as a result of interacting with the substance. Allergic reactions to some types of substances occur widely in members of a species; e.g., #$PoisonIvyPoisoning in humans. But other allergic reactions affect only a small proportion of a species, such as human allergies to penicillin. This concept is the set of events in which allergic reactions are `taking place', not abstract unrealized potential situations such as `John is allergic to milk.' I.e., if John were allergic to milk, and he drank some, and then proceeded to have a whopping bad allergic reaction, that latter event would be an element of #$AllergicReaction.", rdfs:label "allergic reactions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of government organizations; a subset of #$LocalOrganization. An element of #$LocalGovernmentOrganization is any government organization -- whether federal, state, county, or municipal -- that is specific to, i.e., has jurisdiction and/or services generally limited to, one (local) location. For example, a Board of Education of a particular school district is a #$LocalGovernmentOrganization, because its authority extends to schools in a limited (local) area; in the U.S., such a Board answers to another #$LocalGovernmentOrganization, typically a city or township government. In another example, an element of #$VeteransAdministrationMedicalCenter is a local organization in terms of its service area, but bureaucratically it belongs to the U.S. Federal government; thus, #$VeteransAdministrationMedicalCenter is a subset of both #$LocalGovernmentOrganization and #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization.", rdfs:label "local government organizations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all specified systems of paths and links. An instance of #$PathSystem may consist of real-world (#$PartiallyTangible) things, or #$Intangibles like a graph (or #$Multigraph) in Graph Theory, in which nodes are linked by links. But unlike a graph in Graph Theory, there can be many path-points on a path between designated nodes. These non-node path-points can be discrete, dense or even continuous. Such a path system does not have to be 'connected' (in the sense that for any points X and Y in the system, there must be a path connecting them, see #$ConnectedPathSystem). Each instance SYS of #$PathSystem consists of a nonempty set of 'points', a subset of it called 'nodes', a set of 'links', and optionally a set of 'loops'. Here, 'point' is a nonempty set of #$Things called 'points in SYS' (see #$pointInSystem). The set 'node' is a nonempty subset of 'point' (see #$nodeInSystem). Link is a (possibly empty) set of (primitive) paths whose elements are called 'links in SYS' (see #$linkInSystem). Loop is a (possibly empty) set of (primitive) cycles whose elements are called 'loops in SYS' (see #$loopInSystem). To finish your definition of a path system SYS, you need to specify, using the predicates below (other than the four mentioned above), which link is between which two nodes, and which point is on which link, and which node is on which loop, etc. The rest should be determined by your set-up of the system. For example, #$pathBetween can be used to specify the 'end points' of each link, #$pointOnPath can be used to specify which point is on which link, #$pointOnCycle specifies which node is on which loop, and, when more points than the end-points of a link are desired to be on the link, #$betweenOnPath can be used to specify the relative positions of all points on a link. But there are more convenient ways to set up your SYS. For example, if you use #$linkBetweenInSystem which is a combination of other predicates, it will give you what you need when using #$linkInSystem, #$pathBetween, #$nodeInSystem, #$pointOnPath to setup your system (except that this will not give you those assertions about isolated nodes or points on a link between its end points). See #$pointInSystem, #$nodeInSystem, #$linkInSystem, #$linkBetweenInSystem (an abbreviation), #$pathInSystem, #$pathBetweenInSystem (an abbreviation), #$pointOnPath, #$betweenOnPath, #$loopInSystem, #$pointOnCycle, #$junctionInSystem, #$deadEndInSystem, #$isolatedNodeInSystem and #$connectedInSystem. Note that a path system may satisfy further condition in addition to those determined by the conditions on these predicates. For example, links and loops may have 'directions'. When further conditions are added to some path systems, we expect different kinds of path systems. For some particular kinds of path systems, see #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem, #$DirectedPathSystem, or #$PathSystemType-Structural in general. For subsystem relation between path systems, see #$subPathSystems.", rdfs:label "path system" SubClassOf: owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of states that devices can be in, including: #$DeviceOn, #$DeviceOff, #$RecordingStates, #$CockedState, #$Folded, #$OffHook, #$Unlocked, and many others.", rdfs:label "device state" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all motorcycles, two-wheeled motorized personal transport devices. A motorcycle lacks a cab or compartment to protect the driver from wind and weather. Since motorcycles are used both on and off road, this is not a spec of #$RoadVehicle.", rdfs:label "motorcycles" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all nouns derived from verbs, including (but not limited to) those ending in '-ing', '-er/or', and 'tion'.", rdfs:label "de verbal noun" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of assertions in the HL language, used internally by Cyc's inference engine.", rdfs:label "h l assertion" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A specialization of #$Group. Each instance of #$Mob is a group that contains a large number of objects or events of the same type. Mobs typically have more members than would be feasible to enumerate or reify. One rarely refers to particular members of a given mob; and when one does, it is usually only to relatively few of them. Examples: the #$Andes-Mountains is a mob of mountains; each instance of #$Galaxy is a mob of stars; a cupful of sand is a mob of grains of sand; and making popcorn involves a mob of corn kernel bursting events.", rdfs:label "mobs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all animals' digestive systems. A #$DigestiveSystem is a system of organs and other body parts (typically of #$Vertebrates) which work together to accomplish the digestion function.", rdfs:label "digestive systems" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$ElectricalCharge. E.g., (#$Coulomb 3) denotes an electrical charge of 3 coulombs.", rdfs:label "units of charge" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all primates. The collection #$Primate includes the subsets #$Person, #$Ape, #$Monkey, etc. #$Primate is an instance of #$BiologicalOrder in the #$BiologicalClass #$Mammal.", rdfs:label "primates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events with multiple participants. In each #$DisputeEvent, some participants seek to achieve states of affairs that other participants seek to prevent. Disputes may or may not get settled. Settlement of a dispute may be by fighting, by competition, by using a mediator or court, by chance, by mutual reasoning, etc.", rdfs:label "disputes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the various levels of discomfort that may be felt by a perceptual agent. Typically, the agent must be a living entity. Typically, the sensation is an internal feeling, and is more of a long-lasting dull ache than a sharp pain (see: #$LevelOfPain).", rdfs:label "levels of discomfort" SubClassOf: , , Class: daml:UnambiguousProperty Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all regions centered around a point where two edges of a sheet-like object meet at an angle or where three or more surfaces (together with three or more solid edges dividing them) meet at one place forming a solid angle. Includes 2-dimensional corners and 3 dimensional corners. Corners are either #$Convex or #$Concave with respect to some perspective.", rdfs:label "corners" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. #$TransferIn includes all #$GeneralizedTransfers for which there is a well-defined #$to-Generic, but not necessarily a #$from-Generic. This includes, among other things, #$CollectionEvent, #$GainingUserRights, and #$AccessingAnIBT. At the end of a #$TransferIn, #$transferredThing is 'located' at the #$to-Generic. Some negative examples of #$TransferIn are #$AbandoningSomething (when there is no prospective owner) and #$IBTGeneration (when the information may go to various unspecified locations.", rdfs:label "transfer in" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$Manufacturing event, raw materials or component parts are combined to produce a product. In a typical #$Manufacturing process, the motivation of the manufacturer is that the value of the #$outputs should exceed the value of the #$inputs. #$Manufacturing does not include related or supportive processes such as transporting the raw materials to the manufacturing site, scheduling done ahead of time, etc. -- the concept #$ProductionEvent covers that bigger picture.", rdfs:label "fabrications" SubClassOf: Class: ThermalConductivity Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$TransformationEvents that also are elements of #$TemporalStuffType. That is, each of their temporal parts is also a #$TransformationEvent, in which something is destroyed and something created. Note: It is often the case that a #$TransformationEvent is NOT a #$TransformationProcess --- e.g., there may be several preparation stages, and then at the end everything is brought together and the foaming starts, or the butterfly emerges, or whatever transformation occurs. So #$TransformationProcess is a small subset of #$TransformationEvent (qv).", rdfs:label "transforms" SubClassOf: Class: CapacityAttribute Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of smallish geographical regions. Each element of #$GroundsOfOrganization is an area which contains buildings inhabited by some organization. Examples: the campus of the #$UniversityOfTexasAtAustin or the grounds of #$SetonNorthwestHospital. Note that the `grounds' of an organization, especially an organization with urban locations, might not include a yard.", rdfs:label "headquarters" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. An #$EthnicGroupType is a set of people whose group-organization, practices or characteristics are based on ethnic origins. E.g., some #$EthnicGroupTypes are: #$EthnicGroupOfVietnamese, #$EthnicGroupOfIndiansOfTheUS, etc.", rdfs:label "ethnic groups" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Relations of arity 4 in CycL. This collection was created in order to implement automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL, regardless of whether they are predicates or functions.", rdfs:label "quaternary relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$Water. Each element of #$Water-Saline is a portion of water with some substantial concentration of salt mixed into it. For example, the #$RedSea, #$GreatSaltLake, or the salt water I mix up for gargling.", rdfs:label "water - saline" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of both #$BusinessEvent and #$SocialOccurrence. Each instance of #$BusinessRelationshipActivity is a (usually long-term) social activity whose participants are related by some business relationship. The social events constituting a #$BusinessRelationshipActivity further, either directly or indirectly, the (usually mutual) business interests of the participants. A #$BusinessRelationshipActivity is typically carried out over multiple social occasions and may consist of many #$subEvents.", rdfs:label "activities in a business relationship" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$NavigationDevice is a device used for #$Navigating, i.e., for taking the bearings and plotting the course of someone or something travelling through some medium, usually in some transportation device. Instances include the simplest elements of #$Compass, but also sophisticated GPS (geopositioning systems utilizing satellites.)", rdfs:label "navigational devices" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions more specific than #$BiologicalClass but more general than #$BiologicalOrder.", rdfs:label "subclasses" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "", rdfs:label "non profits" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all those #$MathematicalOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation R is an irreflexive and transitive relation on the #$baseSet S of ORDER, i.e., for each X in S, R(X X) does not hold, and for each X, Y and Z in S, R(X Y) and R(Y Z) imply R(X Z). For example, if you take the set of all people in the states today and take the relation '__ is older than ...' on this set, you get a #$PartialOrdering-Strict since the relation '__ is older than ...' is irreflexive and transitive. Note that the important difference between a #$PartialOrdering and a #$PartialOrdering-Strict is that the ordering relation of the former is reflexive while that of the latter is irreflexive. Note also that although we did not state in the definition that the ordering relation R of a #$PartialOrdering-Strict ORDER must be antisymmetric or asymmetric on the #$baseSet S of ORDER, R is in fact antisymmetric (i.e., for each X and Y in S, R(X Y) and R(Y X) imply X = Y) and asymmetric (i.e., for each X and Y in S, R(X Y) and R(Y X) can never be both true) on S. This is because both antisymmetry and asymmetry follow from transitivity and irreflexivity.", rdfs:label "strict partial order" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$MovementEvent is the collection of events which are principally about an object or set of objects going from one place or set of places to another place or set of places, or from one rotational orientation to another rotational orientation. Note that shape changes (see #$ShapingSomething) are not a kind of #$MovementEvent. Each instance of #$MovementEvent is a rotation or translation of some instance of #$PartiallyTangible, where movement occurs relative to a frame of reference which is not part of the #$objectMoving. Thus, Neil Armstrong's stepping onto the Moon's surface from the lunar landing module is an element of #$MovementEvent. Such movements may be periodic (e.g., the turning of the Earth on its axis 31 times during the month of August 1996) or complex (e.g., Li Xiaoshuang's compulsory floor exercise in the 1996 Olympics Men's Gymnastics Team Competition). Note: #$MovementEvent is the most generic collection for physical movements. For representing specific events, one or more of the following subsets of #$MovementEvent may be more precise: #$Movement-TranslationEvent, #$Movement-Rotation, #$Movement-Periodic, #$Movement-NonPeriodic, #$Translation-Flow, #$Translation-Complete, #$Translation-SingleTrajectory, #$Translation-MultiTrajectory. Some questions to consider in selecting the best collection to represent a physical movement include: (1) is the movement translational or rotational motion? (2) is it periodic or nonperiodic? (3) does it involve a discrete motion (i.e., an object's moving completely from one place to another) or a continuous flow? (4) does it involve a change of location or no location change? (5) does it involve a single pathway or more than one? Note on what is NOT included in #$MovementEvent: Consider a person's raising her hand and waving, or a tree's bending as its branches sway in a strong wind, while the person and the tree remain in the same place. The movements of the person and the tree do NOT qualify as instances of #$MovementEvent, because the `doer' in any element of #$MovementEvent must rotate or translate as a whole. The hand movement and the movement of the branches do, however, qualify as objects moving in the proper sense. So, for example, an instance of #$WavingAHand (done by a person) would have#$subEvents which ARE elements of #$MovementEvent, in which the person's hand is the #$objectMoving.", rdfs:label "moves" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each element of #$IBTCopying is an event which generates a/some new IBT(s) (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingThing) by copying the information and format from a source IBT (see #$informationOrigin). The new IBT(s) encode(s) approximately the same information in approximately the same way as the source IBT. Examples: photocopying a document, faxing a document, duplicating a videotape. But also note that making twenty photocopies of the same document will count as an instance.", rdfs:label "events in which an Information Bearing Thing is copied" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The class of potential agreements or other kinds of #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory which are in the 'proposal' stage -- i.e., which are under consideration but which have not been adopted (yet). The making and consideration of #$Proposals is an important part of such activities as #$Negotiating and legislative #$Debate. Examples of #$Proposals include #$BidOnSale, job offers, proposed codes of conduct (including proposals for new #$Laws), and proposed punishments.", rdfs:label "proposals" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all instances of #$BodyOfWater such that they are considered to be accessible to international maritime traffic and trade. They may be subject to the customs and laws of a particular country, or of the international community. Examples include instances of #$ShippingLane-International, the #$HighSeas, and, ordinarily, territorial waters like (#$TerritorialSeaFn #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica), unless these have been closed to shipping in a particular context.", rdfs:label "international waters" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$MKSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the MKS (i.e., meter-kilogram-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond, #$Liter, #$MetricTon.", rdfs:label "meter-kilogram-second units of measure" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A physical floor in a building, NOT the level (storey). The latter is called #$LevelOfAConstruction. The floor can include any floor in a building such as the floor of a room on the third floor as well as the floor covering the entire 1st level of the building. This includes just the horizontal surface -- not the subfloor. It also doesn't include floor coverings like carpet or tile.", rdfs:label "floors" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In an #$AbradingSomething event, the surface of some object is gradually worn away by scraping or similar physical contact involving friction. Devices used in elements of #$AbradingSomething include files and sand paper; elements of #$AbradingSomething would include the event in which Howard Hughes sanded down the Spruce Goose for the last time, the event in which Lucy Ricardo filed her fingernails just before her singing debut at Rickie's club, etc.", rdfs:label "abrading events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Expelling air from the lungs", rdfs:label "exhalations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$SteppeClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) on the steppes (i.e., temperate zone semiarid plains). Characteristics of a steppe climate include: little precipitation, but wetter than a desert; wide temperature extremes, from very hot in the day to cold at night.", rdfs:label "steppe climates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of Acceleration. For example, the value of the function #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond applied to the real number 9.8 -- (#$MetersPerSecondPerSecond 9.8) -- is 9.8 meters per second squared.", rdfs:label "units of acceleration" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of predicates that are spatial relationships. Instances of this collection take one or more instances of #$SpatialThing as arguments and give information about its/their spatial location, position, or orientation by relating it/them to a direction or other spatial thing. (Of course, the asserted isa-contraints on the relevant argument places might be proper subcollections of #$SpatialThing.) Note that when an element of #$SpatialPredicate has an instance of #$Group as one of its arguments, in many cases a certain spatial relationship is being asserted to hold of all or most of the members of that group; but there are exceptions (e.g. #$in-Among) for which this is not the case.", rdfs:label "spatial relations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$Organizations that have been formally organized as partnerships pursuant to partnership agreements. In the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, most instances of #$Partnership are organized pursuant to specific statutes. #$GeneralPartners of a #$Partnership are jointly and severally liable for the debts and other liabilities of the #$Partnership. The liability of #$LimitedPartners is limited in accordance with the governing partnership agreement. The #$PartnershipPartners of an instance of #$Partnership may be individuals or entities. For example, an instance of #$LimitedPartnership may have an instance of #$LegalCorporation as its #$GeneralPartner and individuals as its #$LimitedPartners.", rdfs:label "partnerships" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subcollection of #$Watercraft-Surface, whose instances are large, typically ocean-going vessels. How big is 'large'? Mariners often use the rule of thumb that a #$Ship is too large to be carried by any other #$Ship.", rdfs:label "ships" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mathematical objects each instance of which is either a denotational function or a predicate that is functional in at least one argument place (see #$FunctionalPredicate). Examples: #$SkolemFunction, #$IntervalMaxFn, #$ElectricalPotentialDifference, #$revenueFromType, #$costRateForType, #$permeabilityOfSubstThroSubst.", rdfs:label "function or functional predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all lists or finite sequences of items, as an abstract notion. A #$List is a special kind of #$Tuple that is a finite structure with a first and last member-position, and for each member-postion but the last, there is a successor member-position. A #$List, like other #$Tuples, allows repetition of its members -- the same item can appear at multiple member-positions in the list. A list can be viewed formally as a function from a finite index set of counting numbers, beginning with one, into the domain of #$Things or perhaps some more restrictive domain. Unlike #$Series, #$List is purely abstract and the only implied relation between an item and its successor is the successor relation of the list itself. #$List is, technically, more specific than #$Tuple only in that the index set must be the counting numbers in their usual order rather than some other index set. Note that the operators defined on lists do not correspond exactly to similar operators in Common LISP; #$List includes commonsense lists like grocery list and the first item on a list is at position number 1.", rdfs:label "lists" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of cities. Each element of #$CapitalCityOfRegion is an element of #$City (q.v.) that is the capital of its surrounding region. This includes both capitals of countries and capitals of subregions. Examples: #$CityOfRomeItaly, #$CityOfCardiffWales, #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfAbidjanIvoryCoast, #$CityOfLhasaTibet, #$CityOfColumbusOH (#$FranklinCountyOhio). See also #$capitalCity, #$capitalCityOfThisState.", rdfs:label "capitals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$NaturalLanguage. Each element of #$DeadLanguage is a natural language that is no longer spoken as a native language.", rdfs:label "dead languages" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of attributes describing emotions and mental feelings. An element of this set would be a particular `amount' of happiness, of confidence, of fear, etc. Obviously there are no real `units of measure' for these quantities, but one can certainly say that the `amount' of happiness one felt at one's wedding was `more' than the happiness they felt at their college graduation ceremony, etc. There are functions, such as #$LowAmountFn, which take a #$PrimitiveAttributeType (such as the instances of #$FeelingAttributeType) and return as their value a certain-sized amount of that attribute-type; e.g., (#$LowAmountFn #$Confidence) is an expression whose value is a low amount of confidence, and that in turn will be an element of #$Confidence, and also an element of #$FeelingAttribute, and also an element of #$AttributeValue, etc. See especially the various subsets of #$FeelingAttribute. Note that #$FeelingAttribute is NOT an element of #$FeelingAttributeType. Since #$FeelingAttributeType is a subset of #$PrimitiveAttributeType, any element of #$FeelingAttributeType (such as #$Happiness) should have a total order among all its elements. All the elements of #$FeelingAttribute can't be placed in a total order (for example, how can we compare 'low happiness' with 'low contempt'?), so it should not be an element of #$FeelingAttributeType.", rdfs:label "emotions" SubClassOf: , Class: IndependentCountry Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events, a subset of #$StrictlyMentalEvent. Each element of #$Thinking is a mental process in a general sense that assumes consciousness, has some propositional content and differs from experiencing a sensation or emotion. The collection includes both atomic mental events of having a single thought, with propositional content, and composite mental events involving the processing of thoughts. Thinking need not necessarily be purposeful mental activity. Obsessive thoughts and thinking of a solution to a math problem would both be examples of events that belong in this collection.", rdfs:label "think" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The class of substances that can be introduced into organism's bodies to produce certain physiological effects. Includes both stuffs and objects made and/or marketed as #$DrugProducts, as well as naturally-occurring stuffs and objects that have physiological effects.", rdfs:label "drugs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$CookingFood is an event in which some item of #$Food is prepared by heating it. Typically, the foodstuff is heated until it reaches a certain temperature over some period of time, during which chemical and/or physical changes occur which are supposed to make the foodstuff healthier or tastier (or, in some cases, ethically acceptable). A #$CookingFood event may last from a few minutes (e.g., #$SteamingFood (vegetables), #$MakingToast) to several hours (e.g., #$RoastingFood). Note: #$SmokingFood is not a subset of #$CookingFood. Food prepared by smoking (e.g., smoked ham, bacon) is `cured' by a chemical reaction with nitrates in the smoke, rather than being cooked by heat. Cf. #$SmokingFood, #$SaltingFood.", rdfs:label "cooking events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Februaries, the second month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.", rdfs:label "February" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Those instances of both #$TernaryPredicate and #$ArgTypePredicate used to specify the required #$isa or #$genls or #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required type: a #$Collection or an #$AttributeValue.", rdfs:label "arg type ternary predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Sales in which the payment tendered is a check.", rdfs:label "sale by check" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all the anatomical parts of all living organisms. It includes gross anatomical parts and microscopic anatomical parts of every individual of every species.", rdfs:label "organism part" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Octobers, the tenth month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.", rdfs:label "October" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$SharedNote is an element of the Cyc collection #$DocumentationConstant. Each instance of #$SharedNote is a constant which contains only documentation (usually a #$comment) about two or more constants (not including that documentation constant). See #$sharedNotes for more information.", rdfs:label "shared note" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of any movements of an arm that are generated by the #$Animal whose arm it is, through nerve impulses to the arm. Physically, an #$ArmMovement involves movement of the upper arm or elbow in relation to the body to which it is attached.", rdfs:label "arm movement" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) within a temperate climate zone. Characteristics of a humid subtropical climate cycle include a hot summer and a cool winter, with precipitation and moist air throughout. Cycles of this kind occur closer to the equator than do instances of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle. For instance, the Southeastern United States is a good example of a region whose annual climate cycles are instances of #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle.", rdfs:label "humid subtropical climates" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. The elements of #$RelativeHumidity represent the extent to which the atmosphere at a location approaches total saturation with water vapor. The relative humidity of a location is indicated with the predicate #$ambientRelativeHumidity.", rdfs:label "humidity" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of acts of conveying information by means of intentional communication.", rdfs:label "acts of conveying information" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons. Each element of #$HeadOfState is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some element of #$Country. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, Regent. Examples of #$HeadOfState: #$BillClinton, #$QueenElizabethII, Yasser Arafat, Hirohito, Jiang Zemin. See also #$titleOfPosition. Cf. #$HeadOfGovernment.", rdfs:label "heads of state" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$ContainerProduct is an object whose #$primaryFunction (or one of whose main functions) is to be a container. Examples are of staggering variety, including storage containers for books, office records, food, clothing, tools, and materials; containers for transporting the same; passenger compartments of various kinds of vehicles; artificial constructs for housing humans and animals; etc., etc. Instances of #$Crib, #$Sandbox, #$OfficeSpace, and #$Coffin.", rdfs:label "container products" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of #$Metal. Each instance of #$MetalAlloy is a metallic stuff which is a homogeneous blend of at least one part of #$UnalloyedMetal with at least one other substance. #$MetalAlloy is not a subset of #$Mixture, because each instance of #$MetalAlloy is defined not only by the amounts and kinds of its #$constituents, but also (unlike a mixture) by the internal structures formed during its creation. Furthermore, the creation process is typically more complex than #$Mixing. Common metal alloys include the instances of #$Bronze, #$Brass, and #$Steel. Note that #$GalvanizedMetal is NOT a subset of #$MetalAlloy, because every instance of #$GalvanizedMetal has a coating of some #$Zinc on its surface, and thus (unlike an alloy) the components of galvanized metals are not homogenously distributed throughout.", rdfs:label "alloys" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of artificial tangible objects. Each element of #$ConstructionArtifact is a structure designed and built by humans. This collection includes buildings and parts of buildings, as well as things like dams, railroad lines, and roads. Examples: the #$RomanColiseum, the #$ArcDeTriomphe, #$HooverDam, the #$WorldTradeCenter, #$HollywoodBowl. For further information, see #$FixedStructure, an important subset.", rdfs:label "structures" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike things. Example: 'water'. This collection also includes proper mass nouns like 'Pepsi', agentive mass nouns like 'moisturizer', etc.", rdfs:label "count noun - generic" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$NegativeInteger is a subset of #$Integer. Each element of #$NegativeInteger is a whole number less than zero; thus, -4, but not 0 or 4 or -4.3.", rdfs:label "negative integers" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of concrete physical objects. Each instance of #$Conveyance is intended for moving partially tangible things --- it could be a car, ship, plane, or other vehicle for transporting people; it could be a conveyor belt or a grocery bag for moving goods; it could be a gun, a bow, or a cannon for launching projectiles. See also #$TransportationDevice which are objects that actually move along with the thing they are transporting, and #$Conveyance-Stationary where the object doing the moving remains stationary. See #$Conveying-Generic, #$TransportationEvent and #$Conveying-Stationary for the different kinds of conveying events. Some positive exemplars: a gun, a car, a horse. A wire can be considered to be a #$Conveyance, in those microtheories were #$Electricity, #$Signals, etc. are considered to be things that move.", rdfs:label "conveyances" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of vine plants, #$Plants that are in the form (gross form and habit) of long tendrils or long, narrow, flexible ropy strands.", rdfs:label "vines" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Individual is the collection of all things that are NOT sets or collections. Thus, #$Individual includes (among other things) physical objects, temporal subabstractions of physical objects, numbers, relations, and groups (see #$Group). An element of #$Individual may have parts or a structure (including parts that are discontinuous); but NO instance of #$Individual can have elements or subsets. Important distinction: Though an element of #$Individual may have parts (e.g., #$physicalParts or #$groupMembers), that individual is NOT the same thing as the collection containing those same parts. For example, your car is an individual, but the collection of all the parts of your car is an instance of #$Collection. The latter -- the collection of parts of your car -- is an abstract collection; it doesn't have a location, it doesn't have a top speed, etc. -- it's just a collection! -- but it does have subsets, supersets, and members. The #$Group of parts of your car IS an #$Individual and has a location and mass. Similarly: `Bill Clinton's immediate family' is an #$Individual -- a #$Group of #$Persons; however, the #$Collection of persons who belong to that family is not. One final example: A company belongs to #$Individual and is distinct from both the #$Group of its employees (a different #$Individual) and the #$Collection of its employees (which are distict from each other.).", rdfs:label "objects" SubClassOf: owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. For most animals, a #$DigestionEvent starts at the mouth and, for most vertebrates, ends at the anus. This concept should not be confused with #$DigestingInStomach, whose instances occur only in an organism's #$Stomach. A #$DigestionEvent spans the whole #$DigestiveSystem, from start to finish.--Nichols, June 23, 1997", rdfs:label "digestion event" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$Sound. Each element of #$AudibleSound is a sound within the #$Frequency range of human hearing.", rdfs:label "sounds" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which something gets fixed.", rdfs:label "repairing activities" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information transfer events. Each element of #$AccessingAnIBT is an action by which an agent accesses the content of some IBT (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingThing). Examples include (getting information from) reading a newspaper, watching a film, listening to a musical performance, decoding an encrypted message, seeing a traffic police officer wave you on, or hearing your roommate ask you to take out the trash. Of course, communication conventions play a role here. In the #$NaiveInformationMt, Cyc simply assumes that an agent who accesses an IBT understands its content afterwards. In the #$InformationGMt, Cyc makes the more complicated inference that an agent who accesses an IBT understands its content afterwards only if the agent is able to get the encoded information using a convention familiar to that agent. See also #$CommunicationConvention, #$hasCommConvention, #$usesCommConventionForInfo.", rdfs:label "information-accessing events" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$NaturalTangibleStuff secreted by an organism's body. There are a wide variety of bodily secretions, including #$Hormones, #$Mucus, #$InsulinTheSecretion, and #$Semen. Secretions may be deposited either within the body (e.g., #$BileTheSecretion) or outside of it (e.g., #$Sweat). Note: Secretions are different from #$ExcretionSubstance in that secretions are not necessarily waste products. E.g., they may be a release of pheromones to attract a mate, a layer of sweat to cool off the organism, a layer of nectar to attract bees, etc. Some subsets of #$Secretion-Bodily, such as #$Sweat, are also subsets of #$ExcretionSubstance (i.e., wastes).", rdfs:label "secretions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Administrator is an employee of an organization who is responsible for managing its organizational affairs. Elements of #$Administrator may or may not also be required to manage people. If so, then they are also #$Managers (q.v.).", rdfs:label "administrators" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Perceiving is the collection of sensory-perceptual events in which a #$PerceptualAgent perceives, i.e. acquires information, using its senses.", rdfs:label "perceptions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Relations of fixed arity in CycL. This collection is disjoint with #$VariableArityRelation.", rdfs:label "fixed arity relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$MakingSomethingAvailable (among other supersets). In an instance of #$Sharing, one #$Agent receives #$PrimaryRoleUseRights over an object for a limited time from another #$Agent, who doesn't give up his or her own right to use it, too (but does give up exclusive right to it). Cf. #$BorrowingSomething.", rdfs:label "sharing events" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$CylinderShape. Each element of #$RodShape is a solid cylinder whose height is much greater than the radius of its base. Examples include spatially localized objects, such reactor rods, logs, and bacilli, as well as some abstract cylinders.", rdfs:label "rods" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all instances of #$ShapeAttribute that are unique to three-dimensional objects. For instance, #$Round is not an instance of #$ThreeDimensionalShapeAttribute as it can be held by objects that are not three dimensional. However, #$Spherical is a three dimensional shape attribute as being three-dimensional is a necessary condition for being spherical.", rdfs:label "three dimensional shape attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all women; i.e., #$Persons who are adult and female", rdfs:label "women" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events during which the configuration of an agent's face changes. This is usually associated with the expression of some emotion.", rdfs:label "making facial expression" SubClassOf: Class: GeographicalRegion Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Collection of all one story buildings.", rdfs:label "one story buildings" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all trajectories of moving objects: each instance of #$Trajectory is the individual spatial region consisting of the points in space through which an object passes during a #$Movement-TranslationEvent. A trajectory may or may not follow some pre-existing or pre-defined path (#$Path-Generic). If it does follow one or more such paths, it determines a #$Traversal of those paths. A #$Trajectory is understood and defined as a spatial line with one of the two possible directions of motion along it. It is considered as being a part of some stationary background space (thus, in most contexts, a #$Trajectory cannot itself 'move'). Unlike a #$Path-Generic, a #$Trajectory (or a #$Traversal) can cross itself any number of times, and go back along itself, cycle over and over again, etc. If there is a #$Movement-TranslationEvent, then that event always has a #$Trajectory; it is linked to its #$Trajectory by the #$ActorSlots #$trajectory-Complete and possibly #$trajectory-Partial. In most contexts, a #$Trajectory will be a line (or rather a one-manifold) through space as traced by some designated point within the moving object (e.g., the center of gravity), but the collection #$Trajectory-SweptSpace is available to represent the whole space (with space and thickness) swept through by a moving object. Contrast #$Trajectory with #$Path-Generic and with #$Traversal.", rdfs:label "trajectories" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Mineral is a piece of homogeneous inorganic physical substance that has a crystalline structure. For example, instances of #$Diamond, #$Turquoise-Gem, #$Jade-Gem, #$Corundum.", rdfs:label "minerals" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of political organizations. An element of #$PoliticalParty is an organization that primarily seeks to elect candidates to public office or have members continue holding public office, and which are identified as party affiliations by persons holding or seeking public office.", rdfs:label "political parties" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A specialization of #$UnitVectorInterval. #$GeographicalDirections derive from the 'intrinsic' directional axes of a terrestrial frame of reference: North, South, East, West, geographic 'Up' and geographic 'Down'. Like all #$VectorIntervals, they may be specified precisely--e.g., #$North-Directly or as intervals--e.g., #$North-Generally. With respect to 'up' and 'down', care should be taken to distinguish a #$TopAndBottomSidedObject's 'intrinsic' up and down from 'up' and 'down' with respect to the surface of the Earth or some other planet.", rdfs:label "directions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each instance of #$PathType is a collection that is a subcollection of #$Path-Generic. There are several types of path, according to the medium or surface the path goes through or over. In addition, the collection #$PathArtifact can be broken down into more specific #$PathTypes. At a #$JunctionOfPaths, the joined paths all have at least one #$PathType in common.", rdfs:label "path type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Emotion manifested by interest in another person (or, more rarely, in some nonhuman agent), good will towards that individual, and an inclination to favor him or her (or it). This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Friendliness are #$Love and #$Love-Romantic.", rdfs:label "friendliness" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physiological conditions. An instance of #$GeneticCondition is an abnormal condition which developed in a particular organism due to that organism's genetic configuration. Such conditions are not contagious as infections are, but they may be hereditary. They are often harmful, in fact they are often #$AilmentConditions, such as encephalitis. Occasionally, though the mutation is beneficial, in which case it would be wrong to also label it an #$AilmentCondition.", rdfs:label "genetic conditions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A lack of interest or concern. If someone is feeling some measure of #$Apathy, then they typically will have little or no response to things normally expected to excite emotion or interest. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Boredom.", rdfs:label "apathy" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$IndependentOrganization is an organization which is not affiliated with any #$ChainOrganization and that is not a sub-organization of any other #$Organization. An independent organization is neither the top-level organization of a chain, nor a lower level organization in a chain, nor is it an element of #$ChainOrganization. Note, however, that an #$IndependentOrganization may have several locations within a small geographical region; e.g., Texas French Bread (a single, independent business) has multiple locations in Austin, TX.", rdfs:label "independent organizations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$RadiationResistance represents a specific capacity of a tangible object to resist radiation. Degrees of #$RadiationResistance may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$RadiationResistance with the predicate #$resistanceToRadiation.", rdfs:label "radiation resistance" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Each element of #$FoodUtensil is an implement or a container used in preparing or consuming food. Among its subsets are: #$Spoon, #$CarvingKnife, #$CookingUtensil, #$FoodVessel, #$CuttingBoard, and #$ChopStick.", rdfs:label "utensils" SubClassOf: , Class: CurvatureOfSurface Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$PayingCasualUseFee is the collection of events in which one agent pays a fee to another in exchange for the right to use something that the latter controls Examples: paying a parking fee, paying a bridge or highway toll, paying an admissions fee to an art museum. #$PayingCasualUseFee covers usage that is temporary and possibly not exclusive. For longer-term use arrangements, see #$Renting. Note: events in #$PayingCasualUseFee are both payings and collectings (cf. #$Buying). The agent doing the paying is the #$buyer, and the agent doing the collecting is the #$seller. The object accessed is the #$objectPaidFor.", rdfs:label "collections of fees for use" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$Events. During an instance of #$RemovingSomething, an #$Agent deliberately separates the #$objectRemoved from the #$objectRemaining: that is, the object to which the #$objectRemoved belonged prior to the removal event. In different types of removals, either the #$objectRemoved or the #$objectRemaining may be destroyed; or both may survive. Examples of #$RemovingSomething include: shaving, liposuction, raking leaves from a lawn, sandblasting a building, evicting a tenant, or expelling a student.", rdfs:label "removals" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of non-woody, herbaceous #$Plants. Those #$Plants such as grasses, herbs, wildflowers, etc. which are fairly low-growing, often annual, and don't grow woody stems. Excludes large, hard bamboos, and Balsa.", rdfs:label "herbaceous plants" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. #$TransferOut includes all #$GeneralizedTransfers for which there is a well-defined #$from-Generic, but not necessarily a #$to-Generic. This includes, among other things, #$Emission, #$LosingUserRights, and #$DistributionEvent. At the start of a #$TransferOut, #$transferredThing is 'located' at the #$from-Generic. Some negative examples of #$TransferOut are #$AppropriatingSomething (when there is no previous owner) and #$Hearing (when the sounds may come from various unspecified locations). (#$Davis, 5/8/97)", rdfs:label "transfer out" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$CalendarCoveringType is a collection of collections. An element CC of #$CalendarCoveringType is itself a collection, a type of time interval, such that the union of all the instances of CC would completely cover all of time without overlap. Thus, #$CalendarYear is a #$CalendarCoveringType because all of time consists of a sequence of non-overlapping #$CalendarYears. Similarly #$CalendarMonth, #$CalendarDay, #$CalendarHour, etc. Notice that #$Monday and #$December are NOT instances of #$CalendarCoveringType, because all of time is not a sequence of Mondays, or Decembers. Also notice that a collection Week -- defined as the set of all seven-day-long-periods-of-time -- would not be an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, since several different Weeks could overlap; e.g., the week beginning today and the week beginning yesterday and the week beginning tomorrow.", rdfs:label "calendar covering type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$BinaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc predicates which take two arguments.", rdfs:label "binary predicates" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$Events; a subset of #$HandlingAnObject. An instance of #$HandlingADevice is an event in which a device is manipulated (with the operator holding and touching the device) in order to use it for its #$primaryFunction. Instances include elements of the subsets #$Pruning, #$PlayingAMusicalInstrument, #$OperatingAHouseholdAppliance, #$PumpingGasEvent, #$WritingByHand, and many more. Just carrying pruning shears around is not a #$HandlingADevice event.", rdfs:label "use of a device" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$WeatherAttribute is an attribute that can be used to describe the weather occurring in a geographic region. Examples: #$Snowy, #$Foggy. See also #$weatherAttributes.", rdfs:label "weather attributes" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all legal agents; a subset of #$Agent. A legal agent is one that has some legal status in a particular legal system. At the very least, such an agent is recognized by some legal authority as having some kinds of rights and/or responsibilities as an agent (e.g., #$citizens of Germany), or as being subject to certain restrictions and penalties (e.g., a company that has been blacklisted by Iraq). Thus, instances of #$LegalAgent include agents that may have property rights, may be taxed, may have a government identification number, may be sued, may have an address, may buy or sell, etc. Note: membership in this collection is very much dependent upon context. In some societies, only adult males and various kinds of state-run organizations would be included in #$LegalAgents.", rdfs:label "legal agents" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A feeling of disaffection or disaffinity for a person or thing. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Dislike are #$Disgust, #$Contempt, #$Hate, #$Resentment, etc.", rdfs:label "dislikes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$Territory is a geopolitical region which is distinct from, but dependent on and controlled by, another geopolitical entity. Examples: #$PuertoRico, #$BritishAntarcticTerritory, #$GalapagosIslands, #$RyukyuIslandsTerritory.", rdfs:label "territories" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$BookkeepingPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the creation and internal representation of a Cyc constant. Bookkeeping predicates neither specify nor constrain the semantics of Cyc constants. Examples: #$myCreator, #$myCreationTime, #$termOfUnit, #$multiplicationUnits, #$defnSufficient.", rdfs:label "bookkeeping predicates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom) for the members of the #$MoneraKingdom (i.e., prokaryotes), #$Fungus Kingdom, #$Plant Kingdom, and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. In the #$Animal Kingdom, however, the main taxonomic subdivisions are elements of #$BiologicalPhylum (q.v.) rather than #$BiologicalDivision.", rdfs:label "divisions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of abstract (#$Intangible) objects. Each element of #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing is a massless, timeless abstraction, such as an algorithm, logical connective, character string, assertion, integer, etc.", rdfs:label "mathematical or computational thing" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$Constructing event, one or more #$ConstructionArtifacts, such as a house, are made or incrementally enlarged or remodeled.", rdfs:label "construction events" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all appendages of #$Animals. An appendage is an #$AnimalBodyPart that is connected to, and extends from, the animal's #$Torso (or else from another of its appendages, such as a hand extending from an arm). Each appendage is used by the #$Animal for one or more functions; altogether, appendages serve a wide variety of functions such as locomotion, manipulation, sensing, fighting, scratching, heat dissipation, balance, etc. Appendages are not crucial for the life of the animal, thus a #$Neck-AnimalBodyPart or #$Head-AnimalBodyPart is not considered to be an appendage.", rdfs:label "appendages" SubClassOf: , Class: ShapeAttribute Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of non-family name strings such ``Betty'' and ``Phillip'' which are given as first or middle names (in most Western countries), usually shortly after birth. This also includes nicknames like ``Red'' or ``The Refrigerator''. Note: elements of this collection are really just character strings, not reified concepts like ''TheNameBetty'' that might be used to represent character strings.", rdfs:label "baby names" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Viscosity represents a specific viscosity (i.e., `runniness') of some #$LiquidTangibleThing. The lower the viscosity of a liquid, the more easily it flows or spreads out. Different viscosities may be represented with a #$GenericValueFunction (q.v.), or by using some common substance as a reference (e.g., #$ViscousAsWater, #$ViscousAsHoney). Vicosities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$viscosityOfSubstance.", rdfs:label "viscosities" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of CycL expressions which involve the application of a relation to some arguments; e.g., (#$isa #$Muffet #$Poodle) and (#$BirthFn #$Muffet) are both instances of #$CycLFormula. Two important specs of #$CycLFormula are #$CycLNonAtomicTerms, also called 'denotational formulas', and #$CycLSentences, also called 'logical formulas'. Note that this notion of a CycL formula may differ from standard definitions of 'formula' in formal logic, which define a formula as either any string of symbols, or a syntactically well-formed string of symbols. A CycL formula is a relation applied to some arguments.", rdfs:label "cyc l formula" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$AngularAccelerationRate (i.e., the rate of change in the #$RateOfRotation).", rdfs:label "units of angular acceleration" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$MountainRange is a natural group of mountains. Examples: the #$RockyMountains, #$Andes-Mountains, #$Alps-Mountains.", rdfs:label "mountain ranges" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all eyes of #$Animals. Eyes are the organs of #$VisualPerception.", rdfs:label "eyes" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all CycL expressions which may denote something in the universe of discourse. #$CycLSentences are not considered part of the universe of discourse in this way. Not all closed denotational terms pick out something in the universe of discourse; counterexamples are (#$BorderBetweenFn #$Canada #$Mexico) and (#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls #$JuvenileFn). Other examples of closed denotational terms include #$Muffet, (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X GreenColor)), and 212.", rdfs:label "cyc l closed denotational term" SubClassOf: , Class: Microtheory Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of attributes which characterize an object's orientation relative to whatever instance of #$FrameOfReference is being used in the current context. In most contexts, orientation is taken with respect to the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference.", rdfs:label "orientations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events which terminate a pregnancy, including birth, abortion, and miscarriage.", rdfs:label "pregnancy ending event" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates; a subset of #$TaxonomicSlot. Each element of #$TaxonomicSlotForCollections is a binary predicate used to form assertions that define the taxonomy of #$Collections by specifying relations between various collections. Examples: #$genls, #$partitionedInto, #$coExtensional, #$covering, #$disjointWith.", rdfs:label "taxonomic slot for collections" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$isa X #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType) means that any two distinct instances of X are #$temporallyDisjoint. It is true that (#$isa #$Wednesday #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType because no Wednesday can temporally intersect any other (distinct) Wednesday. [See also #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection.]", rdfs:label "temporally disjoint interval type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The organ of hearing, which occur in pairs on most animals", rdfs:label "ears" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of years that make up the calendar. For example, #$TheYear1972, #$TheYear494BC.", rdfs:label "calendar years" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of attributes which describe aspects of a person's personality. E.g., #$Dependability-Personality. Note that #$Gentleness, #$Viciousness, and other emotive traits common to both humans and other animals, appear under #$TemperamentAttribute, which is a superset of #$PersonalityAttribute.", rdfs:label "personality attributes" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all regions where three or more surfaces of an object (which is considered three dimensional in current context), and three or more #$EdgeOnObjects, meet. This includes corners of boxes, the tops of pyramids, etc. Each #$Corner-3d includes some solid angle of part of the object.", rdfs:label "corner - 3d" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of processes involving living structures in which objects are transported.", rdfs:label "biological transportation event" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all actions of diagnosing and repairing something, in a very broad sense. Such events can range from fixing a #$PhysicalDevice (e.g., the last time you took your car in to be fixed), to killing pests that infest a place. All such actions involve an intrinsic change in the thing which undergoes repairs. Notice that a diagnosis action alone, or a repair action alone, would not be elements of this collection; they could be #$subEvents of an element of this collection.", rdfs:label "diagnosing and repairing something" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of #$Mixture. Each instance of #$Suspension is a mixture which has exactly one #$suspendingFluid and at least one kind of #$suspendedPart. Each of the #$suspendedParts is an instance of #$Particle, and there are a mob of them. Some suspensions are fairly stable (e.g., mayonnaise), while others tend to separate quickly (e.g., sugar stirred into cold lemonade). Other examples of #$Suspension: a cloud, a spray of aerosol deodorant.", rdfs:label "suspensions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of highly stylized or formalized actions (or series of actions) performed by #$Persons (alone or in groups), usually performed with some solemnity. Note: as further explained in the comment for #$SocialRitual, a #$WeddingCeremony or #$Inauguration is `more than' just a #$Ritual, but following the `script' for such a ceremony, and actually carrying it out, is a #$Ritual.", rdfs:label "rituals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$TransferringPossession. In an instance of #$TransferringOwnership, a transfer of ownership occurs. This means that in such an event there is a transfer from one #$Agent to another of #$FullUseRights and #$ExclusiveUserRights (over the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer). Often there is some `consideration' for this transfer, of course --- see #$ExchangeOfUserRights.", rdfs:label "transferring ownership" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the properties of individual objects. These predicates implement the extensional structure of the Cyc ontology; e.g., #$attorneys, #$objectTakenCareOf, #$actorPartsAffected, #$vestedInterest.", rdfs:label "extensional representation predicates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information transfer events. Each element of #$InformationUpdating is an event in which the information content of an IBO (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingObject) is altered, either by removing or by adding information, or both. Note that this is possible only for tangible IBOs.", rdfs:label "information updating" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events in which information is transferred from a source (#$informationOrigin) to one or more destinations (#$informationDestination), all of which are either intelligent agents or #$InformationBearingThings (IBTs). Examples: reading a book (transfer from book to reader); saying something to someone (transfer from speaker to listener); machine translation (transfer from an encoded IBT in the source language to an encoded IBT in the target language); OCR scanning (transfer of info from visual information source to another IBT in different format); carving initials in a tree (transfer from agent to IBT), making a speech (transfer from agent to agents) etc. See also the specialization #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent.", rdfs:label "information transfers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This is the actual act of detecting a crime.", rdfs:label "crime detection" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$PoweredDevice is any device which requires some power input in order to perform its function. The power supplied may be muscle power, kinetic energy, fuel, electricity, etc. This is much more general than #$ElectricalDevice (qv), which is one of its subsets. #$PoweredDevice and #$NonPoweredDevice partition #$PhysicalDevice.", rdfs:label "mechanisms" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$MeasurableAttributeType is a collection of attributes, the members of which are quantifiable attributes, i.e., they can be assigned a numeric value. For example, #$RateOfRotation and #$ConcentrationPerVolume. For the units in which specific attributes are measured, see #$measuredIn and #$unitsMeasuringThisQuantity. Note that in Cyc, numbers are classified as measurable attributes; see #$RealNumber, etc.", rdfs:label "measurable attribute type" Class: InternationalOrganizationOfCountries Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of relations. Each element of #$MetaRelation can be used to define other relations.", rdfs:label "meta relation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Cooking food on a #$BBQGrill or an #$ElectricGrill.", rdfs:label "barbecues" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible objects; a subset of #$PhysicalDevice. An instance of #$NonPoweredDevice is a device which is `inert' as opposed to being powered in any way. Non-powered devices do not need to have any kind of energy supplied to them in order to function -- not even kinetic energy supplied by a user (except perhaps to move them into place). E.g., a coat hanger. Once you hang a coat up on it, it does its function without any motion, without any energy being converted or used, etc. So this collection is a much smaller collection that than consisting merely of devices which don't require fuel or electricity (e.g., a hammer). It should be noted that an inert device need not be #$Stationary during use (though many are); for example, tires are inert devices in the sense that once they are placed on a vehicle they don't require any energy input to do their job, which is, in essence `hanging onto a wheel no matter what!'. A steering wheel, on the other hand, is not a #$NonPoweredDevice. Further examples of #$NonPoweredDevices include a table, a floor mat, a bookshelf, an auto ramp, a bookmark, a support column, and a shirt.", rdfs:label "non-powered devices" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all vertebrates' feet. A foot is a terminal part of a #$Vertebrate #$Leg. Feet are used in locomotion, support, balance, kicking, etc.", rdfs:label "feet" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of professionals who are trained and licensed to prepare and distribute legal drugs.", rdfs:label "pharmacists" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$MovementProcess is a subset of #$MovementEvent. Its elements are those #$MovementEvents which can be considered as continuous motions. That is, (1) motion happens without interruption throughout a #$MovementProcess, and thus (2) every time-slice of a #$MovementProcess is also a #$MovementProcess.", rdfs:label "movements" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events in which information is recorded, using an #$InformationRecordingDevice. Every #$InformationRecordingProcess produces an #$InformationBearingObject.", rdfs:label "information-recording processes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$DisasterEvent, a large group of people (or, in decreasing order of likelihood of usage of this concept, a large group of animals, plants, corporations, etc.) are at very high risk of injury or property damage, or in which a lot of injury and property damage occurs even though the risk was low.", rdfs:label "disasters" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$StructuralSupportStuff is a hard, rigid substance typically used for structural support. For example, the instances of #$Wood, #$BoneTheStuff, #$StoneStuff.", rdfs:label "structural support stuff" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information. Each element of #$MentalInformation is the propositional content of a specific mental state of an individual person. Thus, this is information which is embodied in a person having a memory or sensory perception or other type of thought. Note that elements of #$MentalInformation are the propositional content of memories, perceptions, judgments, etc. For example, when I remember that my grandmother's eyes are blue, the mental information contained therein is `my [the rememberer's] grandmother's eyes are blue'; it is NOT `I remember that my grandmother's eyes are blue'. As a consequence, mental information (as defined in Cyc) is not incorrigible.", rdfs:label "pieces of mental information" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each element of this collection is an abnormal tissue mass found in an animal. Instances of #$Tumor include both malignant (cancerous -- see #$Cancer) and benign (non-cancerous) growths which have no normal physiological cause or function within the animal's body.", rdfs:label "tumours" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all animals' circulatory systems. A #$CirculatorySystem is a system of organs and body parts, found in #$Vertebrates and some other animals, which function together to circulate the animal's blood throughout its body, supplying needed substances to its cells and removing waste products from them. A #$CirculatorySystem is generally composed of #$BloodVessels, #$Heart, #$Spleen, etc., considered as an interrelated functional system of each animal. Note: It generally has a close linkage to the respiration system, as the blood comes in contact with fresh air to divest itself of the waste products it has collected from the body's cells and to acquire new needed substances to take to the body's cells.", rdfs:label "circulatory systems" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$CodeOfConduct. Each element of #$FormalCOC is a code of conduct which is imposed by an organization. Formal codes of conduct typically are explicitly stated and publicly promulgated among the group subject to them; also, they are associated with prescribed methods of enforcement and punishment of violators. Thus, the collection #$FormalCOC includes the laws of any legal jurisdiction, the rules of deportment imposed by educational institutions, the practices of some strict religious sects, etc. In contrast, informal codes of conduct are norms that are not prescribed or enforced by formal means; for example, etiquette (#$MannersCodeOfConduct) and ethics (#$EthicsCodeOfConduct).", rdfs:label "formal codes of conduct" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all living #$Animal livers. Each instance of #$Liver is a large compound #$InternalOrgan. A #$Liver breaks down dead #$RedBloodCells, removes certain poisons and waste material from the blood stream, creates glycogen from sugars and proteins, stores glycogen, removes certain chemicals from the blood, secretes bile (#$BileTheSecretion) which is used for digestion,and regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, #$Proteins, #$Vitamins, #$Minerals, and fats.", rdfs:label "livers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The most general type of attribute describing the manner in which an actor performs an action; specializations of this include #$CorrectnessOfPosture, #$Competence, #$Precision, #$Dexterity, #$Gracefulness, #$Creativity, etc. The elements of #$Precision, e.g., represent the various qualitative levels such as high precision, low precision, etc.", rdfs:label "script performance attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$ElectricalCurrent. E.g., (#$Ampere 2) denotes an instance of #$ElectricalCurrent that would measure two amps.", rdfs:label "units of current" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuffs. Every instance of #$Metal is a piece of stuff defined as a metal only by its chemical composition, not by its physical properties. Thus, #$Metal includes all instances of #$Mercury and #$Potassium as well as all pieces of #$Brass, #$Lead, #$Iron. Cyc infers only by default that metals are solid. #$MetalAlloy is a subset of #$Metal.", rdfs:label "metals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of syntactically well-formed #$CycLSentences which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These sentences 'make enough sense' to be asked as a #$CycLQuery. Each instance of this collection involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. #$CycLSentences are also called 'logical formulas', to be distinguished from 'denotational formulas', also known as NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms). Note that this notion of a CycL sentence is broader than the standard definition of 'sentence' in formal logic, which defines a sentence as a closed, well-formed formula. CycL sentences may be open (having free variables), but if they are asserted to Cyc, the free variables are implicitly universally quantified. Note that an instance of #$CycLSentence-Askable does not mean that the sentence must be used in a query; only that it can be used in a query. See #$CycLQuery for more details.", rdfs:label "cyc l sentence - askable" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all structured information sources in which the information contained therein is indexed by some set of index terms (the terms could be names, phrases, #$CharacterStrings, #$IDNumbers or codes). For every index term, there is one specific part of the #$IndexedInfoSource associated with that term. Each instance of #$IndexedInfoSource has some format or organizing structure of specified parts or 'chunks' imposed on the information. (Although its indexed parts might be be ordered in a certain sequence, in theory it could be indexed without there being any particular sequential ordering of the parts.) An instance of #$IndexedInfoSource is the abstract informational content of the source, not any particular physical object in which the information is stored. Examples include a #$Dictionary, #$Thesaurus, #$Database-AbstractContent, or a #$KnowledgeBase. Some examples that do not qualify are #$Painting-ArtForm, or a #$CharacterString without any structuring information about it or that has no structure beyond being a string of characters. Thus this is not referring to unstructured text, even if it has an 'Index'. The fact that a book has an index does not make it an #$IndexedInfoSource.", rdfs:label "indexed info source" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each instance of #$HarvestingAPlant is an event in which a plant is harvested. Harvesting may involve separating some part of the plant and leaving the rest in place (e.g., fruit trees), or it may involve removing the entire plant from its growing location (e.g., carrots).", rdfs:label "pick" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Instances of #$PartPredicate are used to describe the relationship between an #$Individual and its #$parts.", rdfs:label "part predicates" SubClassOf: , daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all lexical words in English; a subset of #$LexicalWord. Different inflectional forms of a word do not count as different words; for example, #$Eat-TheWord encompasses the strings 'eat', 'eating', 'ate', etc.", rdfs:label "English words" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all rational numbers; a subset of #$RealNumber. Each element of #$RationalNumber is a number that can be expressed as the quotient of two integers, i.e., a ratio. For example, 3/4, 2 1/8, 0.3333333..., 11/5.", rdfs:label "rational numbers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$TemporalRelations specify relative positions of #$TemporalThings in time. #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations (such as #$after) interrelate time points, and #$ComplexTemporalRelations (such as #$postEvents and #$laterSubAbstractions) interrelate more complicated temporal objects such as a pair of events, a pair of tangible objects, etc.", rdfs:label "temporal relation" SubClassOf: , daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all physical surfaces (#$Surface-Physical) which are subsets of #$SheetOfSomeStuff and for which there exists a change in quality between the surface and the rest of the tangible object. These physical surfaces will be continuous: they may not be unconnected or in multiple pieces. Thus a veneer surface of a table would be an instance of #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject, whereas the surface of a plain wooden table with no lining would be an instance of #$Surface-Physical. Positive exemplars would include carpet that is part of a floor, #$Skin, #$Paint on a wall, the earth's crust, and crust on bread. However, negative exemplars would be crust removed from bread, a loose sheet of paper (because it is not attached to anything else), and a face of a cliff.", rdfs:label "surfaces" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all canoes, small, narrow watercraft that are powered by human paddling, poling or by a small boat-engine.", rdfs:label "canoes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of intangible objects. Each element of #$PropositionalInformationThing is a chunk of abstract propositional information (`a PIT' abbreviates `a propositional information thing'). Such a chunk of information may consist of one or more propositions. The propositional content of a PIT is not intrinsically encoded in any particular language, but it may be representable in many languages. PITs are used to represent the meaningful contents of information bearing things. Physical things--objects or events--which are elements of #$InformationBearingThing are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody, by using the predicate #$containsInformation (q.v.). An element of #$PropositionalInformationThing may be something as simple as the information content of a command to stop one's vehicle, expressed verbally or symbolically in a road sign or in a traffic officer's gesture; or a PIT may be something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of #$Mathematics, which is embodied in many and various sources. More examples: the story embodied in a showing of the movie `Citizen Kane', the information in my resume, the content of a conversation in American Sign Language, and the information contained in the #$CycKB, may all be represented as PITs. Note that the collection #$PropositionalInformationThing is a subset of #$Microtheory, which makes the Cyc inference mechanisms for handling microtheories available to manage the propositional content of information bearing things. See also #$Microtheory and #$ist-Information.", rdfs:label "information" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of people. An instance of #$Manager is a person whose primary job is to manage other people, directing their work activity in an #$Organization or for a #$Project. A #$Manager tells his or her subordinate workers what to do.", rdfs:label "manager" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of plants; a subset of #$Plant-Woody. The collection #$Bush includes all bushes, i.e., woody plants of branching growth habit that lack substantial trunks and are not usually taller than a person (and they are shorter than most specimens of #$Tree-ThePlant). This is a commonsense collection without distinct boundaries.", rdfs:label "bushes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$Rate. Each element of #$Speed is a rate of change in position (of an object, wave front, etc.). Elements of #$Speed may be either fixed amounts, such as (#$MilesPerHour 55), or a range, such as #$WalkingSpeed or #$Calm-WindSpeed. See #$UnitOfSpeed for the units used by Cyc to measure speeds.", rdfs:label "speeds" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of geopolitical sub-regions. Each of the (currently 50) elements of #$State-UnitedStates is a State in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica; i.e., #$Alabama-State, #$Alaska-State, #$Arizona-State, #$Arkansas-State, etc.", rdfs:label "U.S. states" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of Cyc functions. Each element of #$ShapeFunction is a function which returns an element of #$GeometricThing-Abstract, an abstract physical region with a specific shape and dimensions. Elements of #$ShapeFunction include #$RectangleFn, #$EllipseFn, #$CircleFn, #$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, etc. Each shape function takes as argument(s) the dimension(s) of #$Distance needed to determine a geometric shape of that kind, then returns a shape which has those dimensions. For example, (#$CylinderFn L D) denotes an abstract cylinder of length L and diameter D.", rdfs:label "shape functions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each instance of #$RelationPredicate is a relationship between intangible objects. Examples include #$subAlgorithms, #$maxQuantValue, #$meanQuantValue, #$expectedValue, #$derivativesOfFunction, #$rangeOfDistribution, #$inverseFunc, and #$lessLikelyThan.", rdfs:label "relation predicate" SubClassOf: Class: FrameOfReference Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the CycL language that can be used as terms, i.e. that can serve as arguments to CycL relations. Since the grammar of the CycL language allows any CycL expression to be used as a term, #$CycLTerm and #$CycLExpression are coextensional collections.", rdfs:label "cyc l term" SubClassOf: , owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$Agreement. Each element of #$OrganizationPolicy is a microtheory which contains the terms of some policy of a particular organization. For example, U.S. Federal government hiring policies; a policy governing a corporation's charitable or political donations; or a school dress code.", rdfs:label "policies" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of drinkable substances; a collection of edible stuff and a subset of #$FoodAndDrink. Each element of the collection #$Drink is a liquid of a type that is ingestible and commonly consumed by humans or animals. Drinks are ingested without chewing. Examples of #$Drink include all elements of the collections #$Water-Ingestible, #$Tea-Hot, #$HotChocolate, #$Lemonade, #$Beer. . By default they are liquids. Borderline examples include a thick milkshake or soup, even if there are solid objects suspended in it. Thus #$LiquidTangibleThing is not necessarily (monotonically) a #$genls of #$Drink, though it is true by default that a #$Drink be an instance of #$LiquidTangibleThing. I.e., by default, elements of #$Drink are in a #$LiquidStateOfMatter. Another borderline example of a #$Drink is a glassful of poison or urine; it may be unpalatable or unsafe to drink a #$Drink. Note that the #$Drink includes the portion of liquid, but not the container such as the glass or coffee cup or bowl. So one borderline non-example is a glass of water -- as opposed to a glassful of water; the former includes the glass, the latter doesn't. Other borderline non-examples include: an ice cube, a grape sno-cone, a scoop of ice cream with hot fudge sauce on it, and a tiny bit of liquid such as a single raindrop even if it enters one's mouth.", rdfs:label "beverages" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$PlumbingFixture is any object which is -- or was or will be or could be -- part of some plumbing system. Types of #$PlumbingFixture include pipes, sinks, and toilets, as well as faucets and drain plugs. It must be a functional part (so sewage doesn't count) and a significant part (so a label on a pipe doesn't count) and a specialized part (so an individual screw doesn't count, nor does an individual iron atom that's part of a faucet) and a relatively long-lived and localized part (so the water flowing through a pipe doesn't count.)", rdfs:label "plumbing fixtures" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalOrder (or #$BiologicalSuborder) and above #$BiologicalGenus. Especially important in Botanical classification.", rdfs:label "taxonomic families" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all drugs produced to be products. The collection includes instances of drugs prescribed by a physician, purchased as over-the-counter medicines, or used for recreational purposes (#$AlcoholicBeverage, #$Nicotine, #$Caffeine, or illicit #$DrugProducts). Note, that this is a #$Product (intentionally created or used) not merely a #$ChemicalCompoundType. Thus salt #$Water would not be a subset of #$DrugProduct, even though saline solution would be.", rdfs:label "medications" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of containers having an opening, which may be small and resealable (as in a #$Bottle) or large and open, as in a #$Tub; a subset of #$ContainerProduct. An instance of #$FluidReservoir is a container which was designed to hold fluids. These include elements of the collections #$Spoon, #$ToiletBowl, #$GlassBottle, etc. Note a special negative case: natural `reservoirs', such as #$Lakes, are not #$ContainerProducts -- though the #$Dams that create them are artifacts, the reservoir water is contained in the natural landscape -- and hence such reservoirs are not subsets of #$FluidReservoir.", rdfs:label "fluid reservoirs" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuffs. Each instance of #$PureCompound is a chemically pure portion of stuff belonging to some particular #$ChemicalCompoundType (e.g., #$Carbon, #$Water, #$Cellulose). `Chemically pure' applies to a piece of stuff which has no sub-portions that fail to conform to the chemical composition of its (single) #$ChemicalCompoundType. In typical contexts, most common portions of a #$ChemicalCompoundType will not be instances of #$PureCompound. For example, a piece of pencil lead, though mostly carbon, will not be an instance since it is not pure carbon and any portion of ordinary tap water will contain too many impurities. Many sub-portions of either a piece of pencil lead or portion of tap water will fail to conform to the chemical composition of either carbon or water. Some instances of #$ChemicalCompoundType are #$genls of #$PureCompound in most contexts but not in all. In typical domestic contexts, for example, a piece of ordinary distilled water would be an element of #$PureCompound. However, in a clean room or microchip manufacturing context, ordinary distilled water would probably be considerd impure (see #$ImpureCompound). In general, to refer to a pure instance of a substance one can use the function #$PureFn, e.g. (#$PureFn #$Carbon). Note that #$PureFn has #$PureCompound as a #$resultGenl. Since this kind of purity is relative to specified chemical composition only, PureCompound (and PureFn) does not pertain to mixtures in #$Cyc (such as #$Air). Cf. #$Mixture, #$ChemicalCompoundType. See also #$PureCompoundType and #$ImpureCompound.", rdfs:label "pure compounds" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$DisasterEvent. Each instance of #$Famine is an event taking place in a contiguous geographical area in which a lot of people are undergoing #$Starvation.", rdfs:label "famines" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. The instances of an element of #$AnnualEventType are synchronized with the calendar. If ?X is an #$AnnualEventType, then one occurs each year. For example, #$ChristmasHoliday is an #$AnnualEventType, because one occurs each year, synchronized with the calendar.", rdfs:label "annual event type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of Speed. For example, the value of the function #$MilesPerHour applied to the number five -- (#$MilesPerHour 5) -- is five miles per hour.", rdfs:label "units of speed" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot is a subset of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate. Each element of #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot relates some spatial thing to an instance of #$PhysicalAttribute which characterizes that object. The attribute may or may not be a quantifiable property. Examples of #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot: #$objectEmitsOdor, #$viscosityOfSubstance, #$colorOfObject, #$diameterOfObject, #$physicalParts, #$shape, #$xzCrossSectionShapeType.", rdfs:label "physical attribute description slot" SubClassOf: , , daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration. Each element of #$IBTGeneration-Replication is an event in which a new IBT (i.e., an #$InformationBearingThing) is created whose content is based on that of a preexisting IBT (which is the #$informationOrigin of the generation event). The new IBT contains at least part of the information content of the original IBT. It may use the same or a different way of encoding the information.", rdfs:label "events in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all male persons.", rdfs:label "males" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$QuintaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc predicates which take five arguments.", rdfs:label "quintary predicates" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of cities. Each element of #$USCity is a city in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica. Note that #$City (q.v.) is widely construed to include towns and villages. Examples of #$USCity: #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfGainesvilleFL, #$CityOfLongBeachCA, #$CityOfArmonkNewYork, #$CityOfEssexJunctionVermont, #$CityOfCambridgeMA, #$CityOfPaloAltoCA, #$CityOfRedmondWA.", rdfs:label "American cities" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each instance of #$TwoDimensionalShapeType is a collection of things which are subsets of #$TwoDimensionalShape.", rdfs:label "two dimensional shape type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$Roadway that contains all highways, inside or outside cities.", rdfs:label "highways" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$CycLFormulas which have free variables.", rdfs:label "cyc l open formula" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of natural (i.e. not man-made) objects. It is a subclass of #$InanimateThing-Natural, distinguished from it mainly by only having subclasses which are existing object-types. Thus, #$CelestialObject would be a subclass of this collection, but #$Dirt would not.", rdfs:label "natural inanimate objects" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of #$Surface-Intangible is an intangible mathematical surface. Positive examples are a convex hull of a coffee table or the surface of an abstract sphere. A negative example is the surface of a coffee table, since this is a physical surface and thus partially tangible.", rdfs:label "abstract surfaces" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of open spatial regions. Each element of #$SpaceInAHOC is a space found inside some instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct (= HOC). Elements include all major spaces inside any #$HumanOccupationConstruct, including not only rooms (elements of #$RoomInAConstruction), but halls, elevator shafts, attics, stairwells, and the spaces inside trains, cars, and airplanes that are designed for human occupation. Other building parts which are not open spatial regions (e.g., walls, plumbing, etc.) are NOT included in this collection; cf. #$PartOfBuilding. #$SpaceInAHOC is #$disjointWith the collection #$OutdoorLocation.", rdfs:label "indoor spaces" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of microtheories that consist of assertions which are posited for the purpose of exploring their consequences, without alleging the actual truth of the assertions. A #$HypotheticalContext may be used to analyze hypothetical outcomes of actions, or to examine the hypothetical consequences of assuming some theory to be true. Sometimes the various alternatives in a decision may be asserted, each in their own #$HypotheticalContext, so their ramifications may be generated and evaluated.", rdfs:label "hypothetical context" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. An instance of #$BuildingMaterial is a material thing typically used in making new structures. Instances of #$BuildingMaterial include a piece of lumber, a brick, a slab of concrete, a roof shingle, a copper nail, a double-paned storm window, etc.", rdfs:label "building material" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects which are both tangible and intangible. (See also the comment for its superset #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject.) Each element of #$InformationBearingObject is an object that can be interpreted, by an interpreter understanding its conventions, to yield a chunk or chunks of information. #$InformationBearingObject includes all of the following: (1) artifacts made solely for the purpose of conveying information (e.g., a newspaper, or a children's science video); (2) artifacts that convey information in addition to their intended function (e.g., Neolithic pottery); and (3) non-artifacts, such as a person's fingerprints, gestures, and utterances, which may be interpreted to yield information. Note: `an IBO' abbreviates `an information bearing object'. Cf. #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. See also #$containsInformation.", rdfs:label "information-bearing objects" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$PropositionalConceptualWorks that recount a sequence of events (in chronological order or in such a manner that their temporal order can be ascertained) involving some agent or agents. Instances of #$Narrative may be fictional or factual and, accordingly, may involve #$Persons or #$FictionalCharacters. Important specializations of #$Narrative include #$Novel-CW and #$Biography.", rdfs:label "narratives" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all intangible #$GeometricThings whether they are spatially localized or purely abstract. This is the #$collectionIntersection of #$GeometricThing and #$Intangible. Positive examples are any intangible things that are characterizable in geometric terms, such as the intangible space determined by an Egyptian pyramid, a platonic sphere, or the center of mass of the solar system at the first instant of the twentieth century (a point). Important specializations are #$GeometricThing-Localized (all spatially localized instances) and #$GeometricThing-Abstract (all instances not spatially located in any universe).", rdfs:label "geometric thing - intangible" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of those parts of a #$BodyOfWater, each of which is protected from the open sea and deep enough to furnish fairly safe anchorage.", rdfs:label "harbours" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of things which are made of some sort of matter and whose nature is purely material--in the sense that they are not considered to have non-physical properties (such as encoded information). (Compare #$PartiallyTangible.) Because almost any tangible object could be considered to have information content in a particular context, #$TangibleThing should have almost no subsets or instances in the #$BaseKB. Material things which do have important non-physical aspects should be elements of #$PartiallyTangible instead. Collections of material things whose elements could conceivably have non-physical aspects should be made subsets of #$PartiallyTangible.", rdfs:label "tangible objects" SubClassOf: , owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all verbs. Verbs usually denote events, states, or processes. Verbs can be conjugated. Example: `eat'.", rdfs:label "verbs" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of school organizations. An element of #$SchoolInstitution-KThrough12 is an educational institution which provides instruction in all or some of the grades from kindergarten (K) through high school (12th-grade) education. Commonly, individual schools teach some subset of those grades; see also the specializations #$ElementarySchoolInstitution, #$MiddleSchoolInstitution, and #$HighSchoolInstitution.", rdfs:label "schools" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Stream is the generic collection for natural, flowing bodies of water, including everything from great rivers to tiny creeks. Every stream flows in (see #$in-ContOpen) some conduit (see #$FluidConduit) such as a streambed or riverbed. Examples: #$AmazonRiver, #$LittleMissouriRiver, #$WoundedKnee-Creek. Cf. #$River, #$Creek. Note that riverbanks are not streams nor are they parts of streams, but rather they mark the edges of a stream.", rdfs:label "streams" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$VisibleLight is an instance of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength approximately between 3800 and 7750 #$Angstroms, i.e., light visible to human eyes.", rdfs:label "light waves" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of assertions in the EL language. When EL assertions are presented to the KB, the #$CycCanonicalizer transforms them into #$HLAssertions.", rdfs:label "e l assertion" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "All pieces of all substances that are comprised of one type of noble gas", rdfs:label "inert gases" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mathematical objects; a subset of #$Tuple. Each element of #$NTupleInterval is a tuple (an ordered list of items) whose items are intervals. For example, vectors and complex numbers, as well as scalar intervals (which are one-tuples). Note that intervals in Cyc may be numerical, or they may be intervals along any scale with distinguishable gradations (e.g., riskiness, alertness, roughness of texture).", rdfs:label "n tuple interval" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of fungi, the stationary, saprophytic, and symbiotic or parasitic eukaryotic organisms constituting an instance of #$BiologicalKingdom in many systems of classification. #$Fungus includes as subsets the collections #$Mushroom, #$Yeast, and #$RingwormFungus. Unlike most other instances of #$Plant, mushrooms are incapable of performing processes of #$Photosynthesis.", rdfs:label "fungus" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of plastic cards. Each element of #$CreditCard is a piece of plastic that enables authorized users to spend the card-issuing company's money, drawn as a (usually unsecured) loan through an associated instance of #$CreditCardAccount under a pre-arranged credit agreement. The credit card company credits the vendor of the purchased goods or services and bills the card user, usually with interest.", rdfs:label "credit cards" SubClassOf: , , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of documents. Each element of #$Bill-PaymentRequest is a notification, demand, or request made by a creditor (or its agent) to a debtor, for payment of a debt previously incurred for some loan, goods, or services. Examples: telephone bills, tax bills, department store bills, cleaning bills, fuel bills.", rdfs:label "bills" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$Things that are paths or can be considered paths. Each #$Path-Generic is either a #$Path-Simple or a #$Path-Cyclic, i.e., either a non-self-crossing path or a cycle. A #$Path-Generic may be abstract (as in Graph Theory), or it may be concrete such as a #$Path-Customary, for example a road, railroad, sea-lane, cowpath, pipe, blood vessel, fiber or wire, or on the other hand it could be anything that is used as a path in some #$PathSystem. If a #$Path-Generic is a #$Path-Customary, then it may or may not have a specified #$PathSystem in which it is a path; if the #$Path-Generic is not a #$Path-Customary, then it can only be a path in some given #$PathSystem. For example, an orange is not a customary path, but it can be a path for ants in a specified ant path system. For any #$Path-Generic, there can be a #$Traversal of something moving along that path; a single #$Traversal can cross itself, double back along itself, and/or go back and forth along some part of a #$Path-Generic any number of times.", rdfs:label "generic paths" SubClassOf: owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$LegalAgents which control #$GeographicalRegions. Each element of #$GeopoliticalEntity includes the governing body of the institution as well as the institution itself. In a dualist microtheory (e.g. #$WorldGeographyDualistMt) an instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity includes a politically defined geographical region taken together with its people, artificial habitats, etc., as well. (#$TerritoryFn GEOPOLITICAL_ENTITY) is used to refer to the land mass of GEOPOLITICAL_ENTITY in #$WorldGeographyMt. Important subsets include #$Country, #$IndependentCountry, #$State-Geopolitical, #$City, #$Province. Examples: #$CityOfTokyoJapan, #$BronxNY-Borough, #$Alaska-State, #$Rwanda, #$Singapore, #$InnerMongolia, #$Somerset-CountyEngland, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina. Although the name #$GeopoliticalEntity may suggest otherwise, elements are not necessarily elements of #$Entity.", rdfs:label "political entities" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each #$CombustionProcess is an event in which rapid oxidation is taking place. These always have heat as an output and often involve emission of light as well (typically, flames). The #$objectActedOn in a #$CombustionProcess is at least partly consumed. See also #$Flammability.", rdfs:label "fires" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all adverbs. Adverbs are words which can modify adverbs, verbs, or adjectives. Many adverbs are morphologically derived from adjectives. Example: `slowly'.", rdfs:label "adverbs" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Every instance of #$PureCompoundType is a collection which is a subset of both #$PureCompound and of some particular #$ChemicalCompoundType (e.g., #$Carbon, #$Water, #$Cellulose). Each instance of #$PureCompoundType is defined ONLY by the properties of its #$ChemicalCompoundType, and of #$PureCompound (q.v.). For example, (#$PureFn #$Fructose) is an instance of #$PureCompoundType, but the subsets of #$Fructose, such as (say) `pure fructose derived from honey' would not be instances of #$PureCompoundType.", rdfs:label "pure compound type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$ArgTypePredicate used to specify the required #$isa or #$genls or #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the required type, a #$Collection or #$AttributeValue.", rdfs:label "arg type binary predicate" SubClassOf: daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of actions. An instance of #$Surgery is a medical care event in which a medical professional cuts a part of the living body, either to examine what's inside (a diagnostic, exploratory surgery) or to treat an ailment (a #$MedicalTreatmentEvent). Examples of surgeries which are medical treatments include: removal of a foreign body, cancer, an organ that's causing trouble, etc.; insertion of a medical device (e.g, a pacemaker); or repair of some internal structure.", rdfs:label "surgical procedures" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of agreements. Each element of #$Permission is an agreement specifying some rights or privileges which have been granted to an #$Agent. A permission may be an informal agreement between individuals, but many instances are formal and involve permissions granted by a government authority to some agent. E.g., a driver's license, a marriage license, a visa for entering the U.S., a license to practice medicine.", rdfs:label "permits" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This collection is a subset of #$MovementEvent. An element of this set is an #$Event in which the center of mass of the #$objectMoving changes location, with respect to the relevant frame of reference. Moreover, the whole moving object travels along some #$motionPathway-Complete from its origin (#$fromLocation) to its stopping place (#$toLocation) and must, at some point during the movement, be in a different location than it was at the start of motion (even if it ultimately returns to the origin). The moving object need not move completely out of its original spatial extent, thus a building moving one foot to the left undergoes a #$Movement-TranslationEvent. So: One special subset of translational movements includes those in which the movement ends in the same place it started from (e.g., one lap of a race car around the Indianapolis race track; a trip to the grocery store and back); this subset is #$Translation-NoLocationChange (including its subset #$Translation-RoundTrip). The other case is where the #$fromLocation and #$toLocation of a #$Movement-TranslationEvent are different; in that case, the movement event is also an element of #$Translation-LocationChange (e.g., the movement of the baseball during a home run hit by Roger Maris.) Note that a #$Stationary object cannot be an #$objectMoving in a #$Movement-TranslationEvent, because it has a zero translational velocity. A swinging pendulum does not translate as a whole, because there is a part of the pendulum (the fulcrum) that stays in the same place. However, some parts of the pendulum (e.g. the weight at the bottom) do undergo translation.--BillJ, Feb 25, 1999", rdfs:label "movements from one place to another" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of rotary wing, self-powered mechanical devices that fly.", rdfs:label "helicopters" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Dirtiness is a measurable attribute that many tangible objects have. Each element of the collection #$Dirtiness represents a specific level of dirtiness (or cleanliness!); e.g., #$Dirty, #$ReallyDirty, #$ALittleDirty, #$Clean, #$Sterile. Indicate a particular object's #$Dirtiness with the predicate #$dirtinessOfObject.", rdfs:label "dirtiness" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of organisms adapted to life on land, out of water. Elements of #$TerrestrialOrganism spend all or most of their time out of the water, in air, either on the land surface or under it. #$TerrestrialOrganism includes, for example, members of its subsets #$Elephant, #$Ladybug, #$Bird, #$Person, etc.", rdfs:label "terrestrial organism" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Porosity represents a specific porosity of some physical object. Different porosities may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Porosities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$porosityOfObject.", rdfs:label "porosity" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Emotion characterized by vehement condemnation of its object as being low, vile, feeble, or ignominious. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Contempt are #$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc.", rdfs:label "contempts" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$Nutrient is a substances considered necessary or beneficial in the diet of a person or animal. Nutrients in food or pills are often listed on the package label. Some types of #$Nutrient include its subsets #$EdibleSodium, #$Protein, #$EdibleCalcium, #$EdibleIron, #$Vitamin.", rdfs:label "nutrients" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$LifeStageType is a collection of collections. Each member of this collection is itself a collection whose members are organisms which all share a specific level of biological or social development. One member of #$LifeStageType is #$HumanChild, which has as its members all human children. Other members of #$LifeStageType include #$HumanAdult and #$HumanInfant.", rdfs:label "life stage type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of conventions used to encode and interpret things which bear information; a syntax together with a semantic mapping. Instances include natural languages like French or English, database data formats, and computer languages or idiosyncratic systems of gestures or symbols known only by a small group of people.", rdfs:label "communication convention" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of ailments. An instance of #$CongenitalCondition is an #$AilmentCondition that is present in an afflicted organism from the time of gestation (i.e. before birth), whether or not it is a #$GeneticCondition. Two example types of #$CongenitalCondition are congenital herpes and congenital heroin addiction. A #$CongenitalCondition may be caused by behavior of the mother during pregnancy. Birth defects (such as having an extra toe) are #$CongenitalConditions. Injuries sustained during the delivery itself are not #$CongenitalConditions. Thus if forceps are used and the infant is scarred, brain-damaged or killed as a result, the situation is not an element of this collection.", rdfs:label "congenital conditions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things; a subset of both #$LiquidTangibleThing and #$Water-Saline. Each element of #$SeaWater is a portion of salt water with the kind of mineral concentrations found in oceans--including the oceans themselves.", rdfs:label "sea water" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. An instance of #$IncurringAnInjury is an event in which an animal becomes injured. In such events, the animal which is hurt is the #$bodilyActedOn in the event. The condition which results of an instance of #$IncurringAnInjury would be an instance of #$InjuryCondition (q.v.). Also see the comment on #$AilmentCondition.", rdfs:label "instances of incurring an injury" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of actions. Each element of #$SingleDoerAction is an action which can have only one `doer' (i.e., only one agent `doing' it). Such events may be intentional or not. Most bodily functions belong to subsets of this collection, because the only agent of a normal bodily function is the agent whose body it is (e.g., #$Heartbeating, #$Bleeding). For a type of action to be a subset of #$SingleDoerAction, it must be inconsistent to assert, for any member of the subset, both (#$doneBy ACT X) and (#$doneBy ACT Y), where X and Y are different entities. In contrast, #$CarryingWhileLocomoting is NOT a subset of #$SingleDoerAction. For, although an action of that kind might often be done by only one performer, it is also common for two or more people to cooperate in carrying something.", rdfs:label "actions with only one performer" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of half-days from Midnight to Noon. See #$CalendarDay.", rdfs:label "AMs" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all individuals (in the sense of not being groups) belonging to the collection #$Agent. Each person, each animal, etc., is an element of #$IndividualAgent, in most contexts. Note that instances of #$Organization will in general NOT be elements of #$IndividualAgent. Intelligent robots are considered to be instances of #$IndividualAgent.", rdfs:label "individuals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Instances of #$GenericShapeType are collections representing types of shapes that make no committment to being either purely abstract or to being located in the physical world. Therefore, each instance of GenericShapeType is going to have some abstract and some localized instances. #$GenericShapeType is distinguished from #$AbstractShapeType (q.v.), which is the collection of those collections that are instances of #$ShapeType, and all of whose elements are abstract. There is no 'LocalizedShapeType'.", rdfs:label "generic shape type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of topographical features of the planet Earth characterized by long, slender cavities or cracks or furrows. The width of a crevice is significantly less than its length. The depth of a crevice is often greater than its width, and is never significantly less than its width.", rdfs:label "crevice - topographical - earth" SubClassOf: Class: Format Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all simple nouns, also called common nouns. Simple nouns can typically be preceded by a determiner, and in English they inflect for number. Example: 'dog'.", rdfs:label "simple nouns" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$InternalSensoryAttribute is a state of a sentient being in which it experiences within itself some somatic or psycho-somatic feeling, urge, or impulse. An internal sensory attribute differs from an `external' one in that the sensing agent refers the former to itself and the latter to external objects. #$InternalSensoryAttribute includes states of feeling hungry, thirsty, tired, or in pain, as well as various bodily urges such as the urge to sneeze, burp, or urinate. Sensory attributes that may occur with more or less intensity are represented by indicating a #$LevelOfPain, #$LevelOfPhysicalPleasure, #$LevelOfStress, etc.", rdfs:label "internal sensory attribute" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Translocation is a transfer of something across a distance. Translocations may have a #$toLocation and a #$fromLocation. #$Translocation is the common generalization of (i.e., a superset of) both #$WavePropagation and #$Movement-TranslationEvent (q.v.).", rdfs:label "translocation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "In the #$ModernMilitaryVehiclesMt, #$AirTransportationDevice parallels the military concept of 'air platform'; namely, an air vehicle commonly used in military operations to transport weapons, goods, or personnel by air.", rdfs:label "aircraft" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mental information. Each element of #$Memory is the propositional content of a mental state in which a person recalls past events. Most commonly those memories concern first-person experiences, but they may include recollections of anything that the person has learned in the past.", rdfs:label "memory" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$VideoRecordedObjects; a subset of #$PublishedMaterial. Each element of #$RecordedVideoProduct is a video recording which is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content. Typically, #$RecordedVideoProduct includes video recordings (on videotape, laserdiscs, etc.) prepared and duplicated for sale as a product.", rdfs:label "recorded video product" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all temporal situations in which two or more tangible objects are touching (see #$touches) for at least part of the situation's duration. This includes an object's rubbing against another, objects colliding, as well as static touching configurations. Note that, although most types of #$PhysicalEvents involve some kind of touching, only those types for which contact is salient should be subcollections of #$PhysicalContactSituation.", rdfs:label "physical contact situation" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of things that are not physical -- are not made of, or encoded in, matter. Every #$Collection is an #$Intangible (even if its instances are tangible), and so are some #$Individuals. Caution: do not confuse `tangibility' with `perceivability' -- humans can perceive light even though it's intangible--at least in a sense. For more on this issue, see the relevant #$cyclistNotes.", rdfs:label "intangibles" SubClassOf: , owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Function-Denotational is the collection of functions the CycL expressions for which can be used to form non-atomic terms (NATs). Specifically, when such a function-denoting expression is appropriately combined with other expressions (i.e. the former is in the 0th argument position and the latter are of the correct number and type) the resulting expression is a new CycL term -- a NAT -- that may then freely appear as a component in other CycL expressions. The NAT will itself denote the value (if any) of the function denoted by the former expression for the sequence of arguments denoted, respectively, by the latter expressions. For example, #$GovernmentFn is a unary denotational function, and so the CycL constant '#$GovernmentFn' requires one (syntactic) argument (such as the constant '#$France') to form a NAT (in this case, the expression '(#$GovernmentFn #$France)'). This NAT, which denotes the government of France, can in turn serve as a (syntactic) argument in any CycL expression in which (a term for) an instance of #$RegionalGovernment can occur. Alternatively, we could have created a specific new term `GovernmentOfFrance', asserted that its denotation is an instance of #$RegionalGovernment, and so on. But two related advantages to having NATs in CycL are that they (i) allow for a drastic reduction in the total number of constant terms needed in the CycL vocabulary and (ii) provide a convenient and systematic way to form appropriate new terms as needed out of existing vocabulary (which terms can then inherit from various existing rules and other assertions involving the terms' component expressions). Important subcollections of #$Function-Denotational include #$IndividualDenotingFunction (whose instances always return instances of #$Individual), #$CollectionDenotingFunction, #$SetDenotingFunction, and #$FunctionDenotingFunction (which is itself a subcollection of the first). NATs formed using terms that denote instances of #$FunctionDenotingFunction often denote instances of #$Function-Denotational themselves. Thus, like most other things, denotational functions can be denoted in CycL either by constants (e.g. '#$GovernmentFn') or -- although this is less common -- by NATs (e.g. '(#$FunctionToArg 2 #$biologicalMother)'). Note that the collection #$Function-Denotational does _not_ include all functions whatsoever. Functions that, given their natures and the nature of the CycL language, could not sensibly be denoted by any NAT-forming CycL expression are not denotational functions. Examples include certain provably-existing exotic mathematical functions, such as (probably) any one-to-one function from the positive integers to the rational numbers. (For a more general collection that does include such functions, and for a more general explication of the notion of function itself, see #$Function-MathematicalObject and its comment). Note also that #$Function-Denotational does not include any of the so-called #$TruthFunctions (q.v.): #$Predicates, #$Quantifiers, or #$LogicalConnectives. For these relations (as construed in CycL) are not really functions at all, even though it can be heuristically useful to think of them as if they were functions from sequences of arguments to truth values.", rdfs:label "functions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which a piece of stuff is transformed from a #$SolidStateOfMatter to a #$GaseousStateOfMatter by sublimation as opposed to evaporation.", rdfs:label "sublimations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; and a subset of #$Emission. An instance of #$EmittingAnObject is an emission event in which there is some #$PartiallyTangible which is the #$objectEmitted, i.e., the thing which `comes out' of the #$emitter of the event. The #$objectEmitted goes from (#$fromLocation) a place inside of the #$emitter to (#$toLocation) some place that is not within the #$emitter. The #$emitter plays an active role (#$doneBy and #$providerOfMotiveForce) in the emission. Examples: the birth of a baby, a bullet shot from a gun, a venonous snake depositing poison. Negative examples: a person leaving a building (the building is not active), throwing a ball (the ball was not inside the person before the throwing).", rdfs:label "emissions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A specialization of #$StaticSituation. Each instance of #$Configuration is a static situation involving two or more #$PartiallyTangible things standing in some sort of spatial relationship(s). For example, a #$Pile involves a bunch of things piled on top of each other, a #$FlowerArrangement involves an arrangement of multiple #$CutFlowers, and a #$KnotConfiguration might involve a particular intertwining of several segments of a single #$CordlikeObject. For configurations like the second example, which involve objects that are all of the same kind, see the specialization #$ArrangementOfLikeObjects. For configurations like the third example, which involve relationships between different parts of a single salient object, see #$ConfigurationOfComplexObject. Note that a static situation involving an #$Agent might be a configuration, but only so long as it's just the agent's _spatial_ relationship(s) to other partially tangibles that matters (see e.g. #$WearingSomething); static situations in which an agent's agency or sentience is crucial, on the other hand, are not configurations (see e.g. #$AgentRelationship and #$InterAgentRelationship).", rdfs:label "configurations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$UnorderedAttributeType is a collection of attributes whose values are not ordered over their whole range of possible values. A collection belonging to #$UnorderedAttributeType contains values that are incommensurable with one another. For example, the `suit' attribute of playing cards (unlike the number or face value of the cards) is an unordered attribute in card games where no suit is considered higher than another. The `gender' attribute of animals is an #$UnorderedAttributeType, as well. By contrast, see #$PrimitiveAttributeType.", rdfs:label "unordered attribute type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Distance; e.g., (#$Mile 26.2) denotes 26.2 miles.", rdfs:label "units of distance" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of semantically well-formed #$CycLAssertions whose formulas are rules. More precisely, the formulas are not GAFs (see #$CycLGAFAssertion), so they either have more than one literal (and therefore are non-atomic) or they quantify over some free variables (and therefore are non-ground). Any free variables are implicitly universally quantified.", rdfs:label "cyc l rule assertion" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Emirates, that is, those geopolitical entities, or territories, each of which is ordinarily ruled by an #$Amir-HeadOfState or an Emir (Amir) who is not necessariy a #$HeadOfState of an #$IndependentCountry, but rules a subsidiary region. See especially the #$UnitedArabEmirates.", rdfs:label "emirates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of physical events in which some doer acts on an object. Each element of #$ActionOnObject is an action in which both the roles of #$doneBy and #$objectActedOn (qq.v.) are filled. Positive examples: someone typing on a keyboard; a tornado destroying a building. Negative examples: a person dancing; wind blowing.", rdfs:label "actions on an object" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of rates; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$MoneyRate is a measurement applied to something that is measured by money-per-amount; e.g., $1.14 per gallon, $10,000 per acre, $250 per week, $0.89 per pound. Important subsets of #$MoneyRate include: #$MoneyPerVolumeRate, #$MoneyPerAreaRate, #$MoneyPerMassRate, #$MonetaryFlowRate. The units for #$MoneyRate measures are terms such as #$DollarsPerSquareFoot, #$DollarsPerHour, Yen per kilo, etc.", rdfs:label "money rates" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all those #$DirectedGraphs (node-and-link structures in which each link has one direction) each of which has no directed cycle in it. This is the intersection of #$DirectedGraph and #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem (which is the same as the intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem). A #$DirectedAcyclicGraph is often used as a representation of a #$PartialOrdering.", rdfs:label "Directed Acyclic Graph" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An instance of #$BiologicalClass and a sub-taxon of #$PterophytinaSubdivision. Each instance of #$FloweringPlant is a plant whose seeds are enclosed in ovaries; consequently, this is the collection of flowering plants in the botanical sense. For flowering plants actually in bloom, see #$FloweryPlant.", rdfs:label "flowering plants" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$FPSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the FPS (i.e., foot-pound-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$Gallon-US, #$SquareMile, #$CubicFtPerSec.", rdfs:label "foot-pound-second units of measure" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of rates; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$MonetaryFlowRate is a rate at which money is earned, spent, transferred, lost, invested, etc. It is a measurable quantity, expressed as a rate of units of money per unit of time, such as #$DollarsPerHour (see #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate). #$MonetaryFlowRate includes generic intervals, such as those which describe (in a particular context) #$HighIncomeLevel, #$LowIncomeLevel, etc.", rdfs:label "monetary flow rate" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of artifacts; a subset of #$HumanOccupationConstruct. An instance of #$HumanShelterConstruction is a place made to shelter people from the elements by allowing them to get indoors. Subsets include #$ModernHumanResidence, #$SchoolBuilding, #$ShoppingMallBuilding, many others. An instance of #$HumanShelterConstruction must have a roof and typically has sides, though the latter may be flimsy (as in elements of #$TentTheShelter) or even absent (as in some elements of #$ParkingGarage).", rdfs:label "human shelter constructions" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of mental events, a subset of #$Perceiving. Each element of this collection is a perceptual event in which the agent involuntarily receives senory information. Thus, if I am in a room, and a light is turned on, I would see the light reflected off of the walls, but without any effort on my part. On the other hand, actively searching for something with my eyes would not be a member of this collection.", rdfs:label "perceiving - involuntary" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "", rdfs:label "mathematical functions" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$WorkStatus is a classification commonly used by human resources departments to describe the status of workers on the company payroll. Note that these attributes describe a person's status in a job, rather than the position itself. Examples of #$WorkStatus include #$Commissioned, #$HourlyWork, #$FullTime, #$PartTime, #$TemporaryWork. Also see #$employeeStatus.", rdfs:label "work status" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Elements of #$CycLIndexedTerm are objects that are indexed in the Cyc kb (i.e., forts and assertions).", rdfs:label "cyc l indexed term" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of objects that are meant for, or are found on and distinctively structured for, the right side of some larger entity or ensemble of parts. Examples include right hands, right shoes, right automobile turning signals.", rdfs:label "right object" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$CommunicationAct-Single is a single-source transmission of information from ONE #$senderOfInfo to one or more recipients; such acts may be one-to-one or one-to-many. Every element of #$CommunicationAct-Single has a transmission sub-event (which is an element of #$IBTGeneration-Original) and one or more reception #$subEvents (which are elements of #$AccessingAnIBT). An element of #$CommunicationAct-Single starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. Notes: (1) For exchanges of information between or among multiple agents, see #$MultiDirectionalCommunication. (2) An important distinction is made between elements of #$CommunicationAct-Single on the one hand, and their #$subEvents which are elements of #$IBTGeneration-Original and #$AccessingAnIBT, on the other hand; e.g., #$Speaking and #$Writing are NOT subsets of #$CommunicationAct-Single, but rather are subsets of #$IBTGeneration-Original (because instances of both represent only the generation of information and can even occur without actual communication of it), and #$ListeningDeliberately and #$Reading are subsets of #$AccessingAnIBT, NOT of #$CommunicationAct-Single, because instances of both represent only the accessing of information (even if by default they imply a prior generation of information).", rdfs:label "communication acts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible products. Each element of #$SolidTangibleProduct is a tangible product that is a solid -- either a solid object (e.g., an automobile) or a stuff in solid form (e.g., lumber) -- that is sold separately. Items that are always part of something else (e.g. #$DiskSector) are not instances of #$SolidTangibleProduct.", rdfs:label "solid tangible product" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of expressions for which EL variables are not canonicalized into HL variables, #$ELRelations are not expanded, and functions are not reified.", rdfs:label "e l template" SubClassOf: owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent, something is destroyed by some element(s) of #$BiologicalLivingObject. For example, #$DigestingInStomach is a subset of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent.", rdfs:label "biological destruction event" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all air transportation companies. An element of #$AirlineCompany is a #$TransportationCompany that operates airplanes to transport goods or people in exchange for money.", rdfs:label "airlines" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons. Each element of #$HeadOfGovernment is a person who holds a political position as the titular head of the government in some element of #$Country. Titles that such a person might hold include Prime Minister, President, Premier, King or Queen, Minister of State, Sultan, Chacellor, Chairman. Examples: John Major, Benjamin Netanyahu, Bill Clinton. See also #$titleOfPosition. Cf. #$HeadOfState.", rdfs:label "heads of government" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Mays, the second month to start after the vernal equinox (in the Northern Hemisphere) in the #$GregorianCalendar and #$JulianCalendar. May is the fifth month of the year in the #$GregorianCalendar. May started as the third month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar, but after the beginning of the year was moved to the beginning of #$January it became the fifth month of the year.", rdfs:label "May" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons. Each element of #$Athlete is a person who trains to compete in contests involving physical agility, stamina, or strength. In the #$JobMt, #$Athlete is a subset of #$Professional (q.v.), and hence in that microtheory represents the collection of professional athletes.", rdfs:label "athletes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection consisting of every #$Microtheory intended to contain general axioms useful for multiple purposes. This excludes microtheories which deal with specific situations, such as instances of #$ProblemSolvingCntxt, microtheories that represent the information content of one specific #$InformationBearingObject such as the US Declaration of Independence, or those which are purely lexical microtheories. Examples of this collection are #$HumanSocialLifeMt, #$BuyingMt, and #$NaiveAnimalsMt. Negative examples include #$GeneralLexiconMt (purely lexical) and #$PeopleDataMt (no general axioms).", rdfs:label "general microtheory" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections of collections; #$BiologicalTaxonType contains the classes of organism types (i.e., taxons) that biologists recognize, including #$BiologicalSpecies, #$BiologicalPhylum, etc. The naive classes that non-biologists use may be instances of some element of #$BiologicalTaxonType, though often they are not. When they coincide, the commonsense class of organism (e.g., #$Person) is an instance of some #$BiologicalTaxonType (#$BiologicalSpecies, for example). See also #$OrganismClassificationType.", rdfs:label "biological taxon type" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. An element of #$InternationalOrganization is an organization of international `scope' -- that is, one which has substantial operations, physical facilities, or substantial membership in multiple countries. International organizations may have individual #$Persons, #$Organizations, or countries as members. They may be political or commercial in nature. International organizations with countries as members belong to the subset #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries. Examples of #$InternationalOrganization: #$UnitedNationsOrganization, #$OPEC, #$IBMInc. See also #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry.", rdfs:label "international organizations" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each #$FeelingAttributeType is a type of attribute that describes some sort of emotion and/or mental feeling. Some elements of #$FeelingAttributeType are: #$Envy, #$Curiosity, #$PrideOfAccomplishment, etc. See also #$FeelingAttribute.", rdfs:label "types of emotion" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$CourseDuringAMeal is an event in which one or more diners at a meal consume a single course. Examples include the elements of #$AppetizerCourse, #$MainCourse, #$DessertCourse.", rdfs:label "course during a meal" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all interjections, also called exclamations. Interjections often serve a purely pragmatic or discourse function, and can often stand alone as utterances. Examples: 'ugh', 'abracadabra', and 'wow!'.", rdfs:label "interjections" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all paths (instances of #$Path-Generic) that have spatial extent, and that join spatially located things. This includes roads, corridors, wires, blood vessels, nerves, etc. and it excludes purely abstract paths such as those in kinship diagrams, mathematics, etc. A #$Path-Spatial may be a pre-existing path in a #$CustomarySystemOfLinks (like a road, nerve, etc.), or it may be a path in some specially specified #$PathSystem which consists of spatial paths. A motion (a #$Movement-TranslationEvent) may follow an existing #$Path-Spatial or it may not; contrast this with the #$Trajectory of the motion, which is generated by every #$Movement-TranslationEvent.", rdfs:label "spatial paths" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of relationships; #$Role is a subset of #$Predicate. Each instance of #$Role represents a kind of relation that can hold between a situation and something `involved' in it. Note that the involvement may be active (e.g., #$doneBy) or passive (e.g., #$objectActedOn or even #$eventOccursAt), central (e.g., #$primaryObjectMoving) or peripheral (e.g., #$assistingAgent). Important sub-collections of #$Role are #$ActorSlot and #$SubProcessSlot.", rdfs:label "roles" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of vectors; a subset of #$VectorInterval. Each element of #$Vector-Precise is an exactly indicated (i.e., point) vector, such as `5 feet due West'. Both direction and distance are precise. Thus, #$Vector-Precise is to #$VectorInterval what #$ScalarPointValue is to #$ScalarInterval. #$Vector-Precise includes all the instances of #$UnitVector-Precise.", rdfs:label "vector - precise" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of certain pieces of tangible stuff. A #$FreeSheet is a #$SheetOfSomeStuff which has two sides open to the environment. I.e. over most of each of its surfaces, it is not #$sheetSurfaceConnected with something else.", rdfs:label "free sheet" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$LivingLanguage, a subset of #$NaturalLanguage, is the collection of all natural languages which have some native speaker(s).", rdfs:label "living languages" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which two #$Agents (#$exchangers) perform two #$TransferringPossessions with each other, one of which is a #$MoneyTransfer. The #$buyer gains possession (i.e., some #$UserRightsAttribute) of the #$objectPaidFor from the #$seller, who gains possession of the #$objectTendered. Note that #$Renting, as well as #$Buying, is a #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights", rdfs:label "monetary exchange of user rights" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of periodic movement events; hence a subset of #$Movement-Periodic (q.v.) In any element of #$Translation-Periodic, the periodic motion of the #$objectMoving is translational motion (as opposed, e.g., to rotation). E.g., a ball bouncing in place translates periodically; so does a planet revolving around a star. But not: a planet rotating on its axis, a top spinning in place.", rdfs:label "translation - periodic" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all Novembers, the eleventh month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.", rdfs:label "November" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each element of #$TakingOffAClothingItem is an event in which something being worn is removed, either by the wearer or by someone else (e.g., removing a child's boots or a horse's saddle). After an element of #$TakingOffAClothingItem occurs, the situation (an element of #$WearingSomething) in which the item was being #$wornOn the body is over.", rdfs:label "taking off a clothing item" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The set of things which are intangible yet exist in time. E.g., the code of conduct for a formal dinner party, the standards for acceptance to Caltech as an undergrad, an account at Sears, etc.", rdfs:label "intangible existing thing" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tools. An instance of #$GraspingImplement is a tool which is intended to be used to grasp (and often to subsequently immobilize or control the location/movement of) some other solid object. Examples include each #$Vise, each pair of #$Forceps, each #$MonkeyWrench, each pair of #$Tweezers, etc. But not a balloon, a syringe, a doorstop, a cage, etc. A marginal positive example would be a magnetic tool designed to pick up something without actually touching it.", rdfs:label "grasping implements" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "For a measurable non-negative quantity, the ordered sequence of possible values may be thought of as a line. #$NonNegativeScalarIntervals are the line segments (or points) on such a line, representing a range of consecutive values, all equal to or greater than 0. An important subset is #$NonNegativeNumber the elements of which correspond to the non-negative part of the Real Number Line. Elements of #$NonNegativeNumber are either contiguous sets of points there (i.e., a range of numbers) or just single points there (i.e., a number). Elements of #$NonNegativeScalarInterval for which there is some unit of measure (e.g. meters, seconds, volts) are not elements of #$NonNegativeNumber.", rdfs:label "non negative scalar interval" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$SkolemFunctions whose arity is fixed. This is by far the most common type of skolem function, because variable- arity skolem functions are only created when a sequence variable is in the scope of the skolem.", rdfs:label "fixed arity skolem function" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of beings whose existence is accepted by some social system. (Thus, the elements of #$SocialBeing will vary with social contexts.) Social beings are entities able to perform social roles in the system that recognizes them. #$SocialBeing includes elements of #$Organization (e.g., the #$QueensGuard) as well as the elements of #$LegalAgent (in that system), so, for example, in modern industrial social systems, the elements of #$LegalCorporation and #$Person are instances of #$SocialBeing.", rdfs:label "social agents" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of abstract objects; a subset of #$IntangibleIndividual. Each element of #$ComputationalObject is a syntactically structured form, such as a Cyc system expression, a Lisp string, a C variable name, or an equation in a particular canonical form format.", rdfs:label "computational objects" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of translational motion events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In each element of #$Translation-LocationChange, the #$objectMoving ends up in a different place than it started; i.e., the #$fromLocation cannot be the same as the #$toLocation. Thus, a round trip travel event (#$Translation-RoundTrip) is NOT an instance of this collection. See also #$Translation-NoLocationChange.", rdfs:label "changes of location" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible objects. Each instance of #$SomethingToWear is an object that an animal (usually a person) wears on its body, i.e., in a #$WearingSomething event. It is worth remarking that, in such an event, the wearer doesn't have to exert any intentional effort to continue wearing the object. For example, shirts remain on people's torsos, hats stay on heads, rings on fingers; once in place, dog collars stay on dogs, saddles stay on horses. By contrast, a hula hoop is NOT an example of #$SomethingToWear. A borderline case is a #$Purse, which at first blush seems to be something to wear, yet requires carrying by the performer, hence is not a member of this collection. Similarly, a briefcase is not an #$SomethingToWear.", rdfs:label "wearable items" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tools. An instance of #$HardwareTool is an object used to perform a task, usually by applying a particular kind of force on another object. The tool is used to produce a physical effect in the position, structure, or arrangement of the other object. Subsets of #$HardwareTool include #$Hammer, #$Screwdriver, #$HandSaw. An electric drill is also a #$HardwareTool. Borderline nonexamples include eating utensils, robot servants, screws, nails, and levers.", rdfs:label "tools" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who works for a #$Navy.", rdfs:label "naval people" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. When any medical care professional provides a medical service to patients, that is an instance of #$MedicalCareEvent. An instance of #$MedicalCareEvent may be a diagnostic procedure, a treatment, a consultation, routine check-up, a medical test, etc. -- anything a medical care provider can bill for. E.g., (#$BirthFn #$NicoleLenat) represents the birth of a particular person; since she were born in a modern Western hospital, doctors, nurses, and a variety of hospital equipment were present and used, so this is a #$MedicalCareEvent.", rdfs:label "medical care event" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all well-formed CycL queries. Example: (#$and (#$isa ?X #$Cat) (#$isa ?X #$Dog)). Weaker well-formedness constraints are imposed on CycL queries than on assertions (see #$CycLSentence-Assertible). CycL queries are syntactically well-formed CycL sentences, also well-formed with respect to arity, which express a query in CycL. Free variables are not implicitly universally quantified; they are interpreted as variables for which bindings are sought.", rdfs:label "cyc l query" SubClassOf: , , , owl:Thing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all religions or equivalent sets of beliefs that answer the `big questions' about creation, existence, etc. Some elements of this are: #$AnimistReligion, #$Catholicism, #$Buddhism, etc.", rdfs:label "religions" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of actions performed by one #$Agent to greet another. Includes verbal and physical greetings.", rdfs:label "salutes" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all animals that are not domesticated or tame. Note that a captive animal may still be a wild animal, e.g., zoo animals that are not tame or domesticated. Cf. #$CaptiveAnimal, #$DomesticatedAnimal.", rdfs:label "wild animals" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalFamily and above #$BiologicalSpecies. Sometimes, hybrids are possible between different instances of #$BiologicalSpecies that belong to the same #$BiologicalGenus.", rdfs:label "genera" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each element of #$DestructionEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (the #$inputsDestroyed) ceases to exist.", rdfs:label "destruction events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all non-periodic translational movement events, i.e., the intersection of #$Movement-NonPeriodic and #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In each instance of #$Translation-NonPeriodic, the #$objectMoving is in translational motion and does not move back the same position on the regular temporal basis (it can visit the same location multiple times, just not regularly).", rdfs:label "translation - non periodic" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of microscopic-scale objects. Each instance of #$Atom has one atomic nucleus and some number of electrons. As a default, we assume that an instance of #$Atom has no net charge, i.e., that it has as many instances of #$Electrons as it does of #$Protons in its #$AtomicNucleus; but note there are exceptions, e.g., those which are instances of #$Ion.", rdfs:label "atoms" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of living things which are all elements of both #$Organism-Whole and #$Cell. Each element of #$SingleCellOrganism is an organism consisting of one self-reproducing living cell.", rdfs:label "single cell organisms" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$Visibility is a characterization of how clear the ambient fluid at a location is. Higher values indicate one can see farther (than one could have at lower values at the same location). Different degrees of visibility may be designated using a #$GenericValueFunction. Visibility at a location is expressed with the predicate #$ambientVisibility.", rdfs:label "visibility" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of microtheories that are used in applications as a means to reason about particular situations. Every original query takes place in some #$ProblemSolvingCntxt (as opposed to a #$GeneralMicrotheory) which has access --- via the #$genlMt relation --- to other relevant microtheories, all the way up to the most general one, the #$BaseKB. A #$ProblemSolvingCntxt is usually created temporarily for the problem at hand, and is discarded after the problem is dealt with (unlike a #$GeneralMicrotheory, which is created for lasting use).", rdfs:label "psc" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of actions. In a #$VisitingSomeone event, one #$Agent travels or moves to the vicinity of another #$Agent for the purpose of meeting with that other #$Agent. Each #$VisitingSomeone is purposeful, at least on the part of the #$Agent doing the travelling, and that #$Agent is typically a #$Person, and the purpose is often social in nature.", rdfs:label "visits" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of junctions of paths, each junction being an arrangement of three or more distinct instances of #$Path-Customary such that they are all locally connected to each other by joining at the #$JunctionOfPaths. It includes the case of two or more paths that 'cross' at a junction (because four path segments are thereby joined), but not the case in which the end of one path simply joins the end of another path, and no others. For junctions in #$PathSystems, see #$junctionInSystem. (Determining what constitutes a #$JunctionOfPaths depends on the #$PathTypes of the joined paths; if it is #$River then only a junction of rivers qualifies, not the place where a road joins a river.)", rdfs:label "junctions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of official documents. Each element of #$Passport is a document issued to a person by a national government in order to identify that person as a citizen of said country while s/he is travelling across or outside of that country's borders.", rdfs:label "passports" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all nouns.", rdfs:label "nouns" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates; one of several subsets of #$PartPredicate. The collection #$CompositionPredicate contains predicates which are used to relate #$PartiallyTangible things to the substances (pieces of stuffs) which compose them. #$CompositionPredicates are instance-level (i.e, they relate #$Individuals, not #$Collections), although typically they are used in inferences about specific kinds of things. Examples include #$constituents, #$mainConstituent #$solvent, #$solute, #$suspendingFluid, #$suspendedPart.", rdfs:label "composition predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent #$sees something by means of an #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor detecting wavelengths of visible light, and thereby acquires information about it. Note: one eye is sufficient for #$VisualPerception, and limited short-distance #$DepthPerception, but `true' long-distance #$DepthPerception requires two eyes.", rdfs:label "glimpses" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). #$NonPublishedText is that subset of #$TextualMaterial whose elements are text that has not yet been published (such as a rejected book manuscript) and may not even be intended for publication (such as a memo or personal letter).", rdfs:label "unpublished texts" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all the types of #$AnimalBodyParts. An #$AnimalBodyPartType is a characterization of body parts by structure and/or function. Some elements of this collection include #$SpinalColumn, #$Eyelash, #$NervousSystem, #$Urethra, #$Wing-AnimalBodyPart, #$HeelOfPalm, etc. As can be seen from those examples, #$AnimalBodyPartType is not organized along species/order/class/phylum/... taxonomic lines.", rdfs:label "animal body part type" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "An intense feeling of hostility and aversion, usually deriving from fear, anger, or a sense of injury, and usually coupled with enmity and malice. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.", rdfs:label "hatred" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects; a subset of #$PhysicalDevice. An instance of #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to prepare food or drink somehow, such as a colander, a spice mill or a pot.", rdfs:label "kitchen appliances" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalProductionEvent, raw materials are combined to produce a product, and some element(s) of #$BiologicalLivingObject is the producer. E.g., the production of honey by honeybees, the growth of a seedling into a tree, the secretion of sweat by a marathon runner, etc. Note: This is a very general collection, and for most purposes one of its subsets will better capture what is intended.", rdfs:label "biological production event" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$Persons in the infant stage of life. Functionally, this ends when the infant learns to walk (even just toddle) and/or talk (even a few words)... or, at latest, when the person's age greatly exceeds that at which most people develop those skills. Generally, this means that it spans the period from birth to about 12 - 18 months old. One of the subsets of this collection is #$NewbornBaby.", rdfs:label "infants" Class: GenderOfLivingThing Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of #$Events which are characterized primarily by a change in some intrinsic property of one main entity involved in the event (i.e., one of the #$actors). Such intrinsic changes may include changes of a thing's color, temperature, device state, size, and so on. Events where the main change is extrinsic (such as a change in location or ownership) are not #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvents. In events which have more than one actor, the event may be an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent for one actor but not for another. For example, in a #$FasteningSafetyBelt event, the #$SafetySeatBelt (the device used) goes from unconnected to connected (to itself), which is an intrinsic change; however, the agent who does the fastening (i.e., who is #$HandlingADevice) does not change intrinsically, but only in its configuration to the belt, an external object. Another example: in a #$HairCuttingEvent, the hair that is barbered undergoes an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent due to its role in that kind of event, but the barber undergoes no intrinsic change due to the hair cutting. Note: Some events, such as an ice cube melting into a small puddle of water, could be represented in Cyc either as an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent or as a #$TransformationEvent but not (within a single micro-theory) as both; see the comments on those constants.", rdfs:label "changes of state" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all proper count nouns. Proper nouns are usually capitalized, and they usually denote some particular person, place, or thing. Many proper nouns cannot be preceded by a determiner, and many have no plural form. Example: `Dallas'. Although one might think that names for languages e.g. ``Cherokee'' are #$ProperCountNouns, they are actually #$MassNouns. One test is to see if you can ``too much X'' or ``a lot of X'' without a distinct plural form. For example ``too much Crest'' vs *``too much Q-tips'' and ``a lot of Coke'' vs *``a lot of Q-tip'' suggest that ``crest'' and ``coke'' are mass nouns, whereas ``Q-tip'' is a count noun.", rdfs:label "proper count noun" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the EL language. All of their subexpressions, if any, must also be in the EL language.", rdfs:label "e l expression" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Consultant works with some business in a consulting capacity. Consultants can be self employed, or they can work for a consulting company.", rdfs:label "consultants" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of creation events. #$MakingSomething is a specialization of #$CreatingAnArtifact instances of which involve some partially tangible thing being made from raw materials or from parts. The end result (see #$productsCreated) might or might not be a #$Product.", rdfs:label "making events" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$MaterialStrengthType is a specific collection of attributes used in determining the strength of a material. Examples: #$Hardness, #$Malleability, #$Ductility, #$Elasticity, #$ShearStrength.", rdfs:label "material strength type" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of actions, many of which are speech acts. In each element of this collection, somebody orders somebody to do something. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with this action, #$Command.", rdfs:label "orders" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$UnaryPredicate is the subset of #$Predicate whose elements take only a single argument. Note, however, that most unary properties are implemented in Cyc as elements of #$Collection or of #$AttributeValue, rather than of #$UnaryPredicate. So there should not be very many instances of this collection.", rdfs:label "unary predicate" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of water transportation devices. An instance of #$Watercraft is a device for transporting people and/or objects over water or through water under the surface without getting them wet; thus, instances of #$Submarine, #$Rowboat or #$Ship (as opposed to #$JetSki or #$Surfboard or #$Sailboard).", rdfs:label "boats" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all those collections that each correspond to a category in some agreed-upon or conventional classification system (a #$ConventionalClassificationSystem) used by people. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement or custom, without changing the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the category. (This applies only to named, known classification systems or schemas, and not to everything under the sun as might be urged by some 1990's-era postmodernist deconstructionist literary criticism theorists.) #$ConventionalClassificationType would include categories in biological taxonomy, standard classifications, data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo classes, military doctrinal classes, named calendar intervals, etc.", rdfs:label "conventional classification type" SubClassOf: owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$CostBreakdownSlot is a binary predicate used to describe some pecuniary aspect of an instance of #$Buying. The first argument to every #$CostBreakdownSlot is an element of #$Buying and the second argument is always an instance of #$Money. Examples: #$moneyTransferred, #$discount, #$salesTax, #$salesCommission.", rdfs:label "cost breakdown slot" SubClassOf: daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$CotemporalObjectsSlot is the collection of #$BinaryPredicates PRED such that whenever a formula without free variables (PRED ARG1 ARG2) is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of both ARG1 and ARG2 (i.e., that ARG1 and ARG2 are #$TemporalThings which temporally subsume the moment). For example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we can conclude that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington)) doesn't justify the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In general (with the qualifications indicated below), a closed assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)), with PRED a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, licenses the conclusions (#$temporallySubsumes ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallySubsumes ARG2 TIME). And a closed assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)) licenses the conclusions (#$temporallyIntersects ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallyIntersects ARG2 TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would undermine the conclusions above about temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARG1 and ARG2 are not #$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerms; in practice, they almost never are. See also the generalization of #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, #$CotemporalPredicate, and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg.", rdfs:label "cotemporal objects slot" SubClassOf: , daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all titles: proper nouns (noun phrases) that relate to a person's status and/or function/role in an organization. E.g., #$SeniorVicePresident-Title, #$MemberOfTechnicalStaff-Title, #$Reverend-Title, #$Father-Title, #$Miss, etc. Note that this concept is not (closely) related to the title of a book or work of art, nor to the nicknames for a place, etc.", rdfs:label "titles" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of meteorological events of a duration shorter than seasonal processes. A particular hurricane event, for example, might be characteristic of a seasonal process for a region; but the hurricane event itself is an instance of #$ImmediateWeatherProcess. Another example of an #$ImmediateWeatherProcess is a single #$LightningEvent. (Cf. #$AnnualClimateCycle.)", rdfs:label "immediate weather process" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. Each element of #$InterconvertibleUnitType is a collections of functions (all belonging to #$UnitOfMeasure) that are used to measure quantities whose units are convertible into one another. Some collections of interconvertible units include #$UnitOfTime, #$UnitOfDistance, #$UnitOfCPUSpeed. For example, #$UnitOfTime includes the functions #$HoursDuration and #$SecondsDuration (among others). Any quantity denoted by applying one of those functions can also be expressed in terms of the other. For example, (#$HoursDuration 1) equals (#$MinutesDuration 60). On the other hand, not all the instances of #$UnitOfMeasure constitute types of interconvertible units. #$UnitOfRate is not an element of #$InterconvertibleUnitType; therefore, it does not necessarily follow that quantities denoted by its elements are interconvertible. For example, #$TimesPerDay and #$MilesPerHour are both elements of #$UnitOfRate; however, quantities denoted using either function are not convertible into one another.", rdfs:label "interconvertible unit types" SubClassOf: owl:Class Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all animals' muscle systems. A #$MuscularSystem of an animal is composed of all its muscles, considered as a functional whole. As a system, they work together to enable foot motions in locomotion, pumping in circulation, breathing in respiration, biting and chewing and swallowing in eating, etc.", rdfs:label "musculatures" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of Cyc terms that are #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerms but are not meant to be reified at the top level (but sub-nats are still reified). #$CycLUnreifiedReifiableNonAtomicTerms are handled specially by the canonicalizer. As an example of how this works, see #$termOfUnit. Its arg1 is a #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerm and its arg2 is an #$CycLUnreifiedReifiableNonAtomicTerm.", rdfs:label "cyc l unreified reifiable non atomic term" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of genders that organisms can have.", rdfs:label "genders" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$QuintaryFunction is the collection of all Cyc functions which take five arguments.", rdfs:label "quintary function" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of specifications. Each element of #$ProductStandard is a precise description applied to the instances of a particular #$ProductType. Manufacturers of that product type agree explicitly or in practice, or they may obey a government requirement, to make product designs following the specifications stated in the standard, so that products within the type will all have certain features in common. For example, telephones and television sets fulfil certain product standards. The resultant interchangeability allows compatibility with other devices and products, with public utilities, commercial trading expectations, governement purchasing requirements, etc.", rdfs:label "product standards" Class: ElectricalResistance Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Every instance of #$MicroscopicScaleObject is a material object which is so small that human beings cannot perceive it, except (perhaps) with the use of special devices such as electron microscopes. Some types of #$MicroscopicScaleObject include its subsets #$Molecule, #$Atom, #$SubAtomicParticle, #$Chloroplast, and #$Mitochondrion.", rdfs:label "microscopic scale object" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$Thing is the universal set: the collection of everything! Every Cyc constant in the Knowledge Base is a member of this collection; in the prefix notation of the language CycL, we express that fact as (#$isa CONST #$Thing). Thus, too, every collection in the Knowledge Base is a subset of the collection #$Thing; in CycL, we express that fact as (#$genls COL #$Thing). See #$isa and #$genls for further explanation of those relationships. Note: There are even a few collections, such as #$CharacterString and #$Integer, which have a #$defnSufficient that recognizes non-constants (such as strings and numbers) as instances of #$Thing.", rdfs:label "things" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all bicycles, personal wheeled transport devices powered by human peddling. Most Bicycles have two main wheels arranged in-line, but some tandem bicycles have more than two wheels.", rdfs:label "bicycles" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Those instances of both #$ArgTypeTernaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlAttributePredicate used to specify the required #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required #$genlAttributes #$AttributeValue.", rdfs:label "arg genl attribute ternary predicate" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of devices. An instance of #$CleaningDevice is any device, manually powered or otherwise, whose #$primaryFunction is to be used in cleaning things. Instances include each #$Mop, each #$RegularWindshieldWiper, each #$FacialTissue, each #$ShoeBrush, each #$ClothesWasher, each #$Dishwasher, etc.", rdfs:label "cleaning tools" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. In each #$SeparationEvent, an object is cut, scraped, broken, cracked or pulverized, so that part of the object is no longer attached where it once was. That part has not necessarily completely separated; it may still be attached in places. See #$Separation-Complete for the complete case.", rdfs:label "separations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The set of parts of an animal's body that one might point to, operate on, photograph, transplant, etc. So this is a collection of (conceptual) spatial subdivisions of the bodies of #$Animals, generally contiguous and having some more or less clear boundary. Some elements of this collections are Einstein's head, #$SantasBeard, and Babe Ruth's right arm. Other elements of this set are what might be considered unhealthy body regions, such as a blister, a puncture wound, a bruise, etc. -- but those are still clearly a part of an animal's body, can be pointed to, photographed, bandaged up, etc. Note that this concept is quite different from an animal body `system' (such as the lymph system, the nervous system, etc.) which comprises a small portion of an animal's total mass but is distributed throughout the animal's body -- see #$AnimalBodyPart. (At the naive, commonsense level of physiology, and for almost all purposes, it is perfectly acceptable to conceptualize Santa's beard as one #$AnimalBodyRegion, and the same for Farrah Fawcett's hair, etc. A borderline case of this is: Cher's fingernails. In some contexts, one would treat those as an #$AnimalBodyRegion, and in other contexts one would treat them as ten separate #$AnimalBodyRegions.)", rdfs:label "animal body region" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all terminal parts of a #$Vertebrate forelimb which are structurally suited to function as a grasping organ (as in people, newts, etc.). E.g., FerdinandTheBull has his forelimbs end in hooves, which are not capable of grasping things, so those are NOT considered #$Hands.", rdfs:label "hands" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$ServiceOrganization is an organization whose main function is to provide some set of services, i.e., to perform certain service events. A service organization may be a subsidiary, a department, or an independent organization. A service organization may or may not be a for-profit organization; see the subset #$CommercialServiceOrganization. Examples: #$FederalExpress; the mail department at MCC; #$NewYorkHospital; the #$USMedicareAdministration; the Jiffy Lube at Guadalupe and 38th St; #$Threadgills restaurant; KEYE-TV in Austin, TX.", rdfs:label "service organizations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$Organizations. An instance of #$OrganizationWithIndividualCustomers sells goods and/or services to #$customers, most of whom are individual #$Persons, rather than businesses or other #$Organizations.", rdfs:label "organizations with individual customers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). Each element of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation is a #$WavePropagation (q.v.) event that carries information, for an interpreter which understands its conventions. Examples of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation include sounds, radio signals, and images of visible light. These eventlike IBTs should be contrasted with the relatively static, persistent, objectlike IBTs in the collection #$InformationBearingObject.", rdfs:label "information bearing wave propagation" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The calendar season that begins at summer solstice and runs until autumnal equinox.", rdfs:label "summers" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible stuff. Every instance of #$MolecularStuff is a portion of stuff composed of covalently-bonded molecules. Thus, #$Water and #$DNAStuff are subsets of #$MolecularStuff; each of their instances consists of covalently bonded molecules. But instances of #$Salt-NaCl are not examples of #$MolecularStuff. Also, #$Oxygen is not a subset of #$MolecularStuff, since #$Oxygen denotes anything composed of that element, not just O2 (molecular oxygen) and O3 (ozone).", rdfs:label "molecular stuff" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of things which have both a tangible and an intangible component -- e.g., people (with bodies and minds), information bearing objects (intangible information encoded on a tangible substrate, such as music on a CD, or text in a book) and so on. Like anything else that has at least some tangible component, each element of #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject exists in time. Our representation allows us to separately reify the tangible and intangible components of an object; this is sometimes necessary (e.g., to state that the age of the Frankenstein monster's mind is x, the age of his body is y, and the age of the new composite is z) but not very often needed --- usually one can just reify the #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject and state things about it.", rdfs:label "composite tangible and intangible object" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Intolerance of rivalry; feeling of suspicion and resentment of one's rivals. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Note: #$Envy is related to covetousness, wanting (perhaps in the future) what someone else has; #$Jealousy is related to possessiveness, wanting to keep what is (or was or could have been) already yours.", rdfs:label "jealousy" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one half of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates and duration may vary depending on the institution and year, instances will be time intervals such as ``StanfordSpringSemester1990-91''.", rdfs:label "semesters" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of places. Each #$HumanOccupationConstruct is a place where people do things, such as: the Empire State Building, an individual office in that building, the White House, the Lincoln Bedroom in the White House, an elevator, a tent, etc. An instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct is an artificial construction belonging to the collection #$ContainerProduct, and its #$primaryFunction is as a place in which humans perform activities. Some large subsets include (a) instances of #$HumanShelterConstruction (e.g., houses); (b) sub-regions within a #$HumanShelterConstruction or within any building which are intended for human use (e.g., rooms, shower stalls), and (c) regions in any transportation vehicle which are designed for human occupancy (e.g., the cockpit, passenger compartment). Note: Some buildings which are not themselves instances of #$HumanOccupationConstruct, such as #$HooverDam, may have a sub-region which is a #$HumanOccupationConstruct (e.g., the control room at the top of the dam). Note: The collection #$HumanOccupationConstruct is broad enough to include tents, boiler rooms, elevator shafts, steam tunnels, and the space inside the #$LincolnMemorialInWashingtonDC. Thus, an instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct need not be strictly #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside (q.v.), since #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside is meant to include many characteristics that those places do not necessarily share (such as humanly comfortable temperature, lighting at night, not terribly noisy or windy, clean). We therefore do not make the default assertion that a #$HumanOccupationConstruct is #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside; however, an instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct is certainly not a purely #$OutdoorLocation (q.v.), so we DO assert that those two collections are disjoint. Certain subsets of #$HumanOccupationConstruct, however, do have `indoor' characteristics, and so we assert (for example) that anything found inside instances of #$RoomInAConstruction or #$ModernShelterConstruction is found #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside. Note: For places designed to be occupied by humans but which are purely outdoor locations (such as elements of #$Lawn, #$ParkingLot, and #$Playground), see #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject.", rdfs:label "human occupation construct" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TemporalPartSlot is a binary predicate used to relate two things which have temporal extent, asserting either that one thing is a temporal part of the second thing, or that one thing is a temporal composite that includes the second thing. Examples: #$developmentalStages, #$subEvents, #$firstSubEvents, #$subAbstrac, #$manufacturingSteps, #$beforeActors, #$afterActors.", rdfs:label "temporal part slots" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all horizons, each being the far-off region within a few degrees of the horizontal plane, where the sky appears to join the distant landscape. The horizon is always relative to a particular point of observation.", rdfs:label "horizons" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events, and a subset of #$Cleaning. In a #$Washing event, some #$Water is being employed in the cleaning, typically with some surfactant such as soap dissolved in the water. If only water (i.e., no soap) is used in a #$Washing, then the event also belongs to a particular subset of #$Washing, namely #$Rinsing.", rdfs:label "washes" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all #$Persons in the childhood stage of life. Functionally, this ends when the child begins to take responsibility for themselves, work, have children of their own,... or, at latest, when the person's age greatly exceeds that at which most people reach those milestones. Generally, this means that it spans the period from birth to teenage years. This is highly dependent on context, of course; childhood in Shakespeare's culture ended around age 12.", rdfs:label "children" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of translational motion events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any element of #$Translation-MultiTrajectory, motion may occur simultaneously along two or more instances of #$Trajectory (which are not related by sub-trajectory relationships.) Therefore, there must be at least two #$objectMovings in such an event. There may be more than one #$fromLocation and/or more than one #$toLocation. Elements of #$Translation-MultiTrajectory include scattering, distributing, and collecting things. E.g., all of the following exhibit multi-trajectory translation movements: a rainshower or snowfall; an exploding firework; water being ejected from a sprinkling system; the surrounding objects being sucked up by a tornado; participants running a 100K footrace; pool balls during the opening break. For non-examples of this, see #$Translation-SingleTrajectory.", rdfs:label "translation - multi trajectory" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of construction artifacts. Each element of #$HumanResidence is a humanly constructed shelter (or a part of one) in which humans reside--as opposed to, say, their places of employment (though the two might be the same). #$HumanResidence includes residential huts, igloos, longhouses, hotels, barracks, palaces, houseboats, mobile homes, as well as apartments, duplexes, and detached houses. A person's residence is typically the place where she/he usually sleeps and keeps most personal effects.", rdfs:label "homes" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent. Each element of #$SocialOccurrence is an event in which two or more agents (and often many more than two) take part. Often, elements of #$SocialOccurrence involve communication among the participating agents. Usually there are some social occurrences in every culture that have very elaborate role structures (e.g., a lawsuit or a wedding), and some that are fairly simple (e.g., belching at the dinner table). See also: #$socialParticipants.", rdfs:label "societal events" SubClassOf: , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "Read #$cyclistNotes. A generic long flexible skinny thing like string, electrical extension cords, rope, wicks.", rdfs:label "cords" SubClassOf: , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections, and also a subset of #$SensoryReactionType (qv). Its elements are distinct from #$SensoryReactionType because they necessarily have a value on #$urgeTypeSatisfied. An element of #$PhysicalUrgeType is an #$AttributeType that describes one class of urges (to do something) that animals have. The elements of #$PhysicalUrgeType are rather earthy; some examples are: #$UrgeToYawn, #$UrgeToScratch, #$UrgeToVomit, #$UrgeToUrinate, etc.", rdfs:label "urges" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$RetailOrganization is an enterprise that engages primarily in selling goods to end-users or consumers, rather than to wholesale customers. Examples: #$SearsTheCompany, #$WaldenBooksTheCompany, #$StudtmanPhoto.", rdfs:label "retail organizations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom if present) for the #$Animal kingdom and for the animal-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. The other elements of #$BiologicalKingdom have divisions belonging to #$BiologicalDivision instead of Phyla (Phyla is the plural of Phylum).", rdfs:label "phyla" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of events in which an animal abstains from strenuous physical activity.", rdfs:label "resting events" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$StandardUnitOfMeasure is a subset of #$UnitOfMeasure, the collection of units used to measure quantifiable properties. #$StandardUnitOfMeasure contains those units which are considered the #$standardUnit for the property they measure. Some examples: the standard #$UnitOfVolume is the #$Liter; the standard #$UnitOfTemperature is the #$DegreeKelvin; the standard #$UnitOfMass is the Kilogram. Every unit type has one unit designated as the standard unit for that type.", rdfs:label "standard unit of measure" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of syntactically well-formed sentences in the EL language which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These sentences 'make enough sense' to be asked as a query, after being converted into HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Of course, just because a sentence is askable does not require it to be used in a query. Each instance of this collection involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. Note that an instance of #$ELSentence-Askable does not mean that the sentence must be used in a query; only that it can be used in a query. See #$CycLQuery for more details.", rdfs:label "e l sentence - askable" SubClassOf: , , , Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$CylinderShape. Each element of #$TubeShape is a hollow cylinder whose height is much greater than the radius of its base. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as pipes and hoses, as well as some abstract cylinders.", rdfs:label "tube shape" Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InterActorSlot is a binary predicate used in assertions that state the relationship between two actors in some event, actual or implied. The event in which the actors participate may or may not be explicitly represented in the KB. For example, (#$authorOfPublication-IBT X Y) implies the existence of a #$Writing event in which X is the author and Y is the book written. Examples: #$agreeingAgents, #$artisticWorksCreated, #$spouse, #$wornOn.", rdfs:label "inter actor slot" SubClassOf: , daml:Property Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A #$Morning is an #$Event where the #$Sun apparently `rises' and `moves' to its `highest' position in the daily cycle, i.e. from a #$Sunrise or #$MidnightSun to the ensuing noon (the latter of which is the #$startingPoint of a #$TimeOfDay-NoonHour) Each instance of #$Morning is #$contiguousAfter an #$Overnight or #$startsDuring a #$MidnightSun. An #$Afternoon is #$contiguousAfter each #$Morning, and if the #$Morning #$startsDuring a #$MidnightSun, that #$Morning is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon as well.", rdfs:label "mornings" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$TakingSomething and of #$GainingUserRights. In an instance of #$AppropriatingSomething, an #$Agent takes something that no one else has user rights over, such as air for breathing, or some object which at that time belongs to no one (e.g.,a dime lying in the street). Note: The English verb `appropriate' can also mean to take something away from someone else, against their will and wrongfully, but that is not what is meant here. For that, see #$Stealing-Generic.", rdfs:label "appropriations" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of agents who provide medical care in a professional capacity.", rdfs:label "medical care provider" SubClassOf: Class: Organization Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions and a specialization of #$Relation-MathematicalObject. Each instance of #$Function-MathematicalObject is a many-one relation that represents a mapping from one set of things (the function's #$relationDomain) to another set of things (its #$relationRange). As a many-one relation, a function maps each thing in its domain to exactly one thing in its range. A function is either unary, binary, ternary, or whatever (see #$functionalArity; but cf. #$relationalArity), depending on the nature of the members of its domain. In general, the domain of an N-ary function is a set of ordered N-tuples (construed in CycL as #$Lists of length N). The function is said to take the items from any of these N-tuples as its N _arguments_ and to return a member of its range as its corresponding _value_. A key specialization of #$Function-MathematicalObject is #$FixedArityFunction (which is also a specialization of #$Function-Denotational). Instances include the elements of #$Distribution and the (non-denumerably many) one-to-one correspondences that exist between the positive integers and the rational numbers. See also #$valueOfFunctionForArgs, #$DomainOfFunctionFn, and #$RangeOfFunctionFn.", rdfs:label "mathematical type of functions" SubClassOf: Class: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Elasticity represents a specific ability of a physical material to quickly and completely return to its original shape after deformation that does not induce breakage, without permanent change to its original dimensions. For example, billiard balls have a high degree of elasticity in this sense. Elasticities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$elasticityOfObject.", rdfs:label "elasticity" SubClassOf: Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all eyes of #$Animals. Eyes are the organs of #$VisualPerception.", rdfs:label "eyes" Types: , Facts: guid "bd5893be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$connectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are (directly or indirectly) physically attached in a way that allows at most only limited types of relative motion between them. A hinged connection, for example, allows limited rotational motion between OBJ1 and OBJ2. OBJ1 and OBJ2 must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter. In many cases, being #$connectedTo implicitly involves another object(s); e.g. a door is #$connectedTo a door frame by a hinge, which is itself #$connectedTo-Directly (q.v.) both the door and the frame.", rdfs:label "connection" Types: daml:Property Facts: guid "bd590527-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each #$CombustionProcess is an event in which rapid oxidation is taking place. These always have heat as an output and often involve emission of light as well (typically, flames). The #$objectActedOn in a #$CombustionProcess is at least partly consumed. See also #$Flammability.", rdfs:label "fires" Types: , Facts: guid "bd58c04e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all activities in which an #$Agent makes it possible for another #$Agent to use (but not necessarily own) a good or service.", rdfs:label "provisions of goods or services" Types: Facts: guid "bd58a246-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$addressText maps a particular element of #$ContactLocation to its #$Address-LocationDesignator, ADDRESS. (#$addressText LOC ADDRESS) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC has the address ADDRESS. For example, the #$addressText of the Cycorp #$MailingLocation is `Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Ste. 100, Austin, TX 78731-1615.' See also #$ContactLocation.", rdfs:label "address text" Types: daml:Property Facts: guid "bd58be81-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all organizations. Each element of the collection #$Organization is a group whose #$groupMembers are instances of #$IntelligentAgent, and which is established such that certain known relationships and obligations exist between the members, and/or between the organization and its members, and/or between the organization and `outsiders' (individuals or groups). #$Organization includes both informal and legally constituted organizations. Organizations can act as agents --- specifically, group agents, not individuals (cf. #$IndividualAgent) --- to undertake projects, enter into agreements, own property, etc. Most organizations have names. Almost all have at least two members. Examples: #$Cycorp, #$NASA, #$FreeSoftwareFoundation, #$UnitedStatesArmy, #$KMart-TheCompany. Note the specialization #$OrganizationOfPeopleOnly, whose instances have only human members, e.g., an instance of #$Family-Human such as Joseph Kennedy's family. Other kinds of #$Organization have organizations as their #$groupMembers, e.g., the #$OrganizationOfAmericanStates.", rdfs:label "organizations" Types: Facts: daml:disjointWith , daml:disjointWith , guid "bd58d54f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all tanks, armored vehicles designed for military purposes, with mounted guns, heavy armor, and often tracked wheels.", rdfs:label "tanks" Types: , Facts: guid "c1007cbe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events; a subset of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent. Each element of #$Ingesting is a complex process in which a thing is brought into some organism's mouth from the outside, is swallowed, and is moved to the organism's stomach. Every element of #$Ingesting has among its #$subEvents an instance of #$Swallowing which occurs after the intake. (Thus, though chewing gum is a #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, it is not an #$Ingesting unless the gum is swallowed.) An ingesting event ends when the ingested stuff reaches the ingester's stomach (where an instance of #$DigestionEvent begins -- provided that what was ingested is an element of #$EdibleStuff).", rdfs:label "ingestions" Types: Facts: guid "bd5888eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The Cyc predicate #$cotemporalSubEvents is used to relate an event to some sub-portion of the event which has the same duration as the whole event but doesn't include everything that happens. (#$cotemporalSubEvents WHOLE PART) means that WHOLE and PART are cotemporal events (i.e., they have the same exact duration), and PART is a component of WHOLE. For example, a particular element of #$RainStorm may have distinguishable #$cotemporalSubEvents for (1) raining and (2) wind blowing. Or, an instance of swimming #$Backstroke has separable events for (1) kicking and (2) arm motion throughout the swimming. #$cotemporalSubEvents allows us to identify them and state different things about the distinct processes. See also #$cotemporal, #$subEvents.", rdfs:label "cotemporal sub events" Types: daml:Property Facts: daml:subPropertyOf , daml:subPropertyOf , guid "bd5906be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$sentenceImplies FORMULA-1 FORMULA-2) means that the formula FORMULA-1 is logically equivalent to the formula FORMULA-2. This predicate is very similar to #$equiv. However, #$equiv is part of the syntax of CycL, whereas #$sentenceEquiv is merely a predicate between formulas. #$sentenceEquiv is primarily intended to be used for rules that quantify over CycL formulas.", rdfs:label "sentence equiv" Types: daml:Property Facts: daml:subPropertyOf , guid "be83f745-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$deliberateActors ACT ACTR) means that the #$Agent ACTR is conscious, volitional, purposeful in the event ACT. ACTR is aware of acting in ACT and chooses to play the role he/she/it has in that event; i.e., ACTR has some purpose in mind. Note: If you do something deliberately but you fail, you are still a #$deliberateActors. For instance, you are a near-sighted doer of #$ShowingSupportForSomeone at a fencing match, and it turns out you were cheering for Fred when you thought you were cheering for Joe; nevertheless, you are still one of the #$deliberateActors in the #$ShowingSupportForSomeone event. Note: Legal responsibility is a separate issue from `deliberateness.' Doing something in a fit of rage (e.g., a crime of passion) still involves purpose, volition, and consciousness even if considered for only an instant, and even if the laws and courts find you not guilty.--Pittman, Aug. 26, 1996", rdfs:label "deliberate" Types: daml:Property Facts: daml:subPropertyOf , guid "c0fd5f1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$pointOnPath X PATH) holds just in case X is on path PATH, an instance of #$Path-Simple. Here we do not commit ourselves to any assertion concerning whether X itself, or a part of it, is a part of PATH. We do want, nevertheless, to restrict the use of this predicate to the extent that when (#$pointOnPath X PATH) holds, X is a 'point' (loosely speaking) on the path PATH (and hence cannot move along PATH even if it could move in some other sense; for moving objects on a path use the more general #$onPath). It is not a subpath of PATH or something on PATH occasionally (such as something moving along PATH or stopped on PATH). Nor can it be anything that takes PATH as a part (e.g., Austin is not a point on the 10th Street in it). Note that the relative positions of points on a path do not in general form a linear order (#$TotalOrdering) unless the points and the path are part of a particular #$PathSystem. If no #$PathSystem is specified, both Austin and Texas can be 'points' on the same path Interstate 35.", rdfs:label "point on path" Types: daml:Property Facts: daml:subPropertyOf , guid "c0408997-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ElectricalResistance is an attribute which measures the resistance to electrical flow through an object. Examples: #$InsulatorResistance, #$ConductorResistance, #$SemiconductorResistance, #$SuperconductorResistance.", rdfs:label "electrical resistance" Types: Facts: guid "bd589bb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections which is being phased out. In most instances instances of #$ConceptualWork should be used instead. Each element of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType is a subset of #$InformationBearingThing, all of whose instances are instantiations of the same #$ConceptualWork and share a primary media form. Instances of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType can be created to refer to any instance of #$ConceptualWork. For example, the collection of all instances of #$BookCopy which are instantiations of #$WarAndPeace-TheNovel would be an element of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, as would the collection of all instance of #$MovieShowing which are instantiations of #$Jaws-TheMovie (even though both the novel `War and Peace' and #$Jaws-TheMovie were issued in slightly different variants). Heterogeneous collections, however, such as those defined by `copies of books written by Mark Twain', or by `physical instantiations of the Jaws story in all its forms [movie, book, comic book, tape]', are NOT elements of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, although they are subsets of #$InformationBearingThing. Example of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType: #$DimeCoin-US.", rdfs:label "specified information bearing thing types" Types: , Facts: guid "bd58aabf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of objects. Every element of #$Pants is a clothing item worn on the lower torso and legs. The collection #$Pants includes the subsets #$ShortPants and #$LongPants. There are also very specialized subsets, e.g., #$FootballPants.", rdfs:label "pants" Types: , Facts: guid "c0fbc8c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$SpatialThing. Each element of #$GeometricThing is a spatial thing that can be described mathematically. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the equator, and abstract objects, such as abstract shapes of various dimensions.", rdfs:label "geometric forms" Types: Facts: guid "bd58c42e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all inside surfaces of (surfaces of the interiors of) tangible things. The tangible thing may have a #$Cavity or several cavities or passageways. Often the tangible thing can be thought of as a container of some sort.", rdfs:label "inside surface" Types: Facts: guid "bd589b7d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates two agents. (#$clients AGENT1 AGENT2) means that AGENT1 provides goods and/or services to AGENT2. AGENT2 may or may not pay AGENT1 for the goods/services received. The predicate #$clients can indicate either a one-time or a more long-term relationship. See also #$suppliers and #$customers.", rdfs:label "client" Types: daml:Property Facts: guid "bd58cb16-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$intersectsIntervalType X Y) indicates that every instance of X #$temporallyIntersects some instance Y. For example, in the nontropics, (#$intersectsIntervalType #$SummerSeason #$CalendarSummer). The `summer season' may not coincide exactly with the time between the summer solstice and autumnal equinox, but there is an (enormous) overlap between those two time periods. This relation, #$intersectsIntervalType, is neither commutative -- (#$intersectsIntervalType #$January #$Wednesday) but not (#$intersectsIntervalType #$Wednesday #$January) -- nor transitive -- (#$intersectsIntervalType #$CalendarSummer #$June) & (#$intersectsIntervalType #$June #$CalendarSpring).", rdfs:label "intersects interval type" Types: daml:Property Facts: guid "be010f3c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection consisting of every #$Microtheory intended to contain general axioms useful for multiple purposes. This excludes microtheories which deal with specific situations, such as instances of #$ProblemSolvingCntxt, microtheories that represent the information content of one specific #$InformationBearingObject such as the US Declaration of Independence, or those which are purely lexical microtheories. Examples of this collection are #$HumanSocialLifeMt, #$BuyingMt, and #$NaiveAnimalsMt. Negative examples include #$GeneralLexiconMt (purely lexical) and #$PeopleDataMt (no general axioms).", rdfs:label "general microtheory" Types: , Facts: daml:disjointWith , guid "bd589197-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all animals' respiratory systems. A #$RespiratorySystem is composed of body parts (such as the lungs) of the animal, which together function so as to enable it to breathe. Note: it is generally required that the #$RespiratorySystem (of a #$Vertebrate) work together with the #$CirculatorySystem (qv), as the air is used to supply needed substances to the blood and to remove waste products from the blood.", rdfs:label "respiratory systems" Types: , Facts: guid "bd58f314-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of #$SkolemFunctions with variable arity. These are only created when a sequence variable is in the scope of the skolem.", rdfs:label "variable arity skolem function" Types: , Facts: guid "bdb0bfbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject. #$PlantBLO includes the elements of #$Plant and of #$PlantPart.", rdfs:label "plants or plant parts" Types: Facts: guid "c0fe06bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$keGenlsConsiderationInverse COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it should be considered whether there there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE SPEC-COL) should be asserted in the KB.", rdfs:label "ke genls consideration inverse" Types: daml:Property Facts: guid "bd624659-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of events. Each #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent involve the destruction of larger molecules. E.g., the degradation of glucose into carbon dioxide and water, which releases energy used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate).", rdfs:label "catabolisms" Types: , Facts: guid "bd58ef47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangible things. Each element in #$EarthStuff is a portion of the stuff that the ground of Earth (at or near its land surface) is made of, including rocks, boulders, sand grains, soil, mud, etc., and mixtures of those things (such as islands or whole continents). Examples: #$Australia, #$CapeCod, ZionHill, #$GreatSmokyMountains.", rdfs:label "earth stuff" Types: Facts: daml:disjointWith , guid "c0fba244-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$ElectricalCapacitance. E.g., (#$Farad 20) denotes an electrical capacitance of 20 farads.", rdfs:label "units of capacitance" Types: Facts: guid "bd5888a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$FPSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the FPS (i.e., foot-pound-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$Gallon-US, #$SquareMile, #$CubicFtPerSec.", rdfs:label "foot-pound-second units of measure" Types: Facts: guid "bd5904b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of translational motion events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any element of #$Translation-MultiTrajectory, motion may occur simultaneously along two or more instances of #$Trajectory (which are not related by sub-trajectory relationships.) Therefore, there must be at least two #$objectMovings in such an event. There may be more than one #$fromLocation and/or more than one #$toLocation. Elements of #$Translation-MultiTrajectory include scattering, distributing, and collecting things. E.g., all of the following exhibit multi-trajectory translation movements: a rainshower or snowfall; an exploding firework; water being ejected from a sprinkling system; the surrounding objects being sucked up by a tornado; participants running a 100K footrace; pool balls during the opening break. For non-examples of this, see #$Translation-SingleTrajectory.", rdfs:label "translation - multi trajectory" Types: Facts: daml:disjointWith , guid "bd5ef8af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. An instance SHAPE of #$ShapeType (q.v.) is also an instance of #$AbstractShapeType if and only if SHAPE is a spec of #$GeometricThing-Abstract. It is distinguished from #$GenericShapeType (q.v.), which is the collection of those collections that are instances of #$ShapeType, some of whose instances are abstract, and some of whose instances are localized. There is no '#$LocalizedShapeType'. The instances of #$AbstractShapeType are the acceptable second-arguments of the predicate #$shape. So, if you have have a spherical ball, BALL001, it is true that (#$shape BALL001 (#$AbstractFn #$SphereShape)), but false (in fact, undefined) that (#$shape BALL001 #$SphereShape).", rdfs:label "abstract shape type" Types: Facts: daml:disjointWith , guid "c0f46e32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of #$MechanicalDevices, classified by the main way of supplying the force needed to operate them. #$SelfPoweredDevice is a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$SelfPoweredDevice has an `on-board' part which converts some kind of potential energy into force. That may be a battery and motor to convert electricity stored in the battery into kinetic energy (as in a cordless electric drill); other examples are the elements of #$Automobile, which (typically) convert gasoline and battery power to get the energy to move the vehicle. Some muscle power is involved in operating both a cordless drill and an automobile, but not the main part of the power, in either case. Negative exemplars of a #$SelfPoweredDevice include a #$Bicycle (powered by the person that rides it) a Cable Car (pulled along by cabled embedded in the street) and subway train (often powered by an electrified `third rail').", rdfs:label "self powered device" Types: Facts: daml:disjointWith , guid "bd58d4bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The subcollection of semantically well-formed #$CycLAssertions which are supported by at least one belief argument, meaning that the assertion was explicitly asserted to Cyc, as opposed to having been deduced by Cyc's inference engine. An assertion can have more than one argument, and can therefore be both a #$CycLAssertedAssertion and a #$CycLDeducedAssertion.", rdfs:label "cyc l asserted assertion" Types: , Facts: guid "bed06ab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of all adult animals (including adult people), meaning all elements of #$Animal that are mature enough to bear offspring, or older.", rdfs:label "adult animals" Types: Facts: daml:disjointWith , guid "c1006731-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate indicates the amount of money involved in a particular transfer of funds. (#$moneyTransferred TRANS MONEY) means that MONEY is the quantity of #$Money transferred in the money transfer event TRANS. Note: MONEY is distinct from the physical #$TenderObjects (q.v.) used to accomplish that transfer (cf. #$objectTendered). For example, the #$moneyTransferred to pay a car payment might be the amount US$400, while the #$objectTendered in the paying is an instance of #$Check-TenderObject.", rdfs:label "money transferred" Types: daml:Property Facts: guid "bd5896a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "This predicate relates a temoral thing to the time point at which it ends or ceases to exist. (#$endingPoint THING POINT) means that THING ends at POINT, which is the last moment of its temporal extent. See also #$startingPoint.", rdfs:label "end" Types: daml:UniqueProperty Facts: daml:subPropertyOf , daml:subPropertyOf , guid "be00f6d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$containsInformation IBT INFO) means that INFO is part of the information content of the #$InformationBearingThing, IBT.", rdfs:label "contains information" Types: daml:Property Facts: daml:subPropertyOf , guid "bd58c240-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A #$BiologicalKingdom proposed to include primarily single-celled, eukaryotic organisms such as #$Algae, #$Protozoans, and #$SlimeMolds.", rdfs:label "protista kingdom" Types: Facts: guid "bd58a629-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "#$HelixShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all typically shaped helixes (or helix-shaped objects).", rdfs:label "helix shaped" Types: ThreeDimensionalShapeAttribute Facts: guid "c03f4a4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of instances of requests for problem resolution that are posted on the CoABS grid. An instance of #$Broadcast-CoABS will have to include the #$GridAddress-CoABS of the broadcaster, who can then assemble a #$Community-CoABS of agents to solve the problem. A #$Broadcast-CoABS together with a broadcaster forms a degenerate instance of #$Community-CoABS.", rdfs:label "broadcast - co a b s" Types: Facts: guid "bf84c310-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The positive emotion felt when one is free from doubt about an event or object from which the agent feeling #$Confidence expects positive contingencies. For example, one might say 'I feel confident that tomorrow it will not be rainy'. Do not confuse this with a personality disposition, e.g. 'Joe is a confident person.' (See #$PersonalityAttribute.) This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes include #$Grief, #$SelfConfidence, etc.", rdfs:label "certainties" Types: Facts: guid "bd589c8b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The instance of #$ShapeAttribute held by those things whose shape is described with the arc of some segment of a circle. For instance, a section of the equator would be described as arc shaped.", rdfs:label "arc shaped" Types: ShapeAttribute Facts: guid "c007e4fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$linkClosedSubSystems SYS SUBSYS) means that the path system SUBSYS is a subsystem of the path system SYS (i.e., (#$subPathSystems SYS SUBSYS) holds) and SUBSYS 'preserves' all links in SYS between nodes in SUBSYS, i.e., if (#$linkBetweenInSystem LINK X Y SYS) holds and X and Y are in SUBSYS, LINK is a link in SUBSYS.", rdfs:label "link closed sub systems" Types: daml:Property Facts: daml:subPropertyOf , guid "bf4c45ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "People who can prescribe medications. Doctors are prescribers, as well as osteopaths and nurse-practitioners.", rdfs:label "prescriber" Types: Facts: guid "c10af23d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of political organizations. An element of #$PoliticalParty is an organization that primarily seeks to elect candidates to public office or have members continue holding public office, and which are identified as party affiliations by persons holding or seeking public office.", rdfs:label "political parties" Types: Facts: guid "bd58fcda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$NavigationDevice is a device used for #$Navigating, i.e., for taking the bearings and plotting the course of someone or something travelling through some medium, usually in some transportation device. Instances include the simplest elements of #$Compass, but also sophisticated GPS (geopositioning systems utilizing satellites.)", rdfs:label "navigational devices" Types: Facts: guid "bd58db99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$negationAttribute ATT1 ATT2) means that a thing cannot have both ATT1 and ATT2 as attributes at the same or overlapping times.", rdfs:label "negation attribute" Types: daml:Property Facts: guid "bd58a5b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$AstronomicalObject is an object of interest to astronomers, which includes the Earth along with other objects in outer space. Some, but not all, elements of #$AstronomicalObject belong to #$CelestialObject, the collection of heavenly bodies visible from earth. Examples: #$Polaris-TheStar, the #$Sun, #$PlanetSaturn. See also: #$HeavenlyBody.", rdfs:label "astronomical objects" Types: Facts: guid "bd58d178-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$nonDeliberateActors ACT ACTR) means that ACTR has a #$Role in the #$Event ACT but is not acting deliberately. Examples: (1) President #$JohnKennedy was a #$nonDeliberateActors in his assassination; (2) a person is a #$nonDeliberateActors in his/her own autonomic bodily functioning (e.g., heart beating, digesting); (3) Mount #$Vesuvius-Volcano was a #$nonDeliberateActors in the event of its eruption that destroyed Pompeii. #$nonDeliberateActors is a negative specification of the role an actor has in an event; the role of particular #$nonDeliberateActors might be further specified positively, e.g., with #$bodilyActedOn or #$bodilyDoer.", rdfs:label "non deliberate actors" Types: daml:Property Facts: daml:subPropertyOf , guid "bd5e44f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "(#$informStatement ?MT ?PROP) means that the #$ELSentence-Assertible ?PROP is true in the information context ?MT. (An information context here usually means a particular database application of #$Cyc. In these applications, ?PROP is communicated to #$Cyc directly as an explicit #$informStatement, and is not inferred to be true.) Note that (#$informStatement ?mt ?clpe) implies that (#$ist ?mt ?clpe).", rdfs:label "inform statement" Types: daml:Property Facts: daml:subPropertyOf , guid "bd5c2cd8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Pressure (i.e., force per unit #$Area) or #$Elasticity. E.g., (#$Pascal-UnitOfPressure 175) denotes a #$Pressure of 175 pascals.", rdfs:label "units of pressure" Types: Facts: guid "bd58c776-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The predicate #$inputs relates a particular event to things which are `inputs', i.e., materials used in that event and somehow altered by it. (#$inputs EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT is an input to the #$CreationOrDestructionEvent EVENT. During and due to the event, OBJECT is either destroyed or incorporated into a new entity. For example, the pigments used to paint the Mona Lisa were #$inputs to Leonardo's painting process; however, his brushes were not #$inputs, even though they were changed a little by it. In general, in instances of #$Manufacturing, materials or objects are inputs if they find their way into the product manufactured, or if they are destroyed -- such as the coke used in manufacturing steel -- as part of that manufacturing process. Note: One should use the specialized predicates #$inputsDestroyed or #$inputsCommitted whenever they are appropriate, rather than the more general predicate #$inputs.", rdfs:label "inputs" Types: daml:Property Facts: daml:subPropertyOf , guid "bd58b70d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "A collection of collections. #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons partitions the collection #$ElementStuff. Each instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons is a subset of #$ElementStuff which is defined ONLY by the atomic composition of its instances -- neither the isotopic composition or physical state of the substances, nor any other additional feature, determines membership in a collection which #$isa #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons. All that matters is that the instances of that type (i.e., collection) of stuff are entirely composed of atoms having a particular number of protons in each atomic nucleus. Thus, the collection #$Carbon is an instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons, but neither the collection #$Diamond nor the collection #$Graphite is (even though they are subsets of #$Carbon), because their members have additional qualifications.", rdfs:label "element stuff type by number of protons" Types: Facts: guid "bd590830-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270" Individual: Annotations: rdfs:comment "The agreeable emotion of taking pleasure or satisfaction in an experience. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Delight, #$Celebratory-Emotion, etc.", rdfs:label "enjo