$Id$ The Cyc Upper Ontology guid Permanent Global Unique ID for the associated concept -- which enables concept renaming. Users should not depend upon the DAML ID nor label as fixed for all time. a few days duration Duration of 2 to 10 days bd58f6ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few decades duration Duration of 2 to 10 decades bd58af72-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few hours duration Duration of 2 to 10 hours bd58fded-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few minutes duration Duration of 2 to 10 minutes bd5899f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few months duration A few months 2-10 bd59008b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few seconds duration Duration of 2 to 30 seconds bd589ecf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few weeks duration Duration of 2 to 10 weeks bd58ddfa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few years duration Duration of 2 to 10 years bd589ddb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abandonments The collection of events in which some #$Agent deliberately gives up possession of something, without giving it to another. bd67b7de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ablations A collection of events. In an #$Ablation, a (usually relatively thin) layer of material is removed from the surface of an object. bd58b6b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 above ground levels A specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction whose instances are at or above ground level. See also #$BasementLevelInAConstruction and #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction. bd588bb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abrading events A collection of events. In an #$AbradingSomething event, the surface of some object is gradually worn away by scraping or similar physical contact involving friction. Devices used in elements of #$AbradingSomething include files and sand paper; elements of #$AbradingSomething would include the event in which Howard Hughes sanded down the Spruce Goose for the last time, the event in which Lucy Ricardo filed her fingernails just before her singing debut at Rickie's club, etc. bd5899e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 data A heterogeneous collection of abstract objects that pertain to information. Subsumes not only #$Proposition, but also the collections #$Sentence, #$CharacterString, #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, #$Microtheory, #$PropositionalInformationThing, and #$ConceptualWork. Note that while all #$AbstractInformationalThings are abstract objects (this collection is disjoint with #$SpatialThing-Localized), most instances of this collection can have multiple concrete 'embodiments'. A single instance of #$Sentence can be written on several peices of paper (see #$instantiationOfAIS); a #$PropositionalInformationThing may be the content of several concrete documents, such as instances of #$BookCopy (see #$containsInfoPropositional-IBT); and several events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain #$Proposition as their content (see #$containsInformation). Note that some instances of #$AbstractInformationalThing have temporal extent. Examples include all instances of #$Novel-CW and #$Movie-CW. Others specs are disjoint with #$TemporalThing. Examples include all instances of #$Character-Abstract and #$Proposition. bdff6c64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 programming languages The collection of languages invented for use by computers. This includes both command languages and others which one doesn't really `program' in. bd58c2ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abstract shape type A collection of collections. An instance SHAPE of #$ShapeType (q.v.) is also an instance of #$AbstractShapeType if and only if SHAPE is a spec of #$GeometricThing-Abstract. It is distinguished from #$GenericShapeType (q.v.), which is the collection of those collections that are instances of #$ShapeType, some of whose instances are abstract, and some of whose instances are localized. There is no '#$LocalizedShapeType'. The instances of #$AbstractShapeType are the acceptable second-arguments of the predicate #$shape. So, if you have have a spherical ball, BALL001, it is true that (#$shape BALL001 (#$AbstractFn #$SphereShape)), but false (in fact, undefined) that (#$shape BALL001 #$SphereShape). c0f46e32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 academics A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$AcademicProfessional is a person whose job is to educate and/or to perform research as an affiliate of an academic institution. This includes members of the teaching and/or research staff of schools, colleges, universities, and research institutes. bd589db6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 academic quarters Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one quarter of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like StanfordSpringQuarter1991. bd589441-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 semesters Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one half of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates and duration may vary depending on the institution and year, instances will be time intervals such as ``StanfordSpringSemester1990-91''. bd58ea30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 trimesters Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one third of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution and year, instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like UCLASpringTrimester1990-91. bd58ea73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 academic years Each instance of this collection is an annually recurring #$TimeInterval defined by an educational institution. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like Stanford1989-90AcademicYear. bd58f188-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 accelerations Acceleration is the change in speed of an object per unit time. It is a measurable physical quantity, measured in units such as MilesPerHourPerSecond. bd58dc89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 access numbers A collection of #$PhoneNumbers. Each element of #$AccessNumber is a string that a user with #$Internet connections uses to connect to his/her #$InternetServiceProvider. bf796ce3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information-accessing events A collection of information transfer events. Each element of #$AccessingAnIBT is an action by which an agent accesses the content of some IBT (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingThing). Examples include (getting information from) reading a newspaper, watching a film, listening to a musical performance, decoding an encrypted message, seeing a traffic police officer wave you on, or hearing your roommate ask you to take out the trash. Of course, communication conventions play a role here. In the #$NaiveInformationMt, Cyc simply assumes that an agent who accesses an IBT understands its content afterwards. In the #$InformationGMt, Cyc makes the more complicated inference that an agent who accesses an IBT understands its content afterwards only if the agent is able to get the encoded information using a convention familiar to that agent. See also #$CommunicationConvention, #$hasCommConvention, #$usesCommConventionForInfo. bd58d61f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 accounts A collection of objects; a subset of #$LegalAgreement. Each element of #$Account is a recorded obligation (of some particular type) between specified parties, consisting of `funds' which typically can be added to and drawn upon. Examples include the instances of #$RetirementAccount, #$TravelExpenseAccount, and of the many types of #$FinancialAccount. Note that the contents of an account need not be monetary; for example, the contents may be amounts of time, as in the subsets #$VacationAccount or a #$SickLeaveAccount. #$Account does NOT include debt obligations of fixed face value that cannot be increased or reduced (such as a bond). bd588c2b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 account statuses A collection of attributes. Each element of #$AccountStatusAttribute is an attribute that describes the obligational status of an #$Account; e.g.,#$PaidInFull, #$InComplianceWithPaymentSchedule, #$PaymentOverdue, #$AccountInactive. bd58d207-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 account type A collection of collections. Each element of #$AccountType is a collection of financial accounts of some type. Examples: #$SavingsAccount, #$CreditCardAccount, #$RetirementAccount, #$SocialSecurityAccount, #$TravelExpenseAccount. Typically, accounts are denominated in units of #$Money. bd588be8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 acknowledgments The collection of actions which are #$performedBy one #$Agent to convey information about the receipt of a prior #$CommunicationAct-Single which was #$performedBy another #$Agent. An example: Judy saying `No' in response to Jane's prior act of saying `Will you clean the toaster.' bd590c41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 acquaintance attribute The collection of attributes that specify ways in which (and/or degrees to which) one person is acquainted with another E.g., some instances of this collection are: #$FamousPersonAcquaintance, #$TrueFanAcquaintance, #$IntimateAcquaintance, #$FrequentContactAcquaintance, etc. bd58f556-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actions A collection of events. Each instance of #$Action is an event that is carried out by some 'doer' (see #$doneBy). Actions may include any event in which one or more actor(s) effect some change(s) in the tangible or intangible state of the world, typically by some expenditure of effort or energy. But note that it is not required that any tangible object be moved, changed, produced, or destroyed for an action to occur; the effects of actions may be intangible (such as the change in a bank balance, or the intimidation of a subordinate). Depending upon the context, actors may be animate or inanimate, conscious or nonconscious. For actions that are intentional, see also #$PurposefulAction, #$performedBy. bd58a841-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actions on an object The collection of physical events in which some doer acts on an object. Each element of #$ActionOnObject is an action in which both the roles of #$doneBy and #$objectActedOn (qq.v.) are filled. Positive examples: someone typing on a keyboard; a tornado destroying a building. Negative examples: a person dancing; wind blowing. c0e7f6ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actor slots A collection of binary predicates; a specialization of #$Role. Each element of #$ActorSlot relates some instance of #$Event to a temporal thing involved in that event (here called a `participant', but that does not imply activity). The first argument of every #$ActorSlot is an instance of #$Event, and the second argument is an instance of #$SomethingExisting. All instances of #$ActorSlot have #$actors as their #$genlPreds, directly or indirectly, so that the actor slots form a kind of hierarchy. Each specialized actor slot indicates HOW its participant participates in the event, i.e., in what role (e.g., #$inputs, #$outputs, #$doneBy). Actor slots are NOT used to indicate the time of an event's occurrence, external representations of the event, and other more remotely related things that are not directly or indirectly `involved' in occurrence of the event. Time and other quantities are relevant to events but are not instances of #$SomethingExisting; thus, they are related to events by some non-#$ActorSlot predicate. Things which are remotely related to the event--e.g., someone who is affected by the event but doesn't exist when the event occurs--may be related using some instance of #$Role that does not belong to #$ActorSlot, such as #$affectedAgent. See also #$Role. bd588029-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 addresses A collection of strings. Each element of #$Address-LocationDesignator is a string that denotes an address. Each string indicates one entire address. For example: `President Bill Clinton, White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC. bd590a18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adjectives The collecton of all adjectives. Adjectives are words which can modify nouns. Many adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. Example: `red'. bd588031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 administrators A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Administrator is an employee of an organization who is responsible for managing its organizational affairs. Elements of #$Administrator may or may not also be required to manage people. If so, then they are also #$Managers (q.v.). bd58aedc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 admiration A feeling of strong approval. An intense positive attitude towards another person(s) or group. May be accompanied by emulation. #$Admiration is different than #$Respect (qv). This is a collection --- see #$Happiness for an explanation. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Admiration are #$Wonder-Admiration, #$Adulation, #$Awe, etc. bd58b20b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adult animals The collection of all adult animals (including adult people), meaning all elements of #$Animal that are mature enough to bear offspring, or older. c1006731-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 women The collection of all women; i.e., #$Persons who are adult and female bd58b1f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adverbs The collection of all adverbs. Adverbs are words which can modify adverbs, verbs, or adjectives. Many adverbs are morphologically derived from adjectives. Example: `slowly'. bd58802c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 advertising events A collection of #$CommunicationAct-Singles. In an #$Advertising event, someone is communicating, to potential customers of an #$Agent, the desire of that agent to do business with those customers (either to `do business' in general or to sell them something specific. c10afc14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 affection A feeling of fondness for someone or something. Sympathy, liking, warmth, tenderness. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Affection are #$Love, #$Passion, etc. bd58b5c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 afternoons An #$Afternoon is the daily #$Event where the #$Sun moves from its `highest' position in the daily cycle and `sets' or becomes a #$MidnightSun, i.e from noon till #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and an #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon (except when there is a #$MidnightSun in which case a #$Morning is contiguously after the #$Afternoon). Each #$Afternoon is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun. bd58863a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents In the #$FunctionalRoleAnalysisMt an #$Agent is defined quite simply as any temporally extended thing that plays one or more functional roles in some #$FunctionalSystem. bd588007-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agent - generic #$Agent-Generic is the collection of all agents, or things (like #$Animals, #$Robots, #$DivineBeings, etc.) that have desires and intentions and the presumed ability to act on them. An instance of this collection may be an instance of #$AgentiveArtifact or #$Agent (but not both). bec69a78-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agentive artifact #$AgentiveArtifact is the collection of all artifacts (created by instances of #$Agent) that commonly possess (at least) the apparent ability to make decisions and commence actions more or less independently of those agents. The distinction here is conventional; a certain functional sophistication possessed by instances of #$Artifact that are 'not really living agents' seems to mirror that possessed by 'living agents'. This sense of agency derives from ability or function the artifact possesses, namely the ability to commence actions, independently of agents, based on some internal calculation or deliberation. Example subcollections include #$Computer, #$Robot, #$TrojanHorseComputerProgram. bfa66fc1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agentive nouns The collection of all nouns in the agentive form. Agentive nouns usually denote the `doer' or `performer' of some action, and often end in `-er' or `-or'. Example: `runner'. bd588033-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agility #$Agility is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions in which the performer's whole body moves precisely and in a well-coordinated fashion. bd58d302-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agreements A collection of `objects' with temporal extent. Each element of #$Agreement involves two or more parties, who agree that certain propositions should be true. Making the propositions true may require some action or commitment of wealth on the part of one or more of the #$agreeingAgents. Thus, elements of #$Agreement will usually involve some instances of #$Obligation. Note: Elements of #$Agreement and #$Obligation differ, however, in that an #$obligatedAgent is responsible for the truth of all of the propositions in an obligation. In an agreement, some agents may not be responsible for all of the propositions in the agreement being true. For example, in a loan agreement, the borrower agrees to give the lender back the money, but the borrower is the only #$obligatedAgent for the repayment. Note that #$obligatedAgents need not be among the #$agreeingAgents in the agreement that involves or generates the obligation. For example, the Board of Directors of XYZCorporation may agree that some non-director will assume the post and duties of President of XYZCorporation. Moreover, #$agreeingAgents aren't always obligatedAgents; e.g., Wanda and Paul may agree that Paul alone is obligated to do some task. Examples include instances of #$PeaceAccord, #$LegalAgreement, #$InformalAgreement, #$BusinessPartnershipAgreement, #$WorkAgreement, #$SalesAgreement, #$MaintenanceAgreement, #$Reservation, #$Appointment, etc. bd58afa3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agreement note Elements of #$Agreement (and of its subsets) are #$Microtheory instances containing propositions representing what some number of parties have agreed upon. An #$Agreement may contain a set of #$Obligations on the part of one or more of the parties. An #$Agreement may also be just a set of beliefs that the parties have decided to share. To indicate which propositions are true in an #$Agreement, regardless of whether they are true in reality, use #$ist-Agreement. (#$ist-Agreement AGREEMENT PROP) means that PROP is a #$ELSentence-Assertible expressing something that was agreed upon in AGREEMENT. Other relevant vocabulary: (#$agreeingAgents AGREEMENT AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the parties agreeing to AGREEMENT. (#$subAgreements AGREEMENT1 AGREEMENT2) means that AGREEMENT2 is a part of (is included in) AGREEMENT1. (#$governedByAgreement ACTION AGREEMENT) means that ACTION is governed by the terms of AGREEMENT. (#$agreementForbids AGREEMENT AGENT ACTION-TYPE ROLE) means that AGREEMENT forbids AGENT to play ROLE in elements of ACTION-TYPE. (#$agreementRequires AGREEMENT AGENT ACTION-TYPE ROLE) means that AGREEMENT requires AGENT to play ROLE in at least one element of ACTION-TYPE. (#$agreementPeriod AGREEMENT TIME) means that AGREEMENT is considered to be true during the time period TIME. bd58b208-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ailments The most general collection of ailment events; a subset of #$PhysiologicalCondition, and a subset of #$Event. An instance of #$AilmentCondition is a dynamic state of sickness, injury, or physiological impairment. Having an ailment is an event: it has temporal aspects, it progresses dynamically, etc., it is not just `being in some static state of un-wellness.' Some subsets of #$AilmentCondition are: #$RespiratoryAilment, #$HeartCondition, #$Cancer, #$MotionSickness, #$Poisoning, #$Infection, #$InjuryCondition. If a particular person suffers from asthma, that is an element of #$AilmentCondition. Each #$AilmentCondition is a state of actual, developed sickness or impairment, rather than the event of getting sick or becoming impaired. Also note that each type of ailment, such as #$Asthma, is the set of all `cases' or `instances' of individuals suffering from that condition. c10c1856-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air A collection of tangibles; a subset of #$GaseousTangibleThing. Each element of #$Air is one `piece' among all the portions of the atmosphere of the Earth, considered as a substance present in various places, in various quantities, under various pressures, etc. Examples: the AirInAustin; the stuffy air in my office; the thin air atop Annapurna. See also #$TheAtmosphereQuaSinglePieceOfStuff, which is all ambient #$Air on the planet taken as a single object. bd58c00c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air forces A collection of military organizations. An element of #$AirForce is a military organization, modern or historical, composed mainly of airborne forces: bombers, fighters, torpedo planes, parachute troops, surveillance aircraft, etc., and having the function of defending or attacking air space, ships, or ground targets. c10c1acc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air force people A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who works for an #$AirForce. bd58a7cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air respiration A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$AirRespiration is the collection of all #$Respiration events in which an organism trades some of the carbon dioxide in its tissues for oxygen from the atmosphere. bd58bdb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 aircraft In the #$ModernMilitaryVehiclesMt, #$AirTransportationDevice parallels the military concept of 'air platform'; namely, an air vehicle commonly used in military operations to transport weapons, goods, or personnel by air. bd58ae50-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airlines The collection of all air transportation companies. An element of #$AirlineCompany is a #$TransportationCompany that operates airplanes to transport goods or people in exchange for money. bd58aaee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airplanes The collection of all heavier-than-air, self-powered flying machines (excluding cruise missiles) that get their lift while flying from #$AirplaneWings. Thus, #$Helicopters are excluded because the lift is caused by rotors. A borderline case are planes that take-off vertically, using a turbojet engine, so initially the lift is not due to their wings. In flight, however, such planes will need their wings to stay up in the air. bd58828b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 runways An airstrip, at an airport, on an aircraft carrier, or in some field, upon which airplanes taxi, take off, and land. bd58910e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airports The collection of all airfields, where airplanes take off and land. An #$Airport-Physical definitely has a runway, may or may not have any other buildings. If it's the grounds of an #$AirportOrganization, some of those other features will be present. bd58feaf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airports A collection of organizations. An element of #$AirportOrganization is an organization that manages and controls particular airports and their appurtenant facilities; e.g., #$LaGuardiaAirport-Organization. bd589fbc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 alertness #$Alertness is an #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute which specifies how sleepy or alert an animal is. Levels of #$Alertness include #$Asleep, #$Sleepy, and #$Awake. bd58a532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 allergic reactions A collection of dynamic, physiological states. An instance of #$AllergicReaction is an event in which an organism which is exposed to a particular substance (e.g., pollen, mold) develops some abnormality or impairment of its physiological condition as a result of interacting with the substance. Allergic reactions to some types of substances occur widely in members of a species; e.g., #$PoisonIvyPoisoning in humans. But other allergic reactions affect only a small proportion of a species, such as human allergies to penicillin. This concept is the set of events in which allergic reactions are `taking place', not abstract unrealized potential situations such as `John is allergic to milk.' I.e., if John were allergic to milk, and he drank some, and then proceeded to have a whopping bad allergic reaction, that latter event would be an element of #$AllergicReaction. c0fd6b2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 forever The interval of time which encompasses all time. In more general MTs we remain agnostic as to whether this time interval has either a beginning or an end, but if it does, #$Always-TimeInterval begins when time itself begins and ends only when time ends completely. Every other instance of #$TimeInterval is a #$timeSlices of #$Always-TimeInterval. c0ea3419-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ambulances The collection of all RoadVehicles that are equipped primarily for transporting wounded, injured or sick persons. bd588cd2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 amphibians The collection of all #$Organism-Wholes which are members of the #$BiologicalClass Amphibia, being a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Members of this class are smooth skinned #$Vertebrates which hatch from eggs to form aquatic larvae [see #$Larva]. These larvae metamorphose into an air-breathing adult [see AirBreathingVertebrate] (normally) having #$Lungs. Subsets of this collection include #$Frogs and #$Salamanders. bd58e024-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anatomical vessel The collection of all anatomical vessels in #$Animals. Instances of this collection are tubular animal tissue which acts as a conduit for body fluids or substances passing into or out of the body. be425bb7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anesthesia A collection of events; a subset of #$DrugTherapy (q.v.). In an instance of #$Anesthesia, a #$BiologicalLivingObject undergoes the effect of some instance of #$Anesthetic, the effect of which is to eliminate the perception of pain. #$Anesthesia events occur in connection with other medical care events, so that a patient will not feel the pain or discomfort that would otherwise be associated with those medical procedures. #$Anesthetics are of various chemical kinds, work in various ways, and can be administered in various ways. They may topically numb an area, they may poison the central nervous system to the point where the animal loses consciousness, etc. The resulting anesthetic therapies thus may differ, according to the type of anesthetic used; for example, the patient may or may not be conscious during an instance of #$Anesthesia. See also #$AdministeringADrug. c0fd53a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 outrages Intense feeling of displeasure and usually of antagonism. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Anger include #$Belligerence, etc. bd58c448-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 angles A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of #$Angle is formed by two lines diverging from the same point or two surfaces diverging from the same line. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the angle formed by the intersection of two walls, and abstract objects, such as the angle formed by the intersection of two (abstract) lines. bd61bd87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 angular acceleration rate #$AngularAccelerationRate is the rate at which the #$RateOfRotation of an object changes.It is a measurable physical quantity, measured in units such as radians per second per second. bd59080e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animals The collection of all animals; this large class of organisms is one instance of #$BiologicalKingdom. Animals are typically motile, living, whole organisms; they are elements of #$Heterotroph, incapable of performing instances of #$Photosynthesis. Animal cells contain cholesterol and lack cell walls made of cellulose. #$Person is a subset of #$Animal; see also #$NonPersonAnimal. bd58b031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 activities A collection of events. Each element of #$AnimalActivity is an action whose performer(s) (see #$doneBy) belong to the collection #$Animal. bd588daa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal body parts The subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject which includes all the elements of #$Animal and of #$AnimalBodyPart and #$AnimalBodyRegion. c0fe0761-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 body parts The collection of all the anatomical parts and physical regions of all living animals; a subset of #$OrganismPart. Each element of #$AnimalBodyPart is a piece of some live animal and thus is itself an instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject. #$AnimalBodyPart includes both highly localized organs (e.g., hearts) and physical systems composed of parts distributed throughout an animal's body (such as its circulatory system and nervous system). By default, all elements of #$AnimalBodyPart are considered a part (see #$anatomicalParts) of some instance of #$Animal. However, there are exceptional cases, e.g., a severed limb, hair which has fallen out, detached parts of dead animals, blood which has poured out of a body. bd58801c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal body part type The collection of all the types of #$AnimalBodyParts. An #$AnimalBodyPartType is a characterization of body parts by structure and/or function. Some elements of this collection include #$SpinalColumn, #$Eyelash, #$NervousSystem, #$Urethra, #$Wing-AnimalBodyPart, #$HeelOfPalm, etc. As can be seen from those examples, #$AnimalBodyPartType is not organized along species/order/class/phylum/... taxonomic lines. bd58e7da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal body region The set of parts of an animal's body that one might point to, operate on, photograph, transplant, etc. So this is a collection of (conceptual) spatial subdivisions of the bodies of #$Animals, generally contiguous and having some more or less clear boundary. Some elements of this collections are Einstein's head, #$SantasBeard, and Babe Ruth's right arm. Other elements of this set are what might be considered unhealthy body regions, such as a blister, a puncture wound, a bruise, etc. -- but those are still clearly a part of an animal's body, can be pointed to, photographed, bandaged up, etc. Note that this concept is quite different from an animal body `system' (such as the lymph system, the nervous system, etc.) which comprises a small portion of an animal's total mass but is distributed throughout the animal's body -- see #$AnimalBodyPart. (At the naive, commonsense level of physiology, and for almost all purposes, it is perfectly acceptable to conceptualize Santa's beard as one #$AnimalBodyRegion, and the same for Farrah Fawcett's hair, etc. A borderline case of this is: Cher's fingernails. In some contexts, one would treat those as an #$AnimalBodyRegion, and in other contexts one would treat them as ten separate #$AnimalBodyRegions.) bd5adaa1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 migrations The collection of regular, species-linked movements of an animal or group of animals from one place to another, usually with a return to the starting point after a certain period of time. In some species, the migration cycle occurs once in a lifetime, while others migrate annually on a seasonal basis. Migration is typically linked with an animal's reproductive cycle (as in salmon), but may also involve seasonal relocation to a more hospitable climate and/or more plentiful food supply. For example, many birds exhibit seasonal migration; e.g., native Northeastern U.S. birds that spend their winters in the Southern U.S. c1009284-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physiological attributes of animals The broadest collection of attributes of #$Animals that describe the physiological aspects of an animal, including its physiological (1) capacities, (2) conditions, and (3) states. Examples include: (1) Capacities: #$Fertile, #$HearingImpaired, #$Paraplegic; (2) Conditions: #$Anemic, #$AthleticPhysicalBuild; (3) States: #$Intoxicated, #$Injured, #$Inflamed. #$PlantPhysiologicalAttributes, such as #$InBloom, are excluded. bd58a577-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal sounds A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each element of #$AnimalSound is a sound of a type which originally was, and typically is, made by an animal using just its body parts (though such a sound may subsequently have been reproduced by imitation or recording). For example, instances of #$Birdsong, #$NeighingSound, #$PurringSound, #$BarkingSound, #$BrayingSound. Note that the restriction to sounds produced by body parts alone excludes noises produced by moving external objects; i.e., #$AnimalSound does NOT include rustling the leaves underfoot, splashing water, or playing a musical instrument. bd620dbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal walking processes The collection of instances of #$Walking-Generic in which the #$locomotor is an #$Animal. bd58d77d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 climates A collection of events. Each element of #$AnnualClimateCycle is an extended event, one year in length, which encompasses #$subEvents describing the changing of the seasons. Subsets include #$TemperateClimateCycle, #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle, etc. See also the comments on #$ClimateCycleType, #$hasClimateType. bd5901a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 annual event type A collection of collections. The instances of an element of #$AnnualEventType are synchronized with the calendar. If ?X is an #$AnnualEventType, then one occurs each year. For example, #$ChristmasHoliday is an #$AnnualEventType, because one occurs each year, synchronized with the calendar. be1ed0b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anti symmetric binary predicate A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent antisymmetric relations. A predicate F is an element of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and, if both (F X Y) and (F Y X) hold, then X=Y, for every X,Y within the domain and range of F. For example, #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, #$compatibleBloodTypes. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations. bdc9fb94-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anti transitive binary predicate A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent anti-transitive relations. A predicate F is an element of #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and, for every X,Y,Z in the domain of F, (#$not (#$and (F X Y)(F Y Z)(F X Z))). Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations. bf8bdc58-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 expectancies Emotion accompanying an expectation of something pleasant in the foreseeable future. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. bd58cefc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 apathy A lack of interest or concern. If someone is feeling some measure of #$Apathy, then they typically will have little or no response to things normally expected to excite emotion or interest. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Boredom. bd5893b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 appendages The collection of all appendages of #$Animals. An appendage is an #$AnimalBodyPart that is connected to, and extends from, the animal's #$Torso (or else from another of its appendages, such as a hand extending from an arm). Each appendage is used by the #$Animal for one or more functions; altogether, appendages serve a wide variety of functions such as locomotion, manipulation, sensing, fighting, scratching, heat dissipation, balance, etc. Appendages are not crucial for the life of the animal, thus a #$Neck-AnimalBodyPart or #$Head-AnimalBodyPart is not considered to be an appendage. bd5882f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 appropriations A collection of events; a subset of #$TakingSomething and of #$GainingUserRights. In an instance of #$AppropriatingSomething, an #$Agent takes something that no one else has user rights over, such as air for breathing, or some object which at that time belongs to no one (e.g.,a dime lying in the street). Note: The English verb `appropriate' can also mean to take something away from someone else, against their will and wrongfully, but that is not what is meant here. For that, see #$Stealing-Generic. bd58eea3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sanctions The emotion of viewing positively a state of affairs or other agent's actions. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. be00bc14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 April The collection of all Aprils, the fourth month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58c279-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 aquatic organisms The collection of organisms adapted to life underwater, which spend all or most of their time immersed in water. This includes the elements of #$Fish, also many instances of #$Mollusk, #$SeaMammal, etc. bd589715-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Arabic A Semitic language spoken by a large number of people in North Africa and the Middle East. bd588730-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arc shaped The instance of #$ShapeAttribute held by those things whose shape is described with the arc of some segment of a circle. For instance, a section of the equator would be described as arc shaped. c007e4fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 areas A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Area is an amount of two-dimensional space, i.e., a surface. Elements of #$Area may be either a fixed interval, such as the area of a rectangle 5 cm x 10 cm, or a range, such as the area of a city lot. See #$UnitOfArea for the units used by Cyc to measure areas. bd58c301-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg genl attribute binary predicate Those instances of both #$ArgTypeBinaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlAttributePredicate used to specify the required attribute of an argument of #$Relation. Each instance PRED of this collection is a binary predicate with the following properties: ARG1 is an instance of #$Relation, and ARG2 is an instance of #$AttributeValue. (PRED ARG1 ARG2) means that some argument of ARG1 is constrained to be a spec attribute of ARG2, where PRED determines the argument place in question. c0aa7393-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg genl attribute ternary predicate Those instances of both #$ArgTypeTernaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlAttributePredicate used to specify the required #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required #$genlAttributes #$AttributeValue. bf4fcfa6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg genl binary predicate Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlPredicate used to specify the required #$genls of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the required #$genls #$Collection. bf1eedc8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg genl ternary predicate Those instances of both #$TernaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlPredicate used to specify the required #$genls of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required #$genls #$Collection. bd97e378-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg isa binary predicate Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$ArgIsaPredicate used to specify the required #$isa of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the required #$isa #$Collection. bfa4fe8c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg isa ternary predicate Those instances of both #$TernaryPredicate and #$ArgIsaPredicate used to specify the required #$isa of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required #$isa #$Collection. bfedab5d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg type binary predicate Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$ArgTypePredicate used to specify the required #$isa or #$genls or #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the required type, a #$Collection or #$AttributeValue. beb5aba2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg type ternary predicate Those instances of both #$TernaryPredicate and #$ArgTypePredicate used to specify the required #$isa or #$genls or #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required type: a #$Collection or an #$AttributeValue. c00a42b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 argument type checking - f o r t svs non reified n a t s Arg-type checking imposes somewhat weaker constraints on non-reified function terms than it does for forts (first order reified terms). Specifically, non-reified terms are required only to be consistent with arg-isa and arg-genls constraints using disjointness reasoning constraint is satisfied when no disjointness violation can be found. This is significantly weaker than the constraints imposed on forts: forts must provably satisfy applicable arg-isa and arg-genl constraints using isa and genls reasoning. bd6bae41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arms The collection of all animal arms. An #$Arm of an animal is one of its #$AnimalBodyParts, more particularly one of its appendages, a limb which it uses for manipulation moreso than for locomotion. A #$Hand is considered part of an #$Arm. bd58e9e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arm movement The collection of any movements of an arm that are generated by the #$Animal whose arm it is, through nerve impulses to the arm. Physically, an #$ArmMovement involves movement of the upper arm or elbow in relation to the body to which it is attached. bd58a69d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 regular armies The collection of all modern nation-states' armies (the whole branch of service). This sense of 'army' is different from an 'Army' or 'Army Group' in the sense of a military unit. It is customary to refer to very large military units in the fields as 'armies', e.g. the American 5th Army in the European Theater in WWII. This is not the sense being referred to here--'the Army' itself is intended. bf6e8301-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 army people A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who works for an #$Army-BranchOfSevice. bd58eecc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arrests A collection of events. In an instance of #$ArrestingSomeone, a law enforcement officer arrests another person, who is thereupon taken into custody (#$HeldCaptive). bd66906e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 works of art A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs). Each element of #$ArtObject is a tangible object that is a work, or a reproduction of a work, in one of the representational or plastic arts, such as a painting, sculpture, ceramic piece, quilt, stained glass composition, etc. #$ArtObject does NOT include plays, movies, music, performance art, or other activities. #$ArtObject is a subset of #$InformationBearingObject, but its elements need not have propositional content, although they may. Examples of #$ArtObject: the #$StatueOfLiberty, the Mona Lisa, a poster reproduction of Van Gogh's `Starry Night', Rodin's `Burghers of Calais', a piece of Ju ware from the Sung Dynasty, the windows of Chartres Cathedral, a series of prints by Picasso. bd58c7b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arthropods An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum whose #$taxonMembers include (mostly) the numerous collections of chitin-armored invertebrates that have jointed bodies and limbs, e.g., insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc. bd58b048-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 artifacts A collection of tangible things. An instance of #$Artifact is a tangible which was more or less intentionally created by an #$Agent (or a group of #$Agents working together) to serve some purpose or perform some function. By `created', we don't require that the matter itself be created, it is often just the result of some sort of assemblage or modification process, such as a wooden flute that's been whittled from a tree branch, a sawhorse that's been put together out of boards and nails, a coin that's been minted by embossing or by melting liquid silver into a mold, etc. Let's consider some positive and negative examples. In addition to the obvious human artifacts (buildings, tools, textiles, power lines), this collection includes certain sorts of things made by #$Animals, such as bird nests, termite mounds, and beaver dams. Something which just barely squeaks through the intended meaning of this concept is #$YaleUniversity. In addition to the abstract legal entity, it consists of a set of physical buildings, furnishings, etc. By contrast, an organization that had no headquarters building, equipment, tangible property, etc. would not be an artifact. Similarly, a fictional character such as Tom Sawyer is not an artifact (in the context of the story, Tom is not an artifact because he is a real boy; in the context of the real world, Tom is not an artifact because he has no tangible component whatsoever.) While some artifacts may be alive, or contain living subparts, we do not intend this collection to encompass all organisms which resulted from normal biological reproductive processes. Your child is not an artifact. If you do an oil painting of a house that is an artifact, but much more borderline is what you get if you take a rock and just paint it a solid color, say white. In general that won't be an artifact unless it serves some purpose, such as marking the shoulder of a roadway, but more questionable cases are if the purpose of the white rock is just `to be sold as art' or `to look pretty.' The white rock might thus be an artifact in certain contexts, but not in others. Not every instance of #$Path-Generic (q.v.) is necessarily an instance of #$Artifact. For example, some channels used for navigation may not be artifacts, because even though they are marked with human artifacts (i.e., channel markers) as locations where ships may safely travel, the channel itself may have been a naturally occurring pre-existing thing -- e.g., the #$EnglishChannel. If a #$ChannelOrStrait were produced or maintained only by constant dredging, it might count as an artifact. By contrast, each #$Canal, such as #$SuezCanal, is almost certain to be an #$Artifact. See also #$Product. bd5907fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 artifact - non agentive #$Artifact-NonAgentive is the collection of all artifacts that in no plausible, literal sense may be considered to have a kind of agency in ordinary, non-fictional, straightforward contexts -- i.e. they are not instances of #$Agent-Generic. (Exceptions within metaphorical, fanciful, or fictional context could supersede membership in this collection: when someone says, 'My hairdryer hates me', the hairdryer would not be an instance of #$Artifact-NonAgentive in that special context.) Example subcollections: #$StoneStuff, #$Air, #$Tooth, #$Caffeine. #$AgentiveArtifacts like #$Robots are excluded. bd8e4b86-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 artificial substances A collection of substances; a subset of #$Artifact. An instance of #$ArtificialMaterial is a portion of artificial stuff that was intentionally made by some agent(s), such as #$Plastic or #$SweetNLow. Since #$ArtificialMaterials are intentionally produced, this class does not normally include materials which are merely #$byProducts or #$wasteProducts of an intentional process. However, what is a byproduct at one time or in one context may be a useful material that would count as an instance of #$ArtificialMaterial in another. bd590222-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 asleep #$Asleep is the #$Alertness attribute of being asleep. #$Asleep is a specialization of #$Unconscious. (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1776) (#$alertnessLevel RipVanWinkle #$Asleep)). bd58a6ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 associative relation An important subset of #$Relation. Each element RELN of #$AssociativeRelation is a relationship such that the expressions (RELN A (RELN B C)) and (RELN (RELN A B) C) both have the same value or meaning; e.g., #$PlusFn, #$TimesFn, #$or, #$and. More generally, the truth of an asserted associative relation is unaffected by any change from one well-formed parenthesization of its use (on a given sequence of arguments) to another. c14862c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 astronomical objects A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$AstronomicalObject is an object of interest to astronomers, which includes the Earth along with other objects in outer space. Some, but not all, elements of #$AstronomicalObject belong to #$CelestialObject, the collection of heavenly bodies visible from earth. Examples: #$Polaris-TheStar, the #$Sun, #$PlanetSaturn. See also: #$HeavenlyBody. bd58d178-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 asymmetric binary predicate A collection of predicates; the subset of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate whose elements represent asymmetric relations. A predicate F is an element of #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and (F X Y) implies (#$not (F Y X)). For example, #$northOf, #$children, #$greaterThan, #$overrides. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations. bd6561fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mental events A collection of events. Each event that is an instance of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent has an actor or group of actors (see #$actors) whose mental functions are involved. The collection includes such things as dreaming, perceiving, sensing, theorizing about something, having a realization, making a decision, building, designing something, and consciously carrying out a task. Some of those examples are actions as well as events (see #$doneBy or #$performedBy). Note that the above list includes both purposeful events and non-purposeful events that involve mental functions. Note also that any event that has a mental component is also an instance of this collection so that events like preparing lunch would be classified as instances of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent. It is almost always possible and preferable to use one of the specs of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent. If an event seems mostly mental in nature, modulo neurons firing and related brain activity, use #$StrictlyMentalEvent or one of its specs. If it essentially involves both mental and physical activity, see #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent or #$PurposefulCompositePhysicalAndMentalActivity. For mental events that are intentionally and purposefully performed, see the subset #$PurposefulMentalActivity. bd588615-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 athletes A collection of persons. Each element of #$Athlete is a person who trains to compete in contests involving physical agility, stamina, or strength. In the #$JobMt, #$Athlete is a subset of #$Professional (q.v.), and hence in that microtheory represents the collection of professional athletes. bd58befb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 athletic activities Any athletic activity, i.e. one which involves physical exertion and tends to require strength and stamina. Not just limited to competitive sports events. Also includes spelunking, or going for a jog, or shooting a few hoops. be01fe5d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 the Atlantic Ocean The main body of salt water primarily in the #$WesternHemisphere-Region, bordering on five #$Continents (or three #$TrueContinents -- Western coasts of Europe and Africa, Antarctica, Eastern coasts of North and South America). bd5901d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 atoms A collection of microscopic-scale objects. Each instance of #$Atom has one atomic nucleus and some number of electrons. As a default, we assume that an instance of #$Atom has no net charge, i.e., that it has as many instances of #$Electrons as it does of #$Protons in its #$AtomicNucleus; but note there are exceptions, e.g., those which are instances of #$Ion. bd5891ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nuclei A collection of objects; a subset of #$MicroscopicScaleObject. Each instance of #$AtomicNucleus is an object composed of some definite number of instances of #$Proton and some definite number of instances of #$Neutron. Instances of the collection #$Atom are each composed of one member of #$AtomicNucleus and some number of electrons. bd58a3d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 attribute type A collection of collections. Each element of #$AttributeType is a collection of attributes. Each element of #$AttributeType is a subset of #$AttributeValue (q.v.). Examples include #$SensoryAttribute, #$BodyPartPosition, #$OrientationAttribute, #$SecurityClearanceLevel, #$ComputerVideoResolution, #$ForceVector, and many more. bd590364-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 attributes The set of all attributes represented in Cyc. #$AttributeValue includes quantities, such as 5 inches (i.e., (#$Inch 5)) or 1000 dollars per year (i.e., (#$DollarsPerYear 1000)), as well as qualities like #$Hilly, #$Rough, #$DeviceOn, etc., which can be used to make assertions about the state of some tangible object. bd5880c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sounds A collection of events; a subset of #$Sound. Each element of #$AudibleSound is a sound within the #$Frequency range of human hearing. bd5906fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 audio-communicating events A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$AudioCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne information between two (or more) agents; e.g., talking, clapping, or performing music. bd58c907-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 August The collection of all Augusts, the eighth month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58c170-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Australia Australia, the country that occupies the #$ContinentOfAustralia (and also #$TasmaniaIslandAustralia) dividing the eastern #$IndianOcean from the southwestern #$PacificOcean. In the #$DualistGeopoliticalMt, this constant includes both physical and political aspects of Australia. bd5894b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 authorized agreements The collection of generic agreements that are authorized by one of the agreeing parties (typically by the issuer of the document embodying the agreement). #$AuthorizedAgreements are generic in the sense that their authorizing agents are party to many similar agreements; for that reason, an #$AuthorizedAgreement is typically given a unique identification number. Examples: bank accounts, driver's licenses, stock certificates. bd58b01c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 car dealerships Each instance is an establishment (an organization located at one site) that sells automobiles and other types of road vehicles to consumers. bd58eed7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cars A collection of transportation devices -- those commonly known as `passenger cars.' An instance of #$Automobile is an element of #$RoadVehicle which was designed for carrying about 4 passengers (give or take a factor of 2). In addition to midsize cars, #$Automobile includes elements belonging to the subsets #$SportsCar, #$PickupTruck and #$Van. This collection does NOT include motorcycles, buses, tractors, etc. bd5895c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 awake #$Awake is the #$Alertness attribute of being awake. bd58a5fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 backs The collection of all the entire back sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces in the backwards direction. bd59048d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 backward - assertion direction The backward direction for Cyc assertions; the assertion is not forward propagated. bd674278-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 baked The attribute #$Baked is a specialized form of #$Cooked. Food that is #$Baked has been prepared in an event of #$BakingFood, using a $#RegularOven. bd5886dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 baking food A collection of events in which food is baked in a #$RegularOven. After an event of #$BakingFood, the food involved has been #$Baked. bd58aed0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 balconies A specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction whose instances are balconies in the style of those overhanging levels sometimes found in churches, theatres, etc. Such balconies are often approximately one-third the size of the floor or level below them, and therefore can be considered legitimate levels themselves. They usually contain a mob of seats. Note that this collection does _not_ include the kind of balcony that protrudes from a window or door on an already existing level. See also #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction and #$BasementLevelInAConstruction. bd5894f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Bangladesh Country near the eastern end of the Indian subcontinent, separated from #$Nepal by a narrow corridor of #$India, and sharing part of its border with #$Burma. Considered a part of India's territory during the period of British colonial rule. bd590173-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 debit cards A collection of official `documents'. Each element of #$BankDebitCard is a plastic card that enables the holder to access the account with which the card is associated; typically used to withdraw funds from the account. Cf. #$CreditCard. c0fd4920-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 barters The collection of transactions between two #$Agents in which one #$Agent gives items or services to another #$Agent, and the other #$Agent gives items or services in return, and neither of the items or services is money, credit, or payment of money. bd58b2e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 base k b #$BaseKB is the most general #$Microtheory currently in use. Assertions in this context are `accessible' from any other #$Microtheory via the #$genlMt relation. In the partial order of microtheories, all microtheories have access to #$BaseKB. An assertion which is true here will by default be true in every context. The `content' of #$BaseKB consists of very general assertions which are expected to be usable in most or all applications of Cyc, as well as Cyc's most fundamental assertions that it uses in inference, and all completely universal, timeless truths. bd588111-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 basements A specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction whose instances are below ground level. See also #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction and #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction. bd58ce1a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 battles The collection of events in which two or more large groups of #$Persons meet and fight one another, each group seeking to vanquish (some of) the others. #$Battles are often conducted by #$MilitaryOrganizations, and they may influence the outcomes of #$WagingWar. A #$Battle will have as #$subEvents at least two #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent events, in which one of the fighting groups attacks the other. bd58aeb0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 beam shaped The attribute shared by all objects that have the attribute #$Rectangular3DShaped and for which one dimension is many times greater than the other two dimensions. c138a988-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Belgium Belgium, a small #$IndependentCountry in the west of the #$ContinentOfEurope. It is a kingdom. The constant includes the nation of Belgium as it has existed throughout time, including both its physical and its political aspects. bd58df47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 systems of belief The collection of ideologies (systems of belief) in terms of which an agent characterizes (i.e., makes sense of) their world. Elements of this set include: #$VegetarianBeliefs, #$GermanNaziIdeology, #$RepublicanPartyIdeology, #$CommunistIdeology, #$PacifistIdeology, #$Atheism, etc. See also #$ConventionalClassificationSystem. bd58bd47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 belief system type The collection of all the kinds of #$BeliefSystems: religious, philosophical, political, ethical, cultural, and scientific. Some elements of this collection include #$Religion, #$PhilosophyBeliefs, etc. The most general member of this set is #$BeliefSystems (qv). bd590588-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bendable A physical attribute. #$Bendable is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of an object that tends to stay in the contorted shape when contorted. Note: for something to be bendable, it must be #$Flexible. bd58874c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Asamiya Language spoken in the Indic area. bd58cf7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bicycles The collection of all bicycles, personal wheeled transport devices powered by human peddling. Most Bicycles have two main wheels arranged in-line, but some tandem bicycles have more than two wheels. bd58e8d0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bidirected path system An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a subcollection of #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem. For each instance SYS of #$BidirectedPathSystem, every link in SYS is given two directions. beffe753-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bilaterally symmetric object The collection of objects which are symmetric on both sides of a bisecting axis, as are most vertebrates. bd58b94b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bills A collection of documents. Each element of #$Bill-PaymentRequest is a notification, demand, or request made by a creditor (or its agent) to a debtor, for payment of a debt previously incurred for some loan, goods, or services. Examples: telephone bills, tax bills, department store bills, cleaning bills, fuel bills. bd58d7b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 billing locations A collection of places; a subset of #$ContactLocation. Each element of #$BillingLocation is a location to which invoices are sent. For most private individuals, their billing location is their home address. be0184e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 binary function #$BinaryFunction is the collection of all Cyc functions which take two arguments. c0e7247c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 binary predicates #$BinaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc predicates which take two arguments. bd588102-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 binary relation The collection of all #$Relations of arity 2 in CycL. This collection was created in order to implement automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL, regardless of whether they are predicates or functions. be75c8f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bio deterioration resistance A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$BioDeteriorationResistance represents a specific capacity of a tangible object to resist biological deterioration. Degrees of #$BioDeteriorationResistance may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$BioDeteriorationResistance with the predicate #$resistanceToBioDeterioration. be00bf59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 catabolisms A collection of events. Each #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent involve the destruction of larger molecules. E.g., the degradation of glucose into carbon dioxide and water, which releases energy used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate). bd58ef47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 classes The collection of taxonomic subdivisions directly under #$BiologicalPhylum (for animals and for the animal-like organisms in the #$ProtistaKingdom), or #$BiologicalDivision (for the plants and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom). bd58974c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological decomposition event A collection of events. In each #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent, some living structures are decomposed. bd58b294-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological destruction event A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent, something is destroyed by some element(s) of #$BiologicalLivingObject. For example, #$DigestingInStomach is a subset of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent. bd58b316-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological development event A collection of events, and a subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvents. In each #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent, one or more living things undergo biological changes in which they progress from one developmental stage to another. For example, the germination of a seed, the opening of a flower, the pupating of a caterpillar, a teenager reaching puberty. Some borderline non-examples include: Groucho Marx being born, Groucho Marx dying. bd58d906-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 divisions The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom) for the members of the #$MoneraKingdom (i.e., prokaryotes), #$Fungus Kingdom, #$Plant Kingdom, and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. In the #$Animal Kingdom, however, the main taxonomic subdivisions are elements of #$BiologicalPhylum (q.v.) rather than #$BiologicalDivision. bd58978f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological processes An event in which a biological thing is a #$bodilyDoer. bd5902b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 taxonomic families The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalOrder (or #$BiologicalSuborder) and above #$BiologicalGenus. Especially important in Botanical classification. bd58cb2c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genera The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalFamily and above #$BiologicalSpecies. Sometimes, hybrids are possible between different instances of #$BiologicalSpecies that belong to the same #$BiologicalGenus. bd589a9f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological intake event A collection of processes. In each element of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, some object(s) are taken into some living structure. bd588866-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 kingdoms The collection of the highest, most general taxonomic divisions of organisms. Traditionally, it has included the elements of #$Animal and of #$Plant and may include separate kingdoms for the elements of #$ProkaryoticCell, single-celled eukaryotes (protists), and fungi. bd58989a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 living things A collection of all structures that are composed of one or more living cells (see #$Cell). Biological living objects (BLOs) may be either elements of #$Organism-Whole (like dogs or pine trees) or are components of such whole organisms (like noses, tails, and pine needles). The healthy leg of a living person is a BLO (as is the person), but an amputated leg is not a BLO. Every element of #$BiologicalLivingObject is either capable of biological reproduction itself or has components which are capable of biological reproduction (such as the cells in a living arm). bd58a6ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological metabolism event The collection of biological processes in which substrates are converted into metabolites. The metabolites may be more or less complex than the substrates. bd58ee48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 orders The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalClass (or #$BiologicalSubclass) and above #$BiologicalFamily. bd58e329-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 phyla The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom if present) for the #$Animal kingdom and for the animal-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. The other elements of #$BiologicalKingdom have divisions belonging to #$BiologicalDivision instead of Phyla (Phyla is the plural of Phylum). bd589813-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological production event A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalProductionEvent, raw materials are combined to produce a product, and some element(s) of #$BiologicalLivingObject is the producer. E.g., the production of honey by honeybees, the growth of a seedling into a tree, the secretion of sweat by a marathon runner, etc. Note: This is a very general collection, and for most purposes one of its subsets will better capture what is intended. bd58c40f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 procreations A collection of events. Each element of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent is an event in which one or more biological organisms (the #$parentActors) produce new organisms (the #$offspringActors) generally of the same kind as the parents. bd58d8c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 species A collection of the lowest taxons (#$BiologicalTaxon, q.v.) that are necessarily common to both parents of fertile offspring, or, in the case of asexual reproduction, necessarily common to parent and child. Members of different species cannot produce fertile offspring by interbreeding. An element of #$BiologicalSpecies has members who all have significant traits in common, and members of each biological species have other members as parents. In biological taxonomy, related species are grouped into a particular element of #$BiologicalGenus (q.v.). bd58caeb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 subclasses The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions more specific than #$BiologicalClass but more general than #$BiologicalOrder. bd58cba7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological subfamily The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalFamily and above #$BiologicalGenus. bf7063f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 subkingdoms The collection of biological subkingdoms, the biological taxonomic divisions of organisms immediately below #$BiologicalKingdom. bd589857-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological suborder The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalOrder and above #$BiologicalFamily. bdf83894-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological subphylum A collection of #$BiologicalTaxons that is more restrictive than #$BiologicalPhylum. All instances of a particular #$BiologicalSubspecies have significant traits or collections of traits in common which are not shared by all other members of the same #$BiologicalPhylum. bed637c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 subspecies A collection of #$BiologicalTaxons that is more restrictive than #$BiologicalSpecies. Members of different subspecies can produce fertile offspring by interbreeding, but the offspring are not members of the parental subspecies although they are members of the common #$BiologicalSpecies. All instances of a particular #$BiologicalSubspecies have significant traits or collections of traits in common which are not shared by all other members of the same #$BiologicalSpecies. A #$BiologicalSubspecies is formed by inbreeding of a restricted group of members of a single species. This can happen naturally through geographic isolation or intentionally through controlled reproduction to create, for example, #$Dog breeds or crop strains. c0b6222b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 taxonomic groups The collection of ranked categories accepted by biologists for the biological classification of organisms according to their suspected evolutionary relationships. Includes all levels of taxons. See also #$BiologicalTaxonType and #$OrganismClassificationType. bd58e2e8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological taxon type A collection of collections of collections; #$BiologicalTaxonType contains the classes of organism types (i.e., taxons) that biologists recognize, including #$BiologicalSpecies, #$BiologicalPhylum, etc. The naive classes that non-biologists use may be instances of some element of #$BiologicalTaxonType, though often they are not. When they coincide, the commonsense class of organism (e.g., #$Person) is an instance of some #$BiologicalTaxonType (#$BiologicalSpecies, for example). See also #$OrganismClassificationType. bd588dc6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological transportation event The collection of processes involving living structures in which objects are transported. bd58fce2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 birds The collection of birds; a subset of #$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Bird is an air-breathing, warm-blooded animal, covered with feathers, having forelimbs modified as wings and a beak rather than teeth. Members of most, but not all, species of bird can fly. #$Bird is an instance of #$BiologicalClass. bd58bc48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 births The collection of events in which one animal (prototypically, a #$Mammal) gives birth to another. The mother is the #$birthParent and the child is the #$birthChild. Both are #$objectOfStateChange; the mother goes from being pregnant to not pregnant (therefore a #$BirthEvent is an instance of #$PregnancyEndingEvent), while the child changes from being inside the mother and relying on the mother for nutritional, respiratory, and excretory needs (called in CYC the #$Embryo life stage, although different English terms apply to different stages of in utero development in mammals and not all of these terms apply to live-born #$Fish) to the #$JuvenileAnimal life stage (see #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment). bd58b30c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 blimps The collection of all dirigible, motorized, lighter-than-air craft (airships). Each generally consists of a gas-filled gas-sack from which a control and passenger cabin hangs (the gas-sack may or may not have rigid reinforcement such as ribs). A BlimpTheAirship flies more slowly than an #$Airplane. They are also called blimps, dirigibles and Zeppelins. bd5892ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 working class An attribute; an element of #$JobAttribute. Blue collar jobs are those requiring a relatively high proportion of manual/physical labor. bd58ca03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 workmen A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$BlueCollarWorker is a person whose occupation is manual-labor intensive, sometimes demanding physical strength and, in some jobs, considerable skill, practical judgment, and work experience. Types of blue-collar workers include miners, truck drivers, steelworkers, construction workers, agricultural workers, laborers, mechanics, garbage collectors, assembly line workers, janitorial workers, etc. Their jobs may require some specialized training or apprenticeship but don't require a college degree. bd58aecd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bodily function events The collection of animal activities that, from an evolutionary standpoint, the body of the doer was 'designed' to do, and that are instances of action types that can be and often are done without conscious volition. It includes dreaming but not rational thought, and breathing but not holding one's breath. If an instance of #$BodilyFunctionEvent involves the doer moving all or part of its body, either volitionally or as a reflex, it is also an instance of #$BodyMovementEvent. bd58f3d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 involuntary bodily functions This is the subset of #$BodilyFunctionEvent whose elements are actions in which the `doer' is, by definition, a #$nonDeliberateActors. Specializations (subsets) of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary include #$HavingASeizure, #$Blushing, #$Bleeding, #$ExperiencingHunger, etc. Note: if the `doer' of an involuntary bodily function is an #$Organism-Whole, then use #$bodilyDoer to describe its role in the event. bd59f763-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 body movements The collection of activities in which an #$Animal agent moves a part of its own body, whether consciously and intentionally or reflexively. #$BodyMovementEvent includes subsets such as #$TakingAStep, #$BlockingAPunch, #$Hiccoughing, and #$BlinkingOnesEyes. bd58f6e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bodies of water A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$BodyOfWater is a natural or artificial body of water. Elements may belong to specialized subsets such as #$Lake, #$Stream, and #$Ocean. #$BodyOfWater includes reservoirs, #$Canals, and navigation channels that are developed and/or enlarged by humans. However, it does not include smaller purely-artificial bodies of water such as #$SwimmingPools or tanks of water. Examples of #$BodyOfWater: #$HudsonBay, #$PanamaCanal, #$AdriaticSea, #$BayOfBengal, #$NiagaraFalls. bd5884fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 body positions The collection of attributes describing the position of a body part (or a whole body). A #$BodyPartPosition may be determined relative to the body's environment (as with #$Postures) or merely with respect to the body part itself (e.g., #$Flexed, #$Extended). bd5907ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 boiling events A collection of events. In each #$Boiling, a piece of liquid matter is raised to its #$boilingPoint and is thereby changed from being in the #$LiquidStateOfMatter to being in the #$GaseousStateOfMatter. Note: this is not intended to cover the cases of heat/evacuation causing a solid to sublime directly into a gas. bd589c37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 books A collection of #$ConceptualWorks. Instantiations may be either hardcopy or electronic. Traditional hardcopy instantiations are instances of #$BookCopy, but in the later half of the Twentieth Century of the Common Era additional formats were created (books on (audio) tape, computer media containing instantiations of textual computer files, etc. Instances of #$Book-CW are usually #$TextualMaterial, but some may contain only arrangements of images. bd58e6ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 book generic - c w A collection of #$ConceptualWorks. Instantiations may be either hardcopy or electronic. Traditional hardcopy instantiations are instances of #$BookCopy, but in the later half of the Twentieth Century of the Common Era additional formats were created (books on (audio) tape, computer media containing instantiations of textual computer files, etc. Instances of #$Book-CW are usually #$TextualMaterial, but some may contain only arrangements of images. c0290c9b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bookkeeping mt A #$Microtheory for stating basic #$Cyc bookkeeping information, such as assertions using #$myCreator and #$myCreationTime. beaed5bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bookkeeping predicates A collection of predicates. Each element of #$BookkeepingPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the creation and internal representation of a Cyc constant. Bookkeeping predicates neither specify nor constrain the semantics of Cyc constants. Examples: #$myCreator, #$myCreationTime, #$termOfUnit, #$multiplicationUnits, #$defnSufficient. bd5880ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 borders The collection of all lines, linear regions, or dividing planes or surfaces--physical or abstract--that each constitutes the boundary between (#$formsBorderBetween) two regions (i.e., two elements of #$SpatialThing). bd62894d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 boredom A state of dissatisfaction, weariness, or restlessness accompanied by a lack of interest. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Apathy. bd58a612-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 borrowing events A collection of events; a subset of #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights. In an instance of #$BorrowingSomething, an #$Agent takes temporary control of something, usually with the permission of its owner(s). Generally, the lending agent expects the borrowing agent to use the object for one of its normal functions (#$intendedBehaviorCapable). bd58cf42-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 botanical organs A subset of #$PlantPart, the collection #$BotanicalOrgan includes parts of a plant which are major morphological and functional divisions of individual plants, typically consisting of stems, flowers, roots, leaves, etc. bd58f8f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 undersides The collection of all the entire bottom sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces down. bd58d673-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 brains The collection of all #$Animal brains. An individual #$Brain is an #$Organ which controls most bodily movement, receives sensory input from the body and objects outside the body, and in which the mind operates, being the locus for all #$MentalSituations. bd58d3eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Brazil Brazil throughout time, both political and physical aspects. bd588f01-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 breathing events A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$Breathing is the collection of #$AirRespiration events in which the respiring organism takes air into its internal #$Lungs, where the gas exchange occurs. See also #$Respiration. bd58b773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 brittle A physical attribute. #$Brittle is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of a substance which breaks easily when subjected to a low or moderate impact or application of force, such as most instances of #$Glass. bd58d4cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 broad microtheory The collection of those microtheories that contain so many assertions that they are not useful for `relevance' focusing during inference. (A #$BroadMicrotheory is not used internally in Cyc's indexing scheme during inference.) Examples: #$BaseKB and #$EnglishMt. bd5c0498-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 broadcast - co a b s The collection of instances of requests for problem resolution that are posted on the CoABS grid. An instance of #$Broadcast-CoABS will have to include the #$GridAddress-CoABS of the broadcaster, who can then assemble a #$Community-CoABS of agents to solve the problem. A #$Broadcast-CoABS together with a broadcaster forms a degenerate instance of #$Community-CoABS. bf84c310-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 buildings A collection of artifacts; a subset of #$FixedStructure and of #$HumanShelterConstruction. An instance of #$Building is typically a substantial structure and must have walls and a roof, with rooms inside or at least some area designed to be occupied by humans (but not necessarily as a residence). Examples include the Empire State Building, Michael Jackson's house in L.A., King Arthur's castle, an #$AircraftHangar at O'Hare, a #$Lighthouse in the Mediterranean sea, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC, etc. bd58fb28-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 building material A collection of tangible things. An instance of #$BuildingMaterial is a material thing typically used in making new structures. Instances of #$BuildingMaterial include a piece of lumber, a brick, a slab of concrete, a roof shingle, a copper nail, a double-paned storm window, etc. c10af48b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 buses The collection of all buses, transport vehicles for ground transportation of many (they have room for at least 10, probably fewer than 60) people. A bus usually is driven by a professional bus driver. bd58b4bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bushes A collection of plants; a subset of #$Plant-Woody. The collection #$Bush includes all bushes, i.e., woody plants of branching growth habit that lack substantial trunks and are not usually taller than a person (and they are shorter than most specimens of #$Tree-ThePlant). This is a commonsense collection without distinct boundaries. bd589a2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 businesses The collection of #$Organizations intended to make profits, i.e., make money for agents that own them. All #$Businesses are #$CommercialOrganizations (they must buy or sell something), but not all #$CommercialOrganizations are #$Businesses. In a franchise #$Organization, the #$parentCompany is regarded as a #$Business, while the #$subOrganizations are merely instances of #$CommercialOrganization. #$Businesses are typically #$LegalAgents, while #$CommercialOrganizations need not be. bd58d036-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 business events A collection of events. Each element of #$BusinessEvent is an intentional occurrence that is closely associated with, and either helps or hinders, the business purpose of some agent. Examples include: the development of General Motors' business plan for 1996; an individual sales call on a particular customer; printing the 1996 Yellow Pages directory for the Austin, TX, area; selling a newspaper; designing and manufacturing a new memory chip. #$BusinessEvent does NOT include purely social or recreational occurrences. bd588c38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 businesspeople A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$BusinessPerson is a person whose occupation is primarily in the ownership and/or operation of a business. c0fcd0ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 activities in a business relationship A collection of events; a subset of both #$BusinessEvent and #$SocialOccurrence. Each instance of #$BusinessRelationshipActivity is a (usually long-term) social activity whose participants are related by some business relationship. The social events constituting a #$BusinessRelationshipActivity further, either directly or indirectly, the (usually mutual) business interests of the participants. A #$BusinessRelationshipActivity is typically carried out over multiple social occasions and may consist of many #$subEvents. c10afcc8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 purchases A collection of events. Each element of #$Buying is an event in which an agent voluntarily pays to acquire something tangible or intangible, or for the performance of a service, which another agent sells in the event. Payment may be in money or other exchange of wealth. Elements of #$Buying may include #$subEvents of negotiation, the act of paying, and the transfer of the purchased thing to the buyer. Examples of #$Buying include: purchasing fighter jets for the Navy; buying a Pepsi from a vending machine; ordering dinner at a restaurant; acquiring a personal life insurance policy for oneself; mail-ordering clothes from Sears; shopping at a farmers' market. bd58cbda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 buying activities A collection of events. #$BuyingActivity very generally includes events related to purchasing goods or services. Each element of #$BuyingActivity is an event that is either (i) a common prelude to buying (i.e., the kinds of activities that contribute to their doers becoming buyers), or (ii) an element of #$Buying itself. Examples of #$BuyingActivity include shopping for, or ordering, something very specific, and also general expressions of interest in purchasing something, such as placing an `Item Wanted' ad in a newspaper. bd588f8e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 centimeter-gram-second units of measure A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$CGSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the CGS (i.e., centimeter-gram-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$CentimetersPerSecond, #$CubicCentimeter, #$Gram, #$SecondsDuration. bd589a3d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 autumns The calendar season that begins at autumnal equinox and runs until winter solstice. be011790-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 centuries The collection of centuries that make up the calendar (1900's, 1700's etc.) An example of such a constant in Cyc is #$TheNineteenthCenturyAD bd58b8f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar covering type #$CalendarCoveringType is a collection of collections. An element CC of #$CalendarCoveringType is itself a collection, a type of time interval, such that the union of all the instances of CC would completely cover all of time without overlap. Thus, #$CalendarYear is a #$CalendarCoveringType because all of time consists of a sequence of non-overlapping #$CalendarYears. Similarly #$CalendarMonth, #$CalendarDay, #$CalendarHour, etc. Notice that #$Monday and #$December are NOT instances of #$CalendarCoveringType, because all of time is not a sequence of Mondays, or Decembers. Also notice that a collection Week -- defined as the set of all seven-day-long-periods-of-time -- would not be an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, since several different Weeks could overlap; e.g., the week beginning today and the week beginning yesterday and the week beginning tomorrow. bd58a30c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 days The collection of days that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its elements is Thursday, August 1, 1996. bd58de08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decades The collection of decades that make up the calendar; e.g., #$The1970s. bd58b937-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar half centuries The collection of exact half-centuries on the calendar, such as #$FirstHalfOf20thCenturyAD c0f71f9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar hours The collection of hours that make up the calendar. These are contiguous and disjoint time intervals, except of course for particular instances that represent exactly the same 60-minute-long time interval. See #$CalendarDay. bd58933b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar minutes The collection of minutes that make up the calendar. These are contiguous and disjoint time intervals, except of course for particular instances that represent exactly the same 60-second-long time interval. See #$CalendarDay. Sixty of these partition each #$CalendarHour bd58b9fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 months The collection of months that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its subsets is #$February, which is the set of all Februaries; one of its elements is February 1992 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1992)), a particular time interval. bd58c029-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar quarters The collection of calendar quarters that divide up a calendar year into four parts. For each year, the first of its four quarters includes January, February, and March; the second includes April, May, and June, and so on. c10ae4c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar seasons This is the set of all calendar seasons. Four of its largest subsets are #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn be0114e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 seasons This is the collection whose four elements are #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn. be01141f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 seconds The collection of seconds that make up the calendar. Sixty of these #$TimeIntervals contiguously divide up each #$CalendarMinute (qv) bd58823e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 springs The calendar season that begins at vernal equinox and runs until summer solstice. be011735-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 summers The calendar season that begins at summer solstice and runs until autumnal equinox. be011768-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 weeks The collection of weeks that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its elements is WeekOf2-14-1994. bd58c064-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 winters The calendar season that begins at winter solstice and runs until vernal equinox. be0116f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar years The collection of years that make up the calendar. For example, #$TheYear1972, #$TheYear494BC. bd58f257-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calm A feeling of calmness or serenity, being quiet and free from disturbance. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Calm. bd58892c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 canals The collection of all canals, artificial waterways created to be paths for boats, or for irrigation (e.g., the #$PanamaCanal). bd58f371-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cancer The collection of all particular cases of cancer. Instances of #$Cancer may belong to any one of the many different types of disease that are studied and treated by oncologists. Cancer is characterized by abnormal (and usually rapid) growth of cells in some organ or system of the body; these growths are then prone to dispersal (metastesis) into other body regions. See also #$CancerFn --- the expression (#$CancerFn #$Lung) represents a subset of #$Cancer, namely the set of all lung cancers. c0fd6a1a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 canoes The collection of all canoes, small, narrow watercraft that are powered by human paddling, poling or by a small boat-engine. bd58ab49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 capacity attribute A collection of attributes. Each element of #$CapacityAttribute is an attribute representing a specific capacity in which an agent does an action. For example, an action might be done as an agent's job (#$JobCapacity) or hobby (#$HobbyCapacity), as its main function (#$MainFunction) or an auxiliary function (#$SupportFunction). bd59013f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 capitals A collection of cities. Each element of #$CapitalCityOfRegion is an element of #$City (q.v.) that is the capital of its surrounding region. This includes both capitals of countries and capitals of subregions. Examples: #$CityOfRomeItaly, #$CityOfCardiffWales, #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfAbidjanIvoryCoast, #$CityOfLhasaTibet, #$CityOfColumbusOH (#$FranklinCountyOhio). See also #$capitalCity, #$capitalCityOfThisState. bd58f295-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 captive animals The collection of all animals that are caged, tied, kept in an animal container, or otherwise held captive. There is some intersection here with #$DomesticPet, but not complete. Some elements of #$Person are members of #$CaptiveAnimal, e.g., political detainees, imprisoned criminals, kidnap victims. c100573e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 apprehensions A collection of events. In an instance of #$CapturingAnimal, an #$Agent takes physical control of a (human or non-human) animal. This collection includes trapping animals, kidnapping people (or animals), and also what the police do after they arrest a person for a crime. The animal may or may not be taken alive. bd5c0f37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cards A collection of objects; a subcollection of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each element of #$Card is a small, sturdy sheet of stuff--usually cardstock paper, but could be plastic or thin metal--bearing some kind of information. Some kinds are folded. Examples: #$CreditCard, #$BusinessCard, and #$PostCard. Note that electronic objects that perform some of the same functions are not subcollections of #$Card. c0fd456f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cargo vessels The collection of all cargo ships, i.e., ships that by design can transport a large amount of goods. See also #$TankerShip. c1009191-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 carnivores A #$Collection of organisms classified by their typical source of food. Elements of #$Carnivore feed on animals. Note: #$Carnivore is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon; e.g., #$Carnivore contains #$Dog as a subset but is not its biological taxon. Note that a #$Carnivore is not necessarily a #$Heterotroph, as carnivorous plants both digest insects and produce food using #$Chlorophyll. bd5904f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events of causing another object's translational motion A collection of events. In an instance of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion, one object causes another object to undergo a translational motion. The object causing the motion is the #$providerOfMotiveForce. The object which is caused to move is the #$objectActedOn (and also the #$objectMoving) in the event. One way to cause another object's motion is by carrying it along with one (see the subset #$CarryingWhileLocomoting), but there are many others, such as throwing, kicking, or knocking it away. Some elements of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion may be elements of #$Translation-Complete (such as elements of #$CarryingWhileLocomoting) whereas others (such as elements of #$PumpingFluid) may be elements of #$Translation-Flow. Examples: a train transporting passengers; a person pushing a coin into a vending machine; the release of a bowstring which propels an arrow; a magnet attracting a nail. bd58d844-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cavities The collection of all cavities, including #$Crevices, deep concavities or holes, and cavities of containers (e.g. the interior of a box). Instances of #$Cavity, unlike those of its specialization #$CavityInteriorRegion, can include walls as parts, in which case they are instances of #$CavityWithWalls. Instances of #$Cavity, unlike those of #$Container, do not have well defined outside walls. bd5891a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interiors The collection of space regions that constitute cavities inside the walls or boundaries of solid objects. Such regions need not be completely sealed off. As a space region, an instance of #$CavityInteriorRegion is intangible, and thus not to be confused with the partially tangible matter that might fill or occupy it (see #$CavityInteriorContent). See also #$Cavity, whose instances, unlike those of #$CavityInteriorRegion, can include walls (in which cases they are also instances of #$CavityWithWalls). bd58a8e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ceilings The collection of all ceilings of every instance of #$RoomInAConstruction. Note that, unlike walls, ceilings are conventionally considered to be 'one-sided' objects. The other side of a #$CeilingOfARoom may be a #$RoofOfAConstruction, or in a #$ModernShelterConstruction, more probably the #$FloorInAConstruction in another room. bd58f743-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cells The collection of living cells; a subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each element of #$Cell is one of the basic structural units of nearly all living things, consisting (at least) of cytoplasm bounded by a cell membrane. Only the living structures viruses, mitochondria, and plastids are not composed of cells. bd58ee63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cell parts The collection of structures which are typically found and formed as parts of #$Cells. This covers components of both #$EukaryoticCells and #$ProkaryoticCells. It includes organelles, vesicles, cell walls, extracellular matrix, plasma membranes, receptors, cellular humours, microtubules, etc. c10c2471-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cereals The food group consisting of grain products such as breads and cereals. Food that contains a significant amount of grain products should be specs of this. bd58ccbd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cereal plants The collection of individual plants like corn, wheat, etc., which bear grains. bd589beb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chains A collection of organizations. An element of #$ChainOrganization is a parent business which comes into contact with its customers or clients primarily through its geographically dispersed sub-organizations, which typically are (mostly) homogeneous in product line, style of physical quarters, local organizational structure, etc. Examples include the parent organizations of McDonald's and Midas Muffler. bd58e960-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 change in user rights A collection of events. Each element of #$ChangeInUserRights is an event in which some instance of #$Agent either gains or loses possession of something. `Possession' means having some right to use a thing that one has in hand or otherwise has access to. Different types of possession (e.g., ownership, rental, borrowings) can be specified by the using the appropriate element(s) of #$UserRightsAttribute (q.v.). Changes in an agent's user rights can come about in various ways: through buying and selling, renting, borrowing or lending, giving, repossession, etc. Some subsets of this kind of change are #$LosingUserRights, #$GainingUserRights, and #$ExchangeOfUserRights; in the latter class, there is an alteration in the rights of two (or more) agents to use two (or more) items -- as in a purchase, when one agent gets full use rights to an object by turning over a sum of money to the object's previous owner. In addition, some changes in user rights are classified explicitly in #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights (e.g., borrowing, renting), while others are permanent. Events that involve such changes in user rights all belong in the collection of events, #$ChangeInUserRights. In any particular #$ChangeInUserRights event, the item which is changing hands is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer. bd5e7431-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 changes of device state The collection of actions in which a device goes from one state (the #$fromState) to another state (the #$toState). A change of #$DeviceState may be due to an outside #$Agent adjusting a device, or it may happen automatically due to the behavior of a device. The two most general state changes (for powered devices) are from #$DeviceOn to #$DeviceOff, and vice versa. Many other states peculiar to specific devices can be identified; for example, the states of a #$Dishwasher: #$DeviceState-Washing and #$DeviceState-Rinsing; or the states that a trapping device may be in: #$TrapArmed, #$TrapTripped, #$TrapIdle. Note that a change in the state of a device is an intrinsic change in the device; i.e., #$ChangingDeviceState is a subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent. bd58d12d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 character sequences The collection of all strings of characters (in any languages or in no known language). Each element of the collection #$CharacterString is a string of characters or an abstract sequence of symbols. Note: it is NOT any particular physical, tangible representation; different encodings may represent the characters. An element of #$CharacterString has characters from some fixed character set. The characters are instances of #$Character-Abstract. An element of #$CharacterString may be any length, including zero (i.e., empty strings, which have no characters). If elements of #$CharacterString are concatenated, the result is also an element of #$CharacterString. The length of the resulting string is equal to the sum of the lengths of the concatenated strings. Some types (subsets) of #$CharacterString include #$EMailAddress, #$AreaCode, #$PhoneNumber, #$PhoneCountryCode, etc. Note that a #$CharacterString is ordered formally as a #$List (rather than physically left-to-right or top-to-bottom); thus the 'first' character in the #$CharacterString for an Arabic word happens to be the rightmost (first pronounced) character, not the leftmost character, due to the letter-order and word-order convention for Arabic writing. bd6100db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 checks A collection of documents; a subset of #$TenderObject. Each element of #$Check-TenderObject is a financial instrument, drawn on a particular account at some instance of #$FinancialOrganization, which is redeemable for a monetary value by the agent who is the payee. The financial organization pays the payee funds from the account, upon proper presentation of the check. bd58cea8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chemical compounds A collection of collections; a subset of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType. Every instance of #$ChemicalCompoundType is a subset of #$TangibleThing whose instances are defined ONLY by their chemical composition, and not by their physical state or any other property. In Cyc's current representation, #$ChemicalCompoundTypes can be of two varieties: (1) Collections whose instances are completely uniform with each other in terms of chemical composition; this includes (a) the chemical elements -- such as #$Carbon, #$Oxygen, and #$Hydrogen -- which are instances of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons (thus, the latter is a subset of #$ChemicalCompoundType), and (b) compounds constituted of more than one substance chemically bonded, e.g., #$Water, #$Caffeine, and #$IronOxide. (2) Substances which have a general chemical specification, that is, whose instances do not have exactly the same chemical composition but fall within certain specifications, e.g., #$DNAStuff. Cyc's current theory includes those cases in #$ChemicalCompoundType, though they are arguably borderline. (Future work may require the creation of type collections to identify various levels of chemical specification, such as `exact formula' or `exact structure'.) Note: Collections which Cyc does NOT classify as #$ChemicalCompoundTypes include collections of substances which have some component which is of overriding significance in some context, so that in everyday language such substances are frequently referred to by the name of their important component (e.g., `penicillin' applied to a tablet containing penicillin), but which have significant admixtures of other substances. Our representation distinguishes between the chemical compound (here, instances of #$Penicillin) and the mixture of substances in a tablet containing some #$Penicillin for pharmaceutical use. Thus, #$Penicillin is an instance of #$ChemicalCompoundType, but the collection of tablets containing penicillin and including other ingredients are not. Also, subsets of #$Mixture, such as #$Lemonade, are not instances of #$ChemicalCompoundType, because mixtures are determined by their physical state rather than solely by their chemical composition. bd58cd95-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chemical objects A collection of objects; a subset of #$MicroscopicScaleObject. Each instance of #$ChemicalObject is an object whose behavior is typically described in terms of its outer cloud of #$Electrons. Subsets of #$ChemicalObject include the collections #$Atom and #$Molecule and #$Ion, the set of chemical radicals, and the set of molecular fragments. bd58916a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chemical reactions A collection of events; a subset of #$TransformationEvent. Each instance of #$ChemicalReaction is an event in which two or more substances undergo a chemical change, i.e., some portions of the substances involved are transformed into different #$ChemicalCompoundTypes. The transformations are brought about by purely chemical (including biochemical) means which affect chemical bonds between atoms in the molecules of stuff, rather than by physical means, biological means, or purposeful planning, etc. Examples of #$ChemicalReaction: instances of #$CombustionProcess; instances of #$Photosynthesis-Generic. bd589bc8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chests The collection of the chests of #$Animals. The animal's chest is its #$AnimalBodyPart region located between its neck and its abdomen. For people and many other types of animals, the chest is bounded by (defined by, given shape by) the animal's ribcage. bd58a415-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 China China, governed as the Peoples' Republic of China, is a country which claims to be the government of all of China. #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina also makes this claim. #$China-PeoplesRepublic #$controls all of China except Taiwan Province on the #$Island of #$Formosa (or 'Taiwan') and #$QuemoyIsland and #$MatsuIsland of Fujian Province a few kilometers off the coast. These territories are controlled by #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina. China borders the #$EastChinaSea and the #$SouthChinaSea. De facto, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina and #$China-PeoplesRepublic are two separate independent countries each with their own territory, while de jure there is a single #$IndependentCountry of China, but two governments with separate regions of control. bd58a341-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chordates An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum within the #$BiologicalKingdom #$Animal, the #$ChordataPhylum contains the many chordate taxa. All have members who have a notochord (a flexible rod running the length of the body) at some stage of development and pharyngeal gills at some stage of development. The #$ChordataPhylum has as #$taxonMembers all the subsets of #$Vertebrate (including #$Person), as well as some non-vertebrate chordates like Amphioxus. bd59063b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chronic conditions A collection of ailments. An instance of #$ChronicCondition is an ailment that lingers or recurs in an organism throughout its life. In some cases, the symptoms of a chronic condition may abate with treatment. The condition may never go away completely. #$Asthma is a subset of #$ChronicCondition. c0fd4e54-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 circular #$Circular is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all circular objects. bd646240-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 circulatory systems The collection of all animals' circulatory systems. A #$CirculatorySystem is a system of organs and body parts, found in #$Vertebrates and some other animals, which function together to circulate the animal's blood throughout its body, supplying needed substances to its cells and removing waste products from them. A #$CirculatorySystem is generally composed of #$BloodVessels, #$Heart, #$Spleen, etc., considered as an interrelated functional system of each animal. Note: It generally has a close linkage to the respiration system, as the blood comes in contact with fresh air to divest itself of the waste products it has collected from the body's cells and to acquire new needed substances to take to the body's cells. bd58f31b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cities A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$City is a local human settlement which has its own government. This includes cities, towns, suburbs, villages, hamlets, and townships, as long as they have their own governments. A city government is usually mostly autonomous from the governments of its surrounding regions, rather than being a sub-organization of them. bd58e767-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Washington D.C. The capital city (#$CapitalCityOfRegion) of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, seat of its Federal government, which is located in the #$DistrictOfColumbia, a specially created Federal district between the States of Maryland and Virginia. Currently, the #$CityOfWashingtonDC and the #$DistrictOfColumbia are coextensive. bd590b3c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sanitations A collection of events. In each #$Cleaning event, dirt (or other unwanted substances) is removed from the #$objectOfStateChange of that event. If a #$Cleaning event is successful, then the #$Dirtiness level of the object will have been lowered. bd58c9de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cleaning tools A collection of devices. An instance of #$CleaningDevice is any device, manually powered or otherwise, whose #$primaryFunction is to be used in cleaning things. Instances include each #$Mop, each #$RegularWindshieldWiper, each #$FacialTissue, each #$ShoeBrush, each #$ClothesWasher, each #$Dishwasher, etc. bd58b64c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cleaning implements A collection of tools; a subset of #$HandTool and also of #$CleaningDevice. An instance of #$CleaningImplement is any hand-held tool used for cleaning something. Cleaning implements are used in a wide variety of activities and settings; some subsets include the collections #$Mop, #$DentalPick, #$ElectricToothBrush, #$WashCloth, #$FacialTissue, #$ShoeBrush. Many cleaning implements are intended for wiping, scrubbing, or polishing surfaces to remove patches of #$Dirt. bd589192-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 climate cycle type A collection of collections. Each element of #$ClimateCycleType is a collection of (extended) events which are weather processes of one type or another. Examples of elements of #$ClimateCycleType are #$TemperateClimateCycle and #$SteppeClimateCycle. Note: in practice, there is little need to create terms denoting members of the collections belonging to #$ClimateCycleType; so long as one just wants to state what TYPE of climate a particular region has, simply use the predicate #$hasClimateType with the appropriate subset of #$AnnualClimateCycle (q.v.). See also #$hasClimateType. bd58b5f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 textiles A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Cloth is a piece of textile sheet woven or knitted or pressed out of fibers. Pieces of #$Cloth are commonly used as material inputs to the manufacture of clothing items, towels, sails for sailing craft, parachutes, draperies, etc. Excludes #$Leather (q.v.). bd590909-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 accessories A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$ClothingAccessory is something that is worn as an accessory with other clothing items. Examples include elements of the collections #$Jewelry, #$Scarf, #$NeckTie, #$Belt-Clothing, #$Suspenders, and suchlike. bd58cee4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 items of clothing A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$ClothingItem is something that a person wears as a protective and/or decorative covering or ornament. Items of clothing are usually made of flexible materials, such as cloth, leather, or yarn. The collection #$ClothingItem contains primarily individual garments (e.g., elements of the collections #$Pants, #$Shirt, #$Coat, #$Shoe), together with pairs of shoes, socks, and gloves (since each wearer needs a pair). Jewelry, suspenders, belts, etc., are in the subset #$ClothingAccessory. Note: outfits (esp. specialized outfits) made up of several individual items worn together belong to the collection #$ClothingOutfit, which is NOT a subset of #$ClothingItem but IS a subset of the broader collection, #$SomethingToWear. bd5903d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 outfits A collection of objects. Every element of #$ClothingOutfit is a group of `coordinated' items that are intended to be worn together; e.g., an instance of #$ThreePieceSuit, consisting of one suit jacket, one vest, and one pair of long pants. Clothing outfits are often sold or provided together as a set; e.g., military uniforms, business suits, scuba gear. A clothing outfit may include some accessories, as well as garments. Cf. #$ClothingItem. bd59033c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 clouds The collection of clouds (instances of #$CloudOfH2O) in the sky over some #$GeographicalRegion (as opposed to being at ground-level). c0fba044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cloud of h 2 o A cloud of particles of liquid or solid water in the atmosphere covering a #$GeographicalRegion. bd58f48d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 levels of cloudiness A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. The elements of #$Cloudiness characterize the amount of cloud cover at an #$OutdoorLocation. A higher value indicates more clouds or more dense cover. Degrees of cloudiness may be represented qualitatively (e.g., #$PartialCloudCover, #$CompleteCloudCover), or using #$GenericValueFunctions. The cloudiness of a location can be described with the predicate #$cloudinessOfRegion. bd590706-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cloudless #$Cloudless is a #$WeatherAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Cloudiness. (#$cloudinessOfRegion LOC #$Cloudless) means that the #$OutdoorLocation LOC has no cloud cover. bd58e1f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cloudy #$Cloudy is a #$WeatherAttribute that characterizes an #$OutdoorLocation which has at least some cloud cover -- this cloud cover not being situated at ground-level (in which case #$Foggy would be the applicable #$WeatherAttribute). bd590748-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 code - assertion direction The direction for Cyc assertions which are implemented in code; the assertion is not actually used in either forward or backward inference. bfe9f22d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 codes of conduct A collection of microtheories; a subset of both #$Obligation and #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory. Each element of #$CodeOfConduct is a microtheory which contains rules and/or expectations governing the behavior of those agents subject to it in certain kinds of situations. bd5895c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 households A collection of organizations. Within the #$NaiveBiologicalDescentMt, each instance of #$CohabitationUnit is an animal domestic group, i.e., a group of animals which live together in the same domestic or living group. This domestic group is assumed (by default) to be of a single species. bd5891e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cohesiveness A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Cohesiveness represents a specific capacity of a physical object to cohere; e.g., #$RigidlyCohesive, #$LiquidCohesiveness, #$HumanlySeparable. Cohesiveness of objects is indicated with the predicate #$cohesivenessOfObject. be00bb30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 collections The collection of all Cyc collections. Cyc collections are natural kinds or classes, as opposed to mathematical sets; their elements have some common attribute(s). Each Cyc collection is like a set in so far as it may have elements, subsets, and supersets, and may not have parts or spatial or temporal properties. Sets, however, differ from collections in that a mathematical set may be an arbitrary set of things which have nothing in common (see #$Set-Mathematical). In contrast, the elements of a collection will all have in common some feature(s), some `intensional' qualities. In addition, two instances of #$Collection can be co-extensional (i.e., have all the same elements) without being identical, whereas if two arbitrary sets had the same elements, they would be considered equal. As with any Cyc constant, an instance of #$Collection should be created only if it is expected to have some purpose or utility. Moreover, the `best' collections to create are the ones which are impossible to define precisely, yet about which there are rules and other things to say. E.g., `WhiteCat' is not a good element of #$Collection to create, because it's easy to define with other Cyc concepts, and there's not much to say about the collection of white cats; but `WhiteCollarWorker' could be a good element of #$Collection, because it is hard to define exactly, yet there are many things to say about it. bd5880cc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 collection - denoting functions The subcollection of #$Function-Denotational whose instances, when applied to any appropriate (sequences of) arguments, return instances of #$Collection. Examples include #$SwimmingEventFn, #$GroupFn, and #$MoleculeFn; (#$MoleculeFn #$Oxygen) denotes the collection of all oxygen molecules. Cf. #$IndividualDenotingFunction and #$SetDenotingFunction. bd58806a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 collections A collection of events. Each element of #$CollectionEvent is an event in which tangible or intangible objects are collected together at a single place . The objects might come from various sources, and might be gathered via some collection network. bd58dc1e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 collection type #$CollectionType is by definition the collection of all types of #$Collections. beda6953-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 colors A collection of attributes; a subcollection of both #$PhysicalAttribute and #$SensoryAttribute. Each element of #$Color represents a specific color attribute of some object or substance; e.g., #$GoldColor, #$VividRed-Color, #$Auburn-HairColor, #$Olive-FleshColor. Elements of #$Color are #$CompositeAttributes, since they can vary along several dimensions (e.g., hue, brightness, chroma). Indicate a particular object's #$Color with one of the following predicates: #$objectHasColor, #$mainColorOfObject, or #$uniformColorOfObject. bd588231-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fires A collection of events. Each #$CombustionProcess is an event in which rapid oxidation is taking place. These always have heat as an output and often involve emission of light as well (typically, flames). The #$objectActedOn in a #$CombustionProcess is at least partly consumed. See also #$Flammability. bd58c04e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commercial activities This is a large collection of events. As can be seen from its subsets, it embraces all types of buying, selling, offering to sell, offering to buy, requesting bids, performing services for hire, advertising, manufacturing for sale, etc. bd5887a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commercial fishing boat The subcollection of #$Watercraft that contains all fishing boats, including trawlers, seiners, junks etc. that are marine-life-catching devices, and the main purpose of the fishing is commercial. Note that not all instances of CommercialFishingBoat have to be used exclusively in the ocean--they can also be used in rivers and lakes, etc. be059efb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commercial organizations A collection of organizations. An element of #$CommercialOrganization is an organization which buys or sells goods or services for a profit. It may also be an element of #$Business or it may merely be a sub-organization of a #$Business entity. bd5892d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 service companies A collection of organizations; a subset of #$CommercialOrganization. An instance of #$CommercialServiceOrganization is a commercial organization which sells its services as its main product (rather than tangible goods), for commercial gain. Some tangible goods may accompany or supplement the main service sold, but only as side products; e.g., some elements of #$HairSalon sell hair care products. bd58f1b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commissioned An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The attribute of being paid on a commission basis for work done. bd58b8d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 communicating A collection of events. Each element of #$Communicating is an event in which the transfer of information between or among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted with events which involve communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the progressive actions -- and winning -- of the game are focal). Since #$Communicating is a subset of #$PurposefulAction, each #$Communicating event must be intentional on the part of the #$senderOfInfo; it may or may not be intentional on the part of the #$recipientOfInfo. Hence, a speaker on a soapbox haranguing an indifferent crowd is performing an instance of #$Communicating. In contrast, Juliet soliloquizing on her balcony, unaware that Romeo is listening to her, is not #$Communicating; this #$InformationTransferEvent would be an instance of #$Eavesdropping. Communicating may be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information (cf. #$CommunicationAct-Single, #$MultiDirectionalCommunication). Every event belonging to #$Communicating contains at least one transfer of information between at least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from #$Communicating, when those events are just the private accessing or generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g., #$AudioCommunicating, #$NonVerbalCommunicating, #$FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating); by the type of information involved (e.g., #$MakingAnAgreement); by the purpose of the communication (e.g., #$Teaching, #$Negotiating); by the agents involved (e.g., #$IntraOrganizationCommunication, #$StageProduction). Examples of #$Communicating include a symphony performance, an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic ticket -- all of which normally, and focally, involve communication between two or more agents. bd589ec5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 communication acts A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$CommunicationAct-Single is a single-source transmission of information from ONE #$senderOfInfo to one or more recipients; such acts may be one-to-one or one-to-many. Every element of #$CommunicationAct-Single has a transmission sub-event (which is an element of #$IBTGeneration-Original) and one or more reception #$subEvents (which are elements of #$AccessingAnIBT). An element of #$CommunicationAct-Single starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. Notes: (1) For exchanges of information between or among multiple agents, see #$MultiDirectionalCommunication. (2) An important distinction is made between elements of #$CommunicationAct-Single on the one hand, and their #$subEvents which are elements of #$IBTGeneration-Original and #$AccessingAnIBT, on the other hand; e.g., #$Speaking and #$Writing are NOT subsets of #$CommunicationAct-Single, but rather are subsets of #$IBTGeneration-Original (because instances of both represent only the generation of information and can even occur without actual communication of it), and #$ListeningDeliberately and #$Reading are subsets of #$AccessingAnIBT, NOT of #$CommunicationAct-Single, because instances of both represent only the accessing of information (even if by default they imply a prior generation of information). bd589e83-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 communication convention The collection of conventions used to encode and interpret things which bear information; a syntax together with a semantic mapping. Instances include natural languages like French or English, database data formats, and computer languages or idiosyncratic systems of gestures or symbols known only by a small group of people. bd58f43f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 community groups A collection of organizations. An element of #$CommunityOrganization is a group that consists of residents of a #$Neighborhood or apartment building or condominium complex, and which is concerned with issues affecting the #$Neighborhood or complex. bd58852b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commutative relation An important subset of #$Relation. Each element of #$CommutativeRelation is a relationship whose argument order can be changed without changing the value or meaning of the expression; e.g., #$PlusFn, #$TimesFn, #$or, #$bordersOn, #$temporallyIntersects, #$teammates. Most #$Relations are NOT commutative: if (#$isa EL COL) is true, it is rare that (#$isa COL EL) is also true. bd6449a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 crafts One of the most general attributes for describing the level of skill with which an agent performs some task. Knowledge enterers will usually want to use some more specific attribute. bd58ade0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 competitions The collection of situations in which one or more #$Agents are striving to be the sole exemplar of some high value judgement, or the highest value along some comparative or metric scale. Arm wrestling, football, fighting for prey, competitive courting, racing, rodeo events, etc. are examples. See also #$competitionExpr. Note: `striving' may be a bit of overstatement, as sometimes the competitors may even be unaware that a competition has been going on until after it is over, such as the first year a `Best Restaurant in Austin' award is given out. bd58801a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 complete cloud cover #$CompleteCloudCover is a #$WeatherAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Cloudiness. This attribute describes a location as so clouded over with a uniform layer grey or white clouds that direct sunlight is blocked out. There are no shadows, the shape or exact location of the sun or moon is impossible to identify. bd588622-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 complex temporal relation Instances of #$ComplexTemporalRelation are predicates used to interrelate instances of #$TemporalThing in time. Some of them (e.g., #$startsAfterEndingOf) make statements about the relationship of the beginning and/or end of their first argument to the beginning and/or end of their second argument. One can think of this as an interval-based theory of time. Some of them (e.g., #$temporallyIntersects and #$temporallySubsumes) make statements about the relationship of the entire set of points that is their first argument to the entire set of points that is their second argument. One can think of this as a set-theoretic theory of time. bd58ec70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composite attribute A collection of attributes. Each element of #$CompositeAttribute is an attribute that is essentially a vector with many dimensions. Instances of #$Color are good examples; colors have intensity, hue, and saturation as independent dimensions. See also #$primitiveAttributeTypes, #$PrimitiveAttributeType. bd58d8d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composite attribute types A collection of collections. Every element of #$CompositeAttributeType is a collection of attributes which is a subset of #$CompositeAttribute (q.v.). bd588238-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composite physical and mental event A collection of events. Each element of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent is an event that involves both some mental event(s) and an interaction of physical objects. Examples include a news broadcast program, a court trial, inheriting property, writing a letter, a physical examination, a charity ball, traffic on some section of highway during rush hour. Note that this collection does NOT imply that the events which are its instances have doers (see #$doneBy). Subsets of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent whose elements all have doers (or performers) -- and there will be many of them -- should have as a second genls #$Action or the appropriate subset of #$Action (qq.v.). bd588d27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composite tangible and intangible object The collection of things which have both a tangible and an intangible component -- e.g., people (with bodies and minds), information bearing objects (intangible information encoded on a tangible substrate, such as music on a CD, or text in a book) and so on. Like anything else that has at least some tangible component, each element of #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject exists in time. Our representation allows us to separately reify the tangible and intangible components of an object; this is sometimes necessary (e.g., to state that the age of the Frankenstein monster's mind is x, the age of his body is y, and the age of the new composite is z) but not very often needed --- usually one can just reify the #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject and state things about it. bd58f771-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composition predicate A collection of predicates; one of several subsets of #$PartPredicate. The collection #$CompositionPredicate contains predicates which are used to relate #$PartiallyTangible things to the substances (pieces of stuffs) which compose them. #$CompositionPredicates are instance-level (i.e, they relate #$Individuals, not #$Collections), although typically they are used in inferences about specific kinds of things. Examples include #$constituents, #$mainConstituent #$solvent, #$solute, #$suspendingFluid, #$suspendedPart. bd58f321-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 levels of compressibility A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Compressibility represents a specific capacity of a physical object to be compressed. Compressibility may be measured with a #$GenericValueFunction. Compressibilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$compressibilityOfObject. be00ba02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computational objects A collection of abstract objects; a subset of #$IntangibleIndividual. Each element of #$ComputationalObject is a syntactically structured form, such as a Cyc system expression, a Lisp string, a C variable name, or an equation in a particular canonical form format. bd58803b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 concavity An attribute of a surface meaning that it is bumped or indented inward. A concave surface has a pair of points which are both closer to a viewer than points on the surface between them. Depending on the context, it may have relatively small subregions which have convexities (e.g. wrinkles, small dents, corrugations) or are flat so long as the overall shape is concave. Saddle-shapes, although convex in certain dimensions, are concave in others and are therefore concave. c0f2b614-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 concluding equals note #$differentSymbols is useful for constraining rules that conclude #$equals. Most rules which would conclude #$equals would fire for identical symbols, and would thus conclude superfluous identity statement, e.g., (#$equals #$Cicero #$Cicero). By placing a conjunct in the antecedent of such rules, (#$differentSymbols ?X ?Y), such superfluous identity statements will not be deduced. bdffd8f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 concrete A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Concrete is a piece of an artificial mixture of cement, gravel, sand, and (during mixture, pouring, and forming) water. Used widely in construction, pieces of concrete are formed into the desired shape while fluid and afterward hardened into a sturdy, durable material. Examples: bridge pilings, foundations of houses, sidewalks, pieces of IH-35. bd590360-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 condensation processes A collection of events. In each instance of #$Condensing, a gas is cooled to (or its pressure lowered to) the point where the relative humidity (or similar partial pressure measure if something other than water is condensing) is greater than 100%, changing part of a component of the gas from the #$GaseousStateOfMatter to the #$LiquidStateOfMatter. be01163d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conductor resistance A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductorResistance is the element of #$ElectricalResistance that represents a very low level of electrical resistance. An object having #$ConductorResistance readily conducts electricity. See also #$resistanceOfObject. be00f83b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conducts heat poorly A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductsHeatPoorly is the element of #$ThermalConductivity that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object that conducts virtually no heat. be00f69f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conducts heat well A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductsHeatWell is the element of #$ThermalConductivity that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object that conducts heat very quickly. be00f6b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conducts some heat A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductsSomeHeat is the element of #$ThermalConductivity that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object which conducts heat, but slowly. be00f6ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 certainties The positive emotion felt when one is free from doubt about an event or object from which the agent feeling #$Confidence expects positive contingencies. For example, one might say 'I feel confident that tomorrow it will not be rainy'. Do not confuse this with a personality disposition, e.g. 'Joe is a confident person.' (See #$PersonalityAttribute.) This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes include #$Grief, #$SelfConfidence, etc. bd589c8b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 configurations A specialization of #$StaticSituation. Each instance of #$Configuration is a static situation involving two or more #$PartiallyTangible things standing in some sort of spatial relationship(s). For example, a #$Pile involves a bunch of things piled on top of each other, a #$FlowerArrangement involves an arrangement of multiple #$CutFlowers, and a #$KnotConfiguration might involve a particular intertwining of several segments of a single #$CordlikeObject. For configurations like the second example, which involve objects that are all of the same kind, see the specialization #$ArrangementOfLikeObjects. For configurations like the third example, which involve relationships between different parts of a single salient object, see #$ConfigurationOfComplexObject. Note that a static situation involving an #$Agent might be a configuration, but only so long as it's just the agent's _spatial_ relationship(s) to other partially tangibles that matters (see e.g. #$WearingSomething); static situations in which an agent's agency or sentience is crucial, on the other hand, are not configurations (see e.g. #$AgentRelationship and #$InterAgentRelationship). bd58ee23-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 congenital conditions A collection of ailments. An instance of #$CongenitalCondition is an #$AilmentCondition that is present in an afflicted organism from the time of gestation (i.e. before birth), whether or not it is a #$GeneticCondition. Two example types of #$CongenitalCondition are congenital herpes and congenital heroin addiction. A #$CongenitalCondition may be caused by behavior of the mother during pregnancy. Birth defects (such as having an extra toe) are #$CongenitalConditions. Injuries sustained during the delivery itself are not #$CongenitalConditions. Thus if forceps are used and the infant is scarred, brain-damaged or killed as a result, the situation is not an element of this collection. c0fd5c28-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conical #$Conical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all conical objects in virtue of their shape. c150e5ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 connected path system The collection of all connected #$PathSystems that are not in separate pieces. For any different points X and Y in such a system SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS that both X and Y are on. Another way to put this is that SYS is an instance of #$ConnectedPathSystem iff for any different points X and Y in SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS such that (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH X Y SYS) holds. Note that according to this definition, a connected path system does not have to contain a link--a path system containing a single node will be a connected path system. If a connected path system contains a link, nevertheless, every two different points must be connected by a path. Note also that because of our treatment of path (see #$pathInSystem) and our restriction of points in SYS that are not nodes (see #$nodeInSystem), that there is a path between every two points in SYS is equivalent to that there is a path between every two nodes in Sys. bd73edb5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 links A collection of events. In a #$ConnectingTogether event, two or more tangible things get physically connected together (attached) by means of some sort of connector or fastener. Some specializations of this include welding, buckling-up, using nailing, tying-up, etc. #$ConnectingTogether need not be a spec of #$Movement-TranslationEvent since two objects being connected may be already at rest with each other. bd589c6d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 connection predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ConnectionPredicate is a predicate that specifies physical connections between objects. Examples: #$nailedTo, #$rivetedTo, #$connectedTo-Rigidly, #$rotationallyConnectedTo, #$hangsFrom, #$in-Embedded. bd60da90-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 clasps A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$Connector is a device which connects two objects. A connector (or part of it) may be a part incorporated into one or both of the objects connected, or a connector may be a totally separate device. Examples include elements of the collections #$ButtonTheFastener, #$Staple, #$Nail, and many more. bd58b973-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 construction events A collection of events. In each #$Constructing event, one or more #$ConstructionArtifacts, such as a house, are made or incrementally enlarged or remodeled. bd58c896-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 structures A collection of artificial tangible objects. Each element of #$ConstructionArtifact is a structure designed and built by humans. This collection includes buildings and parts of buildings, as well as things like dams, railroad lines, and roads. Examples: the #$RomanColiseum, the #$ArcDeTriomphe, #$HooverDam, the #$WorldTradeCenter, #$HollywoodBowl. For further information, see #$FixedStructure, an important subset. bd589da5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 construction companies A collection of businesses. An element of #$ConstructionCompany is a business whose #$MainFunction is constructing or remodeling buildings, houses, dams, bridges, or other construction artifacts. bd58f6d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 consultants A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Consultant works with some business in a consulting capacity. Consultants can be self employed, or they can work for a consulting company. c0fdc41c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 consumable products A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$TangibleProduct. Each element of #$ConsumableProduct is a product of which any portion can be used only once. A portion of a #$ConsumableProduct is `used up', i.e., destroyed or transformed into an unusable or waste form, during normal use. Note: `consumable' here does not necessarily mean consumed by mouth; the consumption may be any use of the product. bd58e656-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events in which food or drink is consumed A collection of events. Each element of #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink is an event in which a person or other animal ingests some portion of food or drink through its mouth. This collection generically covers eating or drinking, by a single person, of a meal- or snack-sized portion of food. For more detail, see the subsets #$EatingEvent and #$DrinkingEvent. For eating or drinking with a social group, see #$HavingAMeal. Note: #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink does NOT include intravenous infusion of nutrients or chewing of gum. bd58cbb4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contact locations A collection of spatial objects. Each element of #$ContactLocation is a point at which some particular agent (e.g., corporation or person) may be contacted by any of several means, for any of several purposes. #$ContactLocation includes any place to which one may direct one or more of the following: letters, packages, phone calls or voice messages, bills, email, faxes, pages, subpoenas. Contact locations must be particular--e.g., my house or my office or even my secretary, but not simply `Austin'. bd58d337-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contact location type A collection of collections. Each element of #$ContactLocationType is a collection of places at which a particular agent may be contacted; such collections may be characterized in several different ways: (a) by method of contact (e.g., #$VoicePhoneLocation, #$FaxLocation); (b) by purpose of contact (e.g., #$BillingLocation, #$ShippingLocation, #$EmergencyContact); (c) by the agent's relationship to those places (e.g., #$HumanResidence, #$Workplace). Note that particular places may fall under different subsets of #$ContactLocationType for different agents; for example, one person's home might be another's vacation location. bd58d0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 container products A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$ContainerProduct is an object whose #$primaryFunction (or one of whose main functions) is to be a container. Examples are of staggering variety, including storage containers for books, office records, food, clothing, tools, and materials; containers for transporting the same; passenger compartments of various kinds of vehicles; artificial constructs for housing humans and animals; etc., etc. Instances of #$Crib, #$Sandbox, #$OfficeSpace, and #$Coffin. bd58cd8e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contempts Emotion characterized by vehement condemnation of its object as being low, vile, feeble, or ignominious. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Contempt are #$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc. bd58a597-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 continents A collection of topographical features. The elements of #$Continent on the #$PlanetEarth are the six traditional main land masses on the surface of the earth (plus the two #$geographicalSubRegions of Eurasia, Europe and Asia). Elements: #$ContinentOfAfrica, #$ContinentOfAntarctica, #$ContinentOfAsia, #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$ContinentOfEurasia, #$ContinentOfEurope, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica, #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica. Former elements of this collection include Pangaea and the two continents it broke up into Gondwanaland and Laurasia (all of which are instances of #$TrueContinent (q.v.)). bd590bbb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Africa The second largest continent, located north and south of the #$Equator in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region. Africa is connected to Asia by the narrow #$Isthmus of Suez; it includes #$Madagascar and other offshore islands. bd58ed27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Asia The world's largest continent, joined in the west with Europe (which may be considered a peninsula of Asia) to form the Eurasian land mass (#$ContinentOfEurasia). The #$ContinentOfAsia occupies much of the northern half of the #$EasternHemisphere-Region. bd58ea12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Europe The sixth largest continent; includes adjacent islands. The #$ContinentOfEurope is separated from the #$ContinentOfAsia by the #$UralMountains. bd58dd74-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 North America The continent in the northern and #$WesternHemisphere-Region. North America includes #$CentralAmerica as well as the #$WestIndies-Archipelago as #$geographicalSubRegions. bd58f882-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 South America The continent in the western and southern hemisphere. bd59004b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contract negotiations The collection of negotiations intended to lead to the formation of a contract between the participants (or the parties they represent in the negotiations). bd5ad3ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 control devices A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$ControlDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to control the behavior/functioning/properties of another thing (usually another instance of #$PhysicalDevice). Obvious instances of #$ControlDevice include: the remote control for your TV (an instance of #$RemoteControlDevice), the brake pedal on your car (an instance of #$Pedal-ControlDevice), the light switch on your bedroom wall (an instance of #$ElectricalSwitch); a less obvious instance of #$ControlDevice is #$HooverDam (an instance of #$Dam). bd59097b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 controlled land A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$ControlledLand is a geopolitical entity that is controlled to some extent by a foreign power. Examples: #$PuertoRico, #$Bermuda, #$Guadeloupe-TheDependency, #$Tibet. bd58a21e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 controlling events A collection of events; a subset of #$PurposefulAction. An instance of #$ControllingSomething is a purposeful action in which some #$Agent intentionally controls some object. It is not necessary that the agent touch the #$objectControlled, only that s/he have an efficacious means of controlling its action -- thus, instances of #$ControllingSomething include all instances of #$GuidingAMovingObject (some of which involve a #$RemoteControlDevice). Further subsets: #$HandlingAnObject, #$Braking, #$SteeringADeviceByHand, #$PlayingAMusicalInstrument, #$CuttingFabric, #$CarryingWhileLocomoting, #$FlushingAToilet, etc. Whenever a #$ControlDevice (qv) is being used, for its primary function, presumably a #$ControllingSomething event is taking place. Borderline examples include having a conversation by telephone, doing the dishes by hand, and having a cat as a pet. bd588c1d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conventional classification systems The collection of all agreed-upon or conventional classification systems, each consisting of #$ConventionalClassificationTypes. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement, without changing the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the category. (This applies only to named or known classification systems or schemas, and not to everything under the sun as might be urged by some 1990's-era postmodernist deconstructionist literary criticism theorists.) #$ConventionalClassificationSystems would include biological taxonomies, standard classifications, data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo systems, military doctrinal systems, calendar systems, etc. c0d808c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conventional classification type The collection of all those collections that each correspond to a category in some agreed-upon or conventional classification system (a #$ConventionalClassificationSystem) used by people. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement or custom, without changing the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the category. (This applies only to named, known classification systems or schemas, and not to everything under the sun as might be urged by some 1990's-era postmodernist deconstructionist literary criticism theorists.) #$ConventionalClassificationType would include categories in biological taxonomy, standard classifications, data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo classes, military doctrinal classes, named calendar intervals, etc. bee6da31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bulge A surface attribute meaning that the surface's overall shape is dominated by an outward bulge or mound, or consists of projecting corners between planes. In most contexts, it may have relatively small subregions which are concave or flat, etc., so long as overall shape is convex. Viewing something as convex assumes a perspective. From the opposite perspective, on the `other side', a #$Convex surface would look #$Concave. c0f2b67b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 convex tangible object The collection of all #$TangibleThings that are #$Convex, i.e. have no significant #$Concave surfaces, cavities or #$Crevices. A #$ConvexTangibleObject occupies about the same space as its convex hull; see #$ConvexHullFn and #$ConvexHullSpaceFn. A solid physical sphere or cube are #$ConvexTangibleObjects but a cup or doughnut cannot be. The size of allowable minor concavities depends on the context. c0b9215a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conveyances A collection of concrete physical objects. Each instance of #$Conveyance is intended for moving partially tangible things --- it could be a car, ship, plane, or other vehicle for transporting people; it could be a conveyor belt or a grocery bag for moving goods; it could be a gun, a bow, or a cannon for launching projectiles. See also #$TransportationDevice which are objects that actually move along with the thing they are transporting, and #$Conveyance-Stationary where the object doing the moving remains stationary. See #$Conveying-Generic, #$TransportationEvent and #$Conveying-Stationary for the different kinds of conveying events. Some positive exemplars: a gun, a car, a horse. A wire can be considered to be a #$Conveyance, in those microtheories were #$Electricity, #$Signals, etc. are considered to be things that move. bd58d480-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cooked The attribute #$Cooked is a #$PreparationAttribute (q.v.), describing how a given item of #$Food has been prepared. Food becomes #$Cooked as the result of an event of #$CookingFood. Specialized forms of #$Cooked include #$Steamed, #$Baked, #$Microwaved and #$Grilled. bd58f510-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cooking events A collection of events. Each element of #$CookingFood is an event in which some item of #$Food is prepared by heating it. Typically, the foodstuff is heated until it reaches a certain temperature over some period of time, during which chemical and/or physical changes occur which are supposed to make the foodstuff healthier or tastier (or, in some cases, ethically acceptable). A #$CookingFood event may last from a few minutes (e.g., #$SteamingFood (vegetables), #$MakingToast) to several hours (e.g., #$RoastingFood). Note: #$SmokingFood is not a subset of #$CookingFood. Food prepared by smoking (e.g., smoked ham, bacon) is `cured' by a chemical reaction with nitrates in the smoke, rather than being cooked by heat. Cf. #$SmokingFood, #$SaltingFood. bd58ad09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cooling process #$CoolingProcess is a collection of events, and a subset of #$TemperatureChangingProcess. During each #$CoolingProcess event, the temperature of the #$objectOfStateChange is decreased by removing heat from the object. bd58f7dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cords Read #$cyclistNotes. A generic long flexible skinny thing like string, electrical extension cords, rope, wicks. bd58f581-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 core constant The collection of constants that are required to be defined in order to support the implementation of CycL itself. These constants are the minimal 'core' of the Cyc knowledge base which must be assumed to be defined in order for the inference engine to function. c0dd1b7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 two-dimensional corners The collection of all regions wherein two linear edges of a two dimensional or sheet-shaped object (i.e., considered in this context to be sheet shaped) meet to form an angle of substantially less than 180 degrees. Polygons have at least three corners each. c0fbbe43-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 corners The collection of all regions centered around a point where two edges of a sheet-like object meet at an angle or where three or more surfaces (together with three or more solid edges dividing them) meet at one place forming a solid angle. Includes 2-dimensional corners and 3 dimensional corners. Corners are either #$Convex or #$Concave with respect to some perspective. c0fba90e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 corner - 3d The collection of all regions where three or more surfaces of an object (which is considered three dimensional in current context), and three or more #$EdgeOnObjects, meet. This includes corners of boxes, the tops of pyramids, etc. Each #$Corner-3d includes some solid angle of part of the object. c0fba450-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 officers A collection of people. An instance of #$CorporateOfficer is a person who is recognized as an officer of a corporation, as officially recorded in the corporate records of that corporation. Common types of #$CorporateOfficer include #$President-CorporateOfficer, #$VicePresident-CorporateOfficer, Secretary and Treasurer of a corporation. c10aec18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 corrosion resistance A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$CorrosionResistance represents a specific level of resistance to corrosion of some tangible object. Degrees of #$CorrosionResistance may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$CorrosionResistance with the predicate #$resistanceToCorrosion. be00bd14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cost breakdown slot A collection of predicates. Each element of #$CostBreakdownSlot is a binary predicate used to describe some pecuniary aspect of an instance of #$Buying. The first argument to every #$CostBreakdownSlot is an element of #$Buying and the second argument is always an instance of #$Money. Examples: #$moneyTransferred, #$discount, #$salesTax, #$salesCommission. bd5896b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cotemporal objects slot #$CotemporalObjectsSlot is the collection of #$BinaryPredicates PRED such that whenever a formula without free variables (PRED ARG1 ARG2) is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of both ARG1 and ARG2 (i.e., that ARG1 and ARG2 are #$TemporalThings which temporally subsume the moment). For example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we can conclude that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington)) doesn't justify the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In general (with the qualifications indicated below), a closed assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)), with PRED a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, licenses the conclusions (#$temporallySubsumes ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallySubsumes ARG2 TIME). And a closed assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)) licenses the conclusions (#$temporallyIntersects ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallyIntersects ARG2 TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would undermine the conclusions above about temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARG1 and ARG2 are not #$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerms; in practice, they almost never are. See also the generalization of #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, #$CotemporalPredicate, and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg. bd58af35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cotemporal predicate #$CotemporalPredicate is the collection of #$Predicates PRED such that whenever a formula (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN) is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of each ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN that is a #$TemporalThing (i.e., that each such ARG temporally subsumes the moment). For example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalPredicate. So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we can conclude (given that Nick and Spot are #$TemporalThings) that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalPredicate. The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington)) doesn't justify the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In general (with the qualifications indicated below), an assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)), with PRED a #$CotemporalPredicate and ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN a #$TemporalThing, licenses the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes ARG TIME). And an assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)) licenses the conclusion (#$temporallyIntersects ARG TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would undermine the conclusion above about temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARG is not a #$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerm; in practice, it almost never is. In order to bar predicates that would otherwise trivially qualify as instances of #$CotemporalPredicate, the argument-type of at least one of the argument-places of a #$CotemporalPredicate PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing (or, more generally, the intersection of the argument-types of at least one of the argument-places of PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing). See also the specialization of #$CotemporalPredicate, #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg. bd5981b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 count noun - generic The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike things. Example: 'water'. This collection also includes proper mass nouns like 'Pepsi', agentive mass nouns like 'moisturizer', etc. c0e918e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 counterfactual context The collection of microtheories that are each assumed to include at least one counterfactual assertion: an assertion which is believed to be untrue in the real world. It may be, however, that there is no explicit counterfactual assertion in a given #$CounterfactualContext. In particular, it is not required that there be any explicit contradiction of assertions in the #$genlMts of the #$CounterfactualContext. But intuitively speaking, most adults would be reticent about trusting too strongly in a propositon whose only justification was in a #$CounterfactualContext. All works of fiction relate events that transpire in counterfactual contexts. Examples: #$WorldMythologyMt, #$PaddingtonBearStoriesMt, #$ChristmasMythologyMt. bd58f4b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 countries A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$Country is a nation-state having its own territory, population, and government, whether or not it is fully independent. For example, #$Scotland is an element of #$Country, even though it is a part of the #$UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland. Cf. #$IndependentCountry. bd588879-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 districts A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$CountrySubsidiary is a political region that is a direct subsidiary of some country. This collection includes states, provinces, territories, and some special districts such as Washington, D.C. This class is somewhat artificial but is useful when representing addresses. c0c0184c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 counties A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$County is a lesser geopolitical region, having an area typically larger than a #$City but smaller than a #$State-Geopolitical. Traditionally, a #$County area was within one day's horseback ride from the County Seat. bd58e498-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 county governments The collection of all #$County governments. bd67f8fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 course during a meal A collection of events. Each element of #$CourseDuringAMeal is an event in which one or more diners at a meal consume a single course. Examples include the elements of #$AppetizerCourse, #$MainCourse, #$DessertCourse. c1008170-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 courts A collection of organizations which are judicial agents. An element of #$Court-Judicial is an established judicial court, i.e., an enduring governmental #$Organization whose #$primaryFunction is to settle disputes by means of legal reasoning by one or more #$Judges. Typically, a court's orders are enforced by some other agency belonging to the government of which that court is a part. The collection #$Court-Judicial includes federal, state, county, and municipal courts, appellate and chancery courts, tax courts, courts of claims, courts-martial (if non-temporary), admiralty courts, courts of chivalry, American Indian tribal courts, and the Permanent Court of International Justice. It excludes Gypsy/Rom Kris courts, nonjudicial administrative county courts, stannaries, and temporary #$Tribunals. c08b79f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 courtesy title The collection of #$Titles, such as Mr., Ms., Mrs., Miss, Dr., etc., which precede names in Anglo-American addressing custom. bd58fa97-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cracking events A collection of change events. In each #$Cracking, something becomes cracked. I.e., two or more areas of the thing are separated from one another (though perhaps not divided wholly into parts). In order to undergo a #$Cracking, the #$objectOfStateChange must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter. bd58f8e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 creation events A collection of events. In each element of #$CreationEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (the #$outputsCreated) is brought into existence. bd58de89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 creation or destruction events A collection of events. During each element of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent, one or more instances of #$Entity come into or go out of existence. Elements of this collection are the sorts of events that have #$inputs, #$outputs, #$products, #$wasteProducts, and #$byProducts. Examples of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent would include a particular campfire (a #$CombustionProcess), manufacturing a particular car, etc. bd675149-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 credentials A collection of intangible objects which consist of propositional information about an agent. #$Credential is a subset of #$PropositionalInformationThing (q.v.). Each element of #$Credential is specific information about one agent, provided by another agent; the information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. As represented in Cyc, credentials are intangible information, but each element of #$Credential usually has some associated physical document (e.g., a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e., the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g., legal bar certification, ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g., GED schooling, Ph.D. requirements; is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g., travel visa, permission slip); and so on. Recommendations are considered a kind of credential. bd58b0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 credit cards A collection of plastic cards. Each element of #$CreditCard is a piece of plastic that enables authorized users to spend the card-issuing company's money, drawn as a (usually unsecured) loan through an associated instance of #$CreditCardAccount under a pre-arranged credit agreement. The credit card company credits the vendor of the purchased goods or services and bills the card user, usually with interest. bd58ceea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 crevices The collection of all long, slender cavities or cracks or furrows in otherwise solid objects. The width of a crevice is significantly less than its length. The depth of a crevice is often greater than its width, and is never significantly less than its width. c0fcdf4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 crevice - topographical - earth The collection of topographical features of the planet Earth characterized by long, slender cavities or cracks or furrows. The width of a crevice is significantly less than its length. The depth of a crevice is often greater than its width, and is never significantly less than its width. bf4d23f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 crime detection This is the actual act of detecting a crime. bd6857bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 crucifix shaped #$CrucifixShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all three dimensional cross-shaped objects. c0514749-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cubical #$Cubical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all three-dimensional objects for which each face it is the case that (#$shapeOfObject ?FACE #$SquareShaped). c14b222b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 items of currency A collection of physical objects. An instance of #$Currency is a physical object generally accepted as legal tender (i.e., not checks or credit cards) and used as a means of transferring a quantity of #$Money between some elements of #$Agent. Elements of #$Currency may be coins, items of precious metal, paper bills for which precious objects are payable by a government to the bearer on demand, or unbacked paper bills required by a government to be accepted for payment of debts. Elements of #$Currency are typically backed by and issued by national governments. Note: This collection includes all instances of legal tender, worldwide and historically. But, for better or worse, the notion of legal tender is context-dependent. Normally what counts as currency is relative to the country one is in; legal tender in the United States is not the same as legal tender in China. (Though US dollars may have excellent value on the black market.) What counts as legal tender depends on historical events as well, since a government may change, withdraw, or cancel some types of currency it previously authorized. Also, conquest of one country by another usually brings about the collapse of the loser's currency. A Confederate ten dollar bill, e.g., is not an element of #$Currency in the context of twentieth century Alabama, even though it belongs to #$Currency in a different context. bd58cc42-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 curvature of surface The collection of all surface curvature attributes. These may apply to a particular piece of a surface of an object, or to the whole surface. For real-world (non-mathematical) surfaces, there is ordinarily some tolerance for minor surface deviations that depends on the context. Thus a 'flat' surface may have relatively small bumps and crevices. c0f2ab26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 customary system of links The collection of all customary or conventional network systems consisting of interconnected links (instances of #$Path-Customary) and nodes of obvious types, where the elements of the system can be assumed without specifying them as sets. Examples include pipe systems, road systems, vascular systems, wiring systems, mechanical linkages, etc. The links of any #$CustomarySystemOfLinks are assumed to share characteristics, e.g. in a road system, pipes are not links nor are streetlights, road paint, or other non-roadways, just the roadways forming the network. Also, what constitutes a #$JunctionOfPaths or #$pathTerminus in the system should be obvious from the system type. The links are related to the assumed system by #$linksOfCustomarySystem. This is in contrast to #$PathSystem in which the sets of point, nodes, links, and loops (if any) have to be specified for the system. c0ee5ac3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cutting implements A collection of devices. An instance of #$CuttingDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to (enable its user to) cut another object. Subsets of #$CuttingDevice include the collections #$Razors, #$Scissors, #$LawnMowers,and more. bd589153-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc administrator This constant is for use by Cyc administrators responsible for installation, setup and maintenance of Cyc images. c0bf7a98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc h l truth value The truth/strength combinations used in the Cyc HL implementation of #$CycLAssertions and arguments. bd58f7f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l asserted assertion The subcollection of semantically well-formed #$CycLAssertions which are supported by at least one belief argument, meaning that the assertion was explicitly asserted to Cyc, as opposed to having been deduced by Cyc's inference engine. An assertion can have more than one argument, and can therefore be both a #$CycLAssertedAssertion and a #$CycLDeducedAssertion. bed06ab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL assertions A collection of semantically well-formed #$CycLSentences which express some proposition in the Cyc Knowledge Base. Each instance of #$CycLAssertion is either (1) an #$HLAssertion: an assertion reified in the Cyc Knowledge Base (i.e., a formula and its associated datastructure, actually in the Cyc KB), or (2) an #$ELAssertion: an Epistemological Level #$CycLSentence that can be canonicalized into one or more already extant #$HLAssertions. #$CycLAssertion is used as an argument type for meta-predicates such as #$overrides. bd5dbcd4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l assertion direction The set of possible directions for Cyc #$CycLAssertions; the direction indicates how the #$CycLAssertion will be propagated during inference. bd58e1fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l atomic assertion The subcollection of #$CycLAssertions which have a #$Predicate as their operator. Excludes assertions with logical operators in the arg0 position. bfd86bf1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l atomic sentence The collection of syntactically well-formed atomic sentences, also called 'atomic logical formulas', in the CycL language. Each instance of #$CycLAtomicSentence involves the application of a #$Predicate to some arguments. c130750e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l atomic term The collection of all atomic denotational terms in the CycL language. All such terms may denote something in the universe of discourse if semantically meaningful and fully bound (variables are #$CycLAtomicTerms). They are also atomic, meaning that they cannot be broken down via the CycL syntax. The string aabaab is a #$CycLAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down into substrings, just as 212 is a #$CycLAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down into digits. This notion of atomicity is only with respect to the CycL grammar, and digits and substrings are not part of the CycL grammar. be1d78c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed atomic sentence The collection of syntactically well-formed atomic sentences in the CycL language which have no free variables. Each instance of #$CycLClosedAtomicSentence involves the application of a #$Predicate to some arguments. bdcc8689-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed atomic term The collection of all atomic closed denotational terms in the CycL language. All such terms may denote something in the universe of discourse if semantically meaningful. They are also atomic, meaning that they cannot be broken down via the CycL syntax. The string aabaab is a #$CycLClosedAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down into substrings, just as 212 is a #$CycLClosedAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down into digits. This notion of atomicity is only with respect to the CycL grammar, and digits and substrings are not part of the CycL grammar. bda21728-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed denotational term The collection of all CycL expressions which may denote something in the universe of discourse. #$CycLSentences are not considered part of the universe of discourse in this way. Not all closed denotational terms pick out something in the universe of discourse; counterexamples are (#$BorderBetweenFn #$Canada #$Mexico) and (#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls #$JuvenileFn). Other examples of closed denotational terms include #$Muffet, (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X GreenColor)), and 212. c04da45a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed expression The collection of CycL expressions which have no free variables. c03209e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed formula The subcollection of #$CycLFormulas which have no free variables. c017ff79-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed non atomic term The subcollection of denotational #$CycLNonAtomicTerms which have no free variables. Examples: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus), (#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X #$GreenColor)). Counterexamples: (#$JuvenileFn ?X). c0cc2458-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed sentence The subcollection of #$CycLSentences which have no free variables. Implicitly universally quantified sentences are not instances of #$CycLClosedSentence. be27a8ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ART #$CycLConstant is the collection of all CycL named constants used to denote terms. Colloquially, CycL constants are those atomic terms which are prefixed by '#$' in their printed representation. For example, #$Dog is an instance of #$CycLConstant while other terms like (#$GovernmentFn #$France) and the number 42 are not. bf3491c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l deduced assertion The subcollection of semantically well-formed #$CycLAssertions which are supported by at least one argument which is a dedction by Cyc's inference engine, as opposed to having been explicitly asserted to Cyc. An assertion can have more than one argument, and can therefore be both a #$CycLAssertedAssertion and a #$CycLDeducedAssertion. beff1a9a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l denotational term The collection of all CycL expressions which may denote something in the universe of discourse if they are meaningful and closed (having no free variables). Semantic well-formedness is not a requirement; (#$JuvenileFn #$isa ?X #$genls #$JuvenileFn) is a denotational term. However, if a #$CycLFormula, semantic properties of the arg0 may determine its membership in this collection. e.g. (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog) is a denotational term, but (#$Dog #$JuvenileFn) is not. Other examples of denotational terms include #$Muffet, ?X, (#$JuvenileFn ?X), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X GreenColor)), and 212. bd9733c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l expression The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the CycL language. This includes formulas, sentences, denotational terms, etc. be90c21d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l expression - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed #$CycLExpressions which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). The name 'Askable' derives from #$CycLSentence-Askable, but instances of #$CycLExpression-Askable are not necessarily askable as a query unless they are also instances of #$CycLSentence-Askable. See #$CycLQuery for more details. bd601781-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l expression - assertible The subcollection of syntactically and semantically well-formed #$CycLExpressions. The name 'Assertible' derives from #$CycLSentence-Assertible, but instances of #$CycLExpression-Assertible are not necessarily assertible into the KB unless they are also instances of #$CycLSentence-Assertible. c091e184-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l formula The collection of CycL expressions which involve the application of a relation to some arguments; e.g., (#$isa #$Muffet #$Poodle) and (#$BirthFn #$Muffet) are both instances of #$CycLFormula. Two important specs of #$CycLFormula are #$CycLNonAtomicTerms, also called 'denotational formulas', and #$CycLSentences, also called 'logical formulas'. Note that this notion of a CycL formula may differ from standard definitions of 'formula' in formal logic, which define a formula as either any string of symbols, or a syntactically well-formed string of symbols. A CycL formula is a relation applied to some arguments. c03ec3ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l g a f assertion The subcollection of semantically well-formed atomic #$CycLAssertions which have no free variables. GAF stands for Ground Atomic Formula. Atomic Formula (or, more specifically, atomic sentence) means a #$Predicate applied to some arguments. Ground means no variables. GAF Assertions are ground at the HL (no HL variables) and closed at the EL (no free EL variables). For example, (#$isa (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$colorOfObject ?X #$GreenColor)) #$Thing) is ground at the HL and closed (but not ground) at the EL. GAF assertions typically express facts about the world. c0f63e9a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l generic relation formula The subcollection of #$CycLFormulas which have a #$Relation in their arg0 position which is not known to be either a function, predicate, or logical operator. Examples: (?RELATION #$Dog #$Cat), ((RelationDenotingFn #$Muffet) #$Dog). be2eb4e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l indexed term Elements of #$CycLIndexedTerm are objects that are indexed in the Cyc kb (i.e., forts and assertions). bd84623c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NART The subcollection of #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerms that are reified in the KB. Example: (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog). Counterexample: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus), because that term is not currently reified in the KB. These are often called NARTs, which stands for 'non-atomic reified term'. c0c6b0d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NAT The collection of non-atomic denotational terms in the CycL language. Also called 'denotational formulas'. A non-atomic term, or 'NAT', is a term which is neither a variable nor a constant. NATs are terms formed by applying a function to its (zero or more) arguments. Like constants, each NAT denotes some thing in the universe of discourse. Currently, there are two main kinds of NAT: #$HLNonAtomicReifiedTerms, or 'NARTs', which are a type of #$HLReifiedDenotationalTerm, and are implemented with data structures that have indexing allowing all uses of the NAT to be retrieved; and #$ELNonAtomicTerms, or 'NAUTs', which have no such indexing and remain in the form of an EL expression in the formulas in which they occur. bf1f951d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l non atomic term - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed #$CycLNonAtomicTerms which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These terms 'make enough sense' to be a term in a #$CycLQuery. Denotational terms are not askable themselves. Each instance of this collection involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. #$CycLNonAtomicTerms are also called 'denotational formulas', to be distinguished from 'logical formulas', also known as #$CycLSentences. Note that an instance of #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Askable does not mean that the term must be used in a query; only that it can be used in a query. See #$CycLQuery for more details. bdda1e3f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l non atomic term - assertible The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed #$CycLNonAtomicTerms. These non-atomic terms meet the criteria necessary to be part of an assertion in the Cyc KB. They are not assertible themselves. For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation. Each instance of #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Assertible involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some arguments. Note that a semantically well-formed #$CycLQuery may contain instances of #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Assertible; just because a nat is 'assertible' does not require it to be used in an assertion. See #$CycLPropositionalSentence for more details. be2e0d29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l non atomic term - closed functor The subcollection of denotational #$CycLNonAtomicTerms which have no free variable in the arg0 position. Examples: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus), (#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$colorOfType ?X #$GreenColor)), (#$JuvenileFn ?X). Counterexample: (?SOMEFN #$Gold). bf26025d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open denotational term The collection of all CycL expressions which have at least one free variable, and which might denote something in the universe of discourse if their variable(s) were bound. #$CycLSentences are not considered part of the universe of discourse in this way. Examples include ?X, (#$JuvenileFn ?X), and (#$JuvenileFn #$isa ?X #$genls #$JuvenileFn), even though the latter is semantically ill-formed. c0d211d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open expression The collection of CycL expressions which have free variables. bfab7ef3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open formula The subcollection of #$CycLFormulas which have free variables. be0a552b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open non atomic term The subcollection of denotational #$CycLNonAtomicTerms which have free variables. Examples: (#$JuvenileFn ?X), (#$JuvenileFn ?X ?Y ?Z). Counterexample: (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X #$GreenColor)). c010ce47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open sentence The subcollection of #$CycLSentences which have free variables. This only takes into account explicit closure; if a sentence is implicitly universally quantified, it is still an instance of #$CycLOpenSentence. be00bf6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l propositional sentence The collection of semantically well-formed CycL sentences that express propositions. Any seemingly free variables in such sentences are implicitly universally quantified at the outermost level. c05a7c46-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l query The collection of all well-formed CycL queries. Example: (#$and (#$isa ?X #$Cat) (#$isa ?X #$Dog)). Weaker well-formedness constraints are imposed on CycL queries than on assertions (see #$CycLSentence-Assertible). CycL queries are syntactically well-formed CycL sentences, also well-formed with respect to arity, which express a query in CycL. Free variables are not implicitly universally quantified; they are interpreted as variables for which bindings are sought. c0d57acd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l reformulation rule predicate The collection of #$Predicates which may appear as the operator in a #$CycLReformulationRule. c129e5bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l reifiable denotational term A collection of Cyc terms. All #$CycLConstants are elements of #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm, as is any NAT (#$CycLNonAtomicTerm, see #$Function-Denotational) whose functor is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction. E.g., since #$GovernmentFn is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, it is true that (#$GovernmentFn #$France) is a #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm. (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus) is a #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm; it is not in the KB but is reifiable. #$CycLVariables are not considered reified or reifiable terms. These terms may denote something in the universe of discourse if they are semantically meaningful. e.g. (#$BorderBetweenFn #$Canada #$Mexico) is a #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm even though it does not denote anything in the universe of discourse. bd63a0ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l reifiable non atomic term A collection of Cyc terms that are NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms; see #$Function-Denotational) whose functor is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction. E.g., since #$GovernmentFn is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, it is true that (#$GovernmentFn #$France) is a #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerm. be760011-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 forts The collection of denotational terms in the CycL language which are reified in the KB. Examples include #$Muffet and (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog); a counterexample would be (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus) because that term is not currently reified in the KB. These are often called 'FORTs', which stands for 'first-order reified terms' beee8a4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l represented atomic term The collection of all represented atomic denotational terms in the CycL language. This consists of variables and Cyc constants. bddd55a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l represented term The collection of all denotational terms in the CycL language which are either represented atomic terms or are composed of represented atomic terms. This includes Cyc constants, variables, and NATs. be920bae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l rule assertion The subcollection of semantically well-formed #$CycLAssertions whose formulas are rules. More precisely, the formulas are not GAFs (see #$CycLGAFAssertion), so they either have more than one literal (and therefore are non-atomic) or they quantify over some free variables (and therefore are non-ground). Any free variables are implicitly universally quantified. bddb0a48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL sentences The collection of syntactically well-formed CycL formulas which involve a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some arguments. #$CycLSentences do not necessarily obey arity constraints or other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). #$CycLSentences are also called 'logical formulas', to be distinguished from 'denotational formulas', also known as NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms). Note that this notion of a CycL sentence is broader than the standard definition of 'sentence' in formal logic, which defines a sentence as a closed, well-formed formula. CycL sentences may be open (having free variables). They may be semantically ill-formed but must be syntactically well-formed. Also, queries (see #$CycLQuery) are CycL sentences. bd5880a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l sentence - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed #$CycLSentences which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These sentences 'make enough sense' to be asked as a #$CycLQuery. Each instance of this collection involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. #$CycLSentences are also called 'logical formulas', to be distinguished from 'denotational formulas', also known as NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms). Note that this notion of a CycL sentence is broader than the standard definition of 'sentence' in formal logic, which defines a sentence as a closed, well-formed formula. CycL sentences may be open (having free variables), but if they are asserted to Cyc, the free variables are implicitly universally quantified. Note that an instance of #$CycLSentence-Askable does not mean that the sentence must be used in a query; only that it can be used in a query. See #$CycLQuery for more details. be7266e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l sentence - assertible The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed #$CycLSentences. These sentences meet the criteria necessary to be asserted into the Cyc KB. Example: (#$and (#$isa #$Pittman #$HumanCyclist) (#$residesInRegion #$Pittman #$CityOfAustinTX)). For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation. Each instance of #$CycLSentence-Assertible involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some arguments. #$CycLSentences are also called 'logical formulas', to be distinguished from 'denotational formulas', also known as NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms). Note that this notion of a CycL sentence is broader than the standard definition of 'sentence' in formal logic, which defines a sentence as a closed, well-formed formula. CycL sentences may be open (having free variables), but if they are asserted to Cyc, the free variables are implicitly universally quantified. Note that a semantically well-formed #$CycLQuery may be an instance of #$CycLSentence-Assertible; just because a sentence is assertible does not require it to be used in an assertion. See #$CycLPropositionalSentence for more details. c1164108-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l sentence - closed predicate The subcollection of #$CycLSentences whose arg0 is not a free variable although free variables may occupy other argument positions. bdb7f18f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l term The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the CycL language that can be used as terms, i.e. that can serve as arguments to CycL relations. Since the grammar of the CycL language allows any CycL expression to be used as a term, #$CycLTerm and #$CycLExpression are coextensional collections. c107fffb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l unreified reifiable non atomic term A collection of Cyc terms that are #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerms but are not meant to be reified at the top level (but sub-nats are still reified). #$CycLUnreifiedReifiableNonAtomicTerms are handled specially by the canonicalizer. As an example of how this works, see #$termOfUnit. Its arg1 is a #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerm and its arg2 is an #$CycLUnreifiedReifiableNonAtomicTerm. becacce8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l variable The collection of all variables in the CycL language, such as ?WHAT or ?var0. bf7800bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyclical interval group type (#$isa ?X #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) means that ?X is a collection of interval types whose instances recur in a set pattern throughout all of calendar history. ?X must partition all of time: the elements of ?X must be mutually disjoint, and unioned altogether they must encompass all time. For example, ?X could be the set of the seven calendar days (Monday through Sunday), or the set of the twelve calendar months (January through December). I.e., (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) and (#$isa #$MonthOfYearType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType). `Recurring in a set pattern' generally means that one can put the elements of ?X in order, say X1, X2,..., Xn, and there will be an instance of X1 immediately followed by an instance of X2 (that instance x2a of X2 will be #$contiguousAfter that instance x1a of X1), and there will be an instance of X3 immediately following that particular instance of X2, and there will be an instance of X4 immediately following that instance of X3, etc. One final note: when we arrange elements of ?X into such a pattern X1,...Xn (whose repetitions then `tile' all time), n may be larger than the cardinality of ?X. E.g., ?X might be the set with just the 2 elements WeekendDay (the union of the set #$Saturday and the set #$Sunday) and WeekDay, and then the arrangement that tiles all time is 5 contiguous WeekDays followed by 2 contiguous WeekendDays. be0113f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyclists The set of actors (mostly people) entitled to inspect and modify the Cyc knowledge base bd588068-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyclists mt A #$Microtheory for stating basic hierarchical (#$isa and #$genls) information pertaining to users of #$Cyc. c0625164-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cylindrical #$Cylindrical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all cylindrical objects, i.e. all objects that have a circular base and for which all cross sections parallel to the base have the same area as the base. bf57fbe1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 daily personal cleaning A collection of events. Each #$DailyPersonalCleaning encompasses the standard cleaning and grooming activities that an animal engages in over the course of a day. Such a `daily routine' is almost sure to include many brief grooming and cleaning actions, such as licking one's paws, combing one's hair, washing one's hands, shaving, bathing, etc., and those are sub-events of that #$DailyPersonalCleaning event. For example, a human's #$DailyPersonalCleaning might have a #$TeethCleaning as one of its sub-events, along with a #$TakingABath, two instances of #$CombingHair, etc. Note: Those specialized kinds of events, like #$CombingHair, are NOT subsets of #$DailyPersonalCleaning, since it would be abnormal for someone to JUST comb their hair each day (and do absolutely no other daily cleaning activity whatsoever). Note: In the context #$HumanActivitiesMt --- where all the performers of actions are, by default, human beings --- #$DailyPersonalCleaning designates human grooming activities only. In that microtheory, dog-grooming performed by human beings does not constitute #$DailyPersonalCleaning, even if it happens on a daily basis for some pampered poodle, as it is not PERSONAL (i.e, self-) cleaning. bd58d05d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 data microtheory A collection of microtheories. An instance of #$DataMicrotheory contains information about #$Individuals, such as specific #$Persons, #$Organizations, #$GeographicalRegions, #$ConceptualWorks, etc. Assertions that do not refer to such individuals normally should be asserted in a more general microtheory. be5275a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abstract databases The collection of all databases, as abstract repositories of information rather than as physical storage devices. A database generally has some means of accessing the data from structured records, frames or relational structures, using some query language. A particular #$Database-AbstractContent may exist in multiple copies, and may be distributed over several different physical data storage sites: see also #$Database-Physical. bfe46ab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 databases A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$Database-Physical is an IBO that stores many pieces of information, organized for easy scanning and access. Typically, a data base involves one or more formatted data record schemes, together with some device for searching and retrieving data. Note that, as an IBO, a #$Database-Physical is some particular, tangible copy of a database. To refer to the abstract 'content' of a database, use #$Database-AbstractContent. Instances represent databases, specifically the 'physical' aspect of the database rather than its meaning. Each physical database will be related to its tables (represented as instances of #PhysicalTableSchema). It will typically have information specifying access methods. The current vocbulary does not make the distinction between the abstract structure, perhaps shared by many copies, and the copies themselves, perhaps containing different data. bd589d12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dates #$Date is a subset of #$TimeInterval. A #$Date is any #$TimeInterval which can be defined purely by its location on the calendar. Thus a #$Date could be a particular calendar day, a particular calendar quarter, a particular calendar month, a particular decade, etc. So the subsets of #$Date include #$CalendarMinute, #$CalendarQuarter, etc., as well as #$CalendarDay. bd58ac59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dawns Each instance of #$Dawn is a dimly-lit period before a #$Sunrise. bd588ee3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 daytime working hours #$DaytimeWorkingHours is a set of time intervals. The length of each of those intervals, and their #$startingPoint and #$endingPoint, are defined by the bulk of a working population performing their daily jobs. The schedule varies by context -- i.e. which group of workers are being considered -- and the boundaries are fuzzy. This fuzziness makes the concept more useful in many ways, though, not less useful. bd58ac70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 de verbal noun The collection of all nouns derived from verbs, including (but not limited to) those ending in '-ing', '-er/or', and 'tion'. bf69785d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 corpses A subset of #$OrganicStuff (and not, of course, of #$Animal, whose elements must be alive). Each element of #$DeadAnimal is a corpse or partial remains of an individual animal, somewhat intact, and prior to any butchering, burning, cooking, dissolving, or fully decomposing. bd5894c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dead languages A subset of #$NaturalLanguage. Each element of #$DeadLanguage is a natural language that is no longer spoken as a native language. bd58a2a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decagon shaped This is the shape attribute shared by all ten sided two dimensional figures. bdcb2708-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 December The collection of all Decembers, the twelfth and final month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58b8ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deciding which instrument predicate to use Which instrument predicate you use depends on what level of generality you wish your statement to apply at. One help is to look at the argument types of each instrument predicate and decide. Do you want it to apply to every #$PartiallyTangible which is an instrument? Then use #$instrument-Generic since #$PartiallyTangible is its #$arg2Isa. Are you writing a rule which really only applies to #$PhysicalDevices Then use #$deviceUsed. But be careful! When you use a more specific predicate such as #$deviceUsed it may have special extra conditions in its definition aside from the #$PhysicalDevice #$arg2Isa constraint. Also if your first stab at the rule involves #$deviceUsed in the antecedent, see if it applies more generally to #$instrument-Generic. bd60039d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deciduous plants A collection of plants. Each element of #$DeciduousPlant is a plant which sheds all of its leaves once a year, seasonally, and subsequently grows new ones. bd588481-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decompose The collection of events in which one or more objects decompose more or less completely. See also the more general concept #$DecompositionProcess, in whose instances objects at least partially decompose. bd58b357-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decomposition process A collection of events in which some object decomposes. I.e., in a #$DecompositionProcess event, some object's matter undergoes chemical reactions (sometimes mediated by microorganisms) that eventually result in the object losing its shape and material characteristics. This may sometimes superficially resemble #$Melting, but it is a different process. bd58b2de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decryptions The collection of actions in which an encrypted IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) is transformed so that it can be accessed. bd659b49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of food A collection of collections. Each instance of #$DefaultDisjointFoodType is a collection of beverages or foodstuffs (a subset of #$Food or #$FoodIngredientOnly). More to the point, this collection-of-collections is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection (qv). So every two instances of #$DefaultDisjointFoodType are either disjoint, or are in a known subset/superset relationship, or have some known (reified) common specialization. Virtually every commonly-named type of food will be an element of this set-of-sets. E.g., the collections #$HotDog, #$ChickenSoup, #$Cocoa-ThePowder, #$Prune, #$ToasterTart, #$MilkPowder, and so on. One could easily define a collection of foodstuff and beverages, such as The-Food-That-Was-Eaten-In-Dallas-Yesterday, that would not be a member of this set-of-sets, but most such collections are not worth naming and keeping around. See the concept #$SiblingDisjointCollection for more information about this sort of arrangement. bd58bd03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 default disjoint script type This is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection (qv). So the elements of #$DefaultDisjointScriptType are kinds of actions (subsets of #$Event) that can be assumed to be mutually disjoint from each other (unless one is known to be a subset of the other, or there is a known common subset.) bd58efca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 default false bd8a163e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 default monotonic predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate is a predicate whose use as the predicate of a locally asserted ground formula causes that formula to be entered, by default, as :MONOTONIC. Examples: #$isa, #$genls, #$disjointWith, #$equals, #$arity, #$arg1Isa. c10c3008-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 default true bf576a31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 degenerates A collection of events. In each #$DegenerationEvent, some object loses its function(s) through a process of deterioration and/or a series of discrete breakdowns. bd58c357-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 densities A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Density is a measurable physical property of a tangible object, namely, its mass per volume. Densities may be represented relative to certain substances, e.g., #$SaltWaterDensity, #$FreshWaterDensity, #$DenseAsOil. Densities of objects are reported using the predicate #$densityOfObject. bd589819-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dental practitioners The collection of doctors that are trained with diagnosing and treating diseases of the gums and teeth. bd58df82-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deposition processes A collection of events. In each instance of #$Depositing, a gas is cooled to (or its pressure lowered to) the point where the gas molecules solidify into a solid. bfe97da9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 derived numeric attribute type A collection of collections. Each element of #$DerivedNumericAttributeType is a collection of measurable attributes that are measured in complex units, including #$Volume, #$Area, #$Acceleration, etc. The types of attributes in #$DerivedNumericAttributeType are `derived' from other, fundamental attributes (such as #$Distance and #$Mass) which are measured in simple units. Cf. #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType. bd58dae0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 desert climates The attribute of having a desert climate. Wide termperature extremes from very hot in day to cold at night. Very little precipitation on a year-long basis, although there may be desert storms. bd589427-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 office clerks A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. This is a general category of workers that generally sit at desks, as opposed to those who do factory work or outside work, etc. Subsets include #$Administrator, #$ComputerOperator, and #$Secretary. bd58ab18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 destruction events A collection of events. In each element of #$DestructionEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (the #$inputsDestroyed) ceases to exist. bd58f920-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 single-user devices A collection of devices. One can classify devices according to how many simultaneous users they typically have. An instance of #$Device-SingleUser is any device that typically has/requires exactly one (i.e., one and only one) user. A screwdriver (an instance of #$Screwdriver) is a #$Device-SingleUser, but a grand piano (an instance of #$GrandPiano) is not. A borderline non-example is a car --- although only one person operates it, several can `use' it at once, i.e. derive the value of its primary function which is transportation. So a car is not a #$Device-SingleUser. A borderline example is a telephone -- although it requires two or more users (each on telephones) for meaningful use, each phone generally has just one user at a time. So a telephone is a #$Device-SingleUser but a telephone-circuit is not. c10093ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 user-powered devices An #$Artifact which has been deliberately designed to perform a particular function, and which depends upon the physical efforts of the user to perform that function in part or in whole. A paradigm example would be a bicycle. However, the definition also leaves room for some counterintuitive cases--combs and forks are also user-powered devices, on this analysis. Borderline cases would be devices which require effort on the part of the user to perform part of the function but not all of it. For example, many gas-powered lawnmowers have to be pushed by hand, but use an internal combustion engine to impart the necessary velocity to the cutting surfaces. bd5894f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 device-running events A collection of events. An instance of #$DeviceRunning is an event in which some device is running. This collection includes events which are complete cycles of a device's normal function (see #$SingleCompleteRunOfADevice) as well as random time slices (#$timeSlices) of them running. Examples include instances of the collections #$AirplaneTakeOff, #$SkateBoarding, #$OffRoadMotorcycleRiding, etc. Some stranger examples --- which are not instances of #$SingleCompleteRunOfADevice --- include: all the the ignition phases of the firing of my Honda's engine during November of 1996; my TV when it was on and showing a commercial this year; my TV when it was on and I was watching it this week. bd589045-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 device state A collection of states that devices can be in, including: #$DeviceOn, #$DeviceOff, #$RecordingStates, #$CockedState, #$Folded, #$OffHook, #$Unlocked, and many others. bd590b25-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dexterous #$Dexterity is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions in which the performer's hands move accurately, quickly, and with economy of motion. bd58ae64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 diagnosing and repairing something The collection of all actions of diagnosing and repairing something, in a very broad sense. Such events can range from fixing a #$PhysicalDevice (e.g., the last time you took your car in to be fixed), to killing pests that infest a place. All such actions involve an intrinsic change in the thing which undergoes repairs. Notice that a diagnosis action alone, or a repair action alone, would not be elements of this collection; they could be #$subEvents of an element of this collection. bd58ab98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dietary deficiency conditions The collection of physiological conditions brought on by consuming less of a nutrient than the body requires. c0fd5773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 digestion event A collection of events. For most animals, a #$DigestionEvent starts at the mouth and, for most vertebrates, ends at the anus. This concept should not be confused with #$DigestingInStomach, whose instances occur only in an organism's #$Stomach. A #$DigestionEvent spans the whole #$DigestiveSystem, from start to finish.--Nichols, June 23, 1997 bd588d98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 digestive systems The collection of all animals' digestive systems. A #$DigestiveSystem is a system of organs and other body parts (typically of #$Vertebrates) which work together to accomplish the digestion function. bd58b41a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dimensionless units of measure A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure is the collection of measurement functions whose results are elements of #$ScalarInterval which have no dimension; i.e., they are simply numbers, instances of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. Examples include #$Percent, #$Unity, #$Per1000. (#$Percent 50) returns the point-interval, one-half (0.5). (#$Unity 3 4) returns the interval that is the range of numbers between 3 and 4, inclusive. bd58842e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Directed Acyclic Graph The collection of all those #$DirectedGraphs (node-and-link structures in which each link has one direction) each of which has no directed cycle in it. This is the intersection of #$DirectedGraph and #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem (which is the same as the intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem). A #$DirectedAcyclicGraph is often used as a representation of a #$PartialOrdering. bed5ca59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed acyclic path system The collection of all #$DirectedPathSystems each of which has no directed cycle in it (see #$directedCycleInSystem). Note that each instance of #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem has no loops in it, though it may have a (undirected) graph cycle in it. bdd9cff1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed graph The collection of all directed simple graphs, i.e., node-and-link structure in which every link has one direction and no multiple links (between a pair of nodes) or loops are allowed, as studied in graph theory. This is the intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and #$DirectedMultigraph, which is the same as the intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and #$DirectedPathSystem. beb3df26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed multigraph The collection of all directed multigraphs, i.e., node-and-link structures in which every link has one direction. There can be loops and multiple links between a pair of nodes. These are studied in graph theory. In Cyc, this is the intersection of #$Multigraph and #$DirectedPathSystem. c0ba0c32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed path system An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a subcollection of #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem. Each instance of #$DirectedPathSystem is a path system SYS in which every link LINK is given exactly one direction (specified by (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS), (#$PathFromFn LINK SYS), or (#$PathToFn LINK SYS)). Note that only when a semi-directed path system is also a directed path system should we use the functions #$PathFromFn and #$PathToFn. c0a745ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed movements A collection of events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. Each instance of #$DirectedTranslation is a movement event that is #$performedBy an #$Agent --- that agent intends for the #$objectMoving to reach a particular #$target. Examples: William Tell shooting the apple off his son's head, John Wilkes Booth shooting Abraham Lincoln, the last time you tossed a frisbee to someone, a pilot landing an airplane, and a skiier skiing one run of the downhill course. bdb6c421-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 direction expression A collection of vectors; a subset of #$UnitVectorInterval. Each element of #$DirectionExpression is a vector representing a direction. Typically these expressions are used to indicate direction between two objects or locations. An important subset of this collection is #$GeographicalDirection; e.g., #$South-Directly, #$NorthWest-Directly. bd58dff3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dirtiness A collection of attributes. Dirtiness is a measurable attribute that many tangible objects have. Each element of the collection #$Dirtiness represents a specific level of dirtiness (or cleanliness!); e.g., #$Dirty, #$ReallyDirty, #$ALittleDirty, #$Clean, #$Sterile. Indicate a particular object's #$Dirtiness with the predicate #$dirtinessOfObject. bd58d42d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 letdowns The emotion or state of feeling defeated in expectation or hope. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. bd58b543-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disapproving The emotion or state of disapproving of something; a negative attitude towards some situation, proposal, person, or thing, implying a judgment based on explicit or implicit standards (rational, moral, pragmatic, or etc.). This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Disapproval are #$Contempt, #$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc. More subtly, it is often true that feelings of #$Jealousy or #$Envy manifest in superficial shows of #$Disapproval. #$Disapproval is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. be00ca70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disasters A collection of events. In each #$DisasterEvent, a large group of people (or, in decreasing order of likelihood of usage of this concept, a large group of animals, plants, corporations, etc.) are at very high risk of injury or property damage, or in which a lot of injury and property damage occurs even though the risk was low. c0fd58cc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disgust A feeling of repulsion or aversion towards something considered distasteful or repugnant. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Disgust include feelings of #$Abhorrence. bd58b1cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disjoint set or collection A collection of mathematical sets and collections the members of which are themselves mathematical sets or collections. A set or collection, SETORCOL, of sets or collections is an instance of #$DisjointSetOrCollection just in case the elements of SETORCOL are mutually disjoint -- that is, no two elements of SETORCOL have any elements in common. be13fa12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disk 3 d shaped #$Disk3DShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all three dimensional cylindrical objects whose height is considerably less than its radius. A coin would be an example. Objects having this attribute may often be considered as two-dimensional for the purposes of practical reasoning. bdd82721-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dislikes A feeling of disaffection or disaffinity for a person or thing. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Dislike are #$Disgust, #$Contempt, #$Hate, #$Resentment, etc. bd58a553-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disputes A collection of events with multiple participants. In each #$DisputeEvent, some participants seek to achieve states of affairs that other participants seek to prevent. Disputes may or may not get settled. Settlement of a dispute may be by fighting, by competition, by using a mediator or court, by chance, by mutual reasoning, etc. bd58f3d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dissatisfaction Feeling of discontent, due to a lack of fulfillment of an agent's desires, needs, or requirements. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Dissatisfaction are #$Disappointment, #$Frustration, #$Impatience, #$Anger, etc. bd58a58e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dissolving events A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a solvent and a solute mix to form a solution. be0116b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 distances A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Distance is the length of a path in space extending from one point to another. In some contexts, for example as in the argument 2 position of #$altitudeAboveSeaLevel, this distance includes directional information. In these contexts, elements can take on positive or negative values. Elements of #$Distance may be either a fixed interval, such as the height of the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC or the altitude of the #$DeadSea, or a range, such as #$WithinAudibleDistance (see #$ScalarInterval for more explanation). See #$UnitOfDistance for the units used by Cyc to measure distances. See #$Distance-Absolute for measures of distance that necessarily do not include directional information, i.e. are always non-negative. bd58809a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 distributing meta knowledge predicate This collection is a subset of #$MetaKnowledgePredicate, instances over multiple assertions resulting from the polycanonicalization of an assertion. Suppose one asserts (dist-mk-predicate arg1 arg2) and arg1 polycanonicalizes into assertion-1 and assertion-2, then because (isa dist-mk-pred #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate) the kb will be modified to include both (dist-mk-pred assertion-1 arg2) and (dist-mk-pred assertion-2 arg2). NOTE: The constant name might suggest that these predicates are predicates about knowing, but this is not the sense in which 'MetaKnowledge' is here intended. c0ab9eda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 distributions A collection of events. Each element of #$DistributionEvent is an event in which tangible or intangible objects are distributed from a source to various destinations via some distribution network. bd58fd6b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 docks The collection of long flat walkways that jut out over water from shorelines. A Dock's main function is to provide a place to secure boats and to provide a place where passengers and cargo can be loaded and unloaded. be0112f2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 doctors The collection of all medical doctors - MDs and Osteopaths. bd58eb55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 documentation constant A constant whose purpose involves facilitating Cyclists in their understanding of the system, tracking work being done, noting cleanup work to be done, etc. Such a constant usually is not involved in inference. Instances may be excluded from knowledge bases in which available memory is a premium without affecting the performance of applications. bd5c5e99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 documentation predicate The predicates in the system used for facilitating #$Cyclists in their understanding of the system, tracking work being done, noting cleanup work to be done, etc. Such a constant usually is not involved in inference. Instances may be excluded from knowledge bases in which available memory is a premium without affecting the performance of applications. #$DocumentationPredicate is used in code to determine which documentation to show to the user when they request to see documentation for a FORT. be1f1654-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dogs The collection of all dogs of all breeds. Elements of #$Dog may be members of #$DomesticPet or of #$WildAnimal; e.g., #$Dog includes the dingo dogs of #$Australia. However, #$Dog excludes the members of #$Wolf, #$Fox, and the other non-dog subsets of #$CanineAnimal. #$Dog is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies, Canis familiaris. bd58daa0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pets The subset of #$DomesticatedAnimal whose elements are animals kept by humans primarily for their companionship. (They may, however, do some chores such as catching mice.) Many members of #$DomesticPet live in the homes of their owners. bd590532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 domesticated animals A subset of #$Animal; the collection of all animals which are kept by humans for labor, transportation, food, or as pets, and whose relations with humans are more or less cooperative. #$DomesticatedAnimal does NOT include instances of #$Tiger being kept in zoos, though it arguably includes Shamu or Flipper. Cf. #$WildAnimal, #$CaptiveAnimal. c10c22cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 domesticated animal food A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$TangibleProduct. Each element of #$DomesticatedAnimalFood is a foodstuff produced by human beings and intended for consumption by domesticated animals. This collection includes feed manufactured for horses, cattle, chickens, and other farm animals, as well as `pet foods'. bd588c3b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 doorways A collection of portals. Each element of #$Doorway is a portal in some instance of #$ShelterConstruction, suitable for people (and perhaps vehicles) to enter and exit. For example, doorways to houses, office buildings, elevators, automobiles, airplanes, garages, etc. bd58f914-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 doors A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$DoorwayCovering is a physical object used to cover some kind of portal, including but not limited to doorways in buildings. This collection also includes doors of cars, buses, subways, elevators, garages, airplane hangars--coverings over any doors that people (and perhaps vehicles) pass through. bd5899ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 down - directly The direction straight down. In the terrestrial context, #$Down-Directly points in the same direction as Earth's gravitational force vector. bd5889eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 downward The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$Down-Directly. bd58a496-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dresses The collection of all dresses, a kind of women's clothing bd58b437-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 beverages The collection of drinkable substances; a collection of edible stuff and a subset of #$FoodAndDrink. Each element of the collection #$Drink is a liquid of a type that is ingestible and commonly consumed by humans or animals. Drinks are ingested without chewing. Examples of #$Drink include all elements of the collections #$Water-Ingestible, #$Tea-Hot, #$HotChocolate, #$Lemonade, #$Beer. . By default they are liquids. Borderline examples include a thick milkshake or soup, even if there are solid objects suspended in it. Thus #$LiquidTangibleThing is not necessarily (monotonically) a #$genls of #$Drink, though it is true by default that a #$Drink be an instance of #$LiquidTangibleThing. I.e., by default, elements of #$Drink are in a #$LiquidStateOfMatter. Another borderline example of a #$Drink is a glassful of poison or urine; it may be unpalatable or unsafe to drink a #$Drink. Note that the #$Drink includes the portion of liquid, but not the container such as the glass or coffee cup or bowl. So one borderline non-example is a glass of water -- as opposed to a glassful of water; the former includes the glass, the latter doesn't. Other borderline non-examples include: an ice cube, a grape sno-cone, a scoop of ice cream with hot fudge sauce on it, and a tiny bit of liquid such as a single raindrop even if it enters one's mouth. bd58f408-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 drink A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a single individual consumes a portion of some drink. A #$DrinkingEvent typically consists of several instances of #$DrinkingASip. See #$EatingEvent. bd58eeee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 prescriptions The legal document in which a doctor authorizes a patient to purchase a certain amount of a drug and take it according to some specified schedule. c0fd5806-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medications The collection of all drugs produced to be products. The collection includes instances of drugs prescribed by a physician, purchased as over-the-counter medicines, or used for recreational purposes (#$AlcoholicBeverage, #$Nicotine, #$Caffeine, or illicit #$DrugProducts). Note, that this is a #$Product (intentionally created or used) not merely a #$ChemicalCompoundType. Thus salt #$Water would not be a subset of #$DrugProduct, even though saline solution would be. bd58aef7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 drugs The class of substances that can be introduced into organism's bodies to produce certain physiological effects. Includes both stuffs and objects made and/or marketed as #$DrugProducts, as well as naturally-occurring stuffs and objects that have physiological effects. bfc1633e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 drug therapies A collection of medical care events in which drugs accomplish a medical purpose. An instance of #$DrugTherapy is the result of an instance of #$AdministeringADrug (q.v.). An instance of #$DrugTherapy is the event of the patient's body undergoing the physiological effects of the drug it was given. Note: #$DrugTherapy events do not include the administration of the drug; rather, they are the results of such administrations. Cf. #$AdministeringADrug. c0fd5e28-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dry tropical forest Instances are areas of semi-deciduous forest growing in semi-arid areas of South America and the Indian subcontinent. Rainfall in these areas usually averages less than 250mm per annum. Thorny scrub and low- to medium-sized trees with thick bark and deep roots characterize the vegetation. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995). bff695f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dry tropical scrub and thorn region Attribute of areas of low-growing, widely spaced shrubs, bushes, and succulents, found in extensive areas of Central and South America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Australia. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995). bd813f73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dry A collection of events in which involves a reduction in the moistness of something -- either its water content or its surface wetness -- by evaporation, absorption (e.g. with towels), or some other process. Typical objects of a #$Drying event include instances of: paint, food, dishes, clothes, humans. The event of a clothes dryer running is a #$Drying. bd58d388-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dualist - physical - and generic geography mt note #$GeographicalAgents (#$Country, #$City, #$Neighborhood, ...) are #$Agents which can be considered to have a specific territorial expanse. In some cases, it is useful to consider the territory and the agent to be different entities, while in others it is useful to use the agent as a referent for the territory. CYC allows for both of these interpretations, in different contexts. In a physical geography microtheory (#$PhysicalGeographyMt and its submicrotheories) #$Agents are disjoint from places and '(#$TerritoryFn <#$Agent>)' is used to specify the territory. In 'dualist' microtheories (submicrotheories of #$DualistGeopoliticalMt) the elements of #$GeopoliticalEntity and #$GeographicalAgent are both #$Agents and #$GeographicalRegions. These microtheories need not reify the #$physicalExtent of the entity, but just state geographic aspects directly about the agent/region combination. Generic geography microtheories (e.g. #$WorldGeographyMt and #$UnitedStatesGeographyMt) are used for assertions that do not require the specification of whether or not a #$GeographicalAgent is to be treated as a #$GeographicalRegion. For example, state (#$geopoliticalSubdivisions COUNTRY CITY) or (#$surroundsHorizontally #$AtlanticOcean #$Iceland-TheIsland) in a generic geography microtheory, (#$bordersOn #$Mali #$Niger) in a 'dualist' microtheory, and (#$isa #$WallisAndFutunaIslands #$Archipelago) in a physical geography microtheory if it is being defined as a colony in a dualist microthory. c06f6ab5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ductilities A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Ductility describes a specific capacity of a physical material to be stretched, drawn, or hammered thin without breaking. Different degrees of ductility may be represented using a #$GenericValueFunction. Ductilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$ductilityOfObject. bd589773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dusks Each #$Dusk is a dimly-lit period of time which is #$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and is the #$Event which starts a #$Night. be010707-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deaths A collection of events. Each element of #$Dying is an event in which a living organism (i.e., an instance of #$Organism-Whole) ceases to live and thus ceases to exist. The physical portion of the organism may remain, but that is not considered an instance of #$Organism-Whole (cf. #$DeadAnimal). Note that the expiring animal is related to its dying event by #$bodilyDoer (q.v.)--in contrast to the role an organism plays when it is the #$objectActedOn in a #$Killing-Biological event (which will have some #$Dying event among its #$subEvents), and cf. #$bodilyActedOn. bd590953-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l assertion The collection of assertions in the EL language. When EL assertions are presented to the KB, the #$CycCanonicalizer transforms them into #$HLAssertions. c12ed6da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l expression The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the EL language. All of their subexpressions, if any, must also be in the EL language. c0e1b69a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l expression - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed #$ELExpressions which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). The name 'Askable' derives from #$ELSentence-Askable, but instances of #$ELExpression-Askable are not necessarily askable as a query (after being converted to HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer) unless they are also instances of #$ELSentence-Askable. See #$CycLQuery for more details. c06a5e56-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l expression - assertible The subcollection of syntactically and semantically well-formed #$ELExpressions. The name 'Assertible' derives from #$ELSentence-Assertible, but instances of #$ELExpression-Assertible are not necessarily assertible into the KB (after being converted to HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer) unless they are also instances of #$ELSentence-Assertible. bf51a8d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ELF The collection of expressions in the EL language which involve the application of a relation to some arguments. be88bb87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NAUT The collection of non-atomic denotational terms in the EL language. Each instance of #$ELNonAtomicTerm has as its functor either an instance of #$Function-Denotational or a function-denoting function. Also it optionally has other EL terms as additional arguments. If the functor is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, an #$ELNonAtomicTerm can be reified, whereupon it becomes an #$HLNonAtomicReifiedTerm, or 'NART'. bfbd3230-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l non atomic term - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed non-atomic terms in the EL language which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These terms 'make enough sense' to be used as part of a query, after being converted into HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Just because a term is 'askable' does not require it to be used in a query, and denotational terms are not askable themselves. Each instance of this collection involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. See #$CycLQuery for more details. bf05e356-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l non atomic term - assertible The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed non-atomic terms in the EL language. These sentences meet the criteria necessary to be part of an assertion into the Cyc KB, after being converted into HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Instances of this collection are not themselves assertible. Just because a non-atomic term is assertible does not require it to be used in an assertion. Each instance of this collection involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the logical relation. For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation. bf7697ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l reifiable denotational term c12bcd6c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l relation A subset of #$Relation such that instances are only permitted at the EL; that is, the canonicalizer will transform expressions that reference instances of #$ELRelation into equivalent expressions that do not reference instances of #$ELRelation; this transformation is guided by the value (arg2) of #$expansion for each #$ELRelation c09a6e2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l sentence The collection of syntactically well-formed sentences, also called 'logical formulas', in the EL language. Each instance of #$ELSentence involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some arguments. #$ELSentences do not necessarily obey arity constraints or other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). bea72250-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l sentence - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed sentences in the EL language which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These sentences 'make enough sense' to be asked as a query, after being converted into HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Of course, just because a sentence is askable does not require it to be used in a query. Each instance of this collection involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. Note that an instance of #$ELSentence-Askable does not mean that the sentence must be used in a query; only that it can be used in a query. See #$CycLQuery for more details. bf581c53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL formulas The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed sentences in the EL language. These sentences meet the criteria necessary to be asserted into the Cyc KB, after being transformed into #$HLAssertions by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Of course, just because a sentence is assertible does not require it to be used in an assertion. Each instance of this collection involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the logical relation. Example: (#$and (#$isa #$Pittman #$HumanCyclist) (#$residesInRegion #$Pittman #$CityOfAustinTX)). For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation. bd58809e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 EL formula template The collection of expressions which are valid CycL formulas except that their EL variables are not canonicalized into HL variables. bf8471b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l template The collection of expressions for which EL variables are not canonicalized into HL variables, #$ELRelations are not expanded, and functions are not reified. be923319-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 EL variables The collection of all variables in the EL language, such as ?WHAT or ?X. bd61ff36-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ears The organ of hearing, which occur in pairs on most animals bd58cbd3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 earth stuff A collection of tangible things. Each element in #$EarthStuff is a portion of the stuff that the ground of Earth (at or near its land surface) is made of, including rocks, boulders, sand grains, soil, mud, etc., and mixtures of those things (such as islands or whole continents). Examples: #$Australia, #$CapeCod, ZionHill, #$GreatSmokyMountains. c0fba244-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 east - directly Due East, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection. bd58f124-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 East The general direction of East. The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$East-Directly. bd58a558-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 eating event A collection of events. Each element of #$EatingEvent is an event which involves the consumption of a substantial portion of food by a single individual (human or other animal). An instance of #$EatingEvent is a meal or snack taken in its entirety; it is a series of individual #$EatingAMorsel events. Note: If a group of people gets together and eats lunch, that activity is represented by an instance of #$HavingAMeal; during that `super-event' each participant engages in his/her own instance of #$EatingEvent, and all of those are #$subEvents of the #$HavingAMeal event. bd58d570-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 echolocations #$EcholocationPerception is the collection of spatial #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent (such as a bat or a submarine) generates sounds (potentially ultra- or sub- sonic in frequency), hears the sounds reflected from surfaces, and thereby acquires information about the position of other objects in its environment. bd58fd57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ecological regions A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$EcologicalRegion is a region having one or more characteristic ecosystems. From knowledge of those ecosystems, we can posit whether certain organisms can forage, reproduce, and live successfully there. Information about ecological regions typically also includes what kinds of organisms are in fact found there. In theory, any arbitrary continuous region could be analyzed as an ecological region, but most regions identified in practice have some kind of sameness or systematic interconnection in their topology, climate, and biology. Examples: the #$WesternDesertOfEgypt, the #$GreatBarrierReef, the #$Amazon-Region. bd58ca27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 edges The collection of all edges on objects that are instances of #$PartiallyTangible. For a two-dimensional object, its boundaries other than corners are it edges. For a three dimensional object the edges are the outer portions of those extremities, excluding any corners (#$Corner-2or3d), that are much more acute in cross section in one direction than in most other directions at the same point. Some objects, like spheres, hairs, poles and typical burrs, have no edges. A discus has one, round, edge has four edges. A mountain ridge might have only a single edge. A solid polyhedron has six or more edges. bd58f6db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 edge on object - generic This is the collection of all edges on spatial objects, tangible or intangible. Edges define the boundaries of two-dimensional objects and the edges of the surface boundaries of three-dimensional objects. Corners define where one edge ends and another begins. See #$EdgeOnObject for a discussion of some examples of edges on physical objects. bf9014fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 edible things A collection of partially tangible stuff which all normal instances of some spec of #$Organism-Whole can consume and successfully metabolize, with or without resulting harm to themselves, a significant portion of any instance of. This collection includes virtually all animal and vegetable matter and instances of #$OralDrug. It does not necessarily include things that are ingested but not metabolized, such as the stones that birds swallow to aid in digestion, or dirt, paint chips, and coins ingested by children. The function #$EdibleByFn is used to specify the collections of edible stuff that are ingestible by all normal instances of certain specs of #$Organism-Whole, including #$Person. Note that whether an edible substance *also* has a detrimental effect if eaten is a separate question. Something can be both edible and poisonous. bd5908ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 educational levels A collection of attributes. Each #$EducationLevelAttribute, when applied to a person, indicates their level of education or current involvement in a course of study; if applied to a course of study, it indicates the level of it. The very same attributes apply in both cases, though; some sample elements of this collection are: #$PhDLevel, #$TwelfthGradeLevel, #$BachelorOfArtsLevel, #$MedicalDegreeLevel, etc. bd58dc00-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 degrees A collection of abstract (intangible) objects which consist of information about an agent. Each element of #$EducationalDegree is a credential conferred, by some instance of #$EducationalOrganization, on a student who has successfully completed a prescribed course of study there. #$EducationalDegree includes high school, associate, baccalaureate, licensate, magisterial, professional, and doctoral degrees, etc. bd58a9fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 schools A collection of educational organizations. An element of #$EducationalOrganization may be a school, system of schools, college, seminary, etc., -- a place where teaching and/or training are programmed and provided as a service for students. An educational organization may be public or private. This collection includes #$AustinISD (i.e., the #$CityOfAustinTX Independent School District), #$StanfordUniversity, #$BrynMawrCollege, #$UniversityOfPennsylvaniaSchoolOfMedicine, and many other institutions. bd588d41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Egypt Egypt is an #$IndependentCountry in the northeast part of the #$ContinentOfAfrica; Egypt is east of #$Libya, north of the #$Sudan, south of the eastern #$MediterraneanSea and west of the #$RedSea. This constant includes Egypt throughout time, in both its political and physical aspects. bd589383-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 elasticity A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Elasticity represents a specific ability of a physical material to quickly and completely return to its original shape after deformation that does not induce breakage, without permanent change to its original dimensions. For example, billiard balls have a high degree of elasticity in this sense. Elasticities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$elasticityOfObject. bd5884d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical charges A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$ElectricalCharge is an amount of net electrical charge (positive or negative) possessed by a particular instance of #$PartiallyTangible. Elements of #$ElectricalCharge may be either a fixed interval, such as the charge on one electron, or a range, such as a usable charge on a flashlight battery; see #$ScalarInterval. Also see #$UnitOfCharge for the units used by Cyc to measure electrical charges. bd5905db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical components A collection of electrical components. An instance of #$ElectricalComponent is an #$ElectricalDevice which is normally considered to be a part of some larger, more clearly distinguished #$PhysicalDevice (e.g., clearly distinguished in the sense that it is sold, moved, etc. as a unit). The #$ElectricalComponent must be connected with other parts in order to perform its #$primaryFunction. bd58d414-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical conductor A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$PhysicalConductingMedia. Each element of #$ElectricalConductor is a physical thing that can conduct electricity; e.g., a power cord, an electrical plug, a piece of metal. bd588903-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical devices A collection of physical devices; the most general collection of electrical devices. Such devices require an input of electrical current (as #$energySource) in order to perform their intended functions. Instances of #$ElectricalDevice include both complex devices (e.g., elements of the collections #$StereoSystem or #$Computer) and simpler ones (e.g., elements of #$ElectricalComponents). Note: in some contexts, crystal radios might be classified as inert (unpowered) electrical devices; the same for some sorts of passive radar detectors. These are exceptional cases, but still elements of this collection. In other contexts, the power for these devices can be viewed as being supplied from the outside, hence they are clearly `powered' in such contexts. bd58d451-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical resistance A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ElectricalResistance is an attribute which measures the resistance to electrical flow through an object. Examples: #$InsulatorResistance, #$ConductorResistance, #$SemiconductorResistance, #$SuperconductorResistance. bd589bb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electromagnetic radiation sensors A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that detect #$ElectromagneticRadiation. bd589e97-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electromagnetic radiation A collection of events; a subset of #$WavePropagation. Each element of #$ElectromagneticRadiation is an event that arises from the interaction of an electrical field and a magnetic field. Examples include the elements of the collections #$VisibleLight, #$RadioWaves, and #$XRays. c1009603-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrons A collection of objects; a subset of #$SubAtomicParticle. Every instance of #$Electron is a subatomic particle with an #$ElectricalCharge of -1. bd5881d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electronic devices A collection of devices which use electronic circuitry. More specifically, any instance of #$ElectronicDevice in which electricity passes through a vacuum or semiconductor. bd589095-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chemical elements A collection of tangible substances; a subset of #$TangibleThing. Every instance of #$ElementStuff is a piece of tangible stuff, composed of a quantity of atoms, all of which are of the same chemical element. That is, every atom in an individual piece of #$ElementStuff has the same number of protons in its atomic nucleus as does every other atom in that piece. For example, all pieces of carbon are instances of #$ElementStuff. All pieces of two of #$Carbon's subsets, #$Diamond and #$Graphite, also are instances of #$ElementStuff. On the other hand, instances of #$Water, because they are constituted of both (some) #$Hydrogen and (some) #$Oxygen atoms, do not belong to the collection #$ElementStuff. bd5908b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 element stuff type by number of protons A collection of collections. #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons partitions the collection #$ElementStuff. Each instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons is a subset of #$ElementStuff which is defined ONLY by the atomic composition of its instances -- neither the isotopic composition or physical state of the substances, nor any other additional feature, determines membership in a collection which #$isa #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons. All that matters is that the instances of that type (i.e., collection) of stuff are entirely composed of atoms having a particular number of protons in each atomic nucleus. Thus, the collection #$Carbon is an instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons, but neither the collection #$Diamond nor the collection #$Graphite is (even though they are subsets of #$Carbon), because their members have additional qualifications. bd590830-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ellipsoidal This instance of #$ShapeAttribute is held by all three dimensional objects such that the planar sections along its respective internal axes are #$Elliptical. In other words, the shape of objects with this attribute should be roughly describable by taking some two dimensional ellipse and rotating it around its major axis in three space. Note that #$Spherical is a specialization of this attribute. bfd0a066-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 elliptical #$Elliptical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all elliptical objects in virtue of being elliptical. Note that #$Circular is a specialization of this attribute, i.e. circular things are elliptical insofar as they are ellipses with eccentricity zero. bf6bfa19-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 embarrassment Mental disturbance and confusion at self-exposure. #$Embarrassment is often an impediment to freedom of thought, speech, or action. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$Embarrassment is #$Shame. bd58c194-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 embassies The collection of all embassies, the official diplomatic representations of a country A in a foreign country B. Not to be confused with the buildings in which such offices are hosted. See #$Embassy-TheBuilding. bd59a62b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 embryos The collection of not yet fully-formed organisms, including mammals before birth, birds before hatching, and plants before sprouting from their seeds. Note that the criteria of the collection #$Embryo do not correspond exactly with the meaning of the English word 'embryo', since #$Embryo includes zygotes, blastulas, the set of cells derived from the embryo after the fetus is formed (#$AmnioticSac + #$Fetus + #$Placenta-FetalPortion), etc. c0fd5c79-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emirates The collection of all Emirates, that is, those geopolitical entities, or territories, each of which is ordinarily ruled by an #$Amir-HeadOfState or an Emir (Amir) who is not necessariy a #$HeadOfState of an #$IndependentCountry, but rules a subsidiary region. See especially the #$UnitedArabEmirates. be5c29ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emission A collection of processes; a subset of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Emission is an event in which something `comes out' of an object that actively contributes to that thing's emission (e.g., it is a #$providerOfMotiveForce). The source is indicated with the predicate #$emitter. An entire #$Translocation is associated with an emission, and these are related through the predicate #$transferOutSubEvent. If the thing which `comes out' is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible, then the event belongs to a more specific collection, #$EmittingAnObject (q.v.). If the associated element of #$Translocation is an instance of #$WavePropagation, then the emission belongs to the more specialized collection, #$EmittingAWave (q.v.). bed006f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 wave emissions A collection of events; a subset of #$Emission. Each element is an event in which a wave is emitted at a #$fromLocation. For example, Themistocles ordering his fleet to withdraw; Miles Davis playing the trumpet; an emergency flare burning by the side of the road. See also #$WavePropagation. bebe7cda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emissions A collection of events; and a subset of #$Emission. An instance of #$EmittingAnObject is an emission event in which there is some #$PartiallyTangible which is the #$objectEmitted, i.e., the thing which `comes out' of the #$emitter of the event. The #$objectEmitted goes from (#$fromLocation) a place inside of the #$emitter to (#$toLocation) some place that is not within the #$emitter. The #$emitter plays an active role (#$doneBy and #$providerOfMotiveForce) in the emission. Examples: the birth of a baby, a bullet shot from a gun, a venonous snake depositing poison. Negative examples: a person leaving a building (the building is not active), throwing a ball (the ball was not inside the person before the throwing). bd58e6c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sound emissions A collection of events; a subset of #$EmittingAWave. Each element of #$EmittingSound is an event in which an instance of #$Sound is emitted from some #$waveSource. Examples: an explosion generating a sound wave; a plucked violin string resonating; a baby crying; a person saying `Hello'. bd589e37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 employees A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Employee works directly for some business. Disjoint with #$SelfEmployedWorker. bd58ec41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 employee-hiring events A collection of events; a subset of #$MakingAnAgreement. Each element of #$EmployeeHiring is an event in which some agent--either an organization or individual--hires a person to work as its employee. See also #$employees, #$WorkAgreement. bd58d9c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 employment termination A collection of events; a subset of #$EndingAnAgreement. Each element of #$EmploymentTermination is an event in which some employee ceases to work for his or her employer. The termination may be initiated by either party, or it may have been specified in the original #$WorkAgreement (q.v.). Different kinds of #$EmploymentTermination are specified by the subsets #$Resigning, #$EmployeeLayoff, #$RetirementEvent, etc. bd58d986-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 empty space region A specialization of #$SpaceRegion whose instances are connected regions of empty space located in the empirically observable universe. The meaning of empty depends on context. In a high-energy physics microtheory where empty is defined as containing no particles, an empty space region would be a complete vacuum (see also #$Vacuum). In #$AmbientConditionsMt an empty space region would be occupied by a piece of #$Atmosphere. An undersea context could treat empty space regions as filled with seawater. An instance of #$EmptySpaceRegion is intangible, and not to be confused with the material -- if any -- that occupies it (cf. #$FreeSpaceContent). bd58ee65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 encrypting events The collection of actions in which some transformation is applied to an IBT (#$InformationBearingThing) which renders it unaccessible to all but the intended audience, since the method required to decrypt the IBT is secret. bd60996f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 end of an agreements A collection of events. Each element of the collection #$EndingAnAgreement is an event in which some instance of #$Agreement comes to an end. For example, instances of #$EmploymentTermination and #$EndingMembership. bd589fb3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 energy conversion process A collection of events. In each instance of #$EnergyConversionProcess, energy is converted from one form to another. bd58f827-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 engines A collection of #$PoweredDevices. An instance of #$Engine is a device that changes some form of energy into motion (usually rotation). An engine may operate by burning some type of fuel (as do jet engines and internal combustion engines), or it may be powered by electricity, fluid flow, etc. bd58cec4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 engineers A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Engineer is a professional who works in some branch of engineering. Elements of #$Engineer include the members of the subsets #$ElectricalEngineer, #$ChemicalEngineer, #$CivilEngineer, #$MechanicalEngineer, etc. bd59015a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 English Language The Germanic Language native to England, now spoken in the United Kindom, the United States, and many other countries. bd58b700-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 english paraphrase mt This is the default context used for generating English paraphrases for CycL expressions. Many of the assertions required for English paraphrase generation can be found in this context, including those with the predicates #$genFormat and #$genPhrase. bda16220-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 English words The collection of all lexical words in English; a subset of #$LexicalWord. Different inflectional forms of a word do not count as different words; for example, #$Eat-TheWord encompasses the strings 'eat', 'eating', 'ate', etc. bd588075-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 enjoyment The agreeable emotion of taking pleasure or satisfaction in an experience. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Delight, #$Celebratory-Emotion, etc. bd589154-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 enlisted people A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who is an enlisted person in some #$MilitaryOrganization, such as a private. bd58a708-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 entertainment events The collection of activities which are performed by one party primarily to amuse or entertain others. Every instance of #$EntertainmentEvent necessarily has among its subevents both an instance of (#$PerformingFn #$EntertainmentEvent) and an instance of (#$AttendingFn #$EntertainmentEvent). It is thus distinguished from #$RecreationalActivity: a #$RecreationalActivity need not involve any #$Entertainers, whereas an instance of #$EntertainmentEvent will always involve both an entertainer, and an entertainee. Note: This is more general than #$EntertainmentPerformance because it may not entail a formal performance per se. E.g., #$JokeTelling is a spec of #$EntertainmentEvent because it involves a joke-teller, the entertainer, and a listener, the entertainee. Such an event, however, can occur under informal circumstances, and need not be a formal performance. Thus #$JokeTelling is not a spec of #$EntertainmentPerformance.--Huffer, Dec 2, 1998 bd58e10a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 entertainment or arts professional A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional is a person who uses some sort of creative or artistic abilities in the main function of his or her job. #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional includes both performing artists and producers of tangible artworks, either creative or commercial. This collection does NOT include people working on the business side of those professions, such as producers or art dealers, whose #$jobAttributes are more similar to those of other business professionals (e.g., managers, marketers, sales representatives) than to the artists'; cf. #$EntertainmentOrArtsAdministrator. bd58ea20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 performances The collection of public and private entertainment performances, like plays, street performances, ballets, movies. Each #$EntertainmentPerformance is a presentation or exhibition, to a human audience, with artistic or entertainment value. Note: Movies are included even though the Performers aren't performing in the same point in space-time. But we draw the line at still photographs; i.e., those are not considered #$EntertainmentPerformances. bd58c027-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 entities X is an #$Entity if it is a `maximal' #$SomethingExisting. What we mean by that is that there cannot be another #$SomethingExisting of which X is merely a subabstraction (see #$subAbstrac). So #$AlbertEinstein is an entity, but AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is not. In other words, an #$Entity represents the entire existence of a thing, not just one or more `temporal chunks' or #$timeSlices of a thing. bd58dd15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 equiangular This is the attribute shared by all objects that are polygon shaped (see #$PolygonShaped) and in which all angles between edges (see #$angleBetweenEdges) have the same measure. be209c21-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 equilateral shaped This is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all polygon-shaped objects each of whose edges has the same length. c13f6e1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ethnic groups A collection of collections. An #$EthnicGroupType is a set of people whose group-organization, practices or characteristics are based on ethnic origins. E.g., some #$EthnicGroupTypes are: #$EthnicGroupOfVietnamese, #$EthnicGroupOfIndiansOfTheUS, etc. bd58dcae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 eukaryotic cells The collection of eukaryotic cells, #$Cells which serve as the basic structural unit of eukaryotic organisms. These cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles. Multicellular Organisms generally have #$EukaryoticCells; #$EukaryoticCell DNA has introns. Certain #$EukaryoticCells, like the red blood corpuscles of #$Persons with heathy #$Spleens, lack nuclei. bd58eee7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evaluatable functions A collection of Cyc functions. Each element of #$EvaluatableFunction is a Cyc function which is associated (via #$evaluationDefn) with a piece of Heuristic Level (SubL) code that computes the result of applying the function to legal arguments. See #$PlusFn for a good example. An evaluatable function is evaluated only if none of its arguments is unbound. See also the more general #$EvaluatableRelation. bd58829b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evaluatable relation Instances of #$EvaluatableRelation are functions and predicates for which there is some piece of system code that can be invoked to evaluate an expression using the function or predicate. Functions having this property should be an instance of the more specific #$EvaluatableFunction; in those cases, the result of evaluating the expression is a new term. For example, (#$PlusFn (#$Inch 3) (#$Inch 1)), when evaluated, results in the term (#$Inch 4). Predicates which are evaluatable have a piece of system code associated which can be used to obtain the truth value for any ground formula formed with the predicate. For example, (#$greaterThan (#$Inch 3) (#$Inch 1)) evaluates to ``true''. The predicate #$evaluationDefn is used to state the name of the piece of system code to be used to evaluate expressions formed with an #$EvaluatableRelation. bfb0e3f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evaporations The collection of events in which a piece of stuff is transformed from a #$LiquidStateOfMatter to a #$GaseousStateOfMatter by evaporation as opposed to boiling. be01164d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 even numbers The set of all even numbers (integers) including positive and negative even numbers and zero, but not including any infinite 'numbers'. bff46760-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evenings Each #$Evening is started by a #$Dusk and is #$temporallyCoterminal with the #$CalendarDay it's a part of. Each #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon, and each #$Overnight is #$contiguousAfter an #$Evening. bd589dc7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events This is one important subset of #$TemporalThing. The elements of #$Event are events or actions, things that we say are `happening', changes in the state of the world. #$Event is also a subset of #$Intangible, since an event consists of the `actions' per se, and THEY then refer to the tangible objects which participate in them. In contrast, the collection #$SomethingExisting (another important subset of #$TemporalThing) has elements which have temporal extent yet are `static', such as a rock at the bottom of a pond. Note: While `#$SomethingExisting vs. #$Event' might seem at first to be an obvious partition of things with temporal extent, there are interesting borderline cases -- such as agreements -- which Cyc treats as instances of #$SomethingExisting, but which could also be represented as instances of #$Event. And there are still other cases, such as the pure disembodied elements of #$TimeInterval, which are elements of #$TemporalThing yet belong neither to #$SomethingExisting nor to #$Event. bd58800d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evergreens A collection of plants. Each element of #$EvergreenPlant is a plant that retains leaves or needles throughout all the seasons of the year. Cf. #$DeciduousPlant. c0fdff40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 everything p s c A problem solving context in which all assertions in the entire KB are visible. This context is only appropriate for use in queries which do not care about the consequences of possible contradictions due to conflicting information from mutually inconsistent microtheories. See also #$InferencePSC. be7f041b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exception relation A collection of mathematical objects, which are the #$LogicalConnectives used to express exceptions to rules. Elements include #$exceptWhen and #$exceptFor. bec28bcc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exchange of user rights A collection of events. In an instance of #$ExchangeOfUserRights, two #$Agents (the #$exchangers) perform two distinct (though related) #$TransferringPossessions with each other. Two objects are exchanged. Each agent gains possession -- in the form of some #$UserRightsAttribute -- of something (an #$objectOfPossessionTransfer) from the other. Each transfer is related to the other as some kind of condition, a precondition or an intended result; e.g., the news seller will hand over a paper if given fifty cents, and I give the news seller my fifty cents so that he will turn over a newspaper to me. The two #$TransferringPossession events are #$subEvents of the #$ExchangeOfUserRights event. bd589096-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 excitement A feeling of arousal that stirs up, moves profoundly, or serves as a challenge to one's power, eliciting the desire to do or perceive something. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Excitement include #$Enthusiasm, #$Celebratory-Emotion, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc. bd58c086-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exclusive user rights An attribute of an object with respect to an #$Agent, meaning that the agent who holds this kind of #$UserRightsAttribute to an object has the sole right to use that object. There can be only one such #$Agent at a given time; that agent may be an #$Organization or an individual person. When you rent a car, you expect #$ExclusiveUserRights of it for the duration of your rental, even though you don't own the car. bd58fef2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 executives A collection of people. An instance of #$Executive is a person who holds an executive managerial positions in some #$Organization. Among the members of #$Executive are top managers of organizations, including corporate officers (#$ChiefExecutiveOfficer, etc.), Chiefs of Staff, Generals, Admirals and others like Chief Corporate Counsel, Managing Partner, Producer, Chief Scientist, Chief Engineer, as well as other upper and upper-middle managers. bd58fadf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exercises The collection of events in which humans move their bodies for the purpose of general physical conditioning and/or strengthening muscles. comment by #$Nichols on June 25, 1996 bd58ac02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exhalations Expelling air from the lungs bd589d08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 existing object types A collection of collections. Almost every element of each element of #$ExistingObjectType (exceptions are allowed) is temporally stufflike yet is objectlike in other ways, including spatially. ``OBJTYPE is an #$ExistingObjectType'' implies: a) for most instances OBJ of OBJTYPE, for any proper physical part PART of OBJ, PART is not an OBJTYPE. b) for all instances OBJ of OBJTYPE, for most proper physical parts PART of OBJ it will not be the case that PART is an OBJTYPE. Any one of many #$timeSlices of a copy of `Moby Dick' sitting on your shelf is still a copy of `Moby Dick' sitting on your shelf. Most tangible objects are temporally stufflike in this fashion. That book is, of course, not spatially stufflike; spatially, it is objectlike: if we take a scalpel and slice the book into ten pieces, each piece is not a copy of `Moby Dick'. So (#$isa #$BookCopy #$ExistingObjectType) is true, because each book is temporally stufflike but spatially objectlike. See the comment for #$StuffType to find out more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType. bd65d880-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 existing stuff types A collection of collections. Each element of #$ExistingStuffType is a collection of things (including portions of things) which are both temporally and spatially stufflike; they may also be stufflike in other ways, e.g., in some physical property. Division in time or space does not destroy the stufflike quality of the object (down to a certain granularity). ``STUFF is an instance of #$ExistingStuffType'' implies: a) for most instances, OBJ, of STUFF, for any proper physical part PART of OBJ, PART is also an instance of STUFF. b) for all instances, OBJ, of STUFF, for most proper physical parts PART of OBJ, PART is also an instance of STUFF. For example, every piece of wood is temporally stufflike: if W-168 is a piece of wood during 1996, then it's also a piece of wood for the one-minute time-slice 9:05am 7/7/96. It's also spatially stufflike: if we take that piece of wood W-168 and cut it in half, we have two things which are both pieces of wood. The fact that every piece of wood is both temporally and spatially stufflike is represented in Cyc by the assertion (#$isa #$Wood #$ExistingStuffType). Other examples of #$ExistingStuffType: #$AppleJuice, #$IceCream, #$Diamond, #$WaxedPaper, #$StriatedMuscle. See the comment for #$StuffType to learn more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType. bd59f2ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 experiencing hunger Being hungry bd58d1d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 explosions A collection of events. Each instance of #$Explosion is an event that involve an extremely violent, chaotic release of energy. It is not exactly controlled, even in the best circumstances, though it may be contained and channelled to do useful work (such as within the cylinders of a car engine, or such as when a hole is blasted for a backyard swimming pool.) be00f76e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 extensional representation predicates A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the properties of individual objects. These predicates implement the extensional structure of the Cyc ontology; e.g., #$attorneys, #$objectTakenCareOf, #$actorPartsAffected, #$vestedInterest. bd5883cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exteriors The collection of all entire outer physical surfaces of tangible objects. Excludes mere patches or portions of the whole surface of an object. bd589b3e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 eyes The collection of all eyes of #$Animals. Eyes are the organs of #$VisualPerception. bd5893be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 foot-pound-second units of measure A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$FPSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the FPS (i.e., foot-pound-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$Gallon-US, #$SquareMile, #$CubicFtPerSec. bd5904b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 faces The collection of all faces of animals. A #$FaceOfAnimal generally consists of the region where the eyes of the animal are located. In most terrestrial animals, this is the front region of the animal's head, and also turns out to be where the nose, mouth, etc., are located. bd58b919-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 autumns The collection of Fall seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, Fall is usually the time of harvesting and beginnings of shutting down of growth. Also the time of harvest celebrations. #$FallSeason represents the climatic aspects of Fall; for its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarAutumn. bd58b734-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 some statement in the KB is false An element of #$TruthValue. #$False is logical falsehood in Cyc; this is the abstract logical notion--not to be confused with Lisp's NIL, nor with the English word `false'. bd5880d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 family units A collection of organizations. Each element of #$Family-SocialEntity is a group of people or of animals related by birth and mating. The kinship relation is closer than simply being members of the same species. Such a family may function together as an #$Organization. See also the specialization #$Family-Human. c0fcdcd7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 family relationships A collection of predicates. Each element of #$FamilyRelationSlot is a binary predicate used to represent relationships among members of human families. Examples: #$spouse, #$siblings, #$grandmothers, #$grandfathers, #$relatives, #$cohabitingFamilyMembers. bd58d96b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 famines A collection of events; a subset of #$DisasterEvent. Each instance of #$Famine is an event taking place in a contiguous geographical area in which a lot of people are undergoing #$Starvation. be5bef99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 farmer A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Farmer is a person who makes (or significantly supplements) his or her income by farming. This includes growing vegetables, grain, or fruit crops, dairy farming, or raising livestock (e.g., cattle, pigs, sheep, fish) for their meat or other animal products (e.g., wool). bd58e149-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 scares Unpleasant emotion manifested by painful agitation in the presence or awareness of danger. Fear implies anxiety and loss of courage. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$Fear is #$Dread. bd58c044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 February The collection of all Februaries, the second month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58c2f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emotions The collection of attributes describing emotions and mental feelings. An element of this set would be a particular `amount' of happiness, of confidence, of fear, etc. Obviously there are no real `units of measure' for these quantities, but one can certainly say that the `amount' of happiness one felt at one's wedding was `more' than the happiness they felt at their college graduation ceremony, etc. There are functions, such as #$LowAmountFn, which take a #$PrimitiveAttributeType (such as the instances of #$FeelingAttributeType) and return as their value a certain-sized amount of that attribute-type; e.g., (#$LowAmountFn #$Confidence) is an expression whose value is a low amount of confidence, and that in turn will be an element of #$Confidence, and also an element of #$FeelingAttribute, and also an element of #$AttributeValue, etc. See especially the various subsets of #$FeelingAttribute. Note that #$FeelingAttribute is NOT an element of #$FeelingAttributeType. Since #$FeelingAttributeType is a subset of #$PrimitiveAttributeType, any element of #$FeelingAttributeType (such as #$Happiness) should have a total order among all its elements. All the elements of #$FeelingAttribute can't be placed in a total order (for example, how can we compare 'low happiness' with 'low contempt'?), so it should not be an element of #$FeelingAttributeType. bd5882fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of emotion A collection of collections. Each #$FeelingAttributeType is a type of attribute that describes some sort of emotion and/or mental feeling. Some elements of #$FeelingAttributeType are: #$Envy, #$Curiosity, #$PrideOfAccomplishment, etc. See also #$FeelingAttribute. bd58800b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 female animals The collection of all female animals. bd5890f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human females The collection of all female persons. bd58d6e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 feminine #$Feminine is a gender, indicating either that an #$Animal or #$Plant is female, or that a word has what is called feminine gender. bd58934f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ferries The subcollection of #$Watercraft that contains all ferryboats, i.e., boats that are used to carry people, goods or vehicles across rivers, lakes, canals or channels etc. or even from one side of a harbor to another, but normally not used to cross oceans. c1009ab0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fictional contexts The collection of #$CounterfactualContexts which are (1) created intentionally, not by error or chance or gradual evolution and accretion in a culture, and (2) typically are the information content of some #$InformationBearingThing, and (3) are not expected (by their creator) to be believed as factual, nor do their creators believe them to be factual. In addition to asserting fictional propositions about existing things, a #$FictionalContext may include terms for nonexistent things. Examples: #$LordOfTheRings, #$AdventuresOfHuckleberryFinn. be011058-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fields of study A collection of microtheories. Each element of #$FieldOfStudy is a microtheory containing the knowledge, theory, hypotheses, evidence, and problems covered in a particular field of study (in propositional form). Examples: #$Linguistics, #$Ethology, #$ArtificialIntelligence, #$BusinessAdministration, #$Nursing-FieldOfStudy, etc. Fields of study are typically the subject of teaching and/or research within instances of #$AcademicDepartment, although the correlation between #$AcademicDepartment and #$FieldOfStudy is not one-to-one. Note also that elements of #$FieldOfStudy are intangible objects (i.e., contexts with propositional content), while academic departments are partially tangible organizations. For the activity of specialized study in a field, see #$CourseOfStudy. bd58b737-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 financial accounts A collection of intangible objects. Each element of #$FinancialAccount is an instance of #$Account (q.v.) which is denominated in units of #$Money. Examples: savings accounts, credit card accounts, vendor accounts. bd58dcfe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 financial account tender object A collection of objects. Each element of #$FinancialAccountTenderObject is an object, e.g., a check or a credit card, that serves as a vehicle for offering payment in funds drawn on an associated instance of #$FinancialAccount. The liquidity of an element of #$FinancialAccountTenderObject depends on the #$accountBalance or #$accountStatus of the financial account which that object legally represents. This collection excludes the elements of #$Currency and #$TravellersCheck. bd5902db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fidelity investments A collection of partially tangibles. An element of #$FinancialAssetHoldings is a group of financial assets (e.g., stocks, bonds, ... ) owned by individual or corporate #$Agent(s). As a default, we assume that the monetary value of each group equals the sum of the monetary values of the individual assets in that group. bd58a086-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 financial institutions A collection of organizations engaged in financial activities as their main concern and as a business. An element of #$FinancialCompany is a commercial service organization that buys, sells, trades, converts, or lends money, in the form of currency or negotiable financial instruments (such as stocks, bonds, commodities futures, etc.), as (one of) its major function(s). The collection #$FinancialCompany does not include businesses, such as retailers, which simply exchange goods or non-financial services for money. Examples: Chase Bank, University Federal Credit Union, Fidelity Investments (but NOT the IMF). Cf. the superset #$FinancialOrganization for non-business organizations engaged in financial activities (such as the IMF). c1443e40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 financial organizations The collection of all #$Organizations that are primarily or significantly engaged in the #$FinancialIndustry or whose activities focus on that industry. Instances of both #$CommercialServiceOrganizations (e.g., banks and brokerage houses) and #$NonProfitOrganizations (e.g., #$InternationalMonetaryFund) may be instances of #$FinancialOrganization. Specializations of #$FinancialOrganization include #$BankCompany, #$FinancialExchange, and #$InvestmentOrganization. bd590577-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fingers The collection of all digits of all #$Hands (q.v.). Fingers are (typically) flexibly jointed and are necessary to enabling the hand (and its owner) to perform grasping and manipulation actions. bd58bf7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fiscal quarter Each instance of this collection is a 3-month-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances will be things like Fiscal3rdQuarterOf1995ForCycorp. bd58b87d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fiscal years Each instance of this collection is an annual, year-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its operational and financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances of this collection are time intervals like FiscalYearOf1989ForMicrosoft bd58f1c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fish A collection of cold-blooded animals; a subset of #$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Fish has gills, cranium, and fins, and spends all or almost all of its life under water. The collection #$Fish excludes so-called star-fish and cuttle-fish, etc., as well as fish-shaped examples of #$Mammal such as porpoises and whales. #$Fish is an instance of #$BiologicalClass. bd58df53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fixed arity relation The collection of all #$Relations of fixed arity in CycL. This collection is disjoint with #$VariableArityRelation. bff3237a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fixed arity skolem func n The subcollection of #$SkolemFuncNs whose arity is fixed. c10c450d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fixed arity skolem function The subcollection of #$SkolemFunctions whose arity is fixed. This is by far the most common type of skolem function, because variable- arity skolem functions are only created when a sequence variable is in the scope of the skolem. bd5880fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fixed free-standing structures A collection of artifacts. Each element of #$FixedStructure is a humanly-constructed, freestanding object that exists in a fixed location; e.g., buildings, pyramids, the Great Wall of China, dams, elevated roadways, canals, etc. Such structures may have parts which are also elements of #$FixedStructure (e.g., bridge pilings) and parts which are not freestanding (e.g., the span of a bridge, or a room in a building). bd58c647-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 flammabilities A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Flammability represents a specific readiness with which some tangible substance burns. Different degrees of #$Flammability are represented either using #$GenericValueFunctions or qualitatively (e.g., #$NonFlammable, #$BurnsEasily, #$ExplosivelyFlammable). Flammability of an object is indicated with the predicate #$flammabilityOfObject. bd58ff84-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 flat surfaces The collection of all surfaces that are substantially flat (by the tolerance standards of the the context). This means that there are no 'significant' concave depressions or convex bulges or bumps, and that the surface approximates some portion of a Euclidian plane in space. Note that the surface may have holes or cracks and may be disconnected, in multiple (substantially coplanar) pieces. A typical table top is a #$FlatPhysicalSurface. bd5885fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 flexible A physical attribute. #$Flexible is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of a tangible object that can be flexed, twisted, contorted. #$Flexible objects which retain their contorted shape are described as #$Bendable (q.v.). bd58c716-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 floors A physical floor in a building, NOT the level (storey). The latter is called #$LevelOfAConstruction. The floor can include any floor in a building such as the floor of a room on the third floor as well as the floor covering the entire 1st level of the building. This includes just the horizontal surface -- not the subfloor. It also doesn't include floor coverings like carpet or tile. bd58f893-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 paths of flow A collection of pathways; a subset of #$Path-Generic. Each element of #$FlowPath is a path whose extent is delineated by the movement of a fluid over an area; for example, the path of a lava flow or the #$AlaskanPipeline. Elements of #$FlowPath may (but need not) be constrained by objects or forces that channel the flow of fluid; see also the subset #$FluidConduit. bd589555-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 flowering plants An instance of #$BiologicalClass and a sub-taxon of #$PterophytinaSubdivision. Each instance of #$FloweringPlant is a plant whose seeds are enclosed in ovaries; consequently, this is the collection of flowering plants in the botanical sense. For flowering plants actually in bloom, see #$FloweryPlant. bd58c76b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 flowers A collection of plants. Each element of #$FloweryPlant is a flowering plant that is actually and visibly in flower (i.e., has flowers showing). The collection #$FloweryPlant includes flowering bushes and trees with visible flowers. This collection represents a commonsense category, not the official #$BiologicalTaxon #$FloweringPlant. bd58a916-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fluid reservoirs A collection of containers having an opening, which may be small and resealable (as in a #$Bottle) or large and open, as in a #$Tub; a subset of #$ContainerProduct. An instance of #$FluidReservoir is a container which was designed to hold fluids. These include elements of the collections #$Spoon, #$ToiletBowl, #$GlassBottle, etc. Note a special negative case: natural `reservoirs', such as #$Lakes, are not #$ContainerProducts -- though the #$Dams that create them are artifacts, the reservoir water is contained in the natural landscape -- and hence such reservoirs are not subsets of #$FluidReservoir. bd58f745-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fluid tangible thing A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$FluidTangibleThing is a tangible thing that flows, including gases, liquids, and semisolid and granular tangible things which are #$Pourable (e.g., sand, see also #$GranularFluid). Examples: the AirInAustin, #$LakeErie, the snow drifted in my driveway, the sand on the beach at Hippie Hollow, mercury in the thermometer on the balcony. Note that the granules of a granular #$FluidTangibleThing are not necessarily themselves #$FluidTangibleThings. Cf. #$LiquidTangibleThing. bd58d1e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fog The collection of clouds (instances of #$CloudOfH2O) that cover a #$GeographicalRegion at ground-level. bd58e147-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 foggy A current condition in which pieces of atmosphere near the ground that are so full of water vapor that visibility is noticeably reduced. Note that when standing on a mountain or skysraper in the clouds, the attribute of the surrounding air is Foggy. bd58e5f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 foldable A physical attribute. #$Foldable is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of being foldable in a flexible way, like towels or paper. Note a distinction between #$Foldable objects and #$Collapsible objects: #$Collapsible objects are #$Rigid objects collapsed by means of #$HingedJoints, while #$Foldable objects are flexible overall. bd58b488-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food items A collection of edible stuff; a subset of #$FoodAndDrink. Each element of the collection #$Food is a particular portion of food of a type which can, and habitually is, eaten (not drunk or inhaled) by humans or animals. Here the notion of ``eating'' is important --- not drinking or inhaling or osmosing; an element of #$Food will generally require biting, chewing, etc. A borderline example is a bowl of Jello; a borderline non-example is a very thick milkshake. Even closer to the border is a bowl of vegetable soup so thick and chunky that each spoonful requires chewing. The edibles in #$Food provide calories and/or other nutrients that humans or animals need (e.g., protein, vitamins); this is often true with a #$Drink as well, but probably less than half the time (since most drinking is of water). bd58bd8b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dishes A collection of food and drink, a specialization of (#$FoodOrDrinkForFn #$Person). An assertion of the form (#$isa FOOD #$Food-ReadyToEat) means that it is normal for people to eat or drink FOOD more or less in its current state. Instances can require unwrapping, cutting, pouring, buttering, or cooling before being consumed, but not cooking or other complex or sophisticated preparation that is typically done in a kitchen or other food-preparation area rather than at the table or site of consumption. If a cook would inspect it and pronounce it 'done,' it is probably an instance of #$Food-ReadyToEat. bd58cc94-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 items of food or drink A collection of edible stuff. Each element of #$FoodAndDrink is a substance which instances of some spec of #$Organism-Whole normally consume a significant part of. Thus (#$genls STUFF #$FoodAndDrink) means it is normal for instances of STUFF to be eaten or drunk. Instances of #$FoodAndDrink need not be in the state they typically are in when they are eaten, but they must be in an edible state. For substances that constitute normal food or drink for a particular spec of #$Organism-Whole (e.g. #$Person), use #$FoodOrDrinkForFn. bd58e69c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food group type A collection of collections. Each element of #$FoodGroupType is a collection of foodstuffs classified according to their nutritional contents. When restricted to human foods, the elements of #$FoodGroupType are familiar as the teaching tools used in public health education in order to promote nutritionally balanced diets. Examples include: #$DairyProduct, #$CerealFoodGroup, #$FruitAndVegetableFoodGroup, #$MeatAndLegumeFoodGroup. bd589d1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food ingredients A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$EdibleStuff. Each element of #$FoodIngredientOnly is an edible substance that is used in making other food but isn't eaten by itself. These may or may not require some preparation. For example, #$TableSalt, #$VegetableOil, and #$Ketchup are subsets of #$FoodIngredientOnly, because all of their instances are used only as ingredients or condiments. In contrast, #$Egg-Chickens is not a subset of #$FoodIngredientOnly; some of its instances serve as ingredients in cooking other dishes, (and those instances are elements of #$FoodIngredientOnly,) but other eggs are simply eaten after poaching or frying (and those instances belong to the collection #$Food, not #$FoodIngredientOnly). Types of food, such as #$Pizza, whose instances are never merely ingredients, are just subsets of #$Food.--Nichols, Nov 22, 1996 bd58da2a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food or drink composite A collection of edible stuff. Each element of #$FoodOrDrinkComposite is an edible substance that is made up of two or more foodstuffs as constituents. Typically, some recipe is, explicitly or implicitly, associated with the production of such substances. #$FoodOrDrinkComposite includes both some instances of #$FoodIngredientOnly (e.g., a dollop of ketchup) and some instances of #$FoodAndDrink (e.g., a slice of a cheese pizza). bd58cda0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 kitchen appliances A collection of objects; a subset of #$PhysicalDevice. An instance of #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to prepare food or drink somehow, such as a colander, a spice mill or a pot. bd588d6a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food professionals A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$FoodProfessional is a worker in the food and drink industry. This collection includes bakers, brewers, butchers, and bartenders--everyone from Julia Child to Joe the bartender. bd58af0e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food service companies A collection of business organizations; a subset of both #$CommercialServiceOrganization and #$Business. An element of #$FoodServiceOrganization is a business which prepares and/or serves food as its major function(s). Important subsets of #$FoodServiceOrganization include #$Restaurant and #$CateringCompany. Note that grocery stores -- and airlines -- are not themselves considered elements of #$FoodServiceOrganization, even though some of those may have #$subOrganizations or sub-contractors which are#$FoodServiceOrganizations. Bars or taverns, in contrast to #$Restaurants that also prepare and serve food, are also not considered #$FoodServiceOrganizations. bd58f1fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 utensils A collection of objects. Each element of #$FoodUtensil is an implement or a container used in preparing or consuming food. Among its subsets are: #$Spoon, #$CarvingKnife, #$CookingUtensil, #$FoodVessel, #$CuttingBoard, and #$ChopStick. bd58cdce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food vessel A collection of container products; a subset of #$FoodUtensil. An instance of #$FoodVessel is a container designed for holding, storing, or preparing food. For example, a dinner plate, a cake pan, a wok, a plastic food storage container, etc. Subsets include the collections #$CookingVessel, #$EatingVessel, #$FoodStorageContainer, and numerous others. bd58a35c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 feet The collection of all vertebrates' feet. A foot is a terminal part of a #$Vertebrate #$Leg. Feet are used in locomotion, support, balance, kicking, etc. bd58be93-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legal forms A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$Form-StandardizedIBO is an IBO having some standard set of labelled `fields' left blank for the user to fill in with individualized information. Forms usually accompany some sort of bureaucratic procedure, which they may be used to initiate or to certify. Examples include the elements of #$JobApplicationForm, #$DepositSlip, #$InsuranceClaimForm, #$OrderForm, #$TaxReturn, #$BirthCertificate, #$DiplomaDocument, #$ATMTransactionReceipt, #$MarriageLicenseDocument, #$DeathCertificate, etc. c0fd68b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 formal codes of conduct A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$CodeOfConduct. Each element of #$FormalCOC is a code of conduct which is imposed by an organization. Formal codes of conduct typically are explicitly stated and publicly promulgated among the group subject to them; also, they are associated with prescribed methods of enforcement and punishment of violators. Thus, the collection #$FormalCOC includes the laws of any legal jurisdiction, the rules of deportment imposed by educational institutions, the practices of some strict religious sects, etc. In contrast, informal codes of conduct are norms that are not prescribed or enforced by formal means; for example, etiquette (#$MannersCodeOfConduct) and ethics (#$EthicsCodeOfConduct). bd58af5f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 packaged products A collection of products. Each element of #$FormalProduct is a complete packaged product, including everything the customer gets when the product is purchased, e.g., the #$mainProduct, packaging, enclosures, warranties, etc. The typical packaged product as the retailer stocks it on the shelf and sells it at the register. bd58eebe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 formal product type A collection of collections. Each element of #$FormalProductType is a collection of products (i.e., tangible products, services, information products, etc.), all of which conform to a standardized product specification (i.e., a `form'). In Western-style capitalistic markets, elements of #$FormalProductType are often associated with a particular brand name (and perhaps model), since competing providers of products design them to be distinctive. For example, the collection #$InternalCombustionEngine is not an element of #$FormalProductType, but a specific collection of engines manufactured by (e.g.) Mazda would be. On the service side, the collection #$HairCuttingEvent is not a #$FormalProductType, but a subset of hair stylings for men (e.g., at a particular designer's salon) might be. bd58aa7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 format Elements of the collection #$Format are attributes that are used to constrain the multi-valued nature of a #$Predicate. Consider a predicate PRED which takes five arguments, and fix any four of those arguments -- say arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. The number of different legal values there can be for the third argument (given that we've already chosen the other four) is determined by which #$Format attribute has been specified for the 3rd argument place of PRED.. (1) If the #$arg3Format for PRED is #$SingleEntry, then there can be at most one single term that's legal (and thus at most one assertion), for those given values of arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. To illustrate, let's consider a predicate with a lower #$arity, say (#$mother CHILD MOM), which says that the mother of CHILD is MOM. The #$arg2Format for #$mother should be #$SingleEntry, since an animal can have only one biological mother. (2) If the #$arg3Format of PRED is #$SetTheFormat, then there may be any number of assertions with different terms in the third argument position, but sharing the same values for arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. E.g., the #$arg1Format for #$mother should be #$SetTheFormat, since a female can have multiple children. (3) If the #$arg3Format of PRED is #$IntervalEntry, then there may be multiple assertions sharing the values of 1, 2, 4, and 5, but with different terms in the 3rd argument; however, all the values for the 3rd argument must be overlapping elements of #$ScalarInterval (q.v.). E.g., the height of a person might be specified in several ways, with slightly different margins of error (or approximation), which is fine, but all those alternate values had better have SOME overlap since the person really just has one particular true height at any given time. bd589a1d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 forward - assertion direction The forward direction for Cyc assertions; the assertion is forward propagated. bd681463-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fragilities A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Fragility represents a specific property which determines how easily a physical object breaks. Different fragilities may be designated using a #$GenericValueFunction. Fragilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$fragilityOfObject. bd58f203-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 frames of reference Each element of #$FrameOfReference is a representation of the context in which certain data are to be interpreted. Such contexts are typically physical (i.e., spatiotemporal), but contexts may also be purely mathematical. A Cartesian coordinate system represents a frame of reference. bd58d4a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 France The nation of France as it has existed throughout time; both political and physical aspects. Unlike other nations, France directly includes some overseas possessions. bd58fa10-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 free sheet A collection of certain pieces of tangible stuff. A #$FreeSheet is a #$SheetOfSomeStuff which has two sides open to the environment. I.e. over most of each of its surfaces, it is not #$sheetSurfaceConnected with something else. be2a4be2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 free space content Instances of #$FreeSpaceContent are connected, tangible, fluid individuals occupying regions of free space (i.e. instances of #$EmptySpaceRegion): space regions through which solid objects can move more or less freely. Examples include the #$Air in the interior of a room or the sky above a city. In an underwater context, a piece of free space content is likely to be an instance of #$Water. Often, a #$FreeSpaceContent is associated with a geographical region or some physical boundaries that define its edges. But a (partially) tangible #$FreeSpaceContent is not to be confused with the intangible #$EmptySpaceRegion it occupies. bd5899a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 freezing events A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, an object is cooled to (and then below) its #$freezingPoint and is thereby changed from a #$LiquidStateOfMatter to a #$SolidStateOfMatter. bd58a837-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 French Language The Romance language which is the primary language spoken in #$France. bd58b6bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 frequencies A collection of physical attributes; a subset of #$Rate. Each element of #$Frequency is a measurement of the number of times something happens during some time interval. Elements of #$Frequency may be either fixed values, such as 103 kiloHertz, or a range, such as #$Yearly, #$Hourly, or #$Rarely. See #$UnitOfFrequency for the units used by Cyc to measure instances of #$Frequency, e.g. (#$TimesPerSecond 35), (#$KiloHertz 103). Instances of #$Frequency are important in the characterization of types of #$WavePropagation. bd58fad4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fresh water lake A collection of topographical features. Each instance of #$FreshWaterLake is a freshwater land-locked body of water [#$Lake]. Examples: #$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, #$LakeTahoe. Note that inland saltwater #$Lakes, commonly referred to as `seas', belong to the collection #$InlandSea (rather than to #$FreshWaterLake); e.g., #$CaspianSea, #$BlackSea, #$DeadSea. c10e5cfd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fried The attribute #$Fried is a specialized form of #$Cooked. Food that is #$Fried has been prepared in an event of #$Frying. bd58f595-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 friendliness Emotion manifested by interest in another person (or, more rarely, in some nonhuman agent), good will towards that individual, and an inclination to favor him or her (or it). This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Friendliness are #$Love and #$Love-Romantic. bd58b648-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fronts The collection of all the entire front sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces in the frontwards direction. bd58f6a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fruits A subset of #$PlantPart. Each element of #$Fruit is a plant structure that contains the seeds of angiosperms. Many fruits have fleshy walls having high concentrations of sugars or fats, and these are often eaten by humans and other animals. Fruits usually develop from the ovary wall, although some fruits include other tissues; e.g., the flesh of apples and of strawberries develops from the receptacle, and the fruits of pineapple and fig develop from a whole inflorescence (group of flowers). See also #$EdibleFruit. bd58e5d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 frustrations A feeling of irritation and dissatisfaction arising from unresolved problems or unfulfilled needs. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. bd58b586-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 frying Cooking food by partial or total immersion in hot oil until desired level of doneness. bd58baeb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 full time Attribute of being a full-time worker. bd588272-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 full use rights An attribute of an object with respect to an #$Agent, meaning that if the #$Agent has this right to the object, it does not place any restrictions on what the #$Agent may do with the object. If there are restrictions on what the #$Agent may do with the object, they arise from other sources, such as formal and informal laws of behavior. E.g., even if you have #$FullUseRights to your car, you can't violate traffic laws, kill people with it, blow it up in a parking lot, etc. bd58928f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 functions #$Function-Denotational is the collection of functions the CycL expressions for which can be used to form non-atomic terms (NATs). Specifically, when such a function-denoting expression is appropriately combined with other expressions (i.e. the former is in the 0th argument position and the latter are of the correct number and type) the resulting expression is a new CycL term -- a NAT -- that may then freely appear as a component in other CycL expressions. The NAT will itself denote the value (if any) of the function denoted by the former expression for the sequence of arguments denoted, respectively, by the latter expressions. For example, #$GovernmentFn is a unary denotational function, and so the CycL constant '#$GovernmentFn' requires one (syntactic) argument (such as the constant '#$France') to form a NAT (in this case, the expression '(#$GovernmentFn #$France)'). This NAT, which denotes the government of France, can in turn serve as a (syntactic) argument in any CycL expression in which (a term for) an instance of #$RegionalGovernment can occur. Alternatively, we could have created a specific new term `GovernmentOfFrance', asserted that its denotation is an instance of #$RegionalGovernment, and so on. But two related advantages to having NATs in CycL are that they (i) allow for a drastic reduction in the total number of constant terms needed in the CycL vocabulary and (ii) provide a convenient and systematic way to form appropriate new terms as needed out of existing vocabulary (which terms can then inherit from various existing rules and other assertions involving the terms' component expressions). <PARAGRAPH> Important subcollections of #$Function-Denotational include #$IndividualDenotingFunction (whose instances always return instances of #$Individual), #$CollectionDenotingFunction, #$SetDenotingFunction, and #$FunctionDenotingFunction (which is itself a subcollection of the first). NATs formed using terms that denote instances of #$FunctionDenotingFunction often denote instances of #$Function-Denotational themselves. Thus, like most other things, denotational functions can be denoted in CycL either by constants (e.g. '#$GovernmentFn') or -- although this is less common -- by NATs (e.g. '(#$FunctionToArg 2 #$biologicalMother)'). Note that the collection #$Function-Denotational does _not_ include all functions whatsoever. Functions that, given their natures and the nature of the CycL language, could not sensibly be denoted by any NAT-forming CycL expression are not denotational functions. Examples include certain provably-existing exotic mathematical functions, such as (probably) any one-to-one function from the positive integers to the rational numbers. (For a more general collection that does include such functions, and for a more general explication of the notion of function itself, see #$Function-MathematicalObject and its comment). Note also that #$Function-Denotational does not include any of the so-called #$TruthFunctions (q.v.): #$Predicates, #$Quantifiers, or #$LogicalConnectives. For these relations (as construed in CycL) are not really functions at all, even though it can be heuristically useful to think of them as if they were functions from sequences of arguments to truth values. bd5c40b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mathematical type of functions The collection of functions and a specialization of #$Relation-MathematicalObject. Each instance of #$Function-MathematicalObject is a many-one relation that represents a mapping from one set of things (the function's #$relationDomain) to another set of things (its #$relationRange). As a many-one relation, a function maps each thing in its domain to exactly one thing in its range. A function is either unary, binary, ternary, or whatever (see #$functionalArity; but cf. #$relationalArity), depending on the nature of the members of its domain. In general, the domain of an N-ary function is a set of ordered N-tuples (construed in CycL as #$Lists of length N). The function is said to take the items from any of these N-tuples as its N _arguments_ and to return a member of its range as its corresponding _value_. A key specialization of #$Function-MathematicalObject is #$FixedArityFunction (which is also a specialization of #$Function-Denotational). Instances include the elements of #$Distribution and the (non-denumerably many) one-to-one correspondences that exist between the positive integers and the rational numbers. See also #$valueOfFunctionForArgs, #$DomainOfFunctionFn, and #$RangeOfFunctionFn. bee42bbb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 function from quantities to quantities A collection of mathematical functions. Each element of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities is a function that takes one or more numbers as its arguments, and it returns a number as its value. Examples: subtraction (#$DifferenceFn), square root (#$SqrtFn), absolute value (#$AbsoluteValueFn), and logarithm (#$LogFn). bd58daad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 function or functional predicate A collection of mathematical objects each instance of which is either a denotational function or a predicate that is functional in at least one argument place (see #$FunctionalPredicate). Examples: #$SkolemFunction, #$IntervalMaxFn, #$ElectricalPotentialDifference, #$revenueFromType, #$costRateForType, #$permeabilityOfSubstThroSubst. bd5880a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mathematical functions bd58809d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 functional predicate A specialization of #$Predicate instances of which are functional in at least one argument-place (see #$functionalInTheNthArg). Given any sequence of legal arguments placed in such a predicate's other argument positions, there is at most one legal argument such that, when it is placed in the predicate's functional position, the resulting formula is true. More precisely: Suppose PRED is an N-ary instance of #$FunctionalPredicate that is functional in its Kth place. Given any (N-1)-tuple <O(1), ..., O(K-1), O(K+1), ..., O(N)> consisting of things that are, respectively, legal arguments (i.e. satisfy the argument-constraints) for the N-1 argument-places in PRED other than its argK-place, there is at most one thing -- call it O(K) -- such that (PRED O(1) ... O(N)) is true. (The one exception to the above is when the argument-format for PRED's functional argument-place is #$IntervalEntry (q.v.). In that case there might be more than one instance of #$ScalarInterval that, when put in this argument-place, yields a true formula; but all of these scalar intervals must be related to one another by #$overlapsIntervals.) For example, #$biologicalMother is functional in its second argument-place, since every animal has one and only one biological mother. It can happen that, for some ways of fixing PRED's other arguments, there will be _nothing_ that would yield a true formula when put into PRED's functional argument-place; for example, while a spatial thing has at most one length (see #$lengthOfObject), if it is (say) a sphere it has none. A binary #$FunctionalPredicate that is functional in its second argument is an instance of #$FunctionalSlot (q.v.). bd58dc77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 functional slots A specialization of #$FunctionalPredicate each instance of which is a binary predicate that is functional in its second argument position. More precisely, a functional binary predicate PRED is an instance of #$FunctionalSlot if and only if, for any legal occupant THING1 of PRED's arg1 position, there is at most one legal occupant THING2 of PRED's arg2 position such that (PRED THING1 THING2) holds. #$FunctionalSlot is in effect one half of the intersection of #$BinaryPredicate and #$FunctionalPredicate, containing those whose second argument is functional. Examples: #$latitude, #$countryOfAddress, #$stateOfDevice, #$femaleParentActor. bd5881a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fundamental numeric attribute type A collection of collections. Each element of #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType is a collection of measurable attributes, including #$Distance, #$Time-Quantity, #$Currency, #$Mass, etc. The types of attributes in this collection are `fundamental' when contrasted with other attributes which are derived from them (such as #$Volume, #$Speed, etc.). Cf. #$DerivedNumericAttributeType. bd59059d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fungus The collection of fungi, the stationary, saprophytic, and symbiotic or parasitic eukaryotic organisms constituting an instance of #$BiologicalKingdom in many systems of classification. #$Fungus includes as subsets the collections #$Mushroom, #$Yeast, and #$RingwormFungus. Unlike most other instances of #$Plant, mushrooms are incapable of performing processes of #$Photosynthesis. bd589909-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pieces of furniture A collection of durable artifacts which are used in #$HumanShelterConstructions to make human dwelling places more comfortable. An instance of #$FurniturePiece is a whole piece of furniture, such as a table, chair, or chest of drawers; an arm of a sofa is not a #$FurniturePiece. Its subsets can be classified according to the main functions their elements serve: (1) providing support for people's bodies while they are seated or reclining (e.g., #$Bed-PieceOfFurniture, #$Sofa-PieceOfFurniture, #$FootStool, #$FixedTheaterSeat); (2) providing work/action surfaces (e.g., #$Desk-PieceOfFurniture, #$DiningRoomTable); (3) providing organized and/or protective storage for people's stuff (e.g., #$Dresser-PieceOfFurniture, #$Bookcase-PieceOfFurniture); (4) providing extra illumination or some other function in living and work areas (e.g., #$ElectricLamp). Most pieces of furniture belong to the collection #$NonPoweredDevice (q.v.) in that they don't need any energy input in order to do their function. Note: Yes, of course lamps, fancy console TVs, hospital beds, etc. are exceptions to that last rule -- they require power. But in a sense they are really objects performing multiple independent functions. A fancy console TV is a piece of furniture even when it's turned off; it just so happens to fulfill two roles, one as a piece of furniture and one as an appliance. When it's turned on, in fact, its users are intended to stop noticing it as a piece of furniture.) bd58d01d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fusion event A collection of events. In each #$FusionEvent, two or more objects fuse together, yielding a product. bd58ad78-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transfers of user rights A collection of events. In an instance of #$GainingUserRights, some #$Agent gains possession of something. Thus, in such an event, that agent newly acquires a right (viz., some #$UserRightsAttribute) to use some item. The item in question is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer, and the agent is the #$toPossessor (i.e., the one to whom the possession comes). The #$Agent may or may not be a #$deliberateActors in the event; e.g., buying a car is done on purpose, but receiving a car as a gift isn't. If either of those two events happen to you, though, it is an element of the collection #$GainingUserRights. bd6460d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gamma rays A collection of events; a subset of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$GammaRay is an instance of electromagnetic radiation that has a #$wavelength less than 1x10^-2 #$Angstroms. Low power #$GammaRays overlap with high power #$XRays. c05ce4b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gaseous A basic physical state of matter. #$GaseousStateOfMatter characterizes pieces of matter that are at a high enough temperature or low enough pressure for the type of matter involved that the molecules are not bonded even weakly to their neighbors, and readily break free. Gaseous objects are characterized at the macroscopic level by having diffuse boundaries (when outside of containers), no shape independent of a container, and by great expandability and compressibility. Examples of things that typically have this attribute are: the helium in a child's balloon; the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere; the water vapor in Earth's atmosphere. bd58bd5f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gaseous objects A collection of tangible substances. Each element of #$GaseousTangibleThing is a tangible thing which shares many of the properties that matter in a #$GaseousStateOfMatter exhibits; i.e., its shapes would completely conform to the boundaries of a vessel containing it, and it is compressible (however, not all instances of #$GaseousTangibleThing can be said to have #$GaseousStateOfMatter, because that's reserved for pure compounds). Examples of #$GaseousTangibleThing: pieces of matter in #$GaseousStateOfMatter like the helium in a child's balloon; mixures of gasses such as #$TheAtmosphereQuaSinglePieceOfStuff; and suspensions of liquids and solids in gas such as #$Fog and #$Smoke. Cf. #$FluidTangibleThing, #$LiquidTangibleThing. bd58c52b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genders The collection of genders that organisms can have. bd58a890-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 general microtheory The collection consisting of every #$Microtheory intended to contain general axioms useful for multiple purposes. This excludes microtheories which deal with specific situations, such as instances of #$ProblemSolvingCntxt, microtheories that represent the information content of one specific #$InformationBearingObject such as the US Declaration of Independence, or those which are purely lexical microtheories. Examples of this collection are #$HumanSocialLifeMt, #$BuyingMt, and #$NaiveAnimalsMt. Negative examples include #$GeneralLexiconMt (purely lexical) and #$PeopleDataMt (no general axioms). bd589197-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transfers This collection is a subset of #$Event. Each element of #$GeneralizedTransfer is an event in which something (tangible or intangible) is transferred from one `place' to another. #$GeneralizedTransfer includes changes in physical location, in ownership or possession, transfer of information, and propagation of wave phenomena through space. See also the related predicate #$transferredThing, and the specialized subsets of this collection. bd588eb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 extents #$GenericQuantity is a specialization of #$ScalarInterval. Each instance of #$GenericQuantity is a generic measure that is not numerically specified. Examples: #$Low, #$Medium, #$High, #$HighToVeryHigh. When such quantities are related to their subject by a specialized predicate (e.g., #$feelsTowardsEvent, #$goalImportance), they may represent amounts in specialized areas, including strength of emotional responses and importance of goals. See also #$GenericValueFunction, #$followingValue. bd58998e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic shape type A collection of collections. Instances of #$GenericShapeType are collections representing types of shapes that make no committment to being either purely abstract or to being located in the physical world. Therefore, each instance of GenericShapeType is going to have some abstract and some localized instances. #$GenericShapeType is distinguished from #$AbstractShapeType (q.v.), which is the collection of those collections that are instances of #$ShapeType, and all of whose elements are abstract. There is no 'LocalizedShapeType'. c14f9295-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic value function A collection of Cyc functions; a subset of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. Each element of #$GenericValueFunction is a function that can be applied to an element of #$LinearOrderAttributeType and returns some `generic' amount (e.g., high, medium, low) of that attribute. Such functions are particularly useful for qualitative, hard-to-quantify attribute types, e.g., #$Happiness, #$Fragility, #$Absorbency, #$Glamor, etc. They save us from having to create individually the various levels of attributes like #$Happiness, #$Fragility, etc. Instead, for example, we need only refer to (#$HighAmountFn #$Happiness) as an alternative to painstakingly reifying `HighHappiness' and hand-entering all the formulas that such a constant requires (e.g. #$isa, #$followingValue, etc.). The compositionality afforded by the elements of #$GenericValueFunction allows this overhead to be taken care of automatically. (Rode, 11/9/1998) See also #$GenericQuantity and #$GenValueFn. bf2a2ba8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genetic conditions A collection of physiological conditions. An instance of #$GeneticCondition is an abnormal condition which developed in a particular organism due to that organism's genetic configuration. Such conditions are not contagious as infections are, but they may be hereditary. They are often harmful, in fact they are often #$AilmentConditions, such as encephalitis. Occasionally, though the mutation is beneficial, in which case it would be wrong to also label it an #$AilmentCondition. c0fd5d45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genl attributes format If a predicate P has #$GenlAttributesFormat for argument position N, then given some particular list of terms that occupy the other argument positions of P, there may be multiple assertions with different terms in position N (keeping the other arguments fixed), but only so long as the terms in position N are all interrelated by the predicate #$genlAttributes. For example, the #$arg3Format of #$directionBetweenObjects is #$GenlAttributesFormat. This allows us to state both (#$directionBetweenObjects #$PotomacRiver #$HudsonBay #$North-Generally) and (#$directionBetweenObjects #$PotomacRiver #$HudsonBay #$North-Directly) in a #$Microtheory in which (#$genlAttributes #$North-Directly #$North-Generally). bf4f4c20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genl preds format If a predicate P has #$GenlPredsFormat for argument position N, then given some particular list of terms that occupy the other argument positions of P, there may be multiple assertions with different terms in position N (keeping the other arguments fixed), but only so long as the terms in position N are all interrelated by the predicate #$genlPreds. For example, the #$arg3Format of #$soleFunction is #$GenlPredsFormat. This allows us to state both (#$typeSoleFunction #$Bus-RoadVehicle #$TransportInvolvingADriver #$transporter) and (#$typeSoleFunction #$TransportInvolvingADriver #$vehicle) in a #$Microtheory in which (#$genlPreds #$vehicle #$transporter). c0e81674-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genls format If a predicate P has #$GenlsFormat for argument position N, then given some particular list of terms that occupy the other argument positions of P, there may be multiple assertions with different terms in position N (keeping the other arguments fixed), but only so long as the terms in position N are all interrelated by the predicate #$genls. For example, the #$arg1Format of #$soleProductType is #$GenlsFormat. This allows us to state both (#$soleProductType #$AlfaRomeoTheCompany #$SportsCar) and (#$soleProductType #$AlfaRomeoTheCompany #$AlfaRomeoCar) in a #$Microtheory in which (#$genls #$AlfaRomeoCar #$SportsCar). c088dcf7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directions A specialization of #$UnitVectorInterval. #$GeographicalDirections derive from the 'intrinsic' directional axes of a terrestrial frame of reference: North, South, East, West, geographic 'Up' and geographic 'Down'. Like all #$VectorIntervals, they may be specified precisely--e.g., #$North-Directly or as intervals--e.g., #$North-Generally. With respect to 'up' and 'down', care should be taken to distinguish a #$TopAndBottomSidedObject's 'intrinsic' up and down from 'up' and 'down' with respect to the surface of the Earth or some other planet. bd58dbdb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geographical regions A collection of spatial regions that include some piece of the surface of a planet (usually #$PlanetEarth). Each element of #$GeographicalRegion is a #$PartiallyTangible entity that may be represented on a map of the planet. This includes purely topographical regions like mountains and underwater spaces, places defined by demographics, e.g., language areas, and territory otherwise demarcated, e.g. #$TimeZones. In dualist geopolitical contexts [see #$DualistGeopoliticalMt], instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity are also considered to be instances of #$GeographicalRegion. In all cases the region in question must contain some tangible component with which it is possible to make physical contact. The elements of #$GeographicalRegion contrast in this respect with the elements of #$GeographicalThing-Intangible, which are wholly imaginary . Examples of #$GeographicalRegions: #$RockyMountainStates-USRegion, the #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$SinaiPeninsula, and -- in dualist geopolitical contexts -- #$YaleUniversity and #$CityOfPittsburghPA. Some important types of regions are represented by the subsets #$LanguageArea, #$TimeZone, #$PostalCodeRegion, #$EcologicalRegion, #$ConstructionSite, and -- in dualist geopolitical contexts -- #$GeopoliticalEntity. No elements of #$GeographicalRegion are wholly indoor locations. bd588009-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geometric forms A subset of #$SpatialThing. Each element of #$GeometricThing is a spatial thing that can be described mathematically. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the equator, and abstract objects, such as abstract shapes of various dimensions. bd58c42e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abstract shapes A specialization of #$GeometricThing each of whose instances is abstract in the sense of being intangible (see #$Intangible) as well as lacking spatial and temporal location. Each instance of #$GeometricThing-Abstract is an abstract region of an abstract space (the latter having two or more dimensions). Geometric figures that are located in this (or another) universe are not instances of this collection, but of #$GeometricThing-Localized. bd5885bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geometric thing - intangible The collection of all intangible #$GeometricThings whether they are spatially localized or purely abstract. This is the #$collectionIntersection of #$GeometricThing and #$Intangible. Positive examples are any intangible things that are characterizable in geometric terms, such as the intangible space determined by an Egyptian pyramid, a platonic sphere, or the center of mass of the solar system at the first instant of the twentieth century (a point). Important specializations are #$GeometricThing-Localized (all spatially localized instances) and #$GeometricThing-Abstract (all instances not spatially located in any universe). c12c73ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geometric thing - localized A collection of spatially localized (but intangible) objects #$SpatialThing-Localized. Positive examples are any things that both have some location or position in the Universe, and are characterizable in geometric terms, such as the intangible spaces determined by, for example, the pyramids of Egypt (pyramids), the Sun (a sphere), or the center of mass of the solar system at the first instant of the twentieth century (a point). #$GeometricThing-Localized is identical with (#$LocalizedFn #$GeometricThing) (see the #$cyclistNotes on this page for why we need this constant reified anyway). #$GeometricThing-Localized includes as specs (#$LocalizedFn #$Circle), (#$LocalizedFn #$Square), and in general all the 'localized realizations' of the generic geometric collections. c1350e38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 political entities A collection of #$LegalAgents which control #$GeographicalRegions. Each element of #$GeopoliticalEntity includes the governing body of the institution as well as the institution itself. In a dualist microtheory (e.g. #$WorldGeographyDualistMt) an instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity includes a politically defined geographical region taken together with its people, artificial habitats, etc., as well. (#$TerritoryFn GEOPOLITICAL_ENTITY) is used to refer to the land mass of GEOPOLITICAL_ENTITY in #$WorldGeographyMt. Important subsets include #$Country, #$IndependentCountry, #$State-Geopolitical, #$City, #$Province. Examples: #$CityOfTokyoJapan, #$BronxNY-Borough, #$Alaska-State, #$Rwanda, #$Singapore, #$InnerMongolia, #$Somerset-CountyEngland, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina. Although the name #$GeopoliticalEntity may suggest otherwise, elements are not necessarily elements of #$Entity. bd58e5da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 German In its standard version, the dominant form of High German. bd58d018-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Germany Germany, a medium-sized #$IndependentCountry in the north of the #$ContinentOfEurope. Germany throughout time, both political and physical aspects. bd58f83c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gerundive noun The collection of all gerunds, that is deverbal nouns formed (in English) with the suffix '-ing'. Gerundive nouns usually denote a type of action (with mass agreement) or an instance thereof (with count agreement). bdde941c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gestures A collection of configurations; a subset of #$VisualInformationSource. Each element of #$Gesture is a configuration of animal body parts that has some meaning to an observer with an understanding of the interpretive convention. A gesture may include some tool or prop. Gestures may be fleeting (e.g., a hello wave) or may last a long time (e.g., the gesture embodied in the #$StatueOfLiberty). Note that, as defined in Cyc, a gesture is a meaningful configuration of body parts, NOT the actions producing the arrangement; for representation of the actions, see #$MakingAGesture. bd590c05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gifts A collection of events. In an instance of #$GiftGiving, one #$Agent intentionally gives all use rights over an object (see #$UserRightsAttribute) to another #$Agent without taking payment in return. bd58ee61-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 giving events A collection of events. In an instance of #$GivingSomething, one #$Agent gives a tangible thing to another #$Agent. Every #$GivingSomething event can also be thought of as a receiving event. Note: The common case in which one #$Agent gives ownership of an object to another #$Agent is represented by the subset #$GiftGiving. bd58c4c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 glass A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Glass is a piece of glass; e.g., a wine bottle, a plate glass window, a microscope slide, a crystal water goblet, the mirrors of a reflecting telescope. bd5886fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 going to sleep The collection of events in which an #$Animal goes from the state of being awake to being in a state of sleep. bd58b14a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 golf carts The collection of all motorized vehicles that are designed for golfers to use to drive around on #$GolfCourses while they are playing #$GolfGames. GolfCarts drive very slowly compared with #$Automobiles. c0fce4ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 governmental regulations A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$FormalCOC (the set of formal codes of conduct). Each instance of #$GovernmentCOC is a formal regulation of behavior imposed upon agents -- including citizens, tourists, businesses, government entities, etc., in so far as they are subject to it -- who are located within the legal jurisdiction where that code of conduct holds. #$GovernmentCOC includes both individual laws and whole legal codes. Some examples of #$GovernmentCOC include: the Napoleonic Code, the United States Constitution and all Federal, State, and local laws of the United States, and the particular laws against stealing found in most, if not all, countries. Enforcement of a particular instance of #$GovernmentCOC is authorized by the government associated with that code and carried out by its agents within their jurisdiction(s). See also #$LegalCode and #$Law. bd58a160-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 government leader note The distinction between #$HeadOfGovernment and #$HeadOfState is a subtle one. #$HeadOfGovernment is the set of #$Leaders who actually run the government. #$HeadOfState is the set of #$Leaders who are mainly ceremonial figures, fulfilling diplomatic roles such as hosting foreign dignitaries. For a given #$Country, these two roles may be filled by the same person, such as #$BillClinton for the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica in 1996, or by two separate individuals; for example, in 1996 the #$HeadOfState for #$GreatBritain-TheIsland would be #$QueenElizabethII, while the #$HeadOfGovernment would be John Major (#$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment). Cyc constant names indicate which government role is associated with a particular title; e.g., #$Sultan-HeadOfGovernment vs. #$Sultan-HeadOfState. bd59a14c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 government military organizations The collection of all #$MilitaryOrganizations which belong to, and are directed by, the governing body of a geographical region or international organization. The government organization may be a national government, state or provincial government, or an international governing body such as the #$UnitedNationsOrganization. The military forces may include armies, navies, air forces, military border patrols, coast guards, etc. This collection excludes private armies and mercenary forces. bd5f3555-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 national governments A collection of regional government organizations. An element of #$GovernmentOfCountry is the government of some element of #$Country; e.g., #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment. See also the Cyc function #$GovernmentFn, which can be used to refer to the government of a political region. The governments of smaller regions within a country may or may not be #$subOrganizations of that country's government; in `federal' systems the smaller regions often have partly autonomous governments, as do the elements of #$State-UnitedStates. c10aeef9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 granular A physical attribute. #$Granular is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that describes a solid that consists of granules and has a grainy texture; e.g., sand, sugar, salt. bd58f710-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 grasping implements A collection of tools. An instance of #$GraspingImplement is a tool which is intended to be used to grasp (and often to subsequently immobilize or control the location/movement of) some other solid object. Examples include each #$Vise, each pair of #$Forceps, each #$MonkeyWrench, each pair of #$Tweezers, etc. But not a balloon, a syringe, a doorstop, a cage, etc. A marginal positive example would be a magnetic tool designed to pick up something without actually touching it. bd58c762-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 grasping something with a tool A collection of the events in which a tool is used to grasp some object. bd58de3e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 thanksgivings A feeling of appreciation towards another agent for a benefit or favor received from him/her. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. bd588970-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 salutes The collection of actions performed by one #$Agent to greet another. Includes verbal and physical greetings. bd58cdbd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 grilled The attribute #$Grilled is a specialized form of #$Cooked. Food that is #$Grilled has been prepared in an event of #$GrillingFood, using a #$BBQGrill or an #$ElectricGrill. bd58f553-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 barbecues Cooking food on a #$BBQGrill or an #$ElectricGrill. bd58baa8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 headquarters A collection of smallish geographical regions. Each element of #$GroundsOfOrganization is an area which contains buildings inhabited by some organization. Examples: the campus of the #$UniversityOfTexasAtAustin or the grounds of #$SetonNorthwestHospital. Note that the `grounds' of an organization, especially an organization with urban locations, might not include a yard. bd58f5c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 groups A collection of objects. Each element of #$Group is a composite object, made up of individual members which may be either events or objects. A group is related to its members by the predicate #$groupMembers (q.v.). Note that elements of #$Group are NOT collections; consider: a group has temporal extent and may have spatial extent and location, while a collection is timeless and abstract. Nonetheless, it is possible to define a collection parallel to any group, so that the #$groupMembers of that group are also instances (#$isa's) of the correlated collection; e.g., each toe on my left foot is both an element of the collection of my left toes and a member of the group of toes on my left foot. But that group (of my left toes) is a spatiotemporal thing, while the correlated collection (of my left toes) is NOT. Another example: if I consider a certain flock of pigeons as having a location, a spatial extent, and a time of existence, then I am considering (the pigeon flock) a group and NOT a collection. As a default, a group whose #$groupMembers are elements of #$SomethingExisting is itself an element of #$SomethingExisting; and a group whose #$groupMembers are elements of #$Event is itself an element of #$Event. Finally, unlike a collection, a group cannot be empty; a group must have some #$groupMembers, or there is no group (at that point in time). Examples of #$Group: #$QueensGuard, #$ThreeWiseMen, #$SantasReindeer, #$InternationalCommunity. bd58e6a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Guest This constant is for use by guests (users who may not have full rights of access) who want to interact with Cyc. bd5ad700-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 guide A collection of events; a subset of both #$ControllingSomething and #$Movement-TranslationEvent. An instance of #$GuidingAMovingObject is an event in which an agent guides or steers an object which is in motion. For example, someone steering a car or a motorcycle, controlling a surfboard, or flying a kite. If all you `guide' is a rotation, then that is not quite a #$GuidingAMovingObject event. Also, if no motion actually takes place, then it would be stretching things to call that a `guiding.' So a marginal example is #$Running (you are guiding yourself) and two marginal non-examples are: spinning in place, and running in place. c100601b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 guilt Negative, self-accusatory feeling of responsibility and blameworthiness for having caused harm by a past action, usually with conscious intent. Note that this is not `guilty vs. innocent', but rather the feeling of guiltiness. An unremorseful killer, though guilty (as opposed to innocent) of the murder, may not feel any #$Guilt (i.e., guiltiness) about it. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. bd58e14d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gulfs A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Gulf is a part of a sea extending into a land mass. Many gulfs are the outlet for a large river system. Examples of #$Gulf include the #$SaronicGulf, #$GulfOfMexico, #$GulfOfArkangelsk, #$GulfOfCalifornia, and #$PersianGulf. bd590006-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gusty A #$WeatherAttribute indicating that the wind at an #$OutdoorLocation is subject to sudden changes in direction and intensity. bd58aa29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 h l assertion The collection of assertions in the HL language, used internally by Cyc's inference engine. c066205f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 h l expression The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the HL language. All of their subexpressions, if any, must also be in the HL language. c1359f2c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 h l indexed term The collection of indexed terms in the HL language, used by the internals of Cyc. All these terms have special indexing support in Cyc's inference engine. Indexed terms are currently (September 2000) constants, NARTs, and assertions. bfff7db5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NART The collection of all non-atomic denotational terms in the HL language, used internally by the inference engine. These are HL formulas with an instance of #$ReifiableFunction as their functor and optionally other HL terms as their arguments. These HL NATs are often called NARTs , which stands for Non-Atomic Reified Term. The difference between HL NATs and reifiable EL NATs should be transparent to users of Cyc, because the #$CycCanonicalizer automatically transforms all reifiable EL NATs into HL NATs. c0dbf70e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 FORT The collection of reified denotational terms in the HL language. These terms are used by the internals of Cyc, such as the inference engine. They are often called 'FORTs', which stands for 'first-order reified terms'. c0a890e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 h l reified formula The collection of reified formulas in the HL language. This includes HL NARTs and HL assertions. c0f093d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 h l variable The collection of all variables in the HL language, used internally by the inference engine and not normally visible to users of Cyc. bed98018-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 furnishings A collection of artifacts. #$HOCObject is a very general collection for all artifacts that are found in places where humans live or work, i.e., in some element of #$HumanOccupationConstruct (= HOC). Since these objects are considered to be found indoors, they are all roughly `human-sized'. Elements include everything from furniture to tools, appliances to artwork, medical examining tables to church altars and pews. bd590775-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hail The collection of instances of #$PrecipitationProcess in which solid particles or small chunks of water ice fall to the earth from clouds. bd589b65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hailstones The collection of solid particles or small chunks of ice emitted from clouds in instances of #$HailProcess. bd58f574-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hands The collection of all terminal parts of a #$Vertebrate forelimb which are structurally suited to function as a grasping organ (as in people, newts, etc.). E.g., FerdinandTheBull has his forelimbs end in hooves, which are not capable of grasping things, so those are NOT considered #$Hands. bd588655-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 manual tools The collection #$HandTool is a subset of #$Tool. Each element of #$HandTool fills all the requirements for a generic tool, plus the requirement that a hand tool is a portable object which is hand-guided throughout its operation. Examples include the elements of #$Screwdriver, #$ManualDrill, and #$BlowDryer. See also #$Tool, #$PortableObject. bd58a0fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 use of a device A collection of #$Events; a subset of #$HandlingAnObject. An instance of #$HandlingADevice is an event in which a device is manipulated (with the operator holding and touching the device) in order to use it for its #$primaryFunction. Instances include elements of the subsets #$Pruning, #$PlayingAMusicalInstrument, #$OperatingAHouseholdAppliance, #$PumpingGasEvent, #$WritingByHand, and many more. Just carrying pruning shears around is not a #$HandlingADevice event. bd588c5e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 handle A collection of events; a subset of both #$ControllingSomething and #$PhysicalContactEvent. An instance of #$HandlingAnObject is an event in which an object is touched and manipulated by some #$Agent. Examples of #$HandlingAnObject include instances of #$HoldingAnObject and of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion. So just holding a rock in your hand is a #$HandlingAnObject; so is washing your cereal bowl (an instance of #$WashingDishes), cutting a loose thread on your shirt (an instance of #$CuttingAThread), and carrying the rock from one place to another (an instance of #$CarryingWhileLocomoting.) One very important class of #$HandlingAnObject instances involve operating some hand-held device --- i.e., events which are instances of the collection #$HandlingADevice. I.e., the performer handles an object which happens to be a device, but not just lugging it around but actually employing it for its intended #$primaryFunction --- not merely to look at it or rearrange or relocate it. For example, if you move a fork from the dishwasher to the silverware drawer, that's just #$HandlingAnObject; if you use that fork to eat some food, though, that is an instance of #$HandlingADevice. bd588ca1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 happily The enjoyment of pleasurable satisfaction that goes with well-being, security, effective accomplishments, or satisfied wishes. As with all #$FeelingAttributeTypes, this is a #$Collection -- the set of all possible amounts of happiness one can feel. One instance of #$Happiness is `extremely happy'; another is `just a little bit happy'. Note: Obviously there are no real units of measure for this quantity, ways of objectively measuring the amount of happiness possessed or gained or lost, etc., but still this has proven to be a useful way for Cyc to represent and reason with emotions. E.g., one can have a rule that says that most people have a greater `amount' of happiness at their wedding than at their high school graduation, etc. There are functions, such as #$LowAmountFn, which take a #$PrimitiveAttributeType (such as the instances of #$FeelingAttributeType) such as #$Happiness and return as their value a certain-sized amount of that feeling; e.g., (#$LowAmountFn #$Happiness) is an expression whose value is a positive but small amount of happiness, and that in turn will be an element of #$Happiness (and also will be an element of #$FeelingAttribute and an element of #$AttributeValue, etc.) #$FeelingAttributeTypes organize into a lattice; e.g., there are several more specialized forms of #$Happiness that are present in Cyc's ontology, such as #$Elation, #$Delight, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc. bd58b500-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 harbours The collection of those parts of a #$BodyOfWater, each of which is protected from the open sea and deep enough to furnish fairly safe anchorage. bd58cdcf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hard copies A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs). Each element of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject is an IBO in a `hard' format, e.g., written on paper, on wood, on palm leaves, engraved in metal, carved on stone. Humans can read hardcopy IBOs without using a computer or electronic device to access them. Thus, #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject does NOT include the tangible IBOs which are embodied in magnetic media (e.g., data or music on tapes or disks). Examples of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject: a billboard, a greeting card, a restaurant check, a magazine, an engraving by Rembrandt, a ten dollar bill, a price tag, or a hardcopy of a #$Map with no text on it. bd58e00e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hardnesses A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Hardness is an attribute describing how much pressure a tangible material can withstand before deforming or fragmenting. Hardnesses may be characterized using a #$GenericValueFunction (q.v.), or relative to certain substances, e.g., #$HardAsARock. Hardnesses of objects are reported using the predicate #$hardnessOfObject. bd58b1c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tools A collection of tools. An instance of #$HardwareTool is an object used to perform a task, usually by applying a particular kind of force on another object. The tool is used to produce a physical effect in the position, structure, or arrangement of the other object. Subsets of #$HardwareTool include #$Hammer, #$Screwdriver, #$HandSaw. An electric drill is also a #$HardwareTool. Borderline nonexamples include eating utensils, robot servants, screws, nails, and levers. bd58c122-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pick A collection of events. Each instance of #$HarvestingAPlant is an event in which a plant is harvested. Harvesting may involve separating some part of the plant and leaving the rest in place (e.g., fruit trees), or it may involve removing the entire plant from its growing location (e.g., carrots). bd58c0aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hats A collection of objects. Each element of #$Hat is either a hat or other headgear or hatlike object. Subsets include #$Helmet, #$SwimmingCap, and #$Sombrero. bd58a525-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hatred An intense feeling of hostility and aversion, usually deriving from fear, anger, or a sense of injury, and usually coupled with enmity and malice. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. bd58d9e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mealtimes A collection of events. Each element of #$HavingAMeal is an event in which one or more diners consume a meal. In addition to #$HavingBreakfast, #$HavingLunch, and #$HavingDinner, this includes #$HavingASnack (among other subsets). Typically, instances of #$HavingAMeal include people eating some food and drinking one or more beverages. bd58cc30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heads The collection of all heads of #$Animals. [Note: the hyphenated name reflects the need to have other terms in the knowledge base like #$Head-Vertebrate, representing a subset of this set, about which some useful specialized information is stated.] bd58ba60-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vertebrate heads The collection of all heads of #$Vertebrates (animals with backbones). Vertebrate heads all have faces (see #$FaceOfAnimal) and connect to the animal's torso via a neck; these things are not generally true for most non-vertebrates. bd5883bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heads of government A collection of persons. Each element of #$HeadOfGovernment is a person who holds a political position as the titular head of the government in some element of #$Country. Titles that such a person might hold include Prime Minister, President, Premier, King or Queen, Minister of State, Sultan, Chacellor, Chairman. Examples: John Major, Benjamin Netanyahu, Bill Clinton. See also #$titleOfPosition. Cf. #$HeadOfState. bd590143-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heads of state A collection of persons. Each element of #$HeadOfState is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some element of #$Country. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, Regent. Examples of #$HeadOfState: #$BillClinton, #$QueenElizabethII, Yasser Arafat, Hirohito, Jiang Zemin. See also #$titleOfPosition. Cf. #$HeadOfGovernment. bd58e773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 health professionals The collection of all health-related professionals - including medical professionals as well as professionals not in the medical field. For example, health inspectors. bd58a4d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hearing The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which, by means of vibratory sensors, a #$PerceptualAgent #$hears something that is causing (or consisting of) sound waves, and thereby acquires information about it. See also: #$ListeningDeliberately, the subset of #$Hearing events in which the aural stimulus is intentionally attended to. bd58dc32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hearts The collection of all hearts. A #$Heart is an #$Organ that pumps blood throughout the body of an #$Animal. bd58ef0e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heating device A collection of physical devices. The set of #$PhysicalDevices whose #$primaryFunction is to generate heat to raise the temperature of something else. The stuff being heated might be gaseous (air in a room or a hair dryer), liquid (water in a pool or hot water tank), or solid (food in an oven, hair with a curling iron, plastic during its shaping, etc.) An instance of #$HeatingDevice typically has some energy input, some way of converting that energy to heat, and some way of delivering the heat to the object(s) to be heated. A borderline positive example of this is a device which absorbs heat during warm periods such as daytimes, and radiates it back out again during cool periods such as nighttimes. Note that heating must be a primary function of the device; no matter how little you think of your personal computer, it is not a #$HeatingDevice. bd58befe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heating processes #$HeatingProcess is a specialization of #$TemperatureChangingProcess -- that is, (#$genls #$HeatingProcess #$TemperatureChangingProcess). During each #$HeatingProcess event, the temperature of the #$objectOfStateChange is increased by applying heat to the object. bd58d2c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heavenly bodies A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$HeavenlyBody is an astronomical object located in outer space (including the Earth). Elements of #$HeavenlyBody are natural bodies, NOT artificially made objects such as spaceships or communications satellites. Examples: the #$Sun, #$Polaris-TheStar, #$PlanetPluto, #$MoonOfEarth. See also: #$AstronomicalObject. bd58a4b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 helicopters The collection of rotary wing, self-powered mechanical devices that fly. bd58ae10-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 helix shaped #$HelixShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all typically shaped helixes (or helix-shaped objects). c03f4a4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hemisphere shaped #$HemisphereShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute of three dimensional objects that can be described as half-spheres. bfd40ec2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hemispheres and calendars #$CalendarSeasons are defined by the Gregorian calendar and are synchronized with the equinoxes and solstices. #$SeasonOfYear instances are climatic seasons, events characterized by the weather in a given region. The relationship between #$SeasonOfYear instances and #$CalendarSeasons depends upon the hemisphere (or, more precisely, upon the lattitude.) In the northern hemisphere, north of the tropics, a #$CalendarSummer will significantly intersect with the a #$SummerSeason each year. But in the southern hemisphere, that same #$CalendarSummer (which is the same in both hemispheres) will intersect with what is locally, weatherwise, a #$WinterSeason. bd62ee33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 herbivores The collection of animals that do not eat other animals, or parts of animals, but instead eat plants or plant parts. #$Ruminant and its subsets #$Deer and #$Sheep are subsets of #$Herbivore. bd5902f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 herd animals A subset of #$Animal; the collection of all large plant-eating animals that travel and graze in social groups. Elements of #$HerdAnimal also belong to #$Herbivore; they include most instances of #$Ruminant and may also include Triceretops. bd5f5651-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hexagon shaped This is the shape attribute shared by all six sided two dimensional figures. bf07555a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 highways The subcollection of #$Roadway that contains all highways, inside or outside cities. bd58d561-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Hindi Language spoken in the Indic area. bd58cbdb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 collections A collection of sets of objects, tangible or intangible, which have some special financial, scientific, cultural, or educational value. An instance of #$Holdings is a set of objects kept and usually maintained by some agent for their value, or to preserve the objects, or to make them available for public display or use (as in a museum's `holdings' or a library's `holdings'). The elements in a group of holdings may or may not be all of a similar type (e.g., books, paintings). An agent's holdings may or may not all be kept in the same location. bd58dc8f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 holidays Each #$Holiday is an #$Event wherein social celebrations and/or rituals are performed, typically lasting for one #$DaysDuration and typically coinciding with a #$CalendarDay. While #$Holidays are often #$AnnualEvents, they may also be one-time events or scheduled in some other manner. They are also contextual, as different nationalities, eras, etc. celebrate different ones. bd58a9b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 holiday seasons Instances of #$HolidaySeason are events which encompass the activities around a #$Holiday (or group of #$Holidays). The clearest example is #$ChristmasSeason. While the exact boundaries of a #$HolidaySeason may be vague, it is nonethless a useful concept; in fact, much of the usefulness comes from that very fuzziness: it is hard to define exactly, but there are many things worth saying about it. c1006f0c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hopeful Expectation of fulfillment or success. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. bd5889b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 horizons The collection of all horizons, each being the far-off region within a few degrees of the horizontal plane, where the sky appears to join the distant landscape. The horizon is always relative to a particular point of observation. be00ef13-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 horizontal direction The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises all the vectors which are perpendicular to #$Up-Directly and #$Down-Directly. bd58ba3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 horizontal (#$orientation OBJECT #$HorizontalOrientation) means that OBJECT is horizontal with respect to the current instance of #$FrameOfReference. A linear (#$LongAndThin) object is horizontal if and only if its longest axis lies in the horizontal plane. A planar (#$SheetShaped) object is horizontal if and only if its two longest axes lie in the horizontal plane. Typically, horizontal objects include dinner plates, mousepads, ice skating rinks, parking lots, and stratus clouds. c0fbacf8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hospitals Local (at one site) organizations composed of physicians, support personnel, and usually also administrators. The main function of the organization is to provide medical care (short or long term) to a number of patients/clients, for a fee if the patient/client is able to pay. A clinic services out-patients, while a hospital has in-patients. A hospital may have a clinic as a sub-organization, though. bd5891c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hospital stays What happens when you are in the hospital being treated for a disease like Cancer or Hepatitis or AIDS, or recovering from Surgery. This is not just a #$MedicalCareEvent which happens in a hospital; it's the whole event meant by a hospital stay. Also see #$HospitalRoomStay which only represents the stay in the room. bd58d724-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hostile actions The collection of all hostile or pugnacious events, adverse to someone, in which multiple agents take part, at least one of whom is acting deliberately. See also #$PurposefulAction. An element of this collection is #$AssassinationOfPresidentLincoln. bd5883e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hostile A feeling of strong antagonism towards another agent, organization, or group, sufficient to motivate harmful speech or actions against them. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Hostility include feelings of #$Hate. c0f484eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hot-air balloons The collection of all hot-air buoyant balloons, #$AirTransportationDevices that usually lack a motor or a means of steering. Each consistes of a gas-bag into which hot air is introduced, and from which a basket or passenger compartment hangs. bd58b336-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hour of day type A collection of collections. Instances of #$HourOfDayType are 24 canonical subsets of #$CalendarHour, such as #$TimeOfDay-8AM. This is a proper subset of #$TimeOfDayType, which could include larger or smaller times of the day, such as `before noon' (which in Cyc is named #$TimeOfDay-AM). be011b66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hourly work An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The attribute of being paid an hourly rate for work done. bd58b91a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 appliances A collection of devices, a subset of #$MechanicalDevice. It includes those mechanical devices typically found inside a #$HumanResidence. An instance of #$HouseholdAppliance is a device used in one of the tasks typically carried on in a home, such as food preparation, food storage, laundry, household cleaning, personal cleaning, cooling or heating the house for comfort, etc. Examples include elements of the collections #$Oven, #$Refrigerator, #$ClothesDryer, #$VacuumCleaner, #$HotWaterHeater, #$Furnace. Note that a bed, which naively is thought of as having no moving parts, is not a mechanical device, and hence not a #$HouseholdAppliance --- the same is true for most chairs, tables, sofas, and other articles of furniture. bd588993-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human activities A collection of events. Each element of #$HumanActivity is an activity that is performed by some instance(s) of #$Person. bd588deb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human adults The collection of human beings old enough to participate as independent, mature members of society. Since different societies have different age or maturity requirements for people to be considered adults, different axioms in various society-specific microtheories express these requirements. For most modern, Western, middle-class,... purposes, e.g., the current view is that anyone over 18 is an adult. In many cultures, adulthood occurs when one reaches puberty. Adulthood is #$contiguousAfter childhood; that is, a #$Person is a #$HumanChild for a while, and then is a #$HumanAdult. bd58b2f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 children The collection of all #$Persons in the childhood stage of life. Functionally, this ends when the child begins to take responsibility for themselves, work, have children of their own,... or, at latest, when the person's age greatly exceeds that at which most people reach those milestones. Generally, this means that it spans the period from birth to teenage years. This is highly dependent on context, of course; childhood in Shakespeare's culture ended around age 12. bd58cf30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human cyclists Cyclists who are also human (not androids) bd5897dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human family name string The collection of family name strings such as ``Lenat'', ``Jones'', etc., which are given as last names (in most Western countries), usually at birth. Note: elements of this collection are really just character strings, not concepts like TheNameSmith that represent character strings. bd58ead2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 baby names The collection of non-family name strings such ``Betty'' and ``Phillip'' which are given as first or middle names (in most Western countries), usually shortly after birth. This also includes nicknames like ``Red'' or ``The Refrigerator''. Note: elements of this collection are really just character strings, not reified concepts like ''TheNameBetty'' that might be used to represent character strings. bd58e810-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 infants The collection of #$Persons in the infant stage of life. Functionally, this ends when the infant learns to walk (even just toddle) and/or talk (even a few words)... or, at latest, when the person's age greatly exceeds that at which most people develop those skills. Generally, this means that it spans the period from birth to about 12 - 18 months old. One of the subsets of this collection is #$NewbornBaby. bd58cba5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human name string This is the class of names which human beings give themselves. See two of its important subsets, #$HumanGivenNameString and #$HumanFamilyNameString, for examples. bd58e854-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human occupation construct A collection of places. Each #$HumanOccupationConstruct is a place where people do things, such as: the Empire State Building, an individual office in that building, the White House, the Lincoln Bedroom in the White House, an elevator, a tent, etc. An instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct is an artificial construction belonging to the collection #$ContainerProduct, and its #$primaryFunction is as a place in which humans perform activities. Some large subsets include (a) instances of #$HumanShelterConstruction (e.g., houses); (b) sub-regions within a #$HumanShelterConstruction or within any building which are intended for human use (e.g., rooms, shower stalls), and (c) regions in any transportation vehicle which are designed for human occupancy (e.g., the cockpit, passenger compartment). Note: Some buildings which are not themselves instances of #$HumanOccupationConstruct, such as #$HooverDam, may have a sub-region which is a #$HumanOccupationConstruct (e.g., the control room at the top of the dam). Note: The collection #$HumanOccupationConstruct is broad enough to include tents, boiler rooms, elevator shafts, steam tunnels, and the space inside the #$LincolnMemorialInWashingtonDC. Thus, an instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct need not be strictly #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside (q.v.), since #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside is meant to include many characteristics that those places do not necessarily share (such as humanly comfortable temperature, lighting at night, not terribly noisy or windy, clean). We therefore do not make the default assertion that a #$HumanOccupationConstruct is #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside; however, an instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct is certainly not a purely #$OutdoorLocation (q.v.), so we DO assert that those two collections are disjoint. Certain subsets of #$HumanOccupationConstruct, however, do have `indoor' characteristics, and so we assert (for example) that anything found inside instances of #$RoomInAConstruction or #$ModernShelterConstruction is found #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside. Note: For places designed to be occupied by humans but which are purely outdoor locations (such as elements of #$Lawn, #$ParkingLot, and #$Playground), see #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject. bd58a036-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human occupation construct resident The collection of those #$Animals that (commonly) reside in #$HumanOccupationConstructs -- i.e., in structures that also house people. This mostly just includes domestic pets and people. bd58a4df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 homes A collection of construction artifacts. Each element of #$HumanResidence is a humanly constructed shelter (or a part of one) in which humans reside--as opposed to, say, their places of employment (though the two might be the same). #$HumanResidence includes residential huts, igloos, longhouses, hotels, barracks, palaces, houseboats, mobile homes, as well as apartments, duplexes, and detached houses. A person's residence is typically the place where she/he usually sleeps and keeps most personal effects. bd58e689-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 residences A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$HumanResidenceArea is a region in which a number of people live, at least semi-permanently (i.e., for a year or more). Examples: #$SanFranciscoBayArea, #$ResearchTrianglePark, research stations at the #$SouthPole, radar posts in the Aleutians. bd58caab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human shelter constructions A collection of artifacts; a subset of #$HumanOccupationConstruct. An instance of #$HumanShelterConstruction is a place made to shelter people from the elements by allowing them to get indoors. Subsets include #$ModernHumanResidence, #$SchoolBuilding, #$ShoppingMallBuilding, many others. An instance of #$HumanShelterConstruction must have a roof and typically has sides, though the latter may be flimsy (as in elements of #$TentTheShelter) or even absent (as in some elements of #$ParkingGarage). bd58cd3f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 objects or locations inhabited by humans A collection of places. Each element of #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject is a place that humans occupy, not restricted to (though including) the interiors of things built by humans, such as houses, office buildings, and ships. #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject also extends to campsites, caves, villages, and towns. Examples: Doug Lenat's house, North Austin, the Five Boroughs of New York, Minnesota, the Vatican, an Antarctic research station, and (briefly) the Moon. bd58d372-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 humid climates A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$HumidClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) in various continental and subtropical regions. Characteristics of a humid climate include copious precipitation and high humidity. be00c6f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 humid continental climates A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) in continental interiors within a temperate climate zone. Characteristics of a humid continental climate cycle include a warm summer and cold winter, with precipitation throughout. A good example of a region whose annual climate cycles are instances of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle is the American Midwest. Cf. #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle. bd58b882-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 humid subtropical climates A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) within a temperate climate zone. Characteristics of a humid subtropical climate cycle include a hot summer and a cool winter, with precipitation and moist air throughout. Cycles of this kind occur closer to the equator than do instances of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle. For instance, the Southeastern United States is a good example of a region whose annual climate cycles are instances of #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle. bd58c416-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hungry Hungry bd58b1b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hypothetical context The collection of microtheories that consist of assertions which are posited for the purpose of exploring their consequences, without alleging the actual truth of the assertions. A #$HypotheticalContext may be used to analyze hypothetical outcomes of actions, or to examine the hypothetical consequences of assuming some theory to be true. Sometimes the various alternatives in a decision may be asserted, each in their own #$HypotheticalContext, so their ramifications may be generated and evaluated. bd58a4f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 creations of an information-bearing object A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration. Each element of #$IBOCreation is an event which creates a new IBO (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingObject). An IBO is a relatively long-lasting instance of #$InformationBearingThing. Examples of #$IBOCreation include publishing a book, making a film, printing a photograph, molding a plastic credit card, painting a billboard, minting a coin. When an IBO is created, its content may be either original or be copied from a prior IBO. For creation of IBOs with new content, e.g., a personal letter, see the subset #$IBTGeneration-Original; for creation of IBOs with pre-existing content, e.g., reprinting a photograph, see #$IBTGeneration-Replication. bd621044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events in which an Information Bearing Thing is copied A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each element of #$IBTCopying is an event which generates a/some new IBT(s) (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingThing) by copying the information and format from a source IBT (see #$informationOrigin). The new IBT(s) encode(s) approximately the same information in approximately the same way as the source IBT. Examples: photocopying a document, faxing a document, duplicating a videotape. But also note that making twenty photocopies of the same document will count as an instance. bd6606e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generations of an Information Bearing Thing A collection of information transfer events. Each element of #$IBTGeneration is an event which creates some information-bearing thing--thus, an event in which some idea or information is expressed. In elements of #$IBTGeneration, the particular IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing) which is created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g., made of sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting instance of #$InformationBearingObject (cf. #$IBOCreation). Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language, gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for elements of #$IBTGeneration whether there is another agent who immediately (or, indeed, ever) accesses the resulting IBTs. Note the difference: reading is NOT an IBT generation event, but writing (usually) is. IBTs may be generated intentionally or unintentionally. Also, every communication act starts with an instance of #$IBTGeneration. See also: #$Communicating and its subsets, esp. #$CommunicationAct-Single. bd70d156-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generations of an original Information Bearing Thing A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration. Each element of #$IBTGeneration-Original is an event in which some original idea is expressed; that is, the content of the IBT generated is not a copy of the content of a previously created information-bearing thing. See also #$IBTGeneration, #$Communicating. bd58f6af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration. Each element of #$IBTGeneration-Replication is an event in which a new IBT (i.e., an #$InformationBearingThing) is created whose content is based on that of a preexisting IBT (which is the #$informationOrigin of the generation event). The new IBT contains at least part of the information content of the original IBT. It may use the same or a different way of encoding the information. bd5ea94c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events in which an Information Bearing Thing is recoded A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each element of #$IBTRecoding is an event which generates a new IBT (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingThing), by taking information from a source IBT (see #$informationOrigin), encoding it a new way, and incorporating it into a new information-bearing thing (see #$ibtGenerated). Elements of #$IBTRecoding may be done either by agents (e.g., people) or by non-agents (e.g., record players, or computers running translation software). Recoding the content of a pre-existing IBT presupposes some instance of accessing it (i.e., of #$AccessingAnIBT). bd5f36bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 identification cards A collection of official documents. Each element of #$IDDocument is an accepted credential for identifying some object. Important subsets of #$IDDocument include #$Passport, #$DriversLicense, #$SocialSecurityCard. Other examples include student ID cards, dog tags (worn by military personnel), dog tags (worn by dogs), authentication certificates for a work of art or an antique. bd58903e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 identification strings A collection of objects; a subset of #$CharacterString. Each element of #$IDString is a character string which is used to denote a specific object in some identification mapping; for example, instances of #$ModelNumber (e.g., ``JHS146973S2''), or instances of #$PostalCode (e.g., ``78751''). See also #$DenotedObjectFn and #$objectID. bd5888ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ID string types A collection of collections. Each element in #$IDStringType is a collection of character strings which is a subset of #$IDString (q.v.). A few instances of #$IDStringType: #$ProductName, #$ProductVersion, #$EMailAddress, #$PhoneNumber, #$PostalCode. bd588b45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 illocutionary forces The collection of illocutionary force attributes held by illocutionary acts. Each element of #$IllocutionaryForce is a specialized component of a communication; its function is to indicate how the speaker in a communication wants the agent(s) whom s/he is addressing to understand, and respond to, the situation--i.e., the state of affairs--described in that communication. Isolating the `illocutionary force' of a communication allows us to characterize the intention of a speaker; e.g., whether s/he means to assert that the described state of affairs in fact holds; or to express a desire that such a state of affairs hold; or to command someone to make that state of affairs hold; or to offer to make the state of affairs hold. S/he may even intend to make something true by stating it (e.g., ``I name this ship `The Intrepid'.''). Usually, apprehending a speaker's intention is important for understanding what s/he means and what s/he intends the hearer to do. Although the content of an illocutionary act can be represented propositionally, they are not generally communicated so explicitly. For example, questions in English are typically communicated by inverting subject-object word order and raising one's intonation at the end of the utterance. (The intonation marker so strongly indicates a question that it may suffice without the inverted word order, as in `You are going tonight' uttered with a rising intonation.) Commands in English typically have an (unexpressed) understood subject and perhaps a forceful tone. In every culture and language there are conventional sets of commonly used illocutionary forces which would be instances of #$IllocutionaryForce for that culture; e.g., in English, they include #$Inform, #$Request, #$Offer, #$Promise, and #$Query. Note: although in this comment #$IllocutionaryForce is explained in terms of utterances, it applies to communication generally; so `speaker' and `listener' should be broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$Communicating, #$CommunicationAct-Single. In #$CycL, illocutionary forces can be related to communication acts having some propositional content, via #$iteIllocutionaryForce, or to the microtheory containing formulas expressing the information transferred in an illocutionary act with #$componentIF. bd58d8c6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 illumination mode attribute A collection of attributes. Each element of #$IlluminationModeAttribute describes something about the type of illumination falling on a region or an object. For example, #$DirectIllumination, #$IndirectIllumination, #$ReflectedIllumination, #$PartDirectPartIndirect. c0fcdd0c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 immediate weather process The collection of meteorological events of a duration shorter than seasonal processes. A particular hurricane event, for example, might be characteristic of a seasonal process for a region; but the hurricane event itself is an instance of #$ImmediateWeatherProcess. Another example of an #$ImmediateWeatherProcess is a single #$LightningEvent. (Cf. #$AnnualClimateCycle.) bd58dfc6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 natural inanimate objects A collection of natural (i.e. not man-made) objects. It is a subclass of #$InanimateThing-Natural, distinguished from it mainly by only having subclasses which are existing object-types. Thus, #$CelestialObject would be a subclass of this collection, but #$Dirt would not. bea9777b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inanimate objects A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$InanimateThing is a (at least partly) tangible thing which is not a living structure. Examples: #$YaleUniversity, the #$StatueOfLiberty, a U.S. ten-dollar bill, the #$MoonOfEarth, a safety pin. bd5905ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 natural inanimate things A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$InanimateThing-Natural is an #$InanimateThing that is not man-made in a #$PurposefulAction. Thus, the #$MoonOfEarth, human #$Sweat staining a shirt, and most footprints left by people in the snow belong to this collection, but wood chips left around a tree being chopped down, tailings left from a mine, a grunt made while lifting a log, and the #$ArcDeTriomphe do not. bda91555-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 instances of incurring an injury A collection of events. An instance of #$IncurringAnInjury is an event in which an animal becomes injured. In such events, the animal which is hurt is the #$bodilyActedOn in the event. The condition which results of an instance of #$IncurringAnInjury would be an instance of #$InjuryCondition (q.v.). Also see the comment on #$AilmentCondition. bd58c658-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 instances of incurring damage The collection of events in which some sort of damage is incurred to a person or property. bd58a555-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 independent countries A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$IndependentCountry is a distinct, independent geopolitical entity generally recognized by the international community. An independent country typically has a (relatively) stable government and enforced borders, its own currency, laws, culture, etc. Examples: #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, #$Germany, #$Liberia, #$Mongolia, #$India, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina, #$Honduras. bd58e4e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 independent organizations A collection of organizations. An element of #$IndependentOrganization is an organization which is not affiliated with any #$ChainOrganization and that is not a sub-organization of any other #$Organization. An independent organization is neither the top-level organization of a chain, nor a lower level organization in a chain, nor is it an element of #$ChainOrganization. Note, however, that an #$IndependentOrganization may have several locations within a small geographical region; e.g., Texas French Bread (a single, independent business) has multiple locations in Austin, TX. c10ae581-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 indexed info source The collection of all structured information sources in which the information contained therein is indexed by some set of index terms (the terms could be names, phrases, #$CharacterStrings, #$IDNumbers or codes). For every index term, there is one specific part of the #$IndexedInfoSource associated with that term. Each instance of #$IndexedInfoSource has some format or organizing structure of specified parts or 'chunks' imposed on the information. (Although its indexed parts might be be ordered in a certain sequence, in theory it could be indexed without there being any particular sequential ordering of the parts.) An instance of #$IndexedInfoSource is the abstract informational content of the source, not any particular physical object in which the information is stored. Examples include a #$Dictionary, #$Thesaurus, #$Database-AbstractContent, or a #$KnowledgeBase. Some examples that do not qualify are #$Painting-ArtForm, or a #$CharacterString without any structuring information about it or that has no structure beyond being a string of characters. Thus this is not referring to unstructured text, even if it has an 'Index'. The fact that a book has an index does not make it an #$IndexedInfoSource. c03febed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 indexicals #$IndexicalConcepts are those whose referent essentially depends on the occasion of use and the user, e.g., #$Now, I, Here. When I use the word 'I,' I am referring to myself (#$OKeefe), but 'I' does not mean #$OKeefe, but refers to whomever the user is. Similarly, #$Now denotes the moment in which it is used. bf400028-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 India A #$GeopoliticalEntity in South Asia which has been an #$IndependentCountry since 1947. For the preceding century it was a #$Territory of the #$UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland. The territorial extent of the #$GeopoliticalEntity of #$India occupies most of the #$IndianSubcontinent, although the state of Assam is not considered part of the subcontinent. bd58fb5c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 the Indian Ocean The ocean in the #$SouthernHemisphere-Region lying south of Asia and east of Africa, stretching to Australia. bd5887df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 objects #$Individual is the collection of all things that are NOT sets or collections. Thus, #$Individual includes (among other things) physical objects, temporal subabstractions of physical objects, numbers, relations, and groups (see #$Group). An element of #$Individual may have parts or a structure (including parts that are discontinuous); but NO instance of #$Individual can have elements or subsets. Important distinction: Though an element of #$Individual may have parts (e.g., #$physicalParts or #$groupMembers), that individual is NOT the same thing as the collection containing those same parts. For example, your car is an individual, but the collection of all the parts of your car is an instance of #$Collection. The latter -- the collection of parts of your car -- is an abstract collection; it doesn't have a location, it doesn't have a top speed, etc. -- it's just a collection! -- but it does have subsets, supersets, and members. The #$Group of parts of your car IS an #$Individual and has a location and mass. Similarly: `Bill Clinton's immediate family' is an #$Individual -- a #$Group of #$Persons; however, the #$Collection of persons who belong to that family is not. One final example: A company belongs to #$Individual and is distinct from both the #$Group of its employees (a different #$Individual) and the #$Collection of its employees (which are distict from each other.). bd58da02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 individuals The collection of all individuals (in the sense of not being groups) belonging to the collection #$Agent. Each person, each animal, etc., is an element of #$IndividualAgent, in most contexts. Note that instances of #$Organization will in general NOT be elements of #$IndividualAgent. Intelligent robots are considered to be instances of #$IndividualAgent. bd58a562-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 individual denoting function The subcollection of #$Function-Denotational whose instances, when applied to any appropriate (sequence of) arguments, return instances of #$Individual. Examples include #$PerimeterFn, #$MedalAwardCeremonyFn, and #$CavityInteriorRegionFn; (#$CavityInteriorRegionFn #$LincolnMemorialInWashingtonDC) denotes the region of space inside the Lincoln Memorial. Cf. #$CollectionDenotingFunction and #$SetDenotingFunction. bd58fad9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Indonesia The country of Indonesia, which comprises 13500 islands. Includes both physical and political aspects. bd58b2d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 infectious diseases A collection of ailments; a subset of #$AilmentCondition. An instance of #$Infection is a disease condition in which microorganisms are abnormally present (or abnormally numerous) within an animal's body. The microorganisms involved in an infection may be some instance of the collections #$Bacterium, #$Virus, or #$ProtistaKingdom. Specialized subsets of #$Infection include: #$Bronchitis, #$Tonsillitis, #$SexuallyTransmittedInfection (which has further subsets). A particular case of tonsilitis is thus an element of the collection #$Infection. c10c2f7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 infection transmission event The collection of events in which some instance of #$Infection is transmitted from one member of #$BiologicalLivingObject to another. c0fd53e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 infection type A collection of collections. Instances of #$InfectionType are collections of infections, that is to say, specs of #$Infection. Nonetheless, any collection of infection shouldn't be promoted to the rank of an instance of #$InfectionType. For instance, #$BacterialInfection is a legitimate instance, more precisely an instance of #$InfectionTypeByPathogenType, itself a spec of #$InfectionType. A negative example would be the collection of infections of which Bertrand Russell picked up an instance during the year 1918. c0fd5f45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inference p s c A problem solving context in which all assertions in the entire KB are initially visible. However, down each inference path, the chain of microtheories used are required to have some common descendent microtheory which is capable of inheriting all of the microtheories in the chain. Thus, queries made in #$InferencePSC in effect compute locations in the space of microtheories in which the query is satisfiable. This context is used internally by the inference engine for certain recursive calls to itself, including forward inference. See also #$EverythingPSC. bd58915a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inference related bookkeeping predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate is a predicate involved in assertions used by the Cyc application to direct inferencing. Examples: #$defnIff, #$defnSufficient, #$termOfUnit, #$afterAdding. bd58d107-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inflatable boats The collection of all inflatable boats, that is, boats (mostly small watercraft) that are composed of some fabric or membrane and are inflated with air to give them buoyancy in water. c1009ce2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 acts of conveying information The collection of acts of conveying information by means of intentional communication. bd589e02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information adding A collection of events; a subset of #$InformationUpdating. Each element of #$InformationAdding is an event in which information is added to the information content of an IBO (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingObject). After the action, the IBO which is the #$informationDestination of the update `has' the new information (i.e., #$infoAdded). The resulting information content of that IBO includes both its content immediately prior to the addition, plus the newly added information. Examples of #$InformationAdding: recording a check in the check register of one's checkbook; taking the next photograph on a roll of film; adding a new constant to the #$CycKB. bd5e23fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information-bearing objects A collection of objects which are both tangible and intangible. (See also the comment for its superset #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject.) Each element of #$InformationBearingObject is an object that can be interpreted, by an interpreter understanding its conventions, to yield a chunk or chunks of information. #$InformationBearingObject includes all of the following: (1) artifacts made solely for the purpose of conveying information (e.g., a newspaper, or a children's science video); (2) artifacts that convey information in addition to their intended function (e.g., Neolithic pottery); and (3) non-artifacts, such as a person's fingerprints, gestures, and utterances, which may be interpreted to yield information. Note: `an IBO' abbreviates `an information bearing object'. Cf. #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. See also #$containsInformation. bd58f6ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information-bearing things A collection of temporal objects, including actions and events as well as physical objects. Each element of #$InformationBearingThing is an item that contains information, for an agent who understands how to interpret it. Examples: a copy of the novel `Moby Dick'; a signal buoy; a photograph; a flag; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; an account ledger; a word in ASL; a musical score; the #$Cyc program itself. Note: `an IBT' abbreviates `an information bearing thing'. See also #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType. For representation of the propositional content of information bearing things, see #$PropositionalInformationThing; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. #$ArtObject). Also note that events in which information is transferred (cf. #$InformationTransferEvent) are not considered instances of #$InformationBearingThing. Rather, such transfer events have, as one of their actors, some instance of #$InformationBearingThing which is the token considered to be transfered in the #$InformationTransferEvent. be436e7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information bearing wave propagation A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). Each element of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation is a #$WavePropagation (q.v.) event that carries information, for an interpreter which understands its conventions. Examples of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation include sounds, radio signals, and images of visible light. These eventlike IBTs should be contrasted with the relatively static, persistent, objectlike IBTs in the collection #$InformationBearingObject. bf834402-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information recording devices A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$InformationRecordingDevice is a device used for the recording of sensory information (i.e., audio and visual, but not encoded as character strings.) So an instance would be your answering machine at home (an #$AnsweringMachine), your cam-corder (a #$VideoCamera), but NOT your address book or your copy of the Yellow Pages. Note: A borderline case is a PDA (such as an Apple Newton) used to record handwritten script. If it then processes that information and converts it to ASCII characters, it has stopped being an #$InformationRecordingDevice in the currently intended sense. Probably a better name for this concept, therefore, would be DeviceToRecordAnalogInformation. bd58feeb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information-recording processes A collection of events in which information is recorded, using an #$InformationRecordingDevice. Every #$InformationRecordingProcess produces an #$InformationBearingObject. bd58e14f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information removing The collection of actions in which information is removed from or erased from an IBO (#$InformationBearingObject). After the action, the remaining info content, if any, of the IBO acted on is only a part of what it started out to be. The removed information doesn't go anywhere; after removal it doesn't end up encoded in something else. bd642fa3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information transfers A collection of events in which information is transferred from a source (#$informationOrigin) to one or more destinations (#$informationDestination), all of which are either intelligent agents or #$InformationBearingThings (IBTs). Examples: reading a book (transfer from book to reader); saying something to someone (transfer from speaker to listener); machine translation (transfer from an encoded IBT in the source language to an encoded IBT in the target language); OCR scanning (transfer of info from visual information source to another IBT in different format); carving initials in a tree (transfer from agent to IBT), making a speech (transfer from agent to agents) etc. See also the specialization #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent. bd589f07-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information updating A collection of information transfer events. Each element of #$InformationUpdating is an event in which the information content of an IBO (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingObject) is altered, either by removing or by adding information, or both. Note that this is possible only for tangible IBOs. bd616cc0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ingestions A collection of events; a subset of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent. Each element of #$Ingesting is a complex process in which a thing is brought into some organism's mouth from the outside, is swallowed, and is moved to the organism's stomach. Every element of #$Ingesting has among its #$subEvents an instance of #$Swallowing which occurs after the intake. (Thus, though chewing gum is a #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, it is not an #$Ingesting unless the gum is swallowed.) An ingesting event ends when the ingested stuff reaches the ingester's stomach (where an instance of #$DigestionEvent begins -- provided that what was ingested is an element of #$EdibleStuff). bd5888eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inhalations The collection of all body movement events in which an animal takes air in through an appropriate portal (#$Mouth, #$Nose) and passes it into its #$Lungs. The elements of #$Breathing all have #$subEvents which are #$Inhalings. bd58f34d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inorganic substances A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$InorganicStuff is a tangible thing which is wholly composed of one or more types of inorganic #$Molecule. Instances of #$InorganicStuff usually didn't originate as parts or products of living things. bd590a05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 insects A collection of animals; a subset of #$Arthropod. Each element of #$Insect is a small arthropod whose body is segmented into thirds, with three pairs of legs, and one or two pairs of wings. The most familiar members of #$Arthropod are the 'bugs' encountered in human daily life. Some insects bite, some infest houses, and some carry disease. #$Insect is an instance of #$BiologicalClass. bd58b8f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inside surface The collection of all inside surfaces of (surfaces of the interiors of) tangible things. The tangible thing may have a #$Cavity or several cavities or passageways. Often the tangible thing can be thought of as a container of some sort. bd589b7d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 instructions The collection of all #$ConceptualWorks which are executable pieces of information. Each element of #$Instructions outlines a sequence of tasks to be performed, such as instructions on a food package, verbal instructions, a musical score, etc. bd58db4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 insulator resistance A measurable physical attribute. #$InsulatorResistance is the element of #$ElectricalResistance that represents a very high level of electrical resistance. An object having #$InsulatorResistance conducts no electricity at all. See also #$resistanceOfObject. be00f859-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 insurances A collection of organizations; a subset of #$ServiceOrganization. An element of #$InsuranceProvider is an organization whose #$MainFunction is to provide financial and material protection to its clients in the event of sickness, death, natural disaster, loss, theft, lawsuits, etc. (Insurers may specialize in one or more of those areas.) Elements of #$InsuranceProvider may belong to either #$CommercialServiceOrganization or #$NonProfitOrganization (including insurance providers belonging to #$LegalGovernmentOrganization). Examples include State Farm Insurance Co., Aetna Casualty Co., Lutheran Brotherhood, and all fifty members of U.S. #$StateMedicaidAdministrationOrganizations. bd588b6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangibles The collection of things that are not physical -- are not made of, or encoded in, matter. Every #$Collection is an #$Intangible (even if its instances are tangible), and so are some #$Individuals. Caution: do not confuse `tangibility' with `perceivability' -- humans can perceive light even though it's intangible--at least in a sense. For more on this issue, see the relevant #$cyclistNotes. bd58e3a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangible existing thing The set of things which are intangible yet exist in time. E.g., the code of conduct for a formal dinner party, the standards for acceptance to Caltech as an undergrad, an account at Sears, etc. bd58b123-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangible individual The collection of intangible individuals, a subset of #$Intangible and of #$Individual. The elements of #$IntangibleIndividual do not have mass, volume, color, etc. E.g., hours, ideas, algorithms, integers, distances, and so on. However, as a subset of #$Individual, this collection EXCLUDES sets and collections, which are elements of #$Intangible but not of #$IntangibleIndividual. bd58e3e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangible object predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$IntangibleObjectPredicate is a predicate used in assertions which describe the properties of intangible objects. For example, #$arg3Isa, #$titleOfHeadOfPoliticalParty, #$religionOfRule, #$territoriesControlled. bd58ecf0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 integers The collection of all whole numbers; a subset of #$RationalNumber. Each element of #$Integer is a whole number, resolvable into units with no fractional remainder. An integer may be positive (e.g., 42), zero, or negative (e.g., -42). Note that 42.0 is a floating-point real number which is close to the integer 42 within the tolerance of the floating-point representation but is not necessarily equal to the integer 42. Therefore, 42.0 is not an element of #$Integer. bd589e12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intelligent agents The collection of all intelligent agents. Each element of #$IntelligentAgent is an agent that is capable of having knowledge which it employs in its actions. An intelligent agent #$knowsAbout certain things, and having #$beliefs (and possibly #$goals) concerning those things may influence its actions. In addition to persons, Cyc considers certain social beings, such as business and government organizations, and intelligent machines, to be intelligent agents. See also #$Agent, #$performedBy. bd58a76f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intended function An element of #$CapacityAttribute. The attribute #$IntendedFunction characterizes an entity participating in a situation as doing so in its intended function. bd588246-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intensional representation predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the properties of collections. These predicates implement the intensional structure of the ontology; e.g., #$citizens, #$unitsMeasuringThisQuantity, #$hasDepartmentTypes, #$granuleOfTime, #$objectTypeTransported, #$contraryFeelings. bd58b54a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inter actor slot A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InterActorSlot is a binary predicate used in assertions that state the relationship between two actors in some event, actual or implied. The event in which the actors participate may or may not be explicitly represented in the KB. For example, (#$authorOfPublication-IBT X Y) implies the existence of a #$Writing event in which X is the author and Y is the book written. Examples: #$agreeingAgents, #$artisticWorksCreated, #$spouse, #$wornOn. bd58f091-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inter existing object slot A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InterExistingObjectSlot is a binary predicate used in assertions that relate two elements of #$SomethingExisting (i.e., two objects). Examples: #$soldAt, #$derivedFrom, #$cohabitants, #$capitalCity, #$electricallyConnectedTo. bd58d517-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human relationships A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InterPersonalRelationSlot is a binary predicate used to represent relationships between two instances of #$Animal. Examples: #$mate, #$friends. be00bb8e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interconvertible unit types A collection of collections. Each element of #$InterconvertibleUnitType is a collections of functions (all belonging to #$UnitOfMeasure) that are used to measure quantities whose units are convertible into one another. Some collections of interconvertible units include #$UnitOfTime, #$UnitOfDistance, #$UnitOfCPUSpeed. For example, #$UnitOfTime includes the functions #$HoursDuration and #$SecondsDuration (among others). Any quantity denoted by applying one of those functions can also be expressed in terms of the other. For example, (#$HoursDuration 1) equals (#$MinutesDuration 60). On the other hand, not all the instances of #$UnitOfMeasure constitute types of interconvertible units. #$UnitOfRate is not an element of #$InterconvertibleUnitType; therefore, it does not necessarily follow that quantities denoted by its elements are interconvertible. For example, #$TimesPerDay and #$MilesPerHour are both elements of #$UnitOfRate; however, quantities denoted using either function are not convertible into one another. bd5888e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interjections The collection of all interjections, also called exclamations. Interjections often serve a purely pragmatic or discourse function, and can often stand alone as utterances. Examples: 'ugh', 'abracadabra', and 'wow!'. be0c0312-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 internal sensory attribute A collection of attributes. Each element of #$InternalSensoryAttribute is a state of a sentient being in which it experiences within itself some somatic or psycho-somatic feeling, urge, or impulse. An internal sensory attribute differs from an `external' one in that the sensing agent refers the former to itself and the latter to external objects. #$InternalSensoryAttribute includes states of feeling hungry, thirsty, tired, or in pain, as well as various bodily urges such as the urge to sneeze, burp, or urinate. Sensory attributes that may occur with more or less intensity are represented by indicating a #$LevelOfPain, #$LevelOfPhysicalPleasure, #$LevelOfStress, etc. bd58e809-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 international organizations A collection of organizations. An element of #$InternationalOrganization is an organization of international `scope' -- that is, one which has substantial operations, physical facilities, or substantial membership in multiple countries. International organizations may have individual #$Persons, #$Organizations, or countries as members. They may be political or commercial in nature. International organizations with countries as members belong to the subset #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries. Examples of #$InternationalOrganization: #$UnitedNationsOrganization, #$OPEC, #$IBMInc. See also #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry. bd5889e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organizations of countries A collection of organizations; a subset of #$InternationalOrganization. An element of #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries is an organization whose members are countries (as represented by their goverments). Examples: the United Nations, NATO, SEATO, OAU, the League of Arab States, and OPEC. bdc17522-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 international waters The collection of all instances of #$BodyOfWater such that they are considered to be accessible to international maritime traffic and trade. They may be subject to the customs and laws of a particular country, or of the international community. Examples include instances of #$ShippingLane-International, the #$HighSeas, and, ordinarily, territorial waters like (#$TerritorialSeaFn #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica), unless these have been closed to shipping in a particular context. be57a01e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interval based quantity slots A collection of binary predicates (i.e., slots). Flexibility in the representation of quantities is allowed in assertions made with the binary predicates that are elements of #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot. Each of these predicates, like those in their superset #$QuantitySlot, is a binary predicate whose second argument must be an element of #$ScalarInterval, i.e., an interval or point representing the value of some measurement. For example, take the predicate #$heightOfObject, which relates an object to its vertical length. Although we suppose that in reality there is only a single distance that is the height of some one particular object, our measurement systems are in practice less precise--and typically we need a measurement only within a certain tolerance. For example, in measuring the #$heightOfObject of a person, usually a measurement to the nearest inch or centimeter will do. Or we may be even less detailed in our descriptions, perhaps caring only whether someone is more than four feet tall, or `Tall enough to ride' on an amusement park ride. By allowing an #$IntervalEntry #$Format (qq.v.) in the second argument of the measuring predicate, we are telling Cyc that it's okay to describe the (e.g.) #$heightOfObject in several different ways, with varying levels of precision, SO LONG AS all of the measurements asserted for the same object `overlap'. For example, it is consistent to say both that Jenny is 4'10'' tall, between four and five feet tall, and that she is `Tall enough to ride' the Dodgems (provided that `Tall enough to ride' is an interval whose minimum is at 4'10'' or lower). Even though there is only one height of a person in reality, using an #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot allows us to represent that height in many different ways, avoiding contradictions while still checking for consistency. For example, asserting both that Jeff's #$heightOfObject is 5'9'' and in the range 4.5-5.5 feet tall is an inconsistency. bd588162-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interval entry Arguments to Cyc predicates may have specified formats that constrain their values. #$IntervalEntry is the format used to constrain argument positions that must be filled with measurable quantities. If #$IntervalEntry is the entry format of some Nth argument to a predicate PRED, then all assertions with PRED that contain the same particular values in their other arguments must have, in the Nth (i.e., #$IntervalEntry) argument, quantitative values that `overlap'. (See #$ScalarInterval and #$overlapsIntervals.) #$IntervalEntry is provided because, for functional arguments like the second argument to #$volumeOfObject, we know that a single `real' value does exist, though we may have various ways of concluding limits on that value in the form of intervals. As long as all the intervals overlap, those assertions are not contradictory. For more explanation, see #$Format and the related predicates #$arg1Format, #$arg2Format, etc. bd5880e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intervals A collection of measurable intervals; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$IntervalOnNumberLine is an interval on the real number line; for example, the interval described by `numbers greater than zero and less than or equal to 10'. A common special case of such intervals is that of a single point on that line, viz., a number such as five or 125. Note that such an interval need not be contiguous; e.g., `even numbers between Pi and the square root of 1000' describes a legitimate element of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. The collection #$RealNumber is a subset of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. The elements of #$IntervalOnNumberLine are measured by elements of #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure, e.g., units or percentages. See also #$Unity, #$Percent, #$UnitOfMeasure. bd58f32f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intrinsic axis of object The collection of all intrinsic axes of objects (where those objects can be either spatially localized or abstract), being the conventional or obvious axes depending on shape, movement or function of the object. For example, for a chest-of-drawers, the intrinsic axes are top-to-bottom, side-to-side, and front-to-back. See also #$AxisFn. Each intrinsic axis is a direction relative to the object's orientation. bd58eb96-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 changes of state The collection of #$Events which are characterized primarily by a change in some intrinsic property of one main entity involved in the event (i.e., one of the #$actors). Such intrinsic changes may include changes of a thing's color, temperature, device state, size, and so on. Events where the main change is extrinsic (such as a change in location or ownership) are not #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvents. In events which have more than one actor, the event may be an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent for one actor but not for another. For example, in a #$FasteningSafetyBelt event, the #$SafetySeatBelt (the device used) goes from unconnected to connected (to itself), which is an intrinsic change; however, the agent who does the fastening (i.e., who is #$HandlingADevice) does not change intrinsically, but only in its configuration to the belt, an external object. Another example: in a #$HairCuttingEvent, the hair that is barbered undergoes an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent due to its role in that kind of event, but the barber undergoes no intrinsic change due to the hair cutting. Note: Some events, such as an ice cube melting into a small puddle of water, could be represented in Cyc either as an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent or as a #$TransformationEvent but not (within a single micro-theory) as both; see the comments on those constants. bd611277-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 invertebrates A collection of animals; every element of #$Invertebrate is an animal that has no backbone. #$Invertebrate includes insects, molluscs, sea squirts, worms (in a large variety of worm phyla), and many others. Note: Although #$Invertebrate is a scientific category, it is not a standard taxon in the biological taxonomy, hence it is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon. bd58984b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 involuntary body movements The collection of involuntary bodily movements, those movements in which an #$Animal's body does the action automatically -- the agent's consent doesn't enter into it. Subsets of #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement include #$Heartbeating, #$Sneezing, #$Snoring, etc. bd590662-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 iranian student agricultural center 01 The target of the Saudi Arabian attack on Iran in Stage 3 of the HPKB Crisis Scenario. bfdf0ffe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 irreflexive binary predicate A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent irreflexive relations. A predicate F is an element of #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and, for every X in the domain of F, (#$not (F X X)). Examples: #$spouse, #$causes-ThingProp, #$northOf, #$temporallyDisjoint. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations. bd654be7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 isa vs main constituent vs constituents When to use #$isa, #$mainConstituent, or #$constituents. We develop the following example as a basis for explaining the differences. Consider X, where (#$isa X #$Water). If we add some other substance(s) to X, to the point where the mixture acquires some salient characteristic(s) different from #$Water while retaining all the main properties, then we should assert (#$mainConstituent X W), where W is the original water -- i.e., (#$isa W #$Water) -- and X is the whole new mixture of W with some other stuff(s). Suppose we add enough enough other stuff that the physical properties of the mixture become significantly different from those of water; then we should assert only (#$constituents X W). #$isa - Use #$isa if X would commonly be referred to as `water', including cases in which a small number of minor characteristics are different due to some admixture. Examples (arguably, 3 and 4 are borderline cases): 1. An instance of (#$PureFn #$Water) #$isa #$Water. 2. An instance of #$Water-Ingestible #$isa #$Water (but may have trace constituents). 3. An instance of #$PoolWater #$isa #$Water (but has some #$Chlorine as a salient #$constituents). 4. An instance of #$SeaWater #$isa #$Water (but has some #$Salt-NaCl as a salient #$constituents). #$mainConstituent - Use #$mainConstituent when X contains other substances besides water, would NOT commonly referred to as `water', and yet has MOST of the material properties of water. As a rule, most of the properties of the #$mainConstituent transfer to the substance it's a part of. Often such substances have at least one important and/or perceptible characteristic (due to admixture) that is quite different from the properties of water. Examples: 1. An instance of #$Lemonade is NOT called `water' but has water as a #$mainConstituent. It tastes quite different from water. It has nutritional (caloric) value. It is a human-made beverage. 2. An instance of #$Coffee-Beverage is NOT called `water' but has water as a #$mainConstituent. It tastes quite different from water. It contains caffeine. Also, a specific inference about coffee's (lack of) transparency should override the transparency which would otherwise be inferred from the material properties of its #$mainConstituent. 3. Aqueous hydrochloric acid has many of the properties of its main constituent, water -- for example, transparency, viscosity, density, freezing point, etc. But it also has the very important difference that it is highly acidic, caustic, etc. -- and attributing to it water's potability would be disastrous. #$constituents - Use #$constituents when X is NOT commonly referred to as `water' and has FEW properties of water, even though X contains water. Examples: 1. An instance of (#$SolidFn #$Gelatin) is NOT called `water', and though it has water among its #$constituents, gelatin has very few of the properties of water. 2. An instance of #$Concrete is NOT called `water'; though it has water among its #$constituents, it has none of the salient characteristics of water. 3. An instance of #$Mud is NOT called `water' and has few characteristics of water, though water is among its #$constituents. Its #$mainConstituent is some portion of #$Soil. c0fb9e28-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 islands The collection of all islands, each being a #$LandBody (smaller than a #$Continent) surrounded by water. bd58bb39-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 island and continent note For most elements of #$GeopoliticalEntity, we've been content in the #$DualistGeopoliticalMt simply to assert directly of the #$GeopoliticalEntity various geographical features, without reifying the physical extent of that entity. Why, then, do island-nations and territories like #$Iceland, #$Greenland, and #$Australia all have explicitly reified geographical 'doubles' like #$Iceland-TheIsland, #$Greenland-TheIsland, and #$ContinentOfAustralia ? Note that in the #$DualistGeopoliticalMt we still can assert various geographical properties directly of the #$GeopoliticalEntity. The reason for creating the geographical regions in addition to the geopolitical entities is that islands and continents have very different identity-conditions, ending and starting points, etc., than does a #$GeopoliticalEntity, even if we consider those geopolitical entities to be geographical regions also: the continent of Australia has existed for far longer than has the country of Australia. be0b4987-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 islands or island group A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$IslandsAndIslandGroup is either an #$Island or a group of islands (see #$Archipelago), or an area which includes part but not all of an island (#$IslandSubregion). Elements of #$IslandsAndIslandGroup include groups of scattered islands which do not form a natural geographical area; the chief reasons for representing such groups is that they are geopolitical areas and/or were historically significant. Examples: #$FrenchPolynesia, #$Cyclades, #$OuterHebrides-Archipelago, #$Grenadines-Islands. bd58bb7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 itineraries The collection of documents that contain information about the time/location of each leg of a trip, accomodations, etc. c0fd5222-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 January The collection of all Januaries, the first month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58b833-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Japan Japan (the Empire of Japan), a medium-sized #$IndependentCountry consisting of four islands off the east coast of the #$ContinentOfAsia, with several island possessions. This includes Japan as it has been throughout history, geographically and politically. bd5902a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Japanese Language The language of the people of #$Japan. bd5886ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 jealousy Intolerance of rivalry; feeling of suspicion and resentment of one's rivals. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Note: #$Envy is related to covetousness, wanting (perhaps in the future) what someone else has; #$Jealousy is related to possessiveness, wanting to keep what is (or was or could have been) already yours. bd58a4d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 job attribute A collection of attributes. Each element of #$JobAttribute describes a general property of a job or type of job. Examples of #$JobAttribute include #$BlueCollar, #$WhiteCollar, and #$FlexibleWorkingHours. bd58c9c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 job capacity the attribute of performing something as a job bd58817f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 joints The collection of all joints of #$Animals. A joint is the juncture between the ends or edges of abutting bones of the animal's skeleton. Joints are of several types mechanically (e.g., ball-and-socket). Many major joints function as hinges, in which the ends of the abutting bones are joined with ligaments and cushioned by cartilege. bd58e376-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 July The collection of all Julys, the seventh month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58c1ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 junctions The collection of junctions of paths, each junction being an arrangement of three or more distinct instances of #$Path-Customary such that they are all locally connected to each other by joining at the #$JunctionOfPaths. It includes the case of two or more paths that 'cross' at a junction (because four path segments are thereby joined), but not the case in which the end of one path simply joins the end of another path, and no others. For junctions in #$PathSystems, see #$junctionInSystem. (Determining what constitutes a #$JunctionOfPaths depends on the #$PathTypes of the joined paths; if it is #$River then only a junction of rivers qualifies, not the place where a road joins a river.) c0fbbdc4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 junction of pipes The collection of all junctions of pipes or tubes. Each junction permits flow between any two #$Pipe-GenericConduits joined at that junction. At any #$JunctionOfPipes, three or more distinct (non-overlapping) lengths of #$Pipe-GenericConduit must be joined at their ends at the junction. (Some of the so-joined pipes may loop back to the same junction.) bf53bf8d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 June The collection of all Junes, the sixth month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58c1f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 young animals An element of #$LifeStageType. #$JuvenileAnimal is the collection of all animals that are not fully grown nor fully mature. c10c20a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 killing - biological A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, one living organism ends the life of another, either intentionally or unintentionally. bd58ac2e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 kinetic energy powered device A collection of devices; a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice does not have an `on-board' energy source incorporated into it, at least not one supplying the bulk of the power requirements of the device. Instead, its operating power is supplied by the kinetic energy from something else in motion -- such as animal muscle power (including human labor), wind energy, or hydraulic power. Examples include elements of the collections #$Hammer and #$Piano-Acoustic. (Contrast with #$SelfPoweredDevice --- e.g., an electric organ is a #$SelfPoweredDevice, not a #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice.) bd58942f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 knot shaped #$KnotShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all knot-shaped objects. c11652df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 kb A collection of intangible individuals; a subset of #$Database-AbstractContent. Each element of #$KnowledgeBase is a database that attempts to represent the structure of at least part of the world. Instances include the #$CycKB and #$SENSUS-Information1997. bd58d211-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lakes A collection of topographical features. Each instance of #$Lake is a land-locked body of water, typically but not necessarily of freshwater. These are subdivided into freshwater [#$FreshWaterLake] and salt-water [#$InlandSea] lakes. Examples: #$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, #$LakeTahoe, #$CaspianSea, #$BlackSea, #$DeadSea. bd58b822-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 landmasses A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$LandBody is a cohesive chunk of land whose extent is principally defined by one or more bordering bodies of water (liquid or frozen). Types of #$LandBody include the subsets #$Island and #$Continent. Examples: #$Australia, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica, #$Trinidad-Island, #$Crete-Island-Greece. Areas of land defined by human occupation or political boundaries, e.g., #$NorthernCalifornia or #$NorthernIreland, are elements of #$GeographicalRegion, but not of #$LandBody. bd58e9d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 topographical features A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$TopographicalFeature is a region of land distinguishable from surrounding regions by salient physical differences in surface texture, three-dimensional shape, or elevation. For example, the #$ArabianPeninsula, #$MountZion, the #$SanAndreasFault, the #$GreatSmokyMountains. bd58ce87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 land vehicles A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$LandTransportationDevice is a device used for transportation on land. Subsets of #$LandTransportationDevice include the collections #$Automobile, #$Snowmobile, #$TrainCar, #$HorseCarriage, #$BabyCarriage, #$Bicycle, #$SkateBoard, and more. bd58d4ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 languages The collection of systems which use conventionalized signs or symbols. This includes dead languages, computer languages, unspoken languages, codes - anything which relates symbols to meaning. bd58f489-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 policemen A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$LawEnforcementOfficer is a person whose job is to prevent, detect, stop, and/or punish people committing illegal activities. The collection #$LawEnforcementOfficer includes local, state, and special police (e.g., transit police), and federal agents (e.g., border patrol, national security agents). An instance of #$LawEnforcementOfficer typically also belongs to one of the following collections: #$StateEmployee, #$LocalGovernmentEmployee, or #$NationalGovernmentEmployee (see #$PublicSectorEmployee). bd58e004-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 law-enforcement organizations #$LawEnforcementOrganization is the collection of official organizations whose purpose is to support or perform law enforcement. This includes both police organizations, at all levels, and information agencies such as #$INTERPOL whose purpose is to assist and coordinate police activities. See the subset #$PoliceOrganization for only those organizations which are legally empowered to enforce laws. bd58a14b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 layers The collection of all layers of things, each layer being a #$SheetOfSomeStuff that is #$sheetSurfaceConnected, or situated adjacent, surface-to-surface, to at least one surface or layer or region on one side, and possibly to other layers or surfaces on both sides. A layer may be part of a larger object, or it may be an independent whole object such as a hide confined in a stack of hides. A #$Layer is not a #$FreeSheet. See the #$OneSidedVsTwoSidedObjectNote. bdee251a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 layered The physical structural attribute of being layered, laminate, or made of #$Layers, like stratified rock or an onion. An object that is #$Layered has two or more parts that are each #$Layers. be00c275-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 leaders A collection of persons. Each element of #$Leader is a person who heads an instance of #$Organization. Typically, a leader of an organization makes major decisions on behalf of the whole organization, has the authority to direct the organization's personnel to carry out those decisions, and is empowered to engage or negotiate with external agents to achieve the organization's goals. This collection includes leaders of #$subOrganizations, such as department heads within larger organizations. Also, a single person may be a leader in more than one organization. In addition, see #$hasLeaders, #$Manager, and #$seniorExecutives. c10af978-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 leap years The collection of #$CalendarYears which are leap years; i.e., calendar years in which February has 29 days bd58b9ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 learning events The collection of all events, brief or extended, in which an agent is acquiring information or know-how. bd58ef72-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 leather A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Leather is a piece of tanned animal hide. Pieces of #$Leather are commonly used as material inputs to the manufacture of shoes, gloves, upholstery, satchels and purses, saddles, etc. bd58c1b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 left object The collection of objects that are meant for, or are found on and distinctively structured for, the left side of some larger entity or ensemble of parts. Examples include left hands, left shoes, left automobile turning signals. bd58d4ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legs The collection of all #$Animal appendages used for locomotion overland, supporting the animal and moving it along by walking, running, etc. Thus wings, fins, etc., are not #$Legs. The #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart is considered part of the #$Leg bd5898cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legal agents The collection of all legal agents; a subset of #$Agent. A legal agent is one that has some legal status in a particular legal system. At the very least, such an agent is recognized by some legal authority as having some kinds of rights and/or responsibilities as an agent (e.g., #$citizens of Germany), or as being subject to certain restrictions and penalties (e.g., a company that has been blacklisted by Iraq). Thus, instances of #$LegalAgent include agents that may have property rights, may be taxed, may have a government identification number, may be sued, may have an address, may buy or sell, etc. Note: membership in this collection is very much dependent upon context. In some societies, only adult males and various kinds of state-run organizations would be included in #$LegalAgents. bd58a7b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legal agreements A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$Agreement. Each element of #$LegalAgreement is an agreement which has a legal status, i.e., is recognized as a valid agreement by a government. #$LegalAgreement includes the elements in its subsets #$SalesContract, #$PublicHealthRegulations, #$Patent, #$InsurancePlan, #$Visa-Permit, and the different kinds of #$License-LegalAgreement -- among many others. bd58b05e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legal code A collection of microtheories. Each element of #$LegalCode is a microtheory for collecting all the instances of #$Law which hold in a given #$GeopoliticalEntity. For example, #$LegalCode-ModernUnitedStates. bd65c7ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 corporations The collection of all #$Organizations which have been incorporated in accordance with the laws of a jurisdiction. Each instance of #$LegalCorporation is a legal entity distinct from its owners and employees and is afforded certain powers both by law and by its incorporating documents. Instances of #$LegalCorporation may be either #$CommercialOrganizations or #$NonProfitOrganizations. Each instance of #$LegalCorporation organized in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica is incorporated under the laws of a particular state, although it may be empowered to carry on activities in any state. Most American jurisdictions require that one of the words or abbreviations 'corporation', 'company', 'incorporated', 'corp', 'co', or 'inc' be included in the registered name of a corporation. Instances of #$LegalCorporation include #$IBMInc and #$Cycorp. bd589295-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 government organizations A collection of organizations. An element of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization is an organization which is a part of, and funded by, the government of a geopolitical entity. Examples include the #$InternalRevenueService, #$UnitedStatesNavy, and #$CityCouncilOfAustin (TX). Some elements of #$LegalGovernmentOrganizations have legal standing in courts. bd588aa6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 national holidays The subset of #$Holidays which are typically declared to be #$Holidays by the governments of western countries, and which are therefore days on which most people governed by that government do not work and on which students do not attend classes. Such #$Holidays may coincide with #$ReligiousHolidays, especially where there is a government-sanctioned religion. be01edce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legal professionals A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$LegalProfessional is a person working in the field of law. This collection includes lawyers, judges, paralegals, and law clerks. bd58bab4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 stories The levels, also called floors or stories, of a #$ConstructionArtifact. Levels are regions in space; they are not two-dimensional planes. bd58ca09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 levels of discomfort An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the various levels of discomfort that may be felt by a perceptual agent. Typically, the agent must be a living entity. Typically, the sensation is an internal feeling, and is more of a long-lasting dull ache than a sharp pain (see: #$LevelOfPain). bd588a7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exhaustion An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative degrees of exhaustion that an animal may feel. Note that this predicate is NOT properly used for any other purpose (e.g., to describe metal fatigue, or the depletion of natural resources, or the gradual inhibition that a single cell devlops to repeated stimuli, etc., even though in English the words `exhaustion' and `fatigue' have those meanings.) This is a good example of how Cyc's internal representation must, and does, disambiguate different concepts even though they might be metaphors for each other, and even though those distinct meanings might be mixed together at a word level in a natural language like English. bd58a0aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hungers A collection of #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttributes that express how hungry an #$Animal is (e.g., #$Hungry, #$NotHungry, #$Starving). These #$LevelOfHunger attributes are the first argument to the predicate #$hungerLevelOf (q.v.). bd58a236-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pains An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative levels of pain that may be felt by a perceptual agent. Although the agent is often a living entity, this is not required. The source of the pain could be either external or internal; in either case, the subjective feeling is generally `sharper' and hopefully shorter-lived than just `a feeling of discomfort' (see: #$LevelOfDiscomfort.) bd58ae66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 level of relaxation feeling An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative levels of comfort/relaxation/ease that an animal may have. This feeling is generally internal, and relatively long-lasting (compared with, e.g., the duration of a painful twinge.) Any positive degree of this #$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling is incompatible with a high level of #$MuscleTenseness, a high #$LevelOfPain, or a high #$LevelOfDiscomfort. bd58d7e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lexical item The collection of items which form the lexicon of a language. These include both free morphemes, like 'dog', and bound morphemes, like affixes. be1903ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 words The collection of all words. A lexical word is a free morpheme; it need not be bound to another lexical item. Note that inflectional forms of a word, if there are such, do not constitute distinct words. Examples of #$LexicalWord: #$Aluminum-TheWord, #$Confetti-TheWord, #$To-TheWord, #$Confetti-TheWord, #$Hang-Glide-MWW. bd58e4ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 life stage type #$LifeStageType is a collection of collections. Each member of this collection is itself a collection whose members are organisms which all share a specific level of biological or social development. One member of #$LifeStageType is #$HumanChild, which has as its members all human children. Other members of #$LifeStageType include #$HumanAdult and #$HumanInfant. bd58fab5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 life threatening conditions A collection of ailments which are distinguished by the shared characteristic that if left untreated, those ailments may cause an organism to die (but will not certainly do so). Cases of #$Poisoning and of #$Pneumonia are often instances of #$LifeThreateningCondition. Cf. #$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition. c0fd50b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 light intensity A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$LightIntensity is a characterization of how brightly illuminated a location is. (At the low extreme is total darkness.) The light intensity of a location is indicated with the predicate #$illuminationLevel. bd58e0ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lights A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$LightingDevice has the #$primaryFunction of providing light. The light provided may be provided in different ways and for different specialized purposes. For example, it may be for general illumination of a fixed area (as by instances of #$Candle, #$Lantern, #$ElectricLamp, and #$Streetlight); or it may be for specially directed illumination (as by instances of #$AutomotiveLight and #$Flashlight); or it may be for use in a signal or sign (as by instances of #$TrafficLight and #$IndicatorLight); or it may be for some other special purposes (as by instances of StrobeLight). bd58a5ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lightning The collection of lightning flashes, events in which the atmosphere discharges electricity. bd589322-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lines A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each instance of #$Line is a one-dimensional path through two- or three-dimensional space, whether curved or straight. Formally, this is a 1-manifold. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the equator, as well as abstract lines. bd5906cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 linear The shape attribute shared by anything that has only one discernible or relevant dimension. Examples include geometric lines and line segments, curved line segments and arcs, and physical objects whose length is the only relevant dimension, e.g., a length of wire, if we are in a context in which other dimensions of the wire are small enough to be ignored, or the outer rim of a glass. Also note that this attribute holds of anything which is linear even if the object does not remain in a single plane. For instance, a spiral-shaped line or a length of string wrapped around a pencil may be linear despite the fact that they do not remain in a single two dimensional plane. bf628acb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 linear - planar The shape attribute shared by all lines, both curved and straight that belong to objects that remain in a single two-dimensional plane. Spatial things in addition to purely geometric objects can have this attribute. For instance, in some microtheories one might deem a length of wire to be linear insofar as width, height or radius is irrelevant to the kind of reasoning required. bdbb00b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 linear - straight The shape attribute shared by all one-dimensional objects that are not curved. Once again, note that this is very context dependent. To take a very straightforward example, if building a deck the standards for being deemed to have the attribute #$Linear-Straight may vary considerably from the standards for straightness when framing a home. c0af9d58-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 linguistic object The collection of all intangible objects that are parts of some language or other, in a broad sense of part whereby #$LinguisticObject's specializations include such diverse collections as #$Title, #$WordSense, #$SententialConstituent, #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject, and #$LinguisticAttribute. bd58d0fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 linguistic object type #$LinguisticObjectType is the collection of subcollections of #$LinguisticObject. bd5900f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 liquid assets A collection of objects. Each element of #$LiquidAsset is either an instance of #$Currency or some asset that is readily convertible to currency by selling or borrowing againstit. Examples: stocks, bonds, money market accounts. bd58afb3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 liquid state of matter A basic physical state of matter. #$LiquidStateOfMatter characterizes pieces of matter which are at a temperature and pressure such that the molecules of the matter move freely relative to their neighbors, but are not excited enough to break free. Liquid objects are characterized at the macroscopic level by special qualities of flow, such as being #$Pourable and conforming to whatever container they occupy. Examples of things that typically have this attribute are: liquid nitrogen; the water component of a gallon of seawater; a lump of mercury at room temperature; and some molten silver about to be poured into a teapot mold. bd590948-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 liquid objects A collection of pieces of tangible stuff. Each element of #$LiquidTangibleThing is a tangible thing which shares many of the properties that matter in the #$LiquidStateOfMatter exhibits; i.e., its volume is relatively constant at varying pressures, and its freely changes shape (e.g., to conform to the shape a vessel containing it). Liquids can never be said to break. Note that not all instances of #$LiquidTangibleThing are in #$LiquidStateOfMatter, because that attribute applies to quantities of a single type of substance. Examples of #$LiquidTangibleThing: substances in #$LiquidStateOfMatter, such the water in a room-temperature glass of beer; liquid/liquid mixtures like the beer itself; solutions of solids in liquids, such as sea water; emulsions such as milk; and suspensions of solids in liquids like blood. Cf. #$FluidTangibleThing and #$GaseousTangibleThing. bd58d2a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lists The collection of all lists or finite sequences of items, as an abstract notion. A #$List is a special kind of #$Tuple that is a finite structure with a first and last member-position, and for each member-postion but the last, there is a successor member-position. A #$List, like other #$Tuples, allows repetition of its members -- the same item can appear at multiple member-positions in the list. A list can be viewed formally as a function from a finite index set of counting numbers, beginning with one, into the domain of #$Things or perhaps some more restrictive domain. Unlike #$Series, #$List is purely abstract and the only implied relation between an item and its successor is the successor relation of the list itself. #$List is, technically, more specific than #$Tuple only in that the index set must be the counting numbers in their usual order rather than some other index set. Note that the operators defined on lists do not correspond exactly to similar operators in Common LISP; #$List includes commonsense lists like grocery list and the first item on a list is at position number 1. bed50053-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 list the format A Format or datatype. Multiple copies of entries, & any number of entries, are OK; and order matters; i.e., if you change the order of two different elements of a list, the resultant list is not equal to the original one bd58f26f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 OSET The collection of all those #$Lists, for each of which, no element appears more than once in the list. A #$ListWithoutRepetition is sometimes called an 'OSET'. Note that a #$ListWithoutRepetition amounts to a finite #$TotalOrdering-Strict. (In general a #$List and #$Series may have repeated elements.) See also #$SeriesWithoutRepetition. bdb9081e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 listening The collection of events in which an #$Agent deliberately facilitates and does #$Hearing. bd58c048-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 livers The collection of all living #$Animal livers. Each instance of #$Liver is a large compound #$InternalOrgan. A #$Liver breaks down dead #$RedBloodCells, removes certain poisons and waste material from the blood stream, creates glycogen from sugars and proteins, stores glycogen, removes certain chemicals from the blood, secretes bile (#$BileTheSecretion) which is used for digestion,and regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, #$Proteins, #$Vitamins, #$Minerals, and fats. bd58a6a6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 living languages #$LivingLanguage, a subset of #$NaturalLanguage, is the collection of all natural languages which have some native speaker(s). bd58fc55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 local government organizations A collection of government organizations; a subset of #$LocalOrganization. An element of #$LocalGovernmentOrganization is any government organization -- whether federal, state, county, or municipal -- that is specific to, i.e., has jurisdiction and/or services generally limited to, one (local) location. For example, a Board of Education of a particular school district is a #$LocalGovernmentOrganization, because its authority extends to schools in a limited (local) area; in the U.S., such a Board answers to another #$LocalGovernmentOrganization, typically a city or township government. In another example, an element of #$VeteransAdministrationMedicalCenter is a local organization in terms of its service area, but bureaucratically it belongs to the U.S. Federal government; thus, #$VeteransAdministrationMedicalCenter is a subset of both #$LocalGovernmentOrganization and #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization. c10c233a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 local organizations A collection of organizations. An element of #$LocalOrganization is an organization having local `scope' -- that is, members distributed in a local area (a #$Neighborhood, #$City, rural region, etc.) or having a local area of activity and concern, as opposed to statewide, national, or international organizations. bd58eedb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 locomotion event - animal A collection of events; a subset of #$LocomotionProcess-Generic. In an instance of #$LocomotionEvent-Animal, the #$objectMoving (at least the object that is playing the role of #$doneBy in the event) is an #$Animal. In addition to episodes of walking and swimming, #$LocomotionEvent-Animal includes events in which an agent moves itself using a device, with that agent supplying the motive force to the device -- as in instances of #$PedalingABicycle, #$IceSkating, #$InLineSkating, etc. Since the locomotor virtually always supplies the vast majority of the force required to make the motion happen, it is safe to infer that IF something plays the role of #$providerOfMotiveForce, THEN it is an #$objectMoving. In certain abnormal situations this rule will make the wrong conclusions: e.g. if a mountain climber's assent is aided by another stationary person above. Some locomotion events are also transportation events, e.g. when someone is walking while carrying something else. Note: Elements of #$LocomotionEvent-Animal may be `non-homogeneous' (by contrast, each #$LocomotionProcess-Animal is `homogeneous.') That is, if you take #$timeSlices of a #$LocomotionEvent-Animal, they may or may not be #$LocomotionEvent-Animals. E.g., even though a mountain-climbing event is a #$LocomotionEvent-Animal, if you take a time-slice of it -- even a quite long time-slice of it! -- that whole time-slice could be where you were tying your climbing rope to a piton you'd just pounded into the mountainside, and that tying event is not a #$LocomotionEvent-Animal. Note that this is not quite the same thing as the granularity of a process, such as #$AnimalWalkingProcess, where if you take a fine enough time-slice you are just lifting your leg up into the air. In the case of a #$LocomotionEvent-Animal such as scaling a sheer rock wall, very little of the time actually involves the motion of your body up the wall. bd58e64e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 locomotion processes The collection of processes in which an animal moves from one place to another by its own power. A #$LocomotionProcess-Animal is an activity considered as a #$TemporalStuffType, in which any time-slice of the activity can also be considered an instance of that activity. Subsets of #$LocomotionProcess-Animal include: #$AnimalWalkingProcess, #$Brachiating, #$Climbing, #$WheelchairLocomotionEvent, #$Boring-Locomotion, etc. bd58e68c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 logical connective A collection of mathematical objects, including the basic logical connectives. Each element of #$LogicalConnective is a #$Relation which takes one or more truth-valued expressions (sentences) as arguments and returns a truth-valued sentence. The elements of #$LogicalConnective include #$and, #$or, #$not, and #$implies. bd58b9f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lonely The disagreeable feeling of being without company. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Loneliness, #$Solitude, etc. c0ed0b82-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 long and thin A physical attribute. #$LongAndThin is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that characterizes a tangible object which has one dimension whose length exceeds that of each of the other two dimensions by at least a factor of three. E.g., pencils, straws, telephone wire, submarines, skyscrapers. Cf. #$SheetShaped. c0f2a0fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lines of longitude A line between the #$NorthPole and the #$SouthPole, intersecting the #$Equator at 90 degrees. bddab4a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 searches Searching for something with the intent to find it. Instances of failure to find the object of the search are still instances of #$LookingForSomething. bd58fb33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 losses of user rights A collection of events. In an instance of #$LosingUserRights, some #$Agent loses possession of something. Thus, in such an event, that agent loses a previously held right (viz., some #$UserRightsAttribute) to use some item. The item in question is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer, and the agent is the #$fromPossessor (i.e., the one from whom possession is taken). The #$Agent may or may not be a #$deliberateActors in the event; e.g., selling one's car is done on purpose, but having one's car repossessed probably isn't. If either of those two events happen to you, though, it is an element of the collection #$LosingUserRights. bd641ca1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 loves Strong affection for another agent arising out of kinship or personal ties. Love may be felt towards things, too: warm attachment, enthusiasm, or devotion. This does not, however, mean something as specialized/metaphorical as `Fred loves to eat ice cream' or `Ethel loves to get her way.' #$Love is a collection, as further explained under #$Happiness. Specialized forms of #$Love are #$Love-Romantic, platonic love, maternal love, infatuation, agape, etc. bd589433-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lungs The collection of all lungs, the primary respiratory organs of #$AirBreathingVertebrates. bd58cacb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meter-kilogram-second units of measure A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$MKSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the MKS (i.e., meter-kilogram-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond, #$Liter, #$MetricTon. bd5901ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mailing locations A collection of places; a subset of #$ContactLocation. Each element of #$MailingLocation is a location at which an agent can be contacted by mail, e.g., a home, office, or post office box. be01f510-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 main function One of the attributes which characterize the capacity in which some agent does a kind of action. #$MainFunction indicates that an agent does a certain type of action as its main function (rather than, say, as a hobby). #$MainFunction can be used to indicate the function that an organization was created to do; e.g., the #$MainFunction of the #$USBorderPatrol is #$Patrolling the U.S. border. See #$actsInCapacity. bd588c81-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gesture The collection of acts of #$IBOCreation done by an #$Animal (including #$Person) arranging its limbs or other body parts (and whatever objects the limbs might be holding) in some meaningful configuration (static or dynamic). Vocal #$IBTGenerations are not considered to be gestures (see #$MakingAnOralSound for this), but they might be done in conjunction with gestures. NB: #$MakingAGesture is NOT a subset of #$NonVerbalCommunicating; at most, an instance of #$MakingAGesture is only half of a communication event. And someone can make a gesture while alone, without using it for communication. Thus, only some gestures are #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating. (But note that #$MakingAGesture IS a subset of #$IBTGeneration-Original (q.v.), since every gesture encodes information, whether or not it is used for communication in a particular instance.) bd58f623-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agreement-making events A collection of events. Each element in the collection #$MakingAnAgreement is an event in which two or more parties specify the terms of an #$Agreement to which they will be #$agreeingAgents, and enter into it. Some types of #$MakingAnAgreement include its subsets #$EngagementEventPart-BecomingEngaged, #$EmployeeHiring, #$DeclaringCeaseFire, and #$MakingAReservation. bd58a184-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 verbalize The collection of actions in which the lips and other mouth parts are used to make sound. #$MakingAnOralSound means the event in which sound is produced more-or-less voluntarily, using the mouth, mouth portal, lips, and tongue.--Kean, July 11, 1997 bd589df6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 making facial expression The collection of events during which the configuration of an agent's face changes. This is usually associated with the expression of some emotion. bd58c58d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 making events A collection of creation events. #$MakingSomething is a specialization of #$CreatingAnArtifact instances of which involve some partially tangible thing being made from raw materials or from parts. The end result (see #$productsCreated) might or might not be a #$Product. bd58fe38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 provisions of goods or services The collection of all activities in which an #$Agent makes it possible for another #$Agent to use (but not necessarily own) a good or service. bd58a246-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 making travel arrangements The collection of all events in which an agent arranges for some kind of travel event. bd58bd9c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Indonesian Language A Malayan language spoken in Indonesia. bd58b9cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 males The collection of all male animals. bd58e943-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 males The collection of all male persons. bd58d6a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 malleabilities A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Malleability represents a specific capacity of a physical material to be shaped or formed. Different degrees of malleability may be designated using a #$GenericValueFunction. Malleability of objects is indicated with the predicate #$malleabilityOfObject. bd58955d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 malnutrition A collection of physiological conditions caused by the lack of essential #$Nutrients (usually vitamins, minerals or proteins). Specialized forms of #$Malnutrition are: (1) #$DietaryDeficiencyCondition, in which the necessary nutrients are not ingested; and (2) #$Malnutrition-Secondary, in which the necessary nutrients are not properly metabolized. be00bb98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mammals The collection of mammals; a subset of #$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Mammal is an air-breathing, warm-blooded animal which, if female, nurses its young with milk secreted by mammary glands. The collection #$Mammal includes the subsets #$Dog, #$Horse, #$Person, #$Elephant, etc. The skin of mammals is typically covered with hair (or sometimes hair modified into scales or plates (e.g. pangolins)), but some types are almost hairless. All mammals other than the Monotremes of Australia bear live young rather than laying eggs and have teats, which on females are used for nursing the young. Monotremes do not have teats, but both male and female produce milk from #$MammaryGlands. #$Mammal is an instance of #$BiologicalClass. bd58a628-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 manager A collection of people. An instance of #$Manager is a person whose primary job is to manage other people, directing their work activity in an #$Organization or for a #$Project. A #$Manager tells his or her subordinate workers what to do. bd58b762-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Mandarin Chinese One of the major languages spoken in China; also the official language. bd58a106-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fabrications A collection of events. In each #$Manufacturing event, raw materials or component parts are combined to produce a product. In a typical #$Manufacturing process, the motivation of the manufacturer is that the value of the #$outputs should exceed the value of the #$inputs. #$Manufacturing does not include related or supportive processes such as transporting the raw materials to the manufacturing site, scheduling done ahead of time, etc. -- the concept #$ProductionEvent covers that bigger picture. bd58e175-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 manufacturing organization A collection of organizations. An element of #$ManufacturingOrganization is any organization whose #$MainFunction is #$Manufacturing or production of goods. These may be departments, suborganizations, companies, or conglomerate enterprises. bd58ef23-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 maps A collection of #$ConceptualWorks. Each element of #$Map can be properly interpreted, models a region of physical space which may be many times greater or smaller than its own size by using graphical symbols (or possibly another code), often in conjunction with a natural language, to represent features of one or more of the following kinds: geographical areas (#$GeographicalRegion), topographical features (#$TopographicalFeature), political regions (#$GeopoliticalEntity), climate zones (#$ClimateCycleType), human artifacts (#$ConstructionArtifact), population densities (#$populationDensity), etc. Maps are generally intended to help an agent to orient itself in space or to understand some aspect(s) of a large spatial area. #$Maps are physically instantiated in map copies, which may be on paper, in computerized geographical information systems, or in other forms. bd58e7b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 March The collection of all Marches, the third month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58c2bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Marine corps A collection of military organizations. An instance of #$MarineCorps is a military organization, modern or historical, composed mainly of soldiers (i.e., combat personnel) who serve on ships or in conjunction with naval forces, with the purpose of defending or attacking coastal areas. beebd6c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 marines A soldier who is in the Marines. bd58a78c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 marital statuses The attribute values indicating the #$maritalStatus of a #$Person. Members of this collection include #$Divorced, #$Widowed, #$Single, and #$Married. bd590574-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 marking on a surface A collection of events. In a #$MarkingOnASurface event, visible markings are placed on a surface by an #$Agent. The marking may be done by adding material to or removing material from the surface; e.g., by painting or by engraving the surface. bd588d33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 masculine #$Masculine is a gender, indicating either that an #$Animal or #$Plant is male, or that a word has what is called masculine gender. bd590c7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 masses A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Mass is an amount of matter present in a given object. Elements of #$Mass may be either a fixed interval, such as two pounds, or a range, such as a legal load for a certain type of trailer. The more mass an object has, the greater is the force required to accelerate it. See #$UnitOfMass for the units used by Cyc to measure mass. bd58dbe6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mass noun The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike things. Example: 'water'. bd652289-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mass noun - generic The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike things. Example: 'water'. This collection also includes proper mass nouns like 'Pepsi', agentive mass nouns like 'moisturizer', etc. c0c8418b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 material strength type A collection of collections. Each element of #$MaterialStrengthType is a specific collection of attributes used in determining the strength of a material. Examples: #$Hardness, #$Malleability, #$Ductility, #$Elasticity, #$ShearStrength. bd58d2da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mathematical object A collection of intangible objects; a subset of #$MathematicalThing. Each element of #$MathematicalObject is a purely abstract mathematical thing which is an individual (see #$Individual). Examples of #$MathematicalObject include: #$Quantifiers, #$RealNumbers, #$Triangles, #$TruthValues, etc. But instances of #$SetOrCollection are not #$MathematicalObjects in Cyc, because they are not #$Individuals. bf461f37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mathematical or computational thing A collection of abstract (#$Intangible) objects. Each element of #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing is a massless, timeless abstraction, such as an algorithm, logical connective, character string, assertion, integer, etc. bd58e31f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mathematical ordering The collection of all those #$RelationalStructures that are called 'orderings'. A #$MathematicalOrdering is usually described as an ordered pair <S, R> where S is a set and R is a binary relation on S that is transitive, i.e., for each X, Y and Z in S, R(X Y) and R(Y Z) imply R(X Z). We do not have to define a #$MathematicalOrdering in Cyc as an ordered pair, but it is essential that each such #$MathematicalOrdering has a unique #$baseSet and a unique ordering relation. We use, for each #$MathematicalOrdering ORDER, (#$orderingRelations ORDER PRED) to specify a binary predicate PRED, the restriction of which to the #$baseSet S of ORDER indicates the ordering relation R on S, and we require the collections that are used to specify the arguments to PRED to be supersets of S. In principle, there could be different predicates PRED1 and PRED2 such that when restricted to the same #$baseSet S of a #$MathematicalOrdering ORDER, they order the elements of S exactly the same way. When we said that there is a unique ordering relation R on S, we mean to ignore the difference between PRED1 and PRED2 when they are restricted to S, and treat the results of such restrictions the same, as far as they are used to talk about ORDER. Subcollections of #$MathematicalOrdering include #$PartialOrdering, #$PartialOrdering-Strict, #$TreeOrdering, #$TreeOrdering-Strict, #$TotalOrdering, #$TotalOrdering-Strict, #$WellOrdering and #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic, etc. bf3b5382-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 May The collection of all Mays, the second month to start after the vernal equinox (in the Northern Hemisphere) in the #$GregorianCalendar and #$JulianCalendar. May is the fifth month of the year in the #$GregorianCalendar. May started as the third month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar, but after the beginning of the year was moved to the beginning of #$January it became the fifth month of the year. bd58c232-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 measurable attribute type A collection of collections. Each element of #$MeasurableAttributeType is a collection of attributes, the members of which are quantifiable attributes, i.e., they can be assigned a numeric value. For example, #$RateOfRotation and #$ConcentrationPerVolume. For the units in which specific attributes are measured, see #$measuredIn and #$unitsMeasuringThisQuantity. Note that in Cyc, numbers are classified as measurable attributes; see #$RealNumber, etc. bd58d9b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 measuring devices A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$MeasuringDevice is a device used for measuring some quantity such as #$Distance, #$Volume, #$Temperature, etc. Examples include the odometer in your car (an #$Odometer), the graduated glass measuring cup in your kitchen (a #$MeasuringCup), and the thermostat on your wall (a #$TemperatureMeasuringDevice, although it is also a #$ControlDevice.) bd590901-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 measuring events A collection of events. Each element of #$MeasuringSomething is an event in which an agent uses a physical device to measure some physical attribute of a tangible object. The last part of such an event involves the perception (and perhaps recording) of a #$measurementResult by some instance of#$PerceptualAgent. See also #$MeasurementFn. bd588524-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mechanical devices A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$MechanicalDevice is a physical device which has at least one part that moves with respect to another of its parts. Thus a spoon is not one of these, but a pair of scissors is, as are more complex devices such as vacuum cleaners and the #$SpaceShuttleChallenger. bd58d581-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical care event A collection of events. When any medical care professional provides a medical service to patients, that is an instance of #$MedicalCareEvent. An instance of #$MedicalCareEvent may be a diagnostic procedure, a treatment, a consultation, routine check-up, a medical test, etc. -- anything a medical care provider can bill for. E.g., (#$BirthFn #$NicoleLenat) represents the birth of a particular person; since she were born in a modern Western hospital, doctors, nurses, and a variety of hospital equipment were present and used, so this is a #$MedicalCareEvent. bd638fc1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical care facilities Large organizations that provide medical or psychiatric care and have facilities for patients to stay at least overnight. bd649710-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical care organizations A collection of organizations; a subset of both #$MedicalCareProvider and #$ServiceOrganization. An element of #$MedicalCareOrganization is any organization that provides some kind of medical care; it may be a sub-organization of a larger organization. Examples include all instances of #$DoctorsOffice, #$DentistsOffice, #$OptometricFacility, or #$RehabilitationFacility; #$IndependentPracticeAssociation or #$Hospital; #$EmergencyRoom, #$DialysisUnit, #$AllergyTestingFacility; #$HomeNursingServiceOrganization or #$LongTermMedicalCareFacility; and #$VeterinaryHospital. bd58f48e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical care professionals A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$MedicalCareProfessional is a person whose occupation principally involves medical care of patients, including surgery, psychological care, physical therapy, practical nursing, and dispensing drugs. The collection #$MedicalCareProfessional includes members of the subsets #$Psychiatrist, #$Pharmacist, #$EmergencyMedicalTechnician, #$Nurse, #$Doctor-Medical, etc., as well as #$Veterinarian. c10c316e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical care provider The collection of agents who provide medical care in a professional capacity. c0fd5c00-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical facility type Instances are kinds of medical care facilities. Some may be organizations , some may be places and some are equipment. bd597404-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 patients The #$Collection of instances of #$Animal while undergoing medical care - which includes routine examinations as well as treatment for injuries or illnesses. bd5893d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical specialty type The collection of all medical worker types, divided up by specialty. c10ae933-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical tests A collection of events in which some aspect of a patient's physiological condition is evaluated using medical procedures. An instance of #$MedicalTesting is a test done on a patient -- or, often, on a sample taken from the patient's body -- in order to gather information (a) about the patient's general state of health, (b) to help in making a diagnosis, (c) to determine or monitor the severity of a known condition of the patient's. The collection #$MedicalTesting includes an enormous variety of procedures in modern Western medicine, from simple blood tests to complex MRIs. c0fd5389-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical treatments A collection of medical care events; i.e., a subset of #$MedicalCareEvent. In any instance of #$MedicalTreatmentEvent, the procedures performed by a medical professional are done to alleviate or ameliorate a #$PhysiologicalCondition. The set of treatments for a specific condition may be denoted using #$TreatmentFn (q.v.). bd58ba4f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mediterranean scrub Attribute of areas of shrub-dominated vegetation located in the Mediterranean basinand similar climatic regions in coastal parts of California, Chile, South Africa, and southern Australia. A variety of aromatic herbaceous plants grow beneath low shrub thickets. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995). bec614ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 the Mediterranean Sea A strategically important small sea between southern Europe, western Asia (the Levant), and northern Africa. bd58ecea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meetings A collection of actions. In a #$MeetingSomeone event, one #$Agent is moving and meets (comes into close proximity with) another #$Agent. This may or may not be purposeful. It may be performed by non-human animals, and occasionally by other sorts of #$Agents. Note: this does not mean `being introduced to someone', but rather `going to meet with someone'. c0f29aad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meetings The collection of human meeting events, in which #$Persons gather intentionally at a location in order to communicate or share some experience; business is often transacted at such a meeting. Examples include: a particular conference, a business lunch, etc. bd590388-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 melting events A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, an object is heated to (and then above) its #$freezingPoint and is thereby changed from a #$SolidStateOfMatter to a #$LiquidStateOfMatter. bd58f9f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 memory A collection of mental information. Each element of #$Memory is the propositional content of a mental state in which a person recalls past events. Most commonly those memories concern first-person experiences, but they may include recollections of anything that the person has learned in the past. bd58da47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 men's clothes A collection of objects. Each element of #$MensClothing is a clothing item worn usually by men, i.e., items normally found in the men's section of department stores. Subsets include #$Tuxedos and #$MensJockeyUnderwear. bd5902fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mental attributes A collection of attributes. Each element of #$MentalAttribute is an attribute which pertains to an agent's mental state or mental ability. Examples: #$HighIntelligence, #$LegallyDrunk, #$VisualAwareness, #$InattentiveMentalActivityLevel. bd58833e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pieces of mental information A collection of information. Each element of #$MentalInformation is the propositional content of a specific mental state of an individual person. Thus, this is information which is embodied in a person having a memory or sensory perception or other type of thought. Note that elements of #$MentalInformation are the propositional content of memories, perceptions, judgments, etc. For example, when I remember that my grandmother's eyes are blue, the mental information contained therein is `my [the rememberer's] grandmother's eyes are blue'; it is NOT `I remember that my grandmother's eyes are blue'. As a consequence, mental information (as defined in Cyc) is not incorrigible. bd58daca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meta assertions for poly canonicalizing assertions If one wishes to state a fact M about an formula F, i.e. if one wishes to assert the meta-assertion M(F) and if F canonicalizes into multiple assertions, a_1, a_2...a_n, then one may have to do a non-standard procedure. If F canonicalizes into a_1, a_2...a_n *and* when any of a_1, a_2...a_n uncanonicalize back into A then the meta assertion M(F) gets automatically distributed to each of a_1, a_2...a_n. In such a case M(F) ends up in the knowledge base as several assertions, i.e. M(a_1), M(a_2), ... M(a_n). In other cases (i.e. where a polycanonicalizing formula does not uncanonicalize back into itself) (typically rarer), one will have to do the non-standard procedure of distributing the meta-assertions by hand. Example (of the more standard case): (fi-assert '(#$implies (#$isa ?x #$Animal) (#$thereExists ?y (#$and (#$isa ?y #$FemaleAnimal) (#$mother ?x ?y)))) #$BaseKB) produces in the two assertions: #<AS:(#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?X #$Animal) (#$termOfUnit ?Y (#$SKF-16480338 ?X))) (#$mother ?X ?Y)):#$BaseKB> #<AS:(#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?X #$Animal) (#$termOfUnit ?Y (#$SKF-16480338 ?X))) (#$isa ?Y #$FemaleAnimal)):#$BaseKB> Note that these two assertions share the common EL formula: (#$implies (#$isa ?x #$Animal) (#$thereExists ?y (#$and (#$isa ?y #$FemaleAnimal) (#$mother ?x ?y)))) Now if we add a meta assertion that references this formula: (fi-assert '(#$salientAssertions #$mother (#$implies (#$isa ?x #$Animal) (#$thereExists ?y (#$and (#$isa ?y #$FemaleAnimal) (#$mother ?x ?y))))) #$BaseKB) the meta formula automatically distributes over the two assertions: #<AS:(#$salientAssertions #$mother #<AS:(#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?X #$Animal) (#$termOfUnit ?Y (#$SKF-16480338 ?X))) (#$mother ?X ?Y)):#$BaseKB):#$BaseKB> #<AS(#$salientAssertions #$mother #<AS:(#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?X #$Animal) (#$termOfUnit ?Y (#$SKF-16480338 ?X))) (#$isa ?Y #$FemaleAnimal)):#$BaseKB):#$BaseKB> This new behavior was added to the system on December 9, 1998. It can be turned-off by setting the parameter CYC::*DISTRIBUTE-META-OVER-COMMON-EL?* to nil. bfb7415a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 metaknowledge predicates A collection of predicates. Each element of #$MetaKnowledgePredicate is a predicate used in assertions about the Cyc ontology itself. Examples: #$myCreator, #$cyclistNotes, #$sharedNotes, #$salientAssertions, #$assertionConclusionActionType. bd588097-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meta predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$MetaPredicate can be used to define other predicates. c0d662dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meta relation A collection of relations. Each element of #$MetaRelation can be used to define other relations. bf4f46aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 metals A collection of tangible stuffs. Every instance of #$Metal is a piece of stuff defined as a metal only by its chemical composition, not by its physical properties. Thus, #$Metal includes all instances of #$Mercury and #$Potassium as well as all pieces of #$Brass, #$Lead, #$Iron. Cyc infers only by default that metals are solid. #$MetalAlloy is a subset of #$Metal. bd58ac39-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 alloys A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of #$Metal. Each instance of #$MetalAlloy is a metallic stuff which is a homogeneous blend of at least one part of #$UnalloyedMetal with at least one other substance. #$MetalAlloy is not a subset of #$Mixture, because each instance of #$MetalAlloy is defined not only by the amounts and kinds of its #$constituents, but also (unlike a mixture) by the internal structures formed during its creation. Furthermore, the creation process is typically more complex than #$Mixing. Common metal alloys include the instances of #$Bronze, #$Brass, and #$Steel. Note that #$GalvanizedMetal is NOT a subset of #$MetalAlloy, because every instance of #$GalvanizedMetal has a coating of some #$Zinc on its surface, and thus (unlike an alloy) the components of galvanized metals are not homogenously distributed throughout. bd58cc8b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 microscopic scale object A collection of objects. Every instance of #$MicroscopicScaleObject is a material object which is so small that human beings cannot perceive it, except (perhaps) with the use of special devices such as electron microscopes. Some types of #$MicroscopicScaleObject include its subsets #$Molecule, #$Atom, #$SubAtomicParticle, #$Chloroplast, and #$Mitochondrion. bd5891ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contexts The collection of all microtheories, or `mts' for short. Microtheories implement contexts in Cyc. Each mt serves to group a set of assertions together that share some common assumptions. Thus each mt can be thought of as having two parts: a corpus of assertions that represent the `content' of the mt, and a separate corpus of assertions that represent the `assumptions' which are being made. E.g., in a normal modern everyday life microtheory, there might be hundreds of content assertions such as `drivers are at least 16 years old', and there might be dozens of assumption assertions about that microtheory's content, such as `all actors are assumed to be law-abiding'. You can think of the assumptions as a set of extra conjuncts on the left hand side (the antecedent or `if'-part) of every content assertion in the mt. Each assertion in the knowledge base must be explicitly stated to be true in at least one mt. It will then (by inference) also be true in all the more specialized contexts. If something is true in the `life in North America' mt, then it should by default be true in the `life in Canada' mt. I.e., the microtheories are organized into a generalization/specialization lattice by the predicate #$genlMt (q.v.), just as collections are organized into such a lattice by #$genls, and just as predicates are organized into such a lattice by #$genlPreds. Just as a collection may have several incommensurable supersets, so too a microtheory may have several incommensurable #$genlMts. Just as each and every collection must have some explicitly recorded superset (except for #$Thing), each and every mt must have some (expicitly recorded) more general mt (except for the #$BaseKB, which is the most general context, containing universal, timeless truths). Just as a Cyc concept may have multiple incommensurable sets of which it is an element (via #$isa), so too a Cyc assertion may be declared to be true in a set of incommensurable mts. Every query is made in some mt, so the answer you get might very well depend on the mt in which you ask the question. Let's call the current context C1, for the remainder of this paragraph. The only assertions which can be used in C1 to answer the query are those assertions which were explicitly stated to be true in C1 or in some more general mt than C1. But what if you want and need something like assertion P, to answer the question, but P doesn't fit that criterion, though P is true in some other mts that are unrelated to C1? You can `import' or `lift' P into C1, by conjoining to its left hand side (if-part) the various assumptions of a context C999 in which P is known to be true. I.e., what you actually conclude to be true in C1 is an assertion of the form `if a1 and a2 and... then P', where a1, a2,... are the assumptions of a context in which P holds (but which are NOT implied by assumptions of C1). When there are several contexts to choose from, from which to import P, you will usually prefer the context whose assumptions are most similar to C1's assumptions, so there will be few extra conjuncts that need to be inserted in the `lifting' process. There is an implicit third component to each #$Microtheory, namely the Cyc terms which are `known about' in that mt. E.g., #$Lenat is not `known about' in a microtheory set in prehistoric times; #$PhotochemicalEnergyTransduction is not `known about' in a microtheory representing things that a toddler believes to be true; etc. Unlike the content and the assumptions, however, there is no need to explicitly collect into one list all the terms which are `known about'. Rather, one could compute such a list by looking at all the terms which are mentioned anywhere in the content assertions of the mt. Note that #$Microtheory is itself a `first-class object', as is each and every element of that collection --- e.g., #$CommercialBuyingMt, #$WorldGeographyMt, #$USHealthcareMt, #$HumanSocialLifeMt, etc. The assertions about a #$Microtheory are just like any other Cyc assertions. Note that one important predicate we haven't mentioned here yet is the one that says `assertion P is true in microtheory M'. That predicate is #$ist. Thus: (#$ist M P). Note that another important predicate we haven't mentioned here yet is the one that says `microtheory M has the proposition P as a domain assumption'. Thus: (#$domainAssumptions M P). bd5880d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 microtheory designating relation The collection of #$Relations which specify that a #$ELSentence-Assertible is to be interpreted in a given #$Microtheory. It will be canonicalized and checked for well-formedness with respect to that microtheory. Each microtheory-designating relation has an argument which denotes a microtheory, and another argument which denotes a #$ELSentence-Assertible. It may have other arguments as well. Use #$microtheoryDesignationArgnum and #$sentenceDesignationArgnum to specify these argument positions for each microtheory-designating relation. beab9388-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 microtheory predicates A collection of predicates. Each element of #$MicrotheoryPredicate is a predicate used to describe the properties and relationships of instances of #$Microtheory. Examples: #$domainAssumptions, #$mtTime, #$genlMt, #$adheresToCodeOfConduct, #$ist-Agreement, #$ist-Obligation. bd58817a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 microtheory type A collection of collections. Each instance of #$MicrotheoryType is a type of #$Microtheory, for example, #$ProblemSolvingCntxt and #$GeneralMicrotheory. bd58e6e8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 microwaved The attribute #$Microwaved is a specialized form of #$Cooked. Food that is #$Microwaved has been prepared in an event of #$Microwaving, using a #$MicrowaveOven. bd9fc405-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 microwave A collection of events in which a #$MicrowaveOven is used to heat food (or drink). After a #$Microwaving event, the food involved has been #$Microwaved. bff3797e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 middays A #$Midday is the daily event where the #$Sun is near its `highest' position in the daily cycle. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and a #$Morning overlaps the start of a #$Midday. bd5887c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 migratory animals A subset of #$Animal; the collection of animals that change their dwelling place on a periodic, typically seasonal basis. Such behavior is usually characteristic of particular types of #$BiologicalSpecies. c1009f65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 military aircraft The collection of all aircraft used for military purposes, or equipped to be used for such purposes. bd58b375-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 officers A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who is an officer in some #$MilitaryOrganization. bd58a748-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 military services A collection of organizations. An element of #$MilitaryOrganization is an organization whose function (and expertise) is the use of armed force, or the threat of such use, against enemies, especially other organized, armed enemies. A military organization includes its fighting forces and their command structure, together with dedicated support services controlled by that military command. Typically, there are special conditions in the relationships between a #$MilitaryOrganization and its workers, going beyond what is expected of work agreements in civilian settings, including strict sanctions to enforce obedience. This collection includes #$GovernmentMilitaryOrganizations such as the armies, navies, air forces, etc., of the world's governments, and in addition private armies, rebel armies, and organized mercenary units. bd58f1ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 military people A collection of persons; a subset of NationalGovernmentEmployee. Each element of ArmedServicesPersonnel is a person who belongs to any of the national military services of some instance of Country. bd58ef05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 minerals A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Mineral is a piece of homogeneous inorganic physical substance that has a crystalline structure. For example, instances of #$Diamond, #$Turquoise-Gem, #$Jade-Gem, #$Corundum. c1008900-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mineral ore A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$EarthStuff. Each element of #$MineralOre is a piece of substance from which some useful #$Mineral can be extracted. For example, elements of #$IronOre, #$BauxiteOre, and #$CopperOre. bd588750-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 misty - physical state A physical attribute. #$Misty-PhysicalState is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that characterizes mist; i.e., being a mixture of a gaseous substance with suspended particles of liquid. bd58d50d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mix A collection of events. In each #$Mixing, two or more substances are combined to form a #$Mixture. bd58e9f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mixtures A collection of tangibles. Every instance of #$Mixture is an at-least-partially tangible thing composed of two or more different #$constituents which have been mixed. The stuffs which were inputs to the mixing do not form chemical bonds between them, and at a later time the mixture may be resolved by some #$SeparationEvent. Examples include all elements of the collections #$Blood, #$Mud, #$Air, and #$CarbonatedBeverage. A mixture has a composition but not a structure; thus, the following are NOT mixtures, since all have some structure: a wet sponge, a person, or a portion of plywood. Note: By default, mixtures are assumed to be stable, i.e., they won't separate on their own. Use #$separatingConstituent to override this default for a constituent that does separate out spontaneously (e.g. a #$CarbonatedBeverage going flat). bd58e89f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mobs A specialization of #$Group. Each instance of #$Mob is a group that contains a large number of objects or events of the same type. Mobs typically have more members than would be feasible to enumerate or reify. One rarely refers to particular members of a given mob; and when one does, it is usually only to relatively few of them. Examples: the #$Andes-Mountains is a mob of mountains; each instance of #$Galaxy is a mob of stars; a cupful of sand is a mob of grains of sand; and making popcorn involves a mob of corn kernel bursting events. bd58ed36-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 modal The collection of all modal auxiliary verbs. Modals have only tensed forms, do not inflect for person and number, and can take contracted negation. Example: `should'. bd5884c6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 moderately alert #$ModeratelyAlert is an #$Alertness attribute which is a specialization of #$Awake. It is the normal state of an #$Animal which is awake but paying particular attention to its environment. It is a higher #$alertnessLevel than #$Sleepy, but lower than #$VeryAlert. bd58a6bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 modern residences A collection of objects; a subset of both #$HumanResidence and #$ModernShelterConstruction. Each element of #$ModernHumanResidence is a humanly constructed shelter of a modern type, in which people live. Such residences are the typical dwellings in the developed world of the late 20th century and may be found in the more affluent regions of the developing world. Examples include houses in suburban `developments', modern apartment buildings, `modular' homes, etc. bd58f076-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 modern naval ships The collection of all #$Ships that have been used since the Nineteenth Century primarily for naval purposes, including military attack and defense, reconnaisance, support, rescue, coastal monitoring, etc. Such a ship is naval in this sense even if it is not operated by a #$Navy. Most ModernNavalShips are specifically constructed for naval purposes. bd58f0f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 modern shelter constructions A collection of construction artifacts; a subset of #$Building (q.v.). An instance of #$ModernShelterConstruction is a building that provides comfortable shelter for humans during some of their daily activities. Elements of #$ModernShelterConstruction have the kinds of features found in modern-day buildings in Europe, the USA, and other technologically developed parts of the world, namely, amenities like doors, plumbing, electricity, and probably some kind of climate control system for maintaining humanly comfortable conditions indoors. Examples include the #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, and instances of the collection #$ModernHumanResidence (e.g., a newly built home in a suburban development or a renovated brownstone in NYC). bd58a081-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 molecular stuff A collection of tangible stuff. Every instance of #$MolecularStuff is a portion of stuff composed of covalently-bonded molecules. Thus, #$Water and #$DNAStuff are subsets of #$MolecularStuff; each of their instances consists of covalently bonded molecules. But instances of #$Salt-NaCl are not examples of #$MolecularStuff. Also, #$Oxygen is not a subset of #$MolecularStuff, since #$Oxygen denotes anything composed of that element, not just O2 (molecular oxygen) and O3 (ozone). bd59e38c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 molecules A collection of microscopic-scale objects; a subset of #$ChemicalObject. Every instance of #$Molecule is a microscopic object whose component atoms are all chemically bonded to each other; typically, this means that the atoms are covalently bonded. Examples: some instances of #$Molecule, including molecules of oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), etc., contain covalently bonded atoms belonging to the collection #$Oxygen. Some highly complex examples of #$Molecule are those belonging to the collection #$DNAMolecule. See also #$MoleculeFn. Note: #$Diamond and other macroscopic covalent solids are excluded from belonging to #$Molecule by the constraint that instances of #$Molecule are microscopic. bd58f0b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Monera A biological kingdom including bacteria, blue green algae, and prochlorophytes (recently discovered). All members are prokaryotes - their cells lack a nuclear membrane and other internal organelles. bd58cb4b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 monetary exchange of user rights The collection of events in which two #$Agents (#$exchangers) perform two #$TransferringPossessions with each other, one of which is a #$MoneyTransfer. The #$buyer gains possession (i.e., some #$UserRightsAttribute) of the #$objectPaidFor from the #$seller, who gains possession of the #$objectTendered. Note that #$Renting, as well as #$Buying, is a #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights bffb86d0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 monetary flow rate A collection of rates; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$MonetaryFlowRate is a rate at which money is earned, spent, transferred, lost, invested, etc. It is a measurable quantity, expressed as a rate of units of money per unit of time, such as #$DollarsPerHour (see #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate). #$MonetaryFlowRate includes generic intervals, such as those which describe (in a particular context) #$HighIncomeLevel, #$LowIncomeLevel, etc. bd58eb7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 money The collection of amounts of currency or debt, by which payments, wealth, capital, assets, etc., are measured. An instance of #$Money may be considered as either (1) an amount of actual, valuable tangible goods (such as gold) or (2) a purely abstract quantity. That is, from one perspective, elements of #$Money represent the amount of a debt (or credit), while from another perspective, they represent what is actually transferred to create or discharge a debt. In either case it is an abstract thing. Either (a) money is a backed claim for a certain amount of precious physical wealth payable by the government on demand (e.g., the gold standard), or (b) money is a legally enforced means of debt payment without any backing. In the past, money was created by national governments; today some currencies like the Euro or the CFA Franc are created by multi-government entities. Elements of #$Money in Cyc may be either a fixed amount, such as five U.S. dollars, or a range, such as `the price of a 1997 Mazda Protege'. See #$UnitOfMoney for the units used by Cyc to measure instances of #$Money. Note: The tangible coins, bills, checks, etc., that represent certain amounts of #$Money (but which as physical objects may have little value) are elements of #$TenderObject, not of #$Money. Elements of #$TenderObject which also belong to #$Currency are typically associated with some instance of #$UnitOfMoney (e.g., #$Dollar-UnitedStates) and have a fixed value. bd58d4d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 money rates A collection of rates; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$MoneyRate is a measurement applied to something that is measured by money-per-amount; e.g., $1.14 per gallon, $10,000 per acre, $250 per week, $0.89 per pound. Important subsets of #$MoneyRate include: #$MoneyPerVolumeRate, #$MoneyPerAreaRate, #$MoneyPerMassRate, #$MonetaryFlowRate. The units for #$MoneyRate measures are terms such as #$DollarsPerSquareFoot, #$DollarsPerHour, Yen per kilo, etc. bd58d145-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 money tender type A collection of collections. Each element of #$MoneyTenderType is a collection of objects of a type commonly offered in payment for goods, services, fees, wage-work, etc. Examples include #$Currency, #$CreditCard, #$TravellersCheck, #$MoneyOrder, #$PostageStamp, #$Check-TenderObject, etc. bd58d8e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 money transactions A collection of events. Each element of #$MoneyTransaction is an event in which a transfer of money occurs. Thus, buying something, investing, making a donation, executing a bequest and exchanging currency, are all examples of #$MoneyTransaction events. bd589db3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 money transfer The most generic collection of events in which #$Money changes hands. Thus, in an instance of #$MoneyTransfer, there is some way in which money transfers possession -- though `ownership' of the funds may or may not be transferred from and/or to the agents involved. E.g., an ATM withdrawal from the user's own account, a utility payment made at one's local grocery store, buying a newspaper, getting change for a dollar from a cashier, are all examples of #$MoneyTransfer events. Compare this collection with its subset #$MoneyTransaction; in money #$Transactions, which are also elements of #$CommercialActivity, not only is there a transfer of money, but it is done as part of an agreement (explicit or implicit) between the two participating agents that one will do something for the other -- something more than bookkeeping -- contingent upon the transfer of funds. bd590a32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 monotonically false bd58f8bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 monotonically true bd58f87a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 monsoon forest Attribute of deciduous forest areas in eastern India, in parts of Southeast Asia, and in northeastern Australia. Growth is associated with the #$MonsoonClimateCycles prevailing in those regions. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995). c0ec4f7a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 month of year type A collection of #$Collections. Instances of #$MonthOfYearType are the canonical subsets of #$CalendarMonth. There are twelve of these in the #$JulianCalendar; for example, #$September is the set of all Septembers. bd58ce5e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mornings A #$Morning is an #$Event where the #$Sun apparently `rises' and `moves' to its `highest' position in the daily cycle, i.e. from a #$Sunrise or #$MidnightSun to the ensuing noon (the latter of which is the #$startingPoint of a #$TimeOfDay-NoonHour) Each instance of #$Morning is #$contiguousAfter an #$Overnight or #$startsDuring a #$MidnightSun. An #$Afternoon is #$contiguousAfter each #$Morning, and if the #$Morning #$startsDuring a #$MidnightSun, that #$Morning is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon as well. bd588885-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 motorboats The collection of all boats usually powered by motors (including in-board and out-board motors). If a boat is primarily a #$Sailboat, but has a back-up motor to use when becalmed or piloting, that is not enough to make it a Motorboat. To be more precise, this collection is the intersection of #$Watercraft-Surface, #$InternalCombustionPoweredDevice and #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle. bd58d72d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 motorcycles The collection of all motorcycles, two-wheeled motorized personal transport devices. A motorcycle lacks a cab or compartment to protect the driver from wind and weather. Since motorcycles are used both on and off road, this is not a spec of #$RoadVehicle. bd590474-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mountains A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Mountain is a topographical region on the planet Earth of significantly higher elevation than its surrounding area. Mountains may occur individually or as part of a chain (see #$MountainRange). Examples: #$MountWhitney, #$DiamondHead-Mountain, #$MountKosciusko, #$AyersRock, #$MountOlympus. bd58ce0d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mountain ranges A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$MountainRange is a natural group of mountains. Examples: the #$RockyMountains, #$Andes-Mountains, #$Alps-Mountains. bd58e52f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mouths The collection of all animal mouths. A mouth is a container #$AnimalBodyPart of an #$Animal. It has an opening (a #$Portal) to the region outside the organism. Through that opening, the animal ingests tangible substances from the environment, such as food, water, air, etc. Additional activities, such as #$Chewing, may occur in the #$Mouth, and it may participate in other activities such as talking, kissing, etc. bd589d87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-periodic movements #$Movement-NonPeriodic is a subset of #$MovementEvent. Each element of this collection is an #$Event in which the #$objectMoving does not return to a previous location or orientation (either not at all or only in a chaotic fashion). E.g., the motion of a basketball being dribbled by Magic Johnson as he runs downcourt. For contrast, see #$Movement-Periodic. bd5dac56-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 movement - periodic A collection of events, and a subset of #$MovementEvent. An element of this collection is an #$Event in which the #$objectMoving returns repeatedly to a certain location or orientation at more or less regular time intervals. E.g., the motion of a seesaw one afternoon; the dribbling of a basketball in place by Magic Johnson; the motion of a slinky going down a staircase as it periodically changes its orientation through a fixed, repetive series of orientations. bd658729-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rotations #$Movement-Rotation is a subset of #$MovementEvent. Elements of #$Movement-Rotation are those moving events in which the #$primaryObjectMoving is an #$objectRotating, i.e., it rotates about an axis that spatially intersects it (or that goes through a hole in it). For example, the daily rotation of the #$PlanetEarth on its axis, or the rotation of a clock hand about its fastened end. A negative example is the orbiting of #$PlanetEarth around the #$Sun - the axis does not spatially intersect the object. bd58cb0a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 movements from one place to another This collection is a subset of #$MovementEvent. An element of this set is an #$Event in which the center of mass of the #$objectMoving changes location, with respect to the relevant frame of reference. Moreover, the whole moving object travels along some #$motionPathway-Complete from its origin (#$fromLocation) to its stopping place (#$toLocation) and must, at some point during the movement, be in a different location than it was at the start of motion (even if it ultimately returns to the origin). The moving object need not move completely out of its original spatial extent, thus a building moving one foot to the left undergoes a #$Movement-TranslationEvent. So: One special subset of translational movements includes those in which the movement ends in the same place it started from (e.g., one lap of a race car around the Indianapolis race track; a trip to the grocery store and back); this subset is #$Translation-NoLocationChange (including its subset #$Translation-RoundTrip). The other case is where the #$fromLocation and #$toLocation of a #$Movement-TranslationEvent are different; in that case, the movement event is also an element of #$Translation-LocationChange (e.g., the movement of the baseball during a home run hit by Roger Maris.) Note that a #$Stationary object cannot be an #$objectMoving in a #$Movement-TranslationEvent, because it has a zero translational velocity. A swinging pendulum does not translate as a whole, because there is a part of the pendulum (the fulcrum) that stays in the same place. However, some parts of the pendulum (e.g. the weight at the bottom) do undergo translation.--BillJ, Feb 25, 1999 bd588e70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 movement processes #$Movement-TranslationProcess is the subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent whose elements can be pragmatically considered to be continuous processes. In any instance of #$Movement-TranslationProcess, all time-slices of that process are also themselves elements of #$Movement-TranslationProcess. Note that walking is a type of #$Movement-TranslationProcess, even though it involves some nonzero accelerations and jerks. A non-example would be a plot of the various residences you've lived in (``moved to'') over the course of your lifetime; another non-example would be Captain Kirk beaming up to the Enterprise; another would be the ``tunneling'' of an electron in a tunnel diode. Note: If you believe in quantum mechanics, then ultimately all physical motion is series of discrete, discontinous ``hops''. This is where ``PRAGMATICALLY'' continuous vs. discontinuous comes in; i.e., in a quantum physics context some particular motion might be considered discontinuous, whereas in some naive everyday context that same motion is considered continuous. bd588e2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 moves #$MovementEvent is the collection of events which are principally about an object or set of objects going from one place or set of places to another place or set of places, or from one rotational orientation to another rotational orientation. Note that shape changes (see #$ShapingSomething) are not a kind of #$MovementEvent. Each instance of #$MovementEvent is a rotation or translation of some instance of #$PartiallyTangible, where movement occurs relative to a frame of reference which is not part of the #$objectMoving. Thus, Neil Armstrong's stepping onto the Moon's surface from the lunar landing module is an element of #$MovementEvent. Such movements may be periodic (e.g., the turning of the Earth on its axis 31 times during the month of August 1996) or complex (e.g., Li Xiaoshuang's compulsory floor exercise in the 1996 Olympics Men's Gymnastics Team Competition). Note: #$MovementEvent is the most generic collection for physical movements. For representing specific events, one or more of the following subsets of #$MovementEvent may be more precise: #$Movement-TranslationEvent, #$Movement-Rotation, #$Movement-Periodic, #$Movement-NonPeriodic, #$Translation-Flow, #$Translation-Complete, #$Translation-SingleTrajectory, #$Translation-MultiTrajectory. Some questions to consider in selecting the best collection to represent a physical movement include: (1) is the movement translational or rotational motion? (2) is it periodic or nonperiodic? (3) does it involve a discrete motion (i.e., an object's moving completely from one place to another) or a continuous flow? (4) does it involve a change of location or no location change? (5) does it involve a single pathway or more than one? Note on what is NOT included in #$MovementEvent: Consider a person's raising her hand and waving, or a tree's bending as its branches sway in a strong wind, while the person and the tree remain in the same place. The movements of the person and the tree do NOT qualify as instances of #$MovementEvent, because the `doer' in any element of #$MovementEvent must rotate or translate as a whole. The hand movement and the movement of the branches do, however, qualify as objects moving in the proper sense. So, for example, an instance of #$WavingAHand (done by a person) would have#$subEvents which ARE elements of #$MovementEvent, in which the person's hand is the #$objectMoving. bd590401-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 movements #$MovementProcess is a subset of #$MovementEvent. Its elements are those #$MovementEvents which can be considered as continuous motions. That is, (1) motion happens without interruption throughout a #$MovementProcess, and thus (2) every time-slice of a #$MovementProcess is also a #$MovementProcess. bd5890cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dialogues A collection of complex information transfer events. Each element of #$MultiDirectionalCommunication is an event in which more than one agent is involved as a #$senderOfInfo. For example, a conversation or a debate, as opposed to a speech or lecture. The predicate #$infoContributed is used to correlate each sending agent with the information s/he transmits in such an event. For communication acts having only one sender, see #$CommunicationAct-Single. bd5891c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 multigraph An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a subcollection of #$PathSystem. Each instance of #$Multigraph is an instance of #$PathSystem in which the only points are nodes in the system and all paths are made of links (i.e., no intermediate points along links). Sometime such a system is called a graph or multi-graph in graph theory. A #$Multigraph consists of nodes interconnected by links, with loops on single nodes allowed, and with multiple links between the same two nodes also allowed. (For a graph with no parallel links and no loops, see #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic. bde212ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 muscle powered devices A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$MusclePoweredDevice is a device which is powered by animal muscle power (including human labor); e.g., hammers, horse-drawn carriages, etc. bd5893ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 muscle The collection of all instances of muscle tissue, considered as an #$OrganicStuff; that is, the collection of all tissue composing the biological organs that convert chemical energy into mechanical energy. E.g., the elements of #$Biceps, #$Triceps, #$Heart, #$Stomach, all consist of some type of #$MuscleTissue. bd58cc38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 musculatures The collection of all animals' muscle systems. A #$MuscularSystem of an animal is composed of all its muscles, considered as a functional whole. As a system, they work together to enable foot motions in locomotion, pumping in circulation, breathing in respiration, biting and chewing and swallowing in eating, etc. bd58e6af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 musica A collection of sounds; a subset of #$SoundInformationBearingThing. Each element of #$Music is a sound produced by actions such as singing, whistling, playing an instrument, playing recorded music, etc. Music has certain features that distinguish it from random noise (though recognizing them may depend upon a specific cultural background); such features usually include variations of pitch over time (i.e., melody), multiple (somehow) related pitches sounding at one time (i.e., some kind of harmony), and/or some regular temporal pattern to the component sounds (i.e., rhythm). Examples of #$Music include: the debut performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony; Leonard Bernstein's rendition of the Ninth Symphony with the BPO in Berlin in 1989; a particular playing of a particular CD of Bernstein's 1989 Ninth in Berlin; the Messiah sing-in in Austin, TX, in 1995. bd58ce26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mutually disjoint interval collection A collection of collections. Any element, X, which is an element of #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection is a collection of interval types X1, X2, X3,..., whose instances are #$temporallyDisjoint; that is, each instance of X1 has no temporal intersection with any instance of X2 or X3 or...; each instance of X2 has no temporal intersection with any instance of X1 or X3 or...; etc. For example, consider #$DayOfWeekType, whose instances are #$Monday, #$Tuesday,... It is true that (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection), because no Monday can temporally intersect any Tuesday or Wednesday or....; no Tuesday can temporally intersect any Monday or Wednesday or...; etc. Other elements of #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection include #$DayOfWeekType, #$CalendarSeasonType, #$HourOfDayType, and so on. See also #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType. be0111d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 n l phrase type bf03912a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 n tuple interval A collection of mathematical objects; a subset of #$Tuple. Each element of #$NTupleInterval is a tuple (an ordered list of items) whose items are intervals. For example, vectors and complex numbers, as well as scalar intervals (which are one-tuples). Note that intervals in Cyc may be numerical, or they may be intervals along any scale with distinguishable gradations (e.g., riskiness, alertness, roughness of texture). bd58ec55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 named roadways The collection of named parts (stretches or segments) of roadways. (Not roadway the stuff.) Instances are named pieces of roadways (or highways or streets) which have names and lengths, and (usually) intersect with other roads. bd589614-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 narratives The collection of all #$PropositionalConceptualWorks that recount a sequence of events (in chronological order or in such a manner that their temporal order can be ascertained) involving some agent or agents. Instances of #$Narrative may be fictional or factual and, accordingly, may involve #$Persons or #$FictionalCharacters. Important specializations of #$Narrative include #$Novel-CW and #$Biography. bd58886c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 national organizations A collection of organizations. An element of #$NationalOrganization is an organization which has nationwide `scope' -- that is, nationwide distribution (throughout some #$Country) of members and/or activities, as opposed to to local, state-wide or international organizations. Examples: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the Daughters of the American Revolution in the United States; the Red Guards and the Young Pioneers in China (PROC). c0fde577-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 national postal services A collection of national postal services run by the governments of their particular countries. The United States Postal Service would be an example, but United Parcel Service, since it is a private business, wouldn't be. bd590797-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 national tax agencies A collection of government organizations. An element of #$NationalTaxAgency is a revenue agency that is part of the government of a #$Country and which is concerned primarily with collecting tax money (from national taxes) from the residents of that #$Country. This collection does NOT include customs agencies and agencies that collect minor fees only. bd58d47a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nationalities A collection of collections. Each #$Nationality is the set of people resident in (or visiting for a long term) some country -- e.g., #$AmericanPerson, #$TrinidadAndTobagoPerson, etc. bd58961d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 languages The collection of languages which are used for human communication and evolved naturally. This includes dead languages such as Ancient Greek and Latin but excludes concocted languages such as Esperanto. bd58f37a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 natural tangible stuff A collection of naturally occurring things which are at least partly tangible. Each element of #$NaturalTangibleStuff is a naturally occurring tangible thing, including, for example, elements of its subsets #$EarthStuff, #$Wood, and #$Air. Man-made materials are NOT included in #$NaturalTangibleStuff. bd58d55a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 naval bases The collection of all naval bases with facilities for #$ModernNavalShips, or operated by a #$Navy. bd624901-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 navigating events The collection of all events in which the performer determines the location of an object in some frame of reference, and determines the direction the object should travel to reach some destination. Navigating usually involves using some devices (compass, clock, etc.) as aids c0fd6e5f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 navigational devices A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$NavigationDevice is a device used for #$Navigating, i.e., for taking the bearings and plotting the course of someone or something travelling through some medium, usually in some transportation device. Instances include the simplest elements of #$Compass, but also sophisticated GPS (geopositioning systems utilizing satellites.) bd58db99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 navies A collection of military organizations. An element of #$Navy is a military organization, modern or historical, composed mainly of seaborne forces and/or forces responsible for military operations on water and adjacent coastal areas. Includes battleships and aircraft carriers (with their battle groups), submarines, shore patrol vessels, and special forces, as well as the support personnel of naval bases. bf23bde1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 naval people A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who works for a #$Navy. bd58b598-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 negative integers #$NegativeInteger is a subset of #$Integer. Each element of #$NegativeInteger is a whole number less than zero; thus, -4, but not 0 or 4 or -4.3. c0fe031d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 negative numbers #$NegativeNumber is a subset of #$RealNumber. Each element of #$NegativeNumber is a real number that is less than zero; thus, it includes -0.17, but not 0 or 5 or 0.17. c0fe03e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 negotiations A collection of #$Communicating events. In a #$Negotiating, an #$Agent communicates facts and changes in the #$Agent's attitude or conditions to another #$Agent, with the (ostensible) purpose of their reaching an #$Agreement. bd58edff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nerves The collection of all nerves. Each #$Nerve is a bundle of many nerve fibers (#$Axons) covered with a wrapping of #$ConnectiveTissue. #$SensoryNerves carry nerve impulses to the CNS; #$MotorNerves carry impulses to the #$Muscles. Most #$Nerves are mixed, containing #$Axons of both motor and sensory neurons. c0fde592-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nervous systems The collection of all #$Animals' nervous systems. A #$NervousSystem is composed of all the #$Nerves, #$Brain, and #$SpinalCord of an animal, and enables the animal to sense (#$perceives) things and react to them reflexively (from the spine), by instinct (in the #$BrainStem, #$Cerebellum, or #$Cerebrum), and or by deliberation (in the #$Cerebrum). bd5893fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 jitters Feeling of nervousness and excitability. One can be nervous ABOUT something in particular, or one can have undirected feelings of anxiety. For the former, state an assertion of the form (#$feelsTowardsObject ?AGT ?OBJ #$Nervousness ?DEGREE) or (#$feelsTowardsEvent ?AGT ?EVNT #$Nervousness ?DEGREE); but for the latter (undirected feelings of anxiety) use (#$feelsEmotion ?AGT #$Nervousness). Note: This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$Nervousness is #$Panic. bd58c25a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 neutrons A collection of objects; a subset of #$Nucleon. Each instance of #$Neutron is a nucleon which has an #$ElectricalCharge of 0. bd588216-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 news A collection of abstract (intangible) informational items. Each element of #$News consists of some factual information about recent events in the world (or #$geographicalSubRegions thereof). News is commonly embodied in newspapers and communicated through radio and television news broadcasts. Note that #$News does not include any #$NewsArticle. Rather, an element of #$News might be the content of a #$NewsArticle, and could be the content of distinct #$NewsArticles bd58dbd1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nights #$Night is the temporal complement of #$DaytimeHours: each #$Night is #$contiguousAfter one #$DaytimeHours, and vice versa. Each #$Night intersects two different #$CalendarDays. Each #$Night is #$temporallyStartedBy a #$Dusk, #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Dawn, #$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and has a #$Sunrise which is #$contiguousAfter it. bd589e0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inert gases All pieces of all substances that are comprised of one type of noble gas bd58c01f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non exclusive user rights An attribute of an object with respect to an #$Agent, meaning that the #$Agent has non-exclusive use of the object. All #$Agents can claim this use-right to an object if any #$Agent can. This attribute is not the same as #$GroupUserRightsAttribute, as there is no specific group to which #$Agents must belong in order to claim this right. This is typically used for things so fundamental we hardly consider them `rights.' E.g., the right to breathe air, use public parking lots, walk the streets as a free person, drive on public roads, etc. If you think about it, though, you'll realize that there is an implicit `group' that can exercise each of those rights. So think of it this way: one can define the group explicitly as a group, and then assert that each member has #$GroupUserRightsAttribute (e.g., the group of licensed drivers has the right to drive on public roads), or one could define a context, a #$Microtheory, in which performers of actions defaulted to members of that group, and in that context the right (e.g., the right to drive on a public road) would be a #$NonExclusiveUserRights. bd58e39b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non leap year The collection of #$CalendarYears which are not leap years; i.e., calendar years in which February has 28 days bd58b979-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-negative integers #$NonNegativeInteger is the subset of #$Integer that excludes the negative integers. Each element of #$NonNegativeInteger is a whole number greater than or equal to zero, e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, .... bd58bf69-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-negative numbers #$NonNegativeNumber is the subset of #$RealNumber that excludes the negative reals. Each element of #$NonNegativeNumber is a number greater than or equal to zero, e.g., 0, 0.173, Pi, 4, 101, .... Quantities measured in units e.g. (#$SecondsDuration 4), (#$Mile 42) are not elements of #$NonNegativeNumber but are elements of its superset #$NonNegativeScalarInterval. bd58f22b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non negative scalar interval For a measurable non-negative quantity, the ordered sequence of possible values may be thought of as a line. #$NonNegativeScalarIntervals are the line segments (or points) on such a line, representing a range of consecutive values, all equal to or greater than 0. An important subset is #$NonNegativeNumber the elements of which correspond to the non-negative part of the Real Number Line. Elements of #$NonNegativeNumber are either contiguous sets of points there (i.e., a range of numbers) or just single points there (i.e., a number). Elements of #$NonNegativeScalarInterval for which there is some unit of measure (e.g. meters, seconds, volts) are not elements of #$NonNegativeNumber. bf7a1c90-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-human animals The collection of all #$Animals that are not #$Persons. bd58e066-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nonphysical part predicates A collection of predicates. Instances of #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate are used to describe the relationship between a #$PartiallyIntangible and its non-physical parts. bd588411-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-powered devices A collection of tangible objects; a subset of #$PhysicalDevice. An instance of #$NonPoweredDevice is a device which is `inert' as opposed to being powered in any way. Non-powered devices do not need to have any kind of energy supplied to them in order to function -- not even kinetic energy supplied by a user (except perhaps to move them into place). E.g., a coat hanger. Once you hang a coat up on it, it does its function without any motion, without any energy being converted or used, etc. So this collection is a much smaller collection that than consisting merely of devices which don't require fuel or electricity (e.g., a hammer). It should be noted that an inert device need not be #$Stationary during use (though many are); for example, tires are inert devices in the sense that once they are placed on a vehicle they don't require any energy input to do their job, which is, in essence `hanging onto a wheel no matter what!'. A steering wheel, on the other hand, is not a #$NonPoweredDevice. Further examples of #$NonPoweredDevices include a table, a floor mat, a bookshelf, an auto ramp, a bookmark, a support column, and a shirt. bd59041c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-profit corporations A collection of corporations; a subset of both #$LegalCorporation and #$NonProfitOrganization. An element of #$NonProfitCorporation is a #$LegalCorporation which is engaged in non-profit or not-for-profit activities. Typically, (unlike commercial corporations,) non-profit corporations have no shareholders or owners, although they are commonly governed by a board (cf. #$BoardOfDirectors). Many non-profit organizations are incorporated, including charities, political action groups, clubs, and political parties. Most have official non-profit standing with a government. Because they are non-profit organizations, non-profit corporations do not pay corporate income taxes. For the broader class of non-profit entities, see #$NonProfitOrganization. bd589d6b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non profit employee A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$NonProfitEmployee is a worker who is employed by a non-profit organization such as a college, museum, or charity foundation. bd58f621-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non profits bd58aee8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unpublished texts A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). #$NonPublishedText is that subset of #$TextualMaterial whose elements are text that has not yet been published (such as a rejected book manuscript) and may not even be intended for publication (such as a memo or personal letter). bd58c599-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nonverbal communicating A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$NonVerbalCommunicating is a transmission of information by means of some bodily movement other than speaking. Subsets include #$ShakingHands and #$Cuddling, since such actions by definition are communications involving two actors. (Note that #$MakingAGesture (q.v.) is NOT a subset of #$NonVerbalCommunicating; instances of #$MakingAGesture are merely information-encodings. They may or may not be #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating events.) bd588f6b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nonlexical linguistic objects The collection of linguistic objects which are not morphemes, but which nonetheless make up part of a language system; e.g., the parts of speech. bd588258-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 north - directly Due North, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection. bd58fb02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Norths The general direction of North. The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$North-Directly. bd588776-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 north east - directly The precise Northeast direction from any geographic point other than a pole. bd588d73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Northeasts The general direction of NorthEast. The #$VectorInterval comprising the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$NorthEast-Directly. c107ca50-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 north west - directly The precise Northwest direction from any geographic point other than a pole. bd588aad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 northwest The general direction of NorthWest. The #$VectorInterval comprising the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$NorthWest-Directly. c090ff2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 noses Facial organ used in smelling and breathing bd58826c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 note about arg isa cyc indexed term Warning! Any time that you make the argIsa of a predicate #$CycLIndexedTerm or any spec of #$CycLIndexedTerm (#$CycLAssertion or #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm), it will be concluded that that argument place is a #$quotedArgument, i.e., it is the term itself that is being referred to in that argument place, not what the term denotes. If you don't think this should be the cases write an exception (see #$exceptFor) to the relevant rule. See also #$opaqueArgument. c0ac6b00-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 note about giving generic value functions numeric values In some contexts, users may wish to ground elements of #$GenericValueFunction by linking them to numeric `real world' measurements. E.g. In a driving-on-the-highway-context, one might wish to define (#$MediumAmountFn #$Speed) as `between 50 and 60 miles per hour'. The way to assert this is as follows: (#$and (#$minQuantValue (#$MediumAmountFn #$Speed) (#$MilesPerHour 50))(#$maxQuantValue (#$MediumAmountFn #$Speed)(#$MilesPerHour 60))). c030907d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 note about predicate categories Predicates in Cyc are organized into collections. While some, like #$BinaryPredicate, are logically well-founded and are referenced in axioms and in the code which implements Cyc, others, though based on some intuitively plausible criteria, are involved in few (if any) axioms and are therefore not integral to Cyc's ontology. Collections which fall into the latter class are generally under review at this time and are flagged with this #$sharedNotes. bf8a0b3b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 note about purpose specification slots An instance of #$PurposeSpecificationSlot is a #$BinaryPredicate that is used to state the purpose of an instance of #$Plan or an instance of #$Event in a planning context. More specifically, instances are used to indicate what is supposed to be maintained, insured, prevented, stopped, achieved, interrupted, upheld, or thwarted in the #$Plan or #$Event in question. An instance of #$PurposeSpecificationSlot does NOT state success criteria for the #$Plan or #$Event in question (for identifying success criteria, see #$SuccessCriterionSlot). Also, instances of #$PurposeSpecificationSlot do not state necessary conditions for instances of #$Plan and #$Event, but only goals: an instance of #$Plan may be executed, or an instance of #$Situation may 'happen', even though the goal is not achieved. beab908e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 note about scalar interval max and min If there are two arguments to a #$UnitOfMeasure function, as in (#$Meter 5 6), the first number is interpreted as the (inclusive) minimum, and the second number as the (inclusive) maximum. Thus, (#$Meter 5 6) means `between 5 and 6 meters long, inclusive'. If only one argument follows an element of #$UnitOfMeasure, as in (#$Meter 3), it is interpreted as a shorthand for (#$Meter 3 3). In other words, (#$Meter 3 3) means `exactly 3 meters'. When a function belonging to #$UnitOfMeasure is applied to a single argument, the value it returns must be an element of #$ScalarPointValue. bd72a273-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 note about stating exceptions in cyc l The formula (#$exceptWhen P(?x0 ... ?xn) Q(?x0 ... ?xn))) states that, in situations where assertion Q would apply to a set of bindings for variables ?x0 ... ?xn, the conclusion is allowed `except when' P(?x0 ... ?xn) is true for these variable bindings. The formula (#$exceptFor [term] Q(?x0)) states that, in situations where assertion Q would apply to a variable ?x0, the conclusion is allowed `except for' the situations where [term] is the binding for ?x0. To be well-formed, Q must be a rule with exactly one free variable. By definition, #$exceptFor is merely syntactic sugar: (#$exceptFor [term] Q(?x0)) <=> (#$exceptWhen (equals ?x0 [term]) Q(?x0)) Since an #$exceptWhen statement is a meta-statement about some rule Q(?x0 ... ?xn), the statement is not well-formed if Q(?x0 ... ?xn) is not already an assertion in the KB. Also, strictly speaking, P and Q in the #$exceptWhen merely must share some variables rather than all variables as it's been written above. These constructs replace `abnormal' at the EL (epistemological level). Old assertions of the form: (#$implies P(?x0 ... ?xn) (abnormal R(?x0 ... ?xn) Q(?x0 ... ?xn))) become: (#$exceptWhen P(?x0 ... ?xn) Q(?x0 ... ?xn)) The predicate `abnormal' has not actually gone away, but was modified for use as the HL (Heuristic Level) implementation of #$exceptWhen. Like #$termOfUnit, `abnormal' should be viewed as an inference-maintained predicate, and human beings should not be manually asserting things using `abnormal.' ;;; ;; EXAMPLES ;;; Rule1: `birds fly' (#$implies (#$isa ?BIRD #$Bird) (#$behaviorCapable ?BIRD #$Flying-FlappingWings #$performedBy)) Exception1: `for penguins, the ``birds fly'' rule does not apply' (#$exceptWhen (#$isa ?BIRD #$Penguin) [Rule1]) Exception2: `the ``birds fly'' rule does not apply to Tweety' (#$exceptFor Tweety [Rule1]) Exception3: `for an animal with an injured wing, the ``birds fly'' rule does not apply' (#$exceptWhen (#and (#$anatomicalParts ?BIRD ?WING) (#$isa ?WING #$Wing-AnimalBodyPart) (#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes ?WING #$Injured)) [Rule1]) Rule2: ``dogs who like the same cat like each other'' (#$implies (?and (#$isa ?DOG1 #$Dog) (#$isa ?DOG2 #$Dog) (#$isa ?CAT #$Cat) (#$likesAsFriend ?DOG1 ?CAT) (#$likesAsFriend ?DOG2 ?CAT)) (#$likesAsFriend ?DOG1 ?DOG2)) Exception3: `Rex does not like other dogs according to ``Rule2''' (#$exceptWhen (#$equals ?DOG1 Rex) [Rule2]) Exception4: `Fifi is not liked by other dogs according to `Rule2''' (#$exceptWhen (#$equals ?DOG2 Fifi) [Rule2]) Exception5: `Morris is not such a cat according to ``Rule2''' (#$exceptWhen (#$equals ?CAT Morris) [Rule2]) be660580-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 note about success criterion slots An instance of #$SuccessCriterionSlot is a #$BinaryPredicate that is used to give a criterion for success for an instance of #$Plan or an instance of #$Event in a planning context. More specifically, instances are used to indicate what must be maintained, insured, prevented, stopped, achieved, interrupted, upheld, or thwarted in the #$Plan or #$Event in question, in order for it to count as a 'success'. An instance of #$SuccessCriterionSlot does NOT give the purpose or goal of the instance of #$Plan or #$Event in question, nor does it say anything explicitly about that goal or purpose, if it exists (for identifying planning purposes, see #$PurposeSpecificationSlot). Also, instances of #$SuccessCriterionSlot do not state necessary conditions for instances of #$Plan and #$Event, but only criteria for success: an instance of #$Plan may be executed, or an instance of #$Situation may 'happen', even though not all of the success criteria are met. It does seem to be the case that known preconditions for an #$Event instance would count as success criteria, and success criteria in general may be considered necessary conditions for 'authorities' believing that a plan's execution was 'successful'. beafa170-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 note about trajectories traversals and paths #$Trajectory, #$Traversal, and #$Path-Generic need to be understood as separate concepts. A motion through space always has a #$Trajectory, indicated by #$trajectory-Complete. The trajectory may or may not follow some pre-existing or pre-defined #$Path-Generics. If the #$Trajectory does in fact follow a sequence of one or more #$Path-Generics, it #$traverses-Complete the #$Traversal made of those paths. A #$Traversal corresponds to a sequence of #$Path-Generics linked end-to-end. Thus if a car drives along a road and then a highway, it traverses the #$Traversal consisting of the road and the highway linked end-to-end. A #$Path-Generic cannot cross itself, go back along itself, or go around a cycle several times, but a #$Trajectory or #$Traversal can do these things. A #$Path-Generic may have no (begin-to-end) direction associated with it, but a #$Traversal always has one particular direction from beginning to end. A motion's #$Trajectory (#$trajectory-Complete) may follow a particular #$Traversal (#$traverses-Complete) of paths within a network made of #$Path-Generics. If the motion goes along a #$Traversal consisting of just one #$Path-Generic, then #$motionPathway-Complete is used to relate the motion to the pre-existing path. (One way of representing a particular #$Traversal of a path system is to represent it with a #$PathChain.) A #$Path-Generic can be part of a specified #$PathSystem, or it be part of some (formally-unspecified) #$CustomarySystemOfLinks in the real world. c1302845-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 note for unit of measure with prefix and no prefix Elements of #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix denote units of measure that don't have a multiplicative prefix (e.g. `kilo', `micro', `billion'). #$Inch and #$MetersPerSecond are such elements. On the other hand, elements of #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix do have multiplicative prefixes; examples include #$CentimetersPerSecond, (#$Micro #$Gram), #$KiloWatt, and #$GramsPerMilliliter. We need these constants in order to prevent references to terms such as ((#$Micro (#$Micro #$Gram)) 5) or ((#$Kilo (#$CentimetersPerSecond)) 3.2). If we didn't have these restrictions, equal quantities would allow for an undesirable level of possible names for a quantity, e.g. ((#$Micro (#$Kilo #$Gram)) 1) would refer to the same quantity as ((#$Kilo (#$Micro #$Gram)) 1) would refer to the same quantity as (#$Gram .001), etc. c03dd762-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 note on argument typing and properties of relations The five collections which share this note are defined so that a binary predicate being evaluated for, e.g., asymmetry, anti-reflexivity, etc., must NOT have argument types which are disjoint with each other. The restriction to non-disjoint argument types (i.e., arg-Isa constraints) is to facilitate heuristic expediency in the inference engine. (March 1997) Contact Keith #$Goolsbey if you have questions about this restriction. bd65bbc6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 note on cyc merged ontology constants This constant represents an important concept in the SENSUS Ontology developed by ISI, and has been tentatively adopted to fit into the CYC Merged Ontology for the DARPA HPKB Project. These terms are not necessarily completely integrated into the Upper Cyc Ontology as of yet (12/97). c02ee79d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 note on organism classification There are two organism classification techniques in CYC. One uses #$BiologicalTaxons (#$BiologicalClass, #$BiologicalDivision, #$BiologicalFamily, #$BiologicalGenus, #$BiologicalKingdom, #$BiologicalOrder, #$BiologicalPhylum, #$BiologicalSpecies, #$BiologicalSubclass, #$BiologicalSubdivision, #$BiologicalSubkingdom, #$BiologicalSubspecies) while types that cannnot be set within this classification system can be instances of the broader concept, #$OrganismClassificationType. If an organism's #$scientificName has been defined (in #$AnimalClassificationLexicalMt or #$PlantClassificationLexicalMt) then the #$Collection should be an instance of the appropriate #$BiologicalTaxon. It may be appropriate to define organism types as instances of #$OrganismClassificationType in the #$BaseKB and as instances of the appropriate #$BiologicalTaxon in #$BiologyMt. Not all #$OrganismClassificationTypes are also #$BiologicalTaxons. #$TropicalFish, #$AirBreathingVertebrate, #$FemaleAnimal, and #$Pachyderm would not be #$BiologicalTaxons, while #$BettaSplendens, #$Mammal, #$Hippopotamus, and #$Anthrax-Bacterium would be. If the knowledge enterer does not know if something is a #$BiologicalSpecies or a #$BiologicalGenus (and can not easily find out), the concept should be made an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon (if it is known to be one). bde1b771-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 note on type level vs instance level Quite often we have a property that applies to all instances of a collection. The way we represent this in Cyc is by a rule saying: 'if ?X is an instance of this collection, then it has this property'. It is useful and common to describe such properties at the collection level, but we do not want to create a type level dual for each instance level predicate. That is why we have #$RuleMacroPredicates. These predicates (along with a axioms defining them, and, eventually, coded support for quick inferencing), allow one to state those rules more tersely and make reasoning at the collection level possible. c128342c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nouns The collection of all nouns. be88cb3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 November The collection of all Novembers, the eleventh month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58c0a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 the present #$Now is a special #$TimePoint which denotes the current moment from the perspective of the instantiation of #$CycTheCollection that is currently being run (i.e. #$Cyc). If one asks (#$indexicalReferent #$Now ?X) one will get an answer in which ?X is bound to whatever the time is according to the central processing unit of #$Cyc. Thus the referent of #$Now does not vary with the #$Microtheory in which one asks (#$indexicalReferent #$Now ?X). Instead the referent of #$Now varies from moment to moment down to the resolution of #$Cyc's central processing unit. See also #$Now-Generally which is not necessarily a #$TimePoint. See #$RealTimeMt for a microtheory in which #$Now-Generally #$temporallySubsumes #$Now. bd58a068-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nuclear powered device A collection of physical devices; a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$NuclearPoweredDevice is a device which uses nuclear fission or nuclear fusion reactions as a source of power. Examples include elements of #$NuclearSubmarine and #$NuclearWeapon. c1009f53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nucleons A collection of objects; a subset of #$SubAtomicParticle. Each instance of #$Nucleon is a subatomic particle normally found in some atomic nucleus. #$Nucleon has two subsets, #$Proton and #$Neutron. Every instance of #$AtomicNucleus is composed of some number of #$Nucleons. bd588191-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 numbers A collection of mathematical objects. This is the most general class of numbers, including #$RealNumbers, #$ComplexNumbers, various values of infinity such as Aleph Null, and whatever else might count as a number in mathematics. bf1c02f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 numeric comparison A collection comprising the predicates used to compare elements of #$ScalarInterval. Examples: #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, #$greaterThan, #$numericallyEqual. Note that `less than' and `less than or equal to' are simply inverses of #$greaterThan and #$greaterThanOrEqualTo. E.g., in Cyc `A is less than B' is written as (#$greaterThan B A). bd588cf9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nurses The class of health professionals who provide various aspects of hands-on health care to patients. Nurses do not usually diagnose or decide on treatments, but they administer medicines and treatments, perform medical tests, give regular care to hospitalized patients, etc. bd5895de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nutrients A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$Nutrient is a substances considered necessary or beneficial in the diet of a person or animal. Nutrients in food or pills are often listed on the package label. Some types of #$Nutrient include its subsets #$EdibleSodium, #$Protein, #$EdibleCalcium, #$EdibleIron, #$Vitamin. bd58d3c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of objects A collection of collections. If COL is an element of #$ObjectType, and ITEM is any element of COL, then if you conceptually divide ITEM into two pieces, you do NOT generally end up with two elements of COL. Similarly, for most specs SPEC of COL, if you conceptually divide any instance of it in two, you do not end up two instances of COL. Another way of thinking of this is: If you take several elements of COL, and put them together, the result is generally not another element of COL. A collection can be spatially object-like temporally stuff-like (e.g. #$Automobile -- the set of all cars) or spatially stuff-like and temporally object-like (e.g. a total eclipse). See the comment for #$StuffType to find out more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType. bd58ab9d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 obtaining permission The collection of events in which one #$Agent gets permission from another #$Agent to do something. bd58ee41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 occupations A collection of collections. Each element of #$OccupationType is a collection of workers, based on their kinds of work; each of those workers is an element of (#$isa) #$Professional. Elements of #$OccupationType represent all kinds of jobs, not just the kinds of occupations colloquially considered `professional'. Elements of #$OccupationType include the collections #$ComputerProgrammerProfessional, #$FoodServiceEmployee, #$MedicalCareProfessional, #$BaseballUmpire, #$SalesRepresentative, #$Brewer, #$Gymnast, and many others. Also see #$Professional, #$PositionType. bd58a2d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 oceans A collection of topographical features. Each instance of #$Ocean is one of the oceans of the world. This includes #$TheOceanSea, the interconnected expanse of salt water covering 71% of the Earth's surface, and of which the other oceans are subregions. Examples: #$AtlanticOcean, #$ArcticOcean, #$IndianOcean, #$PacificOcean. bd58e4b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ocean liner The subcollection of #$Ship that contains all ocean liners, i.e., ships that by design can transport a large number of people across oceans. c10088c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 octagon shaped This is the shape attribute shared by all eight sided two dimensional figures. c14d55f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 October The collection of all Octobers, the tenth month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58c0ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 odd numbers The set of all odd numbers (integers) including positive and negative odd numbers, but not including any infinite 'numbers'. becb081f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 offers A collection of actions, many of which are speech acts. In each element of this collection, somebody offers to do something, furnish something, make something the case, etc. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with these actions, #$Offer. bd58eb0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 official documents A collection of #$InformationBearingObjects (IBOs). Each element of #$OfficialDocument is a document that can be used as the basis, proof, or support of some fact (such as a person's nationality, marital status, credit, or qualifications; or the ownership or transfer of property; etc.). Official documents are typically generated, issued, and/or certified by the relevant institutions (as with #$Passports or #$StockCertificates), but they also include unique personal documents (such as wills [#$WillAndTestament]) which meet certain standards to be accepted in support of facts. Examples of #$OfficialDocument: #$BirthCertificates, #$TaxReturns, insurance policies, #$PostageStamps, receipts, #$PackingSlips, student ID cards, etc. bd58971b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 oil A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Oil is a piece of some type of typically viscous, primarily hydrophobic liquid hydrocarbon. For example, portions of #$HeatingOil, #$MotorOil, #$PeanutOil, #$OliveOil, etc. NB: This constant should NOT be used to refer to #$Petroleum-CrudeOil or #$PetroleumProducts (q.v.). bd58d9e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 omnivores The collection of organisms that feed on both plants and animals, and possibly other things. Subsets of #$Omnivore include, for example, #$Person, #$Pig, and #$Bear. bd58a5e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 one dimensional The shape attribute (see #$ShapeAttribute) shared by all objects that have only one dimension, i.e. objects which have some discernible form but whose only relevant dimension is length (#$lengthOfObject). Note that both curved lines and straight physical linear objects can have this attribute as can line segments and geometric lines. Also note that the dimension of some things may be deemed to be one, two or three dimensional depending upon the context. For instance, we may deem a thin wire to be one-dimensional insofar as its diameter or thickness are many orders of magnitude smaller than its length. In one microtheory the wire might be deemed to be one-dimensional. However, we might also imagine contexts in which the other dimensions of the wire are relevant and in such contexts the wire might have the attribute of being cylindrical. be482e94-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 one story buildings Collection of all one story buildings. bd58c60d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 opaque #$Opaque is a #$PhysicalAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Transparency. #$Opaque objects do not transmit light. See also #$transparencyOfObject. bd58fa7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 magnitudes #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval, a subset of #$ScalarInterval, is the collection of intervals which represent significant differences in quantity, for the various types of measurable properties. The most familiar case is for numbers, in which orders of magnitudes typically correspond with powers of 10; thus, in any given numerical quantity, the 100's dominate the 10's or the units, which are negligible with respect to the hundreds. In Cyc, we can identify the significant intervals for any measurable property. For example, for #$Time-Quantity, some intervals which represent orders of magnitude are: #$AFewSecondsDuration, #$AFewMinutesDuration, #$AFewHoursDuration, #$AFewDaysDuration, #$AFewWeeksDuration, etc. Similar scales could be identified for any measurable property. Moreover, orders of magnitude for the same measurable property may differ between microtheories; e.g., the orders of magnitude for #$Time-Quantity in a `GeologicalTimeMt' would be much larger than those listed above, which are relevant for human perceptions and activities. Any two attributes which represent amounts of the same kind of property (e.g., time, distance) and which are also elements of #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval will be assumed to differ so substantially in size that the smaller one (and values associated with it) will be insignificant compared to the larger interval (and values associated with it). That is, in general and as a default, if ORD1 and ORD2 are two different elements of #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval which are also elements of the same type of #$AttributeValue (e.g., #$Speed, #$Mass, #$Density), then one is negligible with respect to the other. To know which dominates the other, we need additional knowledge about their relative size, e.g., that ORD2 is a #$followingValue of (i.e., 'bigger' than) ORD1. See also #$negligibleWRT, #$followingValue. The predicate #$orderOfMagnitude (q.v.) is used to relate particular quantities to the appropriate element of #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval. For example, two days -- in Cyc, (#$DaysDuration 2) -- has the #$orderOfMagnitude #$AFewDaysDuration. bd58c38a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 orders A collection of actions, many of which are speech acts. In each element of this collection, somebody orders somebody to do something. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with this action, #$Command. bd58a938-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organs The collection of all the #$Organs of #$Animals; i.e., the #$AnimalBodyParts that have specialized physiological functions and which are more or less localized in the animal. For example: a heart, a kidney, etc. A borderline case of this is a person's (whole) skin; in some contexts, it is treated as a sense organ, and in some contexts it is excluded because it is distributed over their entire body. c0fde25a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organic substances A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$OrganicStuff is a tangible thing composed of one or more types of organic #$Molecule. Instances of #$OrganicStuff usually have their origin in the bodies (or other products) of living things. Since some organic substances can be synthesized, #$OrganicStuff is not a subset of #$NaturalTangibleStuff. Chemically, instances of #$OrganicStuff have fairly (or very) complex carbon-based structures. Examples include the elements of the collections #$Oil, #$DNA, #$Alcohol-Compound, #$Ivory, #$AnimalBodyPart. bd58c3d0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organisms The collection of all elements of #$BiologicalLivingObject which are wholes, not parts of other biological living objects (BLOs). Most members of #$Organism-Whole are capable of existing and reproducing while physically separate from other organisms (with allowances for sexual reproduction). Abnormal BLOs which are nonetheless considered to belong to #$Organism-Whole include elements of #$Virus, as well as sterile hybrids and colony organisms like those in slime molds or the elements of #$PortugueseManOfWar. All of those organisms operate by DNA- and RNA-controlled mechanisms. bd58c4d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of organism A collection of collections; #$OrganismClassificationType is the collection of all biological types used to classify animals, plants, or other elements of #$Organism-Whole. The scientific types in #$OrganismClassificationType may or may not correspond to naive categories of organisms, and, in addition, although they are scientific, they might not be officially accepted biological taxons at the standard taxonomic levels. (#$Invertebrate is an example.) Compare #$BiologicalTaxonType. Note that #$OrganismClassificationType is NOT an element of #$SiblingDisjointCollection since there are scientific classifications along different dimensions. Many specs of #$OrganismClassificationType are, however, specs of #$SiblingDisjointCollection. bd58dfe4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organism part The collection of all the anatomical parts of all living organisms. It includes gross anatomical parts and microscopic anatomical parts of every individual of every species. c1005766-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organism type by habitat A collection of collections. Each element of #$OrganismTypeByHabitat is a collection of organisms characterized by the sort of habitat in which they live. For example, #$AquaticOrganism or #$TerrestrialOrganism. bd58a35d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organizations The collection of all organizations. Each element of the collection #$Organization is a group whose #$groupMembers are instances of #$IntelligentAgent, and which is established such that certain known relationships and obligations exist between the members, and/or between the organization and its members, and/or between the organization and `outsiders' (individuals or groups). #$Organization includes both informal and legally constituted organizations. Organizations can act as agents --- specifically, group agents, not individuals (cf. #$IndividualAgent) --- to undertake projects, enter into agreements, own property, etc. Most organizations have names. Almost all have at least two members. Examples: #$Cycorp, #$NASA, #$FreeSoftwareFoundation, #$UnitedStatesArmy, #$KMart-TheCompany. Note the specialization #$OrganizationOfPeopleOnly, whose instances have only human members, e.g., an instance of #$Family-Human such as Joseph Kennedy's family. Other kinds of #$Organization have organizations as their #$groupMembers, e.g., the #$OrganizationOfAmericanStates. bd58d54f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 policies A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$Agreement. Each element of #$OrganizationPolicy is a microtheory which contains the terms of some policy of a particular organization. For example, U.S. Federal government hiring policies; a policy governing a corporation's charitable or political donations; or a school dress code. bd58f5fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organizations with business customers A collection of #$Organizations. An instance of #$OrganizationWithBusinessCustomers sells goods and/or services to #$customers, most of whom are businesses or other #$Organizations, rather than individual #$Persons. bd58ed04-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organizations with individual customers A collection of #$Organizations. An instance of #$OrganizationWithIndividualCustomers sells goods and/or services to #$customers, most of whom are individual #$Persons, rather than businesses or other #$Organizations. bd58c049-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organizational charts A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$OrganizationalChart is an IBO that graphically or in outline fashion depicts information about the control structure or resource use structure of an organization. E.g., a diagram of Exxon Corporation's top managers showing their reporting structure. bd58fe7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organizational transfer A collection of events. An #$OrganizationalTransfer occurs when some #$IntelligentAgent changes membership with respect to some #$Organization. This can involve becoming a member of the organization, ceasing to be a member of it, or switching from one organization to another. An #$OrganizationalTransfer may be voluntarily undertaken by the transferee but may also be #$performedBy some other agent. Examples include: joining a club, being transferred from one division of a company to another, and being excommunicated. Negative examples include: transfer of objects or information between organizations (since the transferred items aren't #$IntelligentAgents), two or more organizations joining together in a temporary partnership. bf9ddb52-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organizational transfer in A subcollection of #$OrganizationalTransfer such that elements necessarily have some thing which becomes the member of the 'to organization'. Exemplars include hiring someone to a company, pledging a fraternal organization, admitting a nation to NATO. The event of leaving one organization to join another is also an element of #$OrganizationalTransferIn as well as #$OrganizationalTransferOut. Negative exemplars include layoffs, expulsions, and excommunications which do not involve 'from organizations'. c09a7d92-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organizational transfer out A subcollection of #$OrganizationalTransfer such that elements necessarily have some thing which stops being the member of the 'from organization'. Exemplars include laying someone off, expulsions, and excommunications. The event of leaving one organization to join another is also an element of #$OrganizationalTransferIn as well as #$OrganizationalTransferOut. Negative exemplars include 'admitting a nation to NATO', 'hiring someone', and 'pledging a fraternal organization'. c0b4e100-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 orientations The collection of attributes which characterize an object's orientation relative to whatever instance of #$FrameOfReference is being used in the current context. In most contexts, orientation is taken with respect to the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference. c0fbab60-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 outdoor locations A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$OutdoorLocation is a region of outdoor space, i.e., a region which is directly subject to atmospheric weather. Objects found in an outdoor location are #$in-ImmersedFully in the atmosphere of Earth. Thus, as defined here, #$OutdoorLocation does NOT include elements of #$UnderwaterLocation or places that are #$Underground. #$OutdoorLocations include large geographical regions. Among the elements of #$OutdoorLocation are instances of the subsets #$Lawn, #$Meadow, #$SkiSlope, #$Beach, #$Swamp (and many others). Note: #$OutdoorLocation is a collection of places, rather than an attribute; to represent the concept of being outside, see #$Outdoors-ExposedToWeather. Of course, elements of #$OutdoorLocation have the #$locationState attribute of being #$Outdoors-ExposedToWeather. bd58b186-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 outer garments A collection of objects; a subset of #$ClothingItem. Each element of #$OuterGarment is a piece of clothing that is worn outside of other garments. A common purpose of outer garments is protection (e.g., the subsets #$RainCoat, #$Apron). An outer garment may also be a robe of office or position, such as an academic gown or a bishop's mantle. c0f46c1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ova A subset of #$Cell. #$Ovum is the collection of specialized gamete cells produced by meiosis in the reproductive tract of female animals. Each ovum usually has half the number of chromosomes that regular body cells do, and when fertilized by a spermatozoon, it becomes a zygote and continues to develop into a mature individual. Also called 'egg'. See also #$FemaleAnimal, #$SexualReproductionEvent. bd58bd8a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 oxidations A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, some amount of #$Oxygen reacts with (`reduces') another substance and releases energy in the process. be010767-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 oxide A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Oxide is a portion of stuff in which each molecule consists of a combination of oxygen atoms with one or more atoms of another element. For example, instances of #$Water (H2O), pieces of rust (#$IronOxide), portions of #$CarbonDioxide. bd58be91-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 the Pacific Ocean The main body of salt water in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region, bordering on five continents (Western coast of North and South Americas, Australia, Antarctica, and Eastern coast of Asia). bd58e0bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pants A collection of objects. Every element of #$Pants is a clothing item worn on the lower torso and legs. The collection #$Pants includes the subsets #$ShortPants and #$LongPants. There are also very specialized subsets, e.g., #$FootballPants. c0fbc8c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 paper A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Paper is a portion of paper, considered as a 'stuff' out of which things can be made, like metal or plastic. Thus, this collection includes the collection #$SheetOfPaper, but is wider. Important sources from which paper may be #$derivedFrom include wood pulp, cotton, papyrus, rice. Examples: business stationery, #$MaxiPads, paper currency, toilet paper, newsprint, paper coffee filters, notebook paper. bd589b34-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 parallelogram shaped #$ParallelogramShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all closed two-dimensional objects that have two edges parallel. c05d0ef0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 parts of a building A collection of parts of a building that are 'built-in', that is, built with the intention of remaining as part of the building. bd589e2e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 part of room in a construction A collection of all parts of all instances of #$RoomInAConstruction. This includes both solid parts, like #$Mantels, and enclosed regions such as are contained by cabinets and #$Cupboards. Instances should be features which are 'built-in', that is, built with the intention of remaining as part of the room. bd58efed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 part predicates A collection of predicates. Instances of #$PartPredicate are used to describe the relationship between an #$Individual and its #$parts. bd588496-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 part time An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The attribute of being a part-time worker. bd588230-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 partial cloud cover #$PartialCloudCover is a #$WeatherAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Cloudiness. This attribute describes a location as having some cloud cover but not enough to completely block out all direct sunlight. Direct sunlight comes and goes as clouds occluding the sun pass. bd58e862-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 partial ordering The collection of all those #$MathematicalOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation R is a reflexive, transitive and antisymmetric relation on the #$baseSet S of ORDER. R is reflexive on S if and only if for each X in S, R(X X). R is transitive on S if and only if for each X, Y and Z in S, R(X Y) and R(Y Z) imply R(X Z). R is antisymmetric on S if and only if for each X and Y in S, R(X Y) and R(Y X) imply X = Y. For example, if you take a set of #$Lists and take the #$sublists relation restricted to this set, then you have a #$PartialOrdering because #$sublists relation is reflexive, transitive and antisymmetric. Since the ordering relation in each #$PartialOrderings reflexive and transitive, the collection #$PartialOrdering is a subcollection of #$QuasiOrdering. Subcollections of #$PartialOrdering include #$TreeOrdering, #$TotalOrdering and #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic. If you want a #$MathematicalOrdering in which the ordering relation is irreflexive, see #$PartialOrdering-Strict. c135aad5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 strict partial order The collection of all those #$MathematicalOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation R is an irreflexive and transitive relation on the #$baseSet S of ORDER, i.e., for each X in S, R(X X) does not hold, and for each X, Y and Z in S, R(X Y) and R(Y Z) imply R(X Z). For example, if you take the set of all people in the states today and take the relation '__ is older than ...' on this set, you get a #$PartialOrdering-Strict since the relation '__ is older than ...' is irreflexive and transitive. Note that the important difference between a #$PartialOrdering and a #$PartialOrdering-Strict is that the ordering relation of the former is reflexive while that of the latter is irreflexive. Note also that although we did not state in the definition that the ordering relation R of a #$PartialOrdering-Strict ORDER must be antisymmetric or asymmetric on the #$baseSet S of ORDER, R is in fact antisymmetric (i.e., for each X and Y in S, R(X Y) and R(Y X) imply X = Y) and asymmetric (i.e., for each X and Y in S, R(X Y) and R(Y X) can never be both true) on S. This is because both antisymmetry and asymmetry follow from transitivity and irreflexivity. be73e9fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 partially commutative relation The collection of #$Relationships which are commutative with respect to some but not all of their arguments. Instances of #$PartiallyCommutativeRelation must therefore have an #$arity of at least 3. See #$CommutativeRelation. beaad779-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 partially intangible The collection of things which have at least some intangible part. This includes things which are purely intangible -- for example, instances of #$Collection, #$Number-General and #$Agreement. It also includes things which have some tangible part but also have an intangible component, such as a newspaper (information content) or a person (life). bd58f7b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 partially intangible individual The collection of things which have at least some intangible component and which are also #$Individuals. Instances of #$PartiallyIntangibleIndividual either have a tangible part, and thus are instances of #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject; or are fully #$Intangible, and thus are instances of #$IntangibleIndividual, such as the number 42 and the agreement between a person and his or her employer. c0139b34-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tangible things Elements of #$PartiallyTangible have some tangible (i.e., material) part and also have a temporal extent (i.e., they exist in time). They may or may not also have an intangible part; e.g., a book is made of matter, has a temporal extent, and also has intangible content which is the information content of the text that the author wrote. bd58f6ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 goods A collection of spatial objects; a subset of #$Product. Each element of #$PartiallyTangibleProduct is a product that has some tangible component and may, but need not, have an intangible component (e.g., information). (See also #$PartiallyTangible.) Examples of #$PartiallyTangibleProduct: a newspaper, a photograph, a videotape of `Star Wars', a sack of flour, lumber, a mobile home. bd59045b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 particles A collection of tangibles; a subset of #$TangibleThing. Each element of #$Particle is a smallish liquid or solid tangible thing, at least small enough to be blown about by ordinary gusts of wind, and possibly much smaller. Examples include elements of the collections #$CornMeal, #$SandParticle, #$Sawdust, #$DustParticle, #$Sugar-Table. bd58f47e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 partnerships A collection of #$Organizations that have been formally organized as partnerships pursuant to partnership agreements. In the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, most instances of #$Partnership are organized pursuant to specific statutes. #$GeneralPartners of a #$Partnership are jointly and severally liable for the debts and other liabilities of the #$Partnership. The liability of #$LimitedPartners is limited in accordance with the governing partnership agreement. The #$PartnershipPartners of an instance of #$Partnership may be individuals or entities. For example, an instance of #$LimitedPartnership may have an instance of #$LegalCorporation as its #$GeneralPartner and individuals as its #$LimitedPartners. bd58a949-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 parts format Argument positions of Cyc predicates may have specified formats that constrain how many and what kind of terms may occupy that position, given some fixed list of terms in the other argument positions of the predicate. If a predicate P has #$PartsFormat for argument position N, then given some particular list of terms that occupy the other argument positions of P, there may be multiple assertions with different terms in position N (keeping the other arguments fixed), but only so long as the terms in position N are all #$physicalParts of the same #$PartiallyTangible. For example, the #$arg1Format of #$physicalParts is #$PartsFormat. This allows us to represent that JosephsRightThumbnail is a #$physicalParts of JosephsRightThumb, of JosephsRightHand, and of Joseph. This is more restrictive than #$SetTheFormat, which allows multiple unrelated values. In contrast, specifying only (#$arg1Format #$physicalParts #$SetTheFormat) would not prevent JosephsRightThumb from being a #$physicalParts of both JosephsRightHand and of JamesRightHand. c0fb3343-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 parties The collection of party events and other similar celebrations such as baby showers. #$Persons gather intentionally at a location in order to communicate or share some experience, and to enjoy themselves, but (unlike a #$MeetingTakingPlace) business is rarely transacted at a #$Party-Celebration, or at least is beside the official point of the party. Note: as with most collection worth naming, there are borderline cases here; e.g., Tupperware parties. bd588af1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 passports A collection of official documents. Each element of #$Passport is a document issued to a person by a national government in order to identify that person as a citizen of said country while s/he is travelling across or outside of that country's borders. c10afd58-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 paste - form A physical attribute. #$Paste-Form is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute which describes solids that are pastelike in texture and consistency. They are very easily deformed, and they tend to remain in the deformed shape afterwards, provided that they don't collapse under their own weight. Things having #$Paste-Form don't exhibit much elastic deformation at all - they don't ''jiggle''. be0104a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pasteurizations The heating of a milk product in order to kill off microorganisms that might make it spoil. be00cc5d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 routes The collection of all existing objects that are commonly paths, or are normally used as paths or conduits for people, animals, vehicles, material or information. A #$Path-Customary is either designed as a path or it has a significant known function as a path for movement. Examples include roads, railroads, sea-lanes, cowpaths, boardwalks, tubes, channels, blood vessels, fibers, wires, communication links, etc. It is often a #$Path-Spatial. The collection #$Path-Customary does not include all the things that may be used as paths in some particular #$PathSystems, but are otherwise not ordinarily viewed as paths (though the latter are still instances of #$Path-Generic). If a #$Path-Customary is an instance of a certain #$PathType, it may be assumed to be part of a system (not explictly given) of such paths, called a #$CustomarySystemOfLinks. Or, on the other hand, it may be asserted to be part of a particular specified #$PathSystem using the predicate #$pathInSystem. A #$Path-Customary is either a #$Path-Simple (with two distinct ends, not forming a cycle) or else a #$Path-Cyclic. bee87cc9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyclic paths The collection of all cyclic paths, i.e. paths that form cycles, circles, loops or circuits. An instance of #$Path-Cyclic is a #$Path-Generic that can be described as a cycle, i.e., a thing like a #$Path-Simple except that the ends of the path join at one point. A #$Path-Cyclic cannot cross itself (as in a figure-eight) nor double back along itself. More formally, let PATH1 and PATH2 be two #$Path-Simples. Suppose that each end-point of PATH1 is an end point of PATH2 and vice versa, and for each X, X is a point on both PATH1 and PATH2 only if X is an end point of both paths. Then PATH1 and PATH2 together form a #$Path-Cyclic. We allow 'loops'; a loop is a cycle with only one point on it, looping from the point right back to itself. Each loop of a path system is a special instance of #$Path-Cyclic. For differences between a cycle and a loop in the same #$PathSystem, see #$loopInSystem and #$cycleInSystem. bfa3129f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic paths A collection of #$Things that are paths or can be considered paths. Each #$Path-Generic is either a #$Path-Simple or a #$Path-Cyclic, i.e., either a non-self-crossing path or a cycle. A #$Path-Generic may be abstract (as in Graph Theory), or it may be concrete such as a #$Path-Customary, for example a road, railroad, sea-lane, cowpath, pipe, blood vessel, fiber or wire, or on the other hand it could be anything that is used as a path in some #$PathSystem. If a #$Path-Generic is a #$Path-Customary, then it may or may not have a specified #$PathSystem in which it is a path; if the #$Path-Generic is not a #$Path-Customary, then it can only be a path in some given #$PathSystem. For example, an orange is not a customary path, but it can be a path for ants in a specified ant path system. For any #$Path-Generic, there can be a #$Traversal of something moving along that path; a single #$Traversal can cross itself, double back along itself, and/or go back and forth along some part of a #$Path-Generic any number of times. c110820b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 paths A collection of non-cyclic paths, broadly conceived. Each instance of #$Path-Simple has two ends and it forms a #$pathBetween them. It can be a road, railroad, air lane, sea lane, channel, blood vessel, part of an electric circuit, part of a pipe system, or even some abstract chain of connections among people or a 'path' in Graph Theory. A #$Path-Simple cannot cross itself, return to the same point, nor double back along itself. Each #$Path-Simple has two distinct ends that do not 'overlap' each other. But in general a path may have more than two things that are its 'end-points' -- for example, a path between Austin and Pittsburgh can also be a path between Texas and Pennsylvania. In such an example Texas and Pennsylvania are required to be spatially disjoint. (To prohibit multiple things being an end-point of a path simultaneously, specify a #$PathSystem, because in a specified #$PathSystem a path's two end points in the system are unique. The predicate #$pathBetweenInSystem is restricted to a set of paths and points specified for the particular #$PathSystem.) For a #$Path-Simple, any points on it (e.g., #$pointOnPath X PATH) are connected: '#$pathConnects' is true of them. Any number of intersections may occur along a #$Path-Simple. A path with no intersections along it is a #$SimpleSegmentOfPath. A path may have #$subPaths. A path is different from a #$Traversal or a #$Trajectory: a #$Traversal is the trace of an object moving along paths, often in a #$PathSystem, and the #$Traversal can cross itself and/or double back along itself any number of times. While a path is fixed and may have no direction, a #$Traversal has a particular direction. Many distinct traversals may traverse the same underlying path (see #$Traversal and #$traversalInSystem), since a traversal can go back and forth across the same part of a path any number of times. A #$Trajectory (the space of a motion), if is goes along paths, determines a particular #$Traversal of those paths. bd588e69-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 spatial paths The collection of all paths (instances of #$Path-Generic) that have spatial extent, and that join spatially located things. This includes roads, corridors, wires, blood vessels, nerves, etc. and it excludes purely abstract paths such as those in kinship diagrams, mathematics, etc. A #$Path-Spatial may be a pre-existing path in a #$CustomarySystemOfLinks (like a road, nerve, etc.), or it may be a path in some specially specified #$PathSystem which consists of spatial paths. A motion (a #$Movement-TranslationEvent) may follow an existing #$Path-Spatial or it may not; contrast this with the #$Trajectory of the motion, which is generated by every #$Movement-TranslationEvent. c095e890-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 path artifact A collection of artifacts. Each element of #$PathArtifact is a path made by agents, whether animal or human. Elements of #$PathArtifact range from deer trails to superhighways. Such paths connect places that animals or people are found in and/or between which they want to travel. Examples: #$ErieCanal, #$WellandShipCanal, #$ChampsElysee, #$WallStreet, USHighway80, #$Highway101CA. Note that each of these artifacts is a single, particular path; -- to refer to a whole system of #$PathArtifacts, use #$PathArtifactSystem. bd588ea2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 path artifact system The collection of all artifical systems of #$PathArtifacts. These are the systems rather than the paths that comprise them: each #$PathArtifactSystem is a composite individual typically made up of many interconnected #$PathArtifacts. Examples would include a instance of a #$GutterSystem, #$ComputerNetwork, various road and highway systems, etc. be60aba5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 path chain The collection of all path chains, or lists of points and paths alternating. A path chain is a #$List LIST = (X(1) Y(1) X(2) Y(2) ... X(n) Y(n) X(n+1)) satsifying the following conditions: (i) each X(k) is a #$Thing and each Y(k) is a #$Path-Generic, i.e., the length of LIST is an odd number greater than 2, every even-numbered position in LIST is a #$Path-Generic and every odd-numbered item is a #$Thing. (ii) Each #$Path-Generic in the list joins the points just before and after it. That is to say, (iia) if the kth item PATH in LIST is a #$Path-Simple, and if A is the (k-1)th item and B is the (k+1)th item in LIST, then (#$pathBetween PATH A B) holds, and (iib) if the kth item CYCLE is a #$Path-Cyclic, and if A is the (k-1)th item and B is the (k+1)th item in LIST, then (#$pointOnCycle A CYCLE) holds and A = B. Note that the concatenation of all the paths (simple or cyclic) in such a list results in a #$Traversal. For example, letting PATH1 and PATH2 be instances of #$Path-Simple and CYCLE a #$Path-Cyclic, if (#$pathBetween PATH1 A B), (#$pathBetween PATH2 B C) and (#$pointOnCycle C CYCLE), then (#$TheList A PATH1 B PATH2 C CYCLE C) is a #$PathChain. Note that although each instance of #$PathChain determines a unique instance of #$Traversal that is from X(1) to X(n+1), many different #$PathChains may determine the same #$Traversal. c0bb98f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 roads Each instance of #$PathForWheeledVehicles is an instance of #$PathArtifact, whose primary function is to serve as a place along which wheeled vehicles may move or park. Usually but not necessarily they are paved. bd59029a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 path system The collection of all specified systems of paths and links. An instance of #$PathSystem may consist of real-world (#$PartiallyTangible) things, or #$Intangibles like a graph (or #$Multigraph) in Graph Theory, in which nodes are linked by links. But unlike a graph in Graph Theory, there can be many path-points on a path between designated nodes. These non-node path-points can be discrete, dense or even continuous. Such a path system does not have to be 'connected' (in the sense that for any points X and Y in the system, there must be a path connecting them, see #$ConnectedPathSystem). Each instance SYS of #$PathSystem consists of a nonempty set of 'points', a subset of it called 'nodes', a set of 'links', and optionally a set of 'loops'. Here, 'point' is a nonempty set of #$Things called 'points in SYS' (see #$pointInSystem). The set 'node' is a nonempty subset of 'point' (see #$nodeInSystem). Link is a (possibly empty) set of (primitive) paths whose elements are called 'links in SYS' (see #$linkInSystem). Loop is a (possibly empty) set of (primitive) cycles whose elements are called 'loops in SYS' (see #$loopInSystem). To finish your definition of a path system SYS, you need to specify, using the predicates below (other than the four mentioned above), which link is between which two nodes, and which point is on which link, and which node is on which loop, etc. The rest should be determined by your set-up of the system. For example, #$pathBetween can be used to specify the 'end points' of each link, #$pointOnPath can be used to specify which point is on which link, #$pointOnCycle specifies which node is on which loop, and, when more points than the end-points of a link are desired to be on the link, #$betweenOnPath can be used to specify the relative positions of all points on a link. But there are more convenient ways to set up your SYS. For example, if you use #$linkBetweenInSystem which is a combination of other predicates, it will give you what you need when using #$linkInSystem, #$pathBetween, #$nodeInSystem, #$pointOnPath to setup your system (except that this will not give you those assertions about isolated nodes or points on a link between its end points). See #$pointInSystem, #$nodeInSystem, #$linkInSystem, #$linkBetweenInSystem (an abbreviation), #$pathInSystem, #$pathBetweenInSystem (an abbreviation), #$pointOnPath, #$betweenOnPath, #$loopInSystem, #$pointOnCycle, #$junctionInSystem, #$deadEndInSystem, #$isolatedNodeInSystem and #$connectedInSystem. Note that a path system may satisfy further condition in addition to those determined by the conditions on these predicates. For example, links and loops may have 'directions'. When further conditions are added to some path systems, we expect different kinds of path systems. For some particular kinds of path systems, see #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem, #$DirectedPathSystem, or #$PathSystemType-Structural in general. For subsystem relation between path systems, see #$subPathSystems. bfd62da4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 path system type - structural A collection of collections. Instances of #$PathSystemType-Structural are collections of path systems, including #$PointFinitePathSystem, #$NodeFinitePathSystem, #$LinkFinitePathSystem, #$FinitaryJunctionPathSystem, #$SimplePathSystem, #$Multigraph, #$FiniteMultigraph, #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic, #$ConnectedPathSystem, #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem, #$DirectedPathSystem, #$BidirectedPathSystem, #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem, #$BoundedDirectedPathSystem, #$DirectedMultigraph, #$DirectedGraph, #$DirectedAcyclicGraph, #$BoundedDirectedAcyclicGraph, #$NetworkFlowSystem-Bounded, etc. befbfb9f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 path type A collection of collections. Each instance of #$PathType is a collection that is a subcollection of #$Path-Generic. There are several types of path, according to the medium or surface the path goes through or over. In addition, the collection #$PathArtifact can be broken down into more specific #$PathTypes. At a #$JunctionOfPaths, the joined paths all have at least one #$PathType in common. bd58ce38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 payments A collection of events; a subset of#$MoneyTransfer. Each element of #$Paying is an event in which one agent pays money to another agent. The payer is the #$fromPossessor; the recipient is the #$toPossessor. In all payings, the payer gives the payee #$FullUseRights to the money. Some types of payings: (1) all instances of #$Buying and #$Renting contain (at least one) #$subEvents which are elements of #$Paying; (2) making charitable contributions; (3) paying off one's gambling debts; (4) paying an employee's salary or a child's allowance. Writing a check or offering a credit card in payment are #$firstSubEvents of paying events; such payings are successful only if the check is not lost or stolen, if it clears the bank, etc. On the other hand, filling out a pledge card, e.g., for United Way, is NOT considered a #$Paying event or part of one, because it does not involve or initiate any legal reassignment of rights to the money. bd590a1d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 collections of fees for use #$PayingCasualUseFee is the collection of events in which one agent pays a fee to another in exchange for the right to use something that the latter controls Examples: paying a parking fee, paying a bridge or highway toll, paying an admissions fee to an art museum. #$PayingCasualUseFee covers usage that is temporary and possibly not exclusive. For longer-term use arrangements, see #$Renting. Note: events in #$PayingCasualUseFee are both payings and collectings (cf. #$Buying). The agent doing the paying is the #$buyer, and the agent doing the collecting is the #$seller. The object accessed is the #$objectPaidFor. be3b796b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pensive A feeling of deep thoughtfulness, reflection, or introspection, and sometimes melancholia. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. be00fb74-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pentagon shaped This is the shape attribute shared by all five sided two dimensional figures. bf3e6140-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 perceptions #$Perceiving is the collection of sensory-perceptual events in which a #$PerceptualAgent perceives, i.e. acquires information, using its senses. bd58c31c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 perceiving - involuntary A collection of mental events, a subset of #$Perceiving. Each element of this collection is a perceptual event in which the agent involuntarily receives senory information. Thus, if I am in a room, and a light is turned on, I would see the light reflected off of the walls, but without any effort on my part. On the other hand, actively searching for something with my eyes would not be a member of this collection. bfc2df3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 perceiving - voluntary A collection of mental events, a subset of #$Perceiving. Each element of this collection is a perceptual event in which the agent does not merely passively receive sensory information, but is actively filtering or directing how he is perceiving. Thus, searching for a set of lost keys would be an element of this collection, as would straining to hear something, but merely hearing a balloon pop next to you would not. be7798b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 perceiving slot A collection of predicates. Each element of #$PerceivingSlot is a binary predicate relating a perceiver and an object or event (not a sense-datum) that s/he perceives in the mode specified by the predicate; e.g., #$sees, #$hears, #$smells, #$perceivesByTouching, #$tastes. Assertions that use a predicate belonging to #$PerceivingSlot imply that some perception event occurs during the time that the assertion holds. See also #$Perceiving and its subsets. bd588eba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 perceptual agent The collection of all sentient agents. Elements of #$PerceptualAgent are beings capable of doing instances of #$Perceiving. Furthermore, in many cases the information that a perceptual agent gathers is input that can influence its other actions. bd58a72d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 periodically flooded terrain Attribute of regions characterized by periodic seasonal flooding, such that instances can veritably be said to become standing bodies of water during the flood season. In some cases the periodic flooding may be the deliberate work of human agents. c14962a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 permits A collection of agreements. Each element of #$Permission is an agreement specifying some rights or privileges which have been granted to an #$Agent. A permission may be an informal agreement between individuals, but many instances are formal and involve permissions granted by a government authority to some agent. E.g., a driver's license, a marriage license, a visa for entering the U.S., a license to practice medicine. bd58afda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 people The collection of all human beings. The collection #$Person constitutes the species Homo Sapiens; thus, #$Person is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies in the #$BiologyMt. (See also #$HomoGenus, of which Homo Sapiens is the only nonextinct species.) Persons constitute the most intelligent subset of #$Primate, and it is the only class whose elements are known to be naturally capable of speaking a language. All cultural activity requires participation of persons. #$Person excludes non-human legal persons; see #$Agent. bd588092-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 person by activity type A collection of collections. Each element of #$PersonByActivityType is a collection which classifies people by some kind of activity that an individual does regularly. Some examples are: #$Student, #$Tourist, and #$HornPlayer. If the differentiating activity is one that can be done as a career or job, it is preferable to make that collection an element of the more specific #$OccupationType (q.v.). bd68312d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 person type by culture A collection of collections. Each instance of #$PersonTypeByCulture is the set of all persons who participate (see #$cultureParticipants) in some particular human culture. Examples include #$FrenchPerson and #$EthnicGroupOfAustralianAborigines. c0fcd06c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 personal checks A spec of #$Check-TenderObject. #$PersonalChecks are issued to individual persons who have a #$CheckingAccount with a bank. Each instance of #$PersonalCheck will include the checking account number and personal information, such as name and address. bf0a7279-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 personal products A collection of products. Each element of #$PersonalProduct is a service or tangible product designed for the physical body of a person, including clothing, accessories, personal care products (e.g., deodorant, hand soap) and devices (e.g., razors, heating pads), cosmetics, and personal services such as massages and manicures. These are products or services which a person would seek out or apply to him/herself; i.e., it excludes products used on the body of a person by physicians (e.g., scalpels), dentists (e.g., dental drills), or morticians. bd5906f2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 personality attributes The collection of attributes which describe aspects of a person's personality. E.g., #$Dependability-Personality. Note that #$Gentleness, #$Viciousness, and other emotive traits common to both humans and other animals, appear under #$TemperamentAttribute, which is a superset of #$PersonalityAttribute. bd58ad60-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pharmacists The collection of professionals who are trained and licensed to prepare and distribute legal drugs. bd58ddbb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pharmacies The collection of (local-level) organizations which sell mainly prescription drugs, but usually also carry non-prescription drugs and other medical supplies that might be needed by a family or individual. (i.e. not a supplier to hospitals). Sometimes these are free-standing stores, sometimes departments within other stores like drugstores and supermarkets. c0fd4a67-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pharmacy products The collection of pharmaceutical product types, including drugs and pharmaceutical devices. c0fdf171-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 phone numbers A collection of strings. Each element of #$PhoneNumber is a string that represents a telephone number. bd58ecee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 measures A collection of predicates. Each element of #$PhysicalAmountSlot is a slot (i.e., a binary predicate) used in assertions that state (perhaps roughly) `how much' of an object there is. These can be viewed as different ways of stating the size of an object; e.g., #$lengthOfObject, #$volumeOfObject, #$massOfObject, #$depthOfObject, #$interiorFloorSpace. bd58ee60-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical attributes A collection of attribute values. Each element of #$PhysicalAttribute is an attribute value could in theory be measured using physical instruments. Subsets of this collection include #$Density, #$Speed, #$Rigidity, #$Mass, etc. Elements include #$ColdToBitterlyCold, (#$MediumAmountFn #$Visibility), and #$AFewYearsDuration. bd590a22-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical attribute description slot A collection of predicates. #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot is a subset of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate. Each element of #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot relates some spatial thing to an instance of #$PhysicalAttribute which characterizes that object. The attribute may or may not be a quantifiable property. Examples of #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot: #$objectEmitsOdor, #$viscosityOfSubstance, #$colorOfObject, #$diameterOfObject, #$physicalParts, #$shape, #$xzCrossSectionShapeType. bd58b9c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical conducting media A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$PhysicalConductingMedia is a physical thing that can serve as a conductor, e.g., for heat or electricity. Examples include power lines, pieces of superconductor materials, ceramic, etc. bd58887d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical locations A collection of locations; a subset of #$HumanShelterConstruction. An instance of #$PhysicalContactLocation is the principal place(s) where an #$Agent can be physically found. For people, that would (probably) be their home and/or office. For an organization, it would be the location of their place of business, their headquarters, etc. Note that a purely procedural method for getting in touch with someone, such as their Post Office Box number in a certain city, is not a #$PhysicalContactLocation. c10ad9b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical contact situation The collection of all temporal situations in which two or more tangible objects are touching (see #$touches) for at least part of the situation's duration. This includes an object's rubbing against another, objects colliding, as well as static touching configurations. Note that, although most types of #$PhysicalEvents involve some kind of touching, only those types for which contact is salient should be subcollections of #$PhysicalContactSituation. bfffa642-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 devices A collection of tangible things. Each #$PhysicalDevice is an #$Artifact which is designed for a specific use or to perform a specific function. Thus, the collections #$Tool, #$Condom, #$BathTub, and #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle are all subsets of this collection, as are many other collections. Excluded are artifacts which can only be 'used' in a very loose or metaphorical sense, such as instances of #$Sculpture, #$FlowerBed, or #$Advertisement-IBT. Also, an instance of #$PhysicalDevice should have a relatively rigid, set shape (which doesn't exclude it having moving parts!); hence, #$GasolineFuel or #$AntiFreeze are not subsets of #$PhysicalDevice. bd58c72f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical events A collection of localized spatial events each instance of which involves one or more physical objects or stuffs. #$PhysicalEvents typically involve interaction among #$PartiallyTangibles. But note that a physical event might consist in the creation, destruction, movement, or a change in some physical feature of a single salient physical object. (See #$PhysicalCreationEvent, #$PhysicalDestructionEvent, #$MovementEvent and #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent.) For a contrasting (though not necessarily disjoint) collection, see #$StrictlyMentalEvent. For events that have both physical and mental components, see the specialization #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent. bd58e98d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical feature describing predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate is a predicate used in assertions that describe spatiophysical aspects of individual objects. Examples: #$above-Directly, #$physicallyContains, #$touchesDirectly, #$colorOfObject, #$temperatureOfObject, #$spans-Bridgelike. bd58b982-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical part predicate A collection of predicates. Instances of #$PhysicalPartPredicate are used to describe the relationship between a #$PartiallyTangible and its #$physicalParts. bd58a601-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical series Each #$PhysicalSeries is a #$Group of #$PartiallyTangibles which is ordered in a linear fashion, most likely according to some spatial relationship. For example, a group of people in line at a ticket booth, or the vertebrae in one person's spine. c04cb9b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical state change events #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent is the collection of events in which some piece of matter changes from one of the physical states of matter to another. Such changes of state can be induced by changes in temperature (or the equivalent in the manipulation of kinetic energy). Each particular instance of #$Boiling, #$Freezing, #$Evaporating, #$Condensing, #$Melting, etc. is an instance of #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent. Note: Most Cyc microtheories distinguish four states of matter, namely, #$SolidStateOfMatter, #$PlasmaStateOfMatter, #$LiquidStateOfMatter, #$GaseousStateOfMatter. See #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous and its individual state constants. bd5884ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical structural attributes A collection of attributes. Each element of #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute is a physical attribute that determines or describes the structure of a tangible object. These attributes are qualitative, not measurable; in that way, they are unlike those described by the elements of #$Density, #$Mass, #$Elasticity, #$ThermalConductivity, and other attributes which belong to #$ScalarInterval. Examples of #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute: #$Granular, #$Powdery, #$Paste-Form, #$Brittle, #$Collapsible, #$Hollow, #$Woven, #$Burnt. An individual object's #$PhysicalStructuralAttributes are indicated with the predicate #$physicalStructuralAttributes. bd58fce5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 urges A collection of collections, and also a subset of #$SensoryReactionType (qv). Its elements are distinct from #$SensoryReactionType because they necessarily have a value on #$urgeTypeSatisfied. An element of #$PhysicalUrgeType is an #$AttributeType that describes one class of urges (to do something) that animals have. The elements of #$PhysicalUrgeType are rather earthy; some examples are: #$UrgeToYawn, #$UrgeToScratch, #$UrgeToVomit, #$UrgeToUrinate, etc. bd5886eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 attacks The collection of events in which one #$Agent (or a small group of #$Agents) physically attacks another #$Agent (or small group of #$Agents.) Each assassination attempt is an example of such an event. bd5889bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physiological attributes The collection of attributes related to a plant or animal organism's physiological characteristics. Some examples include #$Flexed, #$Deaf, #$Injured, #$Fertile, #$Swollen, #$AcidIndigestion, etc. c0fd4a6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physiological conditions The collection of #$Events in which an organism undergoes (as #$bodilyDoer) some physiological state or process, which may be normal or abnormal. An instance of #$PhysiologicalCondition is, especially, a dynamic physiological state that (1) has important temporal aspects, such as a developmental condition or a progressive disease, and/or (2) affects the organism's physiological condition for a significant period of time, such that (a) the condition may be thought of as an `episode' in the life of the organism or even (b) a permanent aspect of the organism's ongoing life. #$PhysiologicalCondition is the most general collection of such states. In representing particular cases, one of the various subsets of #$PhysiologicalCondition is likely to be more useful; these include: #$Pregnancy, #$BacterialPneumonia, #$Cancer, #$KidneyStoneCondition, #$HeartAttack, #$AllergicReaction, #$Phobia, #$ChronicCondition, #$Asthma, #$Dwarfism, etc. c10c3859-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 health conditions A collection of collections. Each #$PhysiologicalConditionType is a coherent set of #$PhysiologicalConditions characterizing some non-instantaneous aspect of an organism. Some sample elements are: #$Menopause, #$SickleCellAnemia, #$Infection, #$Malnutrition, etc. c10c16fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physiological function The collection of those #$PhysiologicalProcesses that serve some end for their doers, which may be cells, tissues, or whole organisms; for example, #$Photosynthesis-Plant. bd58ecdb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physiological processes The collection of events in which an organism does (typically unconsciously) some process which involves alteration of that agent's physiological state. A #$PhysiologicalProcess is normally one that is done by organisms (or parts of organisms) in the course of living. A large subset of #$PhysiologicalProcess is #$BodilyFunctionEvent, including its subsets #$Respiration, #$DigestingInStomach, and #$Heartbeating. (Compare this collection with #$PhysiologicalCondition, whose elements are more episodic than process-like.) bd58f396-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pipes The collection of all enclosed tubular fluid conduits with openings at both ends. #$Pipe-GenericConduit encompasses both human-made pipes as well as natural pipes, found naturally occurring in the environment, or found in an organism's body, like #$BloodVessels. bd5899fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pipe end to cavity junction The collection of junctions, in each of which some #$Pipe-GenericConduit ends at a #$Cavity of larger diameter than the pipe, allowing flow or access between them. The flange where a water pipe enters a water tank is one example, as is the junction of the esophagus and the stomach in animals. See also the predicate #$pipeEndsAtCavity. bffab025-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pity Feeling sorry for another agent on account of the undesirable state of affairs s/he is in. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. c0fba7c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 places The collection of #$SpatialThings that have a relatively permanent location. Thus, every #$Place is stationary in the frame of reference of the current microtheory. bd58d3b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 plan action restriction predicate A collection of predicates. Instances are used to express durationalconstraints, constraints relating to temporal ordering, and subeventual commitments relating to reified #$PurposefulActions that are represented in the deontic contexts of #$Plans. bddb7e84-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 planets A collection of planetary bodies. Each element of #$Planet is a planet either in Earth's solar system or elsewhere in the universe. Examples: #$PlanetJupiter, #$PlanetVenus. bd58d12f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 plants #$Plant is the collection of all plants; it is a member of the #$BiologicalKingdom and contains the primary subjects of #$Biology. Plants are typically stationary, living, whole organisms; the cells of plants generally lack cholesterol and have cell walls that include substances of #$Cellulose. Most, though not all, plants are capable of making sugars by #$Photosynthesis-Plant processes and have green parts. Some example subsets of #$Plant are the collections #$RoseBush, #$SpruceTree, and #$Moss. bd58c6e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 herbaceous plants The collection of non-woody, herbaceous #$Plants. Those #$Plants such as grasses, herbs, wildflowers, etc. which are fairly low-growing, often annual, and don't grow woody stems. Excludes large, hard bamboos, and Balsa. c10adb62-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 woody plants The collection of #$Plants that have woody or hard trunks, stems or branches (and usually roots). includes large, hard bamboos, and balsa. c0fde301-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 plants or plant parts A subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject. #$PlantBLO includes the elements of #$Plant and of #$PlantPart. c0fe06bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 plant parts The collection of all physical parts of #$Plants of all kinds. In the traditional view, plant organs are of four types: leaves, stems, roots and flowers. It seems useful to have a category for smaller plant parts which display a similar level of organization (they have vascular tissue, ground tissue, and an epidermis) but have not been included in the traditional view. bd58ee6f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 plant physiological attribute The collection of attributes referring to the physiological properties of plants. At the very least, these include seasonal stages, physical properties, and plant health. These attributes apply to entire #$Plants rather than just to certain parts of them. bd61e030-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 plant products The collection of #$Products that are plants or plant parts (individually or in bulk), or substances derived from plants, which are produced by people or countries and made available for use, sale or exchange. bd58923e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 plastics A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Plastic is a piece of some type of plastic. This collection includes plastics of all kinds: artifical, mostly polymeric, inedible, organic moldable hydrocarbons. Some common types are rayon, nylon, polyethylene, etc. bd58f496-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 playa A collection of desert basins with limited drainage. Each instance is capable of becoming the bed of a shallow lake during the rainy season. bf2ed2f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 plumbing fixtures A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$PlumbingFixture is any object which is -- or was or will be or could be -- part of some plumbing system. Types of #$PlumbingFixture include pipes, sinks, and toilets, as well as faucets and drain plugs. It must be a functional part (so sewage doesn't count) and a significant part (so a label on a pipe doesn't count) and a specialized part (so an individual screw doesn't count, nor does an individual iron atom that's part of a faucet) and a relatively long-lived and localized part (so the water flowing through a pipe doesn't count.) bd58f57a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pointy ended Includes anything which tapers to a pointy or sharp end--pens, pencils, needles, pins, nails, and wood-screws, but not wires (no taper). Most knives would be included, but only because they have pointy ends. A knife with a rounded ended and a sharp blade would not be included. c10060b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 polar attribute type A collection of collections, a subset of #$PrimitiveAttributeType. Each element of #$PolarAttributeType is a collection of attributes which can be possessed either to a positive or to a negative degree. Thus, #$ElectricalCharge would be an instance of this collection, whereas #$Wetness and #$BedSize would not be. bf55f890-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 polishing events The subset of #$Cleaning processes in which something is polished by rubbing it. For example, consider the event in which Aladdin polished his magic lamp for the first time. Polishing can be done to leather, wood, metal, etc. A #$PolishingSomething may be performed either by a person or by a machine. bd58ead9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 skirmishes The class of all political disputes, including serious political controversies and skirmishes between individuals, organizations or countries. Such a dispute involves some question of public policy, as opposed to purely personal or commercial issiues. bd58e019-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 political organizations A collection of organizations. An element of #$PoliticalOrganization is an organization whose members share some common political, social, or economic values and goals, and the #$MainFunction of their organization is to achieve those goals by influencing governmental powers or by helping persons who favor their views and interests to win elections or otherwise obtain governmental power. The collection #$PoliticalOrganization includes instances of #$PoliticalParty and also of #$PoliticalInterestGroup. Note that governmental bodies (such as a #$CityCouncil) are not considered #$PoliticalOrganizations. Although such governmental bodies often act in political arenas, that is not their primary function. bd588dcb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 political parties A collection of political organizations. An element of #$PoliticalParty is an organization that primarily seeks to elect candidates to public office or have members continue holding public office, and which are identified as party affiliations by persons holding or seeking public office. bd58fcda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 politicos A collection of persons. Each element of #$Politician is a person who is involved in politics. Subsets of #$Politician include #$HeadOfState, #$PresidentialCandidate, and #$HeadOfPoliticalParty. bd58e7b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 polygon 3 d shaped This is the attribute (see #$ShapeAttribute) shared by all three dimensional objects all of whose surfaces (see #$objectSurfaces) are polygons (see #$PolygonShaped). bed8e16e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 polygon shaped This is the attribute shared by all two-dimensional objects that are polygon shaped. The sides of such objects are defined by line segments that are joined and define a closed shape. c0bd3427-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 porosity A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Porosity represents a specific porosity of some physical object. Different porosities may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Porosities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$porosityOfObject. be00c216-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 portable objects A collection of objects. An instance of #$PortableObject is something that is not `fastened down' and which is light enough for an average human (or more to the point: for its average intended user) to move it easily. For many #$PortableObjects, portability is important for them to fulfill their primary functions; for example, an article of clothing (a #$SomethingToWear), a hand-guided tool (a #$HandTool), a coin or dollar bill (an instance of #$Currency), a flashlight (a #$Flashlight), etc. would be pretty useless if they weren't portable. In other cases, making a device portable, or making a portable version of a device, simply provides a convenience, as with the subsets #$PortableTelevision and #$PortableStereoSystem. Note that #$Tool is not a subset of #$PortableObject, since many tools are heavy and/or stationary. A borderline example would be a heart/lung machine; although the beneficiary of its primary function is in no position to move it around, the physicians and nurses who also are `using' it can and do exactly that. The same goes for a playpen; the kids in it had better NOT be able to move it around, but the adults who set it up and put them there can and do move it. A borderline non-example would be a car; even though its user can make it move around, that is more a controlling action than a transporting action --- i.e., the car is doing the transporting in that case, not the driver. A borderline example is a cat; even though it moves under its own power, it is light enough for its owner to pick it up and move around. A borderline example is a bed or a dresser; though too heavy to lift, its owners can generally move it around (by sliding, disassembling and reassembling, etc.) bd588131-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 portals The collection of all openings, as in a surface, through a tube, etc., with or without a covering. This includes doors, mouths, doughnut-holes, etc. bd58d597-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 portal covering A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$PortalCovering is something that covers a portal (e.g., window, door, hatch). Portal coverings may be either flexible or rigid; they may be either fixed in place or removable. Examples include windows (in buildings or automobiles), doors, shutters, screens, draperies, window blinds, convertible tops, lids, corks. bd589d69-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Portugal The nation of Portugal as it has existed throughout time; includes both its physical and its political aspects. bd590a03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Portuguese Language Indigenous language of #$Portugal and #$Brazil. bd590836-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 position type A collection of collections. Each element of #$PositionType is a collection which represents a type of position filled by people within an organization. Examples of #$PositionType: #$Mayor, #$CampaignManager, #$Director-Movie, #$Chairman, #$Resident-Medical. c10af93a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 positive integers #$PositiveInteger is the subset of #$Integer that excludes the negative integers and zero. Each element of #$PositiveInteger is a whole number greater than zero; thus, it includes 5, but not -5 or 0. bd589ed9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 positive number #$PositiveNumber is a subset of #$RealNumber. Each instance of #$PositiveNumber is a #$RealNumber that is #$greaterThan zero; thus, it includes 42 and 0.17 but not 0 or -5. bf6afb32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 postal codes A collection of character strings. Each element of #$PostalCode is a string used by a postal service to designate a particular geographic area. For example, the code used by the #$USPostalService for central downtown Austin, TX, is `78701'. Most countries have their own kind of #$PostalCodes. For example, see #$ZipCode, a specialization of #$PostalCode, which is specific to the UnitedStatesOfAmerica. c10ada49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 positions The collection of postures, which are types of attributes that describe bodily configurations and/or orientations of #$Animals. Some #$Postures are: #$UprightPosture, #$KneelingPosture, #$LyingOnBackPosture, #$PronePosture, #$LeaningOnKnucklesPosture, #$ForwardFlyingPosture. bd59076d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pourable A physical attribute. #$Pourable is the structural attribute of a tangible thing that is capable of flowing. #$Pourable things don't have intrinsic shape, but instead take the shape of their containers. When acted on by a force, a #$Pourable thing changes shape at a rate proportional to the force. (In addition, #$Pourable things may be easily separated into multiple pieces; however, such a separation is not a breaking or shearing.) Mobs of particles, such as portions of sand or snow, are #$Pourable; but a gelatin-like semisolid is not. See also #$SemiSolidTangibleThing. bd58914b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 powdery A physical attribute. #$Powdery is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute which describes a solid that has the form of a powder. #$Powdery stuff is #$Pourable and composed of multiple granules of solids. bd58d489-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mechanisms A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$PoweredDevice is any device which requires some power input in order to perform its function. The power supplied may be muscle power, kinetic energy, fuel, electricity, etc. This is much more general than #$ElectricalDevice (qv), which is one of its subsets. #$PoweredDevice and #$NonPoweredDevice partition #$PhysicalDevice. bd589472-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 precipitation clouds The collection of clouds that emit #$PrecipitationParticles in instances of #$PrecipitationProcess. bd58a995-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 precipitation particle The collection of particles of liquid or solid water emitted by clouds in instances of #$PrecipitationProcess. bd58f4fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 precipitation processes A collection of physical processes; a subset of #$WeatherEvent. Elements of #$PrecipitationProcess are meteorological processes in which atmospheric clouds precipitate rain, snow, or other forms of H2O precipitation. bd58fece-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 predicates The set of all Cyc predicates. Each element of #$Predicate is a relationship in Cyc which takes some number of arguments to yield a well-formed CycL formula; each of those arguments must be of some particular type. For example, the predicate #$genls, which represents the subset/superset relation between collections, takes two arguments; each argument must be an element of #$Collection. The numbers and types of arguments to particular predicates are specified by explicit assertions using #$arity, #$arg1Isa, #$arg2Isa, etc., #$arg1Genl, #$arg2Genl, etc. Our example #$genls has #$arity 2, and both its #$arg1Isa and its #$arg2Isa have the value #$Collection. Informally, you can think of elements of #$Predicate as functions that always return either true or false. More formally, when an element of #$Predicate is applied to the legal number and type of arguments, an expression is formed which is a well-formed formula (wff) in CycL. Such expressions are called `atomic formulas' if they contain variables, and `gafs' (short for `ground atomic formulas') if they contain no variables. Quantifiers and logical operators are excluded from #$Predicate; see #$Quantifier, #$LogicalConnective. Currently (March 2000), the KB includes predicates of arity 1-7, inclusive. The KB also includes some predicates of variable arity (see #$VariableArityRelation). Unary predicates, which take just one single argument (e.g., `-- is a person' or `-- is white', are usually represented in Cyc by elements of #$Collection or #$AttributeValue, rather than of #$Predicate; but see also #$UnaryPredicate. Naming strings for elements of #$Predicate always begin with a lowercase letter. bd5880d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 predicate category A collection of collections; a subset of #$RelationshipType. Each element of #$PredicateCategory is a collection of Cyc #$Predicates. Examples: #$TemporalPartSlot, #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot, #$FunctionalSlot, #$InterActorSlot, #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate, #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot. See also the comment on #$Predicate. bd5888fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pregnancy ending event The collection of events which terminate a pregnancy, including birth, abortion, and miscarriage. c0fd51d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 telephone cards The collection of all #$Cards that allow a user to make telephone calls by debiting the price of the call from the value remaining on the card. The value on the card may be encoded on a magnetic strip on the card, or kept track of by the company that issued the card. bf363fb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 preparation attribute A collection of attributes. Each element of #$PreparationAttribute is a characteristic of a piece of material (e.g., food) indicating (1) a type of physical preparation which that stuff has already undergone, and (2) something about its current, resulting condition. Examples of #$PreparationAttribute which are applicable to food include: #$Baked, #$Fried, #$Toasted, #$Fermented, #$Grilled, #$Frozen, #$Dried, #$Raw. bd58f055-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events in which food or drink is prepared A collection of events. Each element of #$PreparingFoodOrDrink is an event in which a single instance of #$FoodAndDrink is created from something. Preparation may begin `from scratch', with raw ingredients, or may use semi-prepared or `convenience' products (such as cake mixes, margarita mixes, or frozen foods). Typical #$subEvents in elements of #$PreparingFoodOrDrink include activities commonly performed by cooks and/or bartenders, including instances of #$ChoppingSomething, #$CookingFood, #$BakingFood, #$MixingAlcoholicDrinks, etc. Each #$PreparingFoodOrDrink event ends when the item prepared is ready to eat. This collection is NOT to include activities that a diner does with food at table (such as peeling, unwrapping, cutting into bitesized pieces), nor activities that a farmer does before food reaches market or kitchen (e.g., planting, harvesting). bd58b6ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 prepositions The collection of all prepositions. Prepositions are function words which usually take a noun phrase complement. They usually express temporal, spatial, or other relations. Example: `at'. bd59095f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 prescriber People who can prescribe medications. Doctors are prescribers, as well as osteopaths and nurse-practitioners. c10af23d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 prescription drugs The collection of drugs that require a doctor's permission before obtaining or consuming them. bd58ae7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 preservatives Preservatives which are added to food to prevent spoilage. be00ca4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 preserving food A collection of events. Each instance of #$PreservingFood is an event in which a single item of food or drink (a member of the collection #$FoodAndDrink) is acted on to prevent its #$Spoiling. be9f10d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 presidents A collection of persons. Each element of #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState is a person who holds the title of president of some element of #$Country, whether that title belongs to a position which is #$HeadOfState or #$HeadOfGovernment (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, #$BillClinton, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui. bd58e49e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pressures A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Pressure represents a specific measure of a force exerted on some surface. Degrees of #$Pressure may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions or with qualitative collections (e.g., #$BruisingPressure, #$FracturingPressure, #$ImperceptiblePressure). Indicate the #$Pressure of a particular fluid with the predicate #$fluidPressure; indicate atmospheric pressure with #$barometricPressure. bd58ed13-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pride Self-esteem based upon one's actions, possessions, or relationships. #$Vanity is not necessarily entailed by #$Pride. This is a collection; see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes include #$PrideOfMembership, #$PrideOfAccomplishment, #$Vanity, #$Patriotism, etc. bd58c420-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 primary role use rights An attribute of an object with respect to an #$Agent, meaning that the agent who holds this kind of #$UserRightsAttribute to an object is allowed to use that object in events where it performs its #$primaryFunction. A rental agreement typically gives the renter this kind of right to use of an object (such as a car, residence, videotape, etc.) Just because you rent a car, though, does not give you the right to sell it, burn it up, or repaint it. bd58cea9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 primary user rights An attribute of an object with respect to an #$Agent, meaning that the agent who holds this kind of #$UserRightsAttribute to an object has priority to use that object, over other agents who can also claim a right to use it. E.g., parents have #$PrimaryUserRights to the family car. Note that the attribute #$PrimaryUserRights makes sense only for objects to which #$GroupUserRightsAttributes apply, since there must be multiple authorized users in order for priority of claims to occur. bd58df5d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 primates The collection of all primates. The collection #$Primate includes the subsets #$Person, #$Ape, #$Monkey, etc. #$Primate is an instance of #$BiologicalOrder in the #$BiologicalClass #$Mammal. bd58a674-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 prime ministers A collection of persons. Each element of #$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment is a person who holds the political office of Prime Minister in some element of #$Country. Examples: John Major, Benjamin Netanyahu, Lien Chen, #$AndreasPapandreou. bd590186-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 primitive attribute types A collection of collections. Each element of #$PrimitiveAttributeType is a collection of `primitive' attributes such as mass, distance, charge, and others which have a single (total) ordering on (usually) a real line. Note: #$PrimitiveAttributeType excludes the elements of #$UnorderedAttributeType (e.g., gender). Cf. #$CompositeAttributeType. bd58812a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 primitive temporal relations #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations specify temporal relations between #$TimePoints. The only two binary predicates which are elements of this set are #$after and #$simultaneousWith. Note: The predicate `before' is unnecessary since (before x y) would be the same thing as (#$after y x)) bd58845f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 private sector employees A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$PrivateSectorEmployee is a worker who is not paid a salary or wage by a governmental organization. For example, employees of publicly traded corporations are elements of #$PrivateSectorEmployee. Note: Private sector employees may contract with a government organization as consultants, however. bd589b35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 privately-held corporations An incorporated business whose stock, if it exists, is not traded publicly on some stock exchange. Businesses that are traded publicly are instances of #$PubliclyHeldCorporation. bd5d999e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 psc The collection of microtheories that are used in applications as a means to reason about particular situations. Every original query takes place in some #$ProblemSolvingCntxt (as opposed to a #$GeneralMicrotheory) which has access --- via the #$genlMt relation --- to other relevant microtheories, all the way up to the most general one, the #$BaseKB. A #$ProblemSolvingCntxt is usually created temporarily for the problem at hand, and is discarded after the problem is dealt with (unlike a #$GeneralMicrotheory, which is created for lasting use). bd5880da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 process predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ProcessPredicate is a predicate used in assertions that describe processes. For example, #$amountOfEnergyUsed, #$signalState, #$toPossessor, #$primaryActivityType, #$exports, #$monetaryValue. bd58e6c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 products A collection of things. Elements of #$Product are individual goods, services, investments, etc.--basically, anything which is offered (or may be exchanged) for money or trade. Typically, elements of #$Product are things which are intended to be sold or used for some kind of service in exchange for money at least once in their lifetime. Examples: a Lexus sedan, a package of McDonald's french fries, a massage, a bouquet of flowers, a share in a money market fund, the services of a real estate agent, a research satellite. See also #$Artifact. bd590562-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 product standards A collection of specifications. Each element of #$ProductStandard is a precise description applied to the instances of a particular #$ProductType. Manufacturers of that product type agree explicitly or in practice, or they may obey a government requirement, to make product designs following the specifications stated in the standard, so that products within the type will all have certain features in common. For example, telephones and television sets fulfil certain product standards. The resultant interchangeability allows compatibility with other devices and products, with public utilities, commercial trading expectations, governement purchasing requirements, etc. bd5905dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 product types A collection of collections. Each element of #$ProductType is a collection of things--i.e., some kind of substances, objects, actions--at least some of which are produced and/or performed and sold as products. Not all elements in such a #$ProductType collection must be products, but some are. Examples of #$ProductType: #$DairyProduct, #$HardDiskDrive, #$PlasticWrap, #$ServiceEvent, #$EnergyStuff, etc. Note that #$ProductType is not a subset of either #$ObjectType or #$StuffType, because there are products of both kinds (e.g., #$Rice-Foodstuff is a #$ProductType but not an #$ObjectType), and there are even event types that are instances of #$ProductType. *Many* of the collections which are elements of #$ProductType will, however, be an instance of either #$ObjectType or #$StuffType. Product types which are specific to a single #$BrandName should be made instances of the spec #$ProductTypeByBrand. Product types which are specified by both #$BrandName and #$ProductVersion should be made instances of #$ProductTypeByBrandVersion. bd58ca91-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 professionals A set of agents. Elements of #$Professional are agents who spend a significant part of their waking hours doing activities that are characteristic of some occupation, skilled or unskilled. However, elements of #$Professional need not be working the entire duration of when they are a professional, such as a #$Professor on summer break, or someone who is temporarily unemployed. The elements of #$Professional are persons, most of whom belong to at least one such collection during some portion of their lives. Typically their actions are performed for pay, but not always (e.g., #$Artist-Visual). What are colloquially considered professions or occupations are subsets of #$Professional; for example, #$LumberJack, #$Scientist, #$Lifeguard, #$StockBroker, #$Technician, #$CraftWorker, #$Housekeeper, #$SportsCoach, #$Athlete, #$LegalProfessional, #$Publicist, #$CrewMemberOnShip, #$SelfEmployedWorker (and many more). Additionally, other subsets of #$Professional classify workers according to other features of their working life besides skills; e.g., #$SelfEmployedWorker, #$DeskWorker. Subsets may be general (e.g., #$DeskWorker, #$Doctor-Medical) or specialized (e.g., #$ContinuingEdProgramCoordinator, #$PediatricNeuroSurgeon). Elements of #$Professional are temporal subabstractions [#$subAbstrac] of people: #$MaryShepherd (#$HumanCyclist), #$MichaelJordan (#$Athlete), #$AlfredNorthWhitehead (#$Philosopher), #$Michelangelo (#$Sculptor, #$PainterFineArtist), #$BillClinton (#$UnitedStatesPresident), etc. bd58e737-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 professional offices A collection of organizations. Every element of #$ProfessionalOffice is a #$SingleSiteOrganization comprising one or more professionals (physicians, dentists, lawyers, accountants, etc.) and their support staff. c0fd6bff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 prokaryotic organisms The subset of #$SingleCellOrganism whose members are single-celled but lack nuclei and mitochondria. The members of the #$MoneraKingdom all belong to the collection #$ProkaryoticCell, which includes the subsets #$Bacterium and #$BlueGreenAlgae. #$ProkaryoticCell excludes viruses, protista, prions, and rickettsia. Unlike the elements of #$EukaryoticCell, prokaryotic cells are never assembled into multicellular organisms. bd58d537-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pronouns The collection of all pronouns. Pronouns are indexicals which can replace nouns. Example: `she'. c0fe02b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 proper count noun The collection of all proper count nouns. Proper nouns are usually capitalized, and they usually denote some particular person, place, or thing. Many proper nouns cannot be preceded by a determiner, and many have no plural form. Example: `Dallas'. Although one might think that names for languages e.g. ``Cherokee'' are #$ProperCountNouns, they are actually #$MassNouns. One test is to see if you can ``too much X'' or ``a lot of X'' without a distinct plural form. For example ``too much Crest'' vs *``too much Q-tips'' and ``a lot of Coke'' vs *``a lot of Q-tip'' suggest that ``crest'' and ``coke'' are mass nouns, whereas ``Q-tip'' is a count noun. c0f2a028-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 proper mass noun The collection of all proper mass nouns. Proper mass nouns are usually capitalized. bf668bab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 titles The collection of all proper names, considered as character strings. This includes, as elements, city names such as ``Dallas'', people's names such as ``Douglas'', company names such as ``Apple'', conference names, book titles, etc. bd58e892-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 proposals The class of potential agreements or other kinds of #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory which are in the 'proposal' stage -- i.e., which are under consideration but which have not been adopted (yet). The making and consideration of #$Proposals is an important part of such activities as #$Negotiating and legislative #$Debate. Examples of #$Proposals include #$BidOnSale, job offers, proposed codes of conduct (including proposals for new #$Laws), and proposed punishments. bd646625-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 propositions A collection of intangible individuals. Each instance of #$Proposition is an abstract propositional thing that has some truth value in some context or world. A proposition is assumed to be representable (at least in principle) by a sentence in some formal or natural language. But it should _not_ be assumed that propositions are themselves intrinsically linguistic items in the way that sentences or formulae are. Indeed, propositions are often viewed as extra-linguistic, intensional entities that (while not sentences themselves) are represented or expressed by meaningful sentences (or, on some versions of this view, by concrete tokens of sentences). On such a view it is possible for distinct sentences (either from the same language or from different languages) to express the very same proposition; e.g. 'Snow is white.', 'White is the color of snow.', 'Schnee ist weiss.' (in German), and (arguably) '(#$relationAllInstance #$objectHasColor #$SnowMob #$WhiteColor)' (in CycL). Similarly, it is sometimes the case that a single sentence -- when used in different contexts -- will express distinct propositions; e.g. 'I am hungry.' said by you and said by me. Most formal languages (such as a first-order predicate calculus) and natural languages (such as English) include the resources for composing expressions that represent propositions from component expressions (that might or might not themselves represent other propositions). bd5880ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 propositional attitude slot The collection of #$BinaryPredicates in Cyc which represent the various propositional attitudes. Examples include #$beliefs, #$desires, #$biases, #$knows, #$opinions, #$expects, #$intends, #$goals, #$notices, etc. The first argument of instances of this collection is the agent holding the relevant propositional attitude. The second argument is the information towards which the propositional attitude is held. bd589475-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information A collection of intangible objects. Each element of #$PropositionalInformationThing is a chunk of abstract propositional information (`a PIT' abbreviates `a propositional information thing'). Such a chunk of information may consist of one or more propositions. The propositional content of a PIT is not intrinsically encoded in any particular language, but it may be representable in many languages. PITs are used to represent the meaningful contents of information bearing things. Physical things--objects or events--which are elements of #$InformationBearingThing are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody, by using the predicate #$containsInformation (q.v.). An element of #$PropositionalInformationThing may be something as simple as the information content of a command to stop one's vehicle, expressed verbally or symbolically in a road sign or in a traffic officer's gesture; or a PIT may be something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of #$Mathematics, which is embodied in many and various sources. More examples: the story embodied in a showing of the movie `Citizen Kane', the information in my resume, the content of a conversation in American Sign Language, and the information contained in the #$CycKB, may all be represented as PITs. Note that the collection #$PropositionalInformationThing is a subset of #$Microtheory, which makes the Cyc inference mechanisms for handling microtheories available to manage the propositional content of information bearing things. See also #$Microtheory and #$ist-Information. bd5880a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 protective garments A collection of objects. Each element of #$ProtectiveAttire is something to wear that is designed for protection from the elements or from injury. Some subsets of #$ProtectiveAttire include the collections #$SnowGoggles, #$SurgicalGlove, #$WeldingMask, #$Helmet, #$BoxingHeadGear, #$FaceMaskForCatcher, #$FirefightersCoat, #$RainGear. bd58aca6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 protista kingdom A #$BiologicalKingdom proposed to include primarily single-celled, eukaryotic organisms such as #$Algae, #$Protozoans, and #$SlimeMolds. bd58a629-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 protons A collection of objects; a subset of #$Nucleon. Each instance of #$Proton is a nucleon which has an #$ElectricalCharge of +1. bd58814d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 protozoa The collection of protozoa; a subset of #$SingleCellOrganism. Elements of #$Protozoan are also elements of #$EukaryoticCell. Subsets include #$Amoeba and many others. Protozoa lack cell walls made of cellulose. Many protozoa are motile, using pseudopoda, cilia, or flagella to move. Some cause diseases in larger organisms. The class #$Protozoan is an instance of #$BiologicalSubkingdom in many classification systems, sometimes placed under the #$ProtistaKingdom. bd58a5e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 psychological disorders The collection of ailments that are classified as psychological due to their origin and/or manifestation in the mind of the sufferer rather than (or at least in addition to, and perhaps causing) manifestations in the sufferer's body. Having a brain tumor is not an element of this collection, but imagining that you have one is an element of #$PsychologicalAilment, and so is the deep case of depression you fall into once you believe (rightly or wrongly) that you have a brain tumor. Some subsets of this collection are the collections #$Phobia, #$Depression-PsychologicalCondition, and #$PanicAttack. c0fd5b68-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 public event The collection of #$Events which occur in front of, or in the contemporaneous awareness of, a large number of #$Persons -- #$ThePublic. Usually these are intended to be public events, such as the Olympics, a public beheading, etc. bd588f18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 public officials A collection of persons; a subset of #$PublicSectorEmployee. Each element of #$PublicOfficial is a person who holds a position that is directly involved with some aspect of governing a country (or a sub-region of it). Many public offices in democratically governed countries are filled by election; some are filled by appointment. In other countries, public offices are sometimes filled by succession or by military decree. Note: Cyc represents a public office, such as #$Mayor or #$UnitedStatesPresident, as the collection of officials who have held that office, together with axioms describing their responsibilities. #$PublicOfficial is a #$PositionType. c10af2b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 public sector employees A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$PublicSectorEmployee is a person who is employed by a local, state (or provincial), or national government. This collection includes both those who are employed directly in government administration (e.g., elected and appointed officials, tax officers, police and military personnel, other regulatory agents) and those who are employed in support services wholly funded by the government (e.g., postal employees, public school teachers, firefighters, unionized government workers, etc.). bd58e7f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 publicly held corporations A collection of businesses; a subset of #$LegalCorporation. An element of #$PubliclyHeldCorporation is an incorporated business whose #$Stock is traded publicly on some stock exchange or another public securities market. Businesses that are not traded publicly are instances of #$PrivatelyHeldCorporation. bd58d9fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 publications A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). Each element of #$PublishedMaterial is an IBT that belongs to a set of multiple copies which have identical information contents, embodied in similar form, and which have been produced for distribution. Note that published here does not mean printed and physically distributed -- intangible IBTs can be published using the #$WorldWideWeb, or broadcast on the airwaves. #$PublishedMaterial includes the published elements of #$TextualMaterial (e.g., books and magazines); software duplicated for sale or distribution; and mass-produced elements of #$RecordedSoundProduct. Periodicals, television shows, commercial films, annual business reports, tax schedules, Top 10 songs, all are sub-classes of #$PublishedMaterial. Examples of #$PublishedMaterial: Cycorp's copy of `The New York Times' for July 4, 1998; my paperback copy of the novel `Parade's End'; Bill's copy of OS/2; the instance of the Beatles song `Can't Buy Me Love' now playing on Lisa's radio. See also #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType. bd58c1bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pulverize A collection of events. In each #$PulverizationEvent, some #$SolidTangibleThing is turned into #$Powder or a #$LiquidStateOfMatter through the application of a force. bd58eccf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pure compounds A collection of tangible stuffs. Each instance of #$PureCompound is a chemically pure portion of stuff belonging to some particular #$ChemicalCompoundType (e.g., #$Carbon, #$Water, #$Cellulose). `Chemically pure' applies to a piece of stuff which has no sub-portions that fail to conform to the chemical composition of its (single) #$ChemicalCompoundType. In typical contexts, most common portions of a #$ChemicalCompoundType will not be instances of #$PureCompound. For example, a piece of pencil lead, though mostly carbon, will not be an instance since it is not pure carbon and any portion of ordinary tap water will contain too many impurities. Many sub-portions of either a piece of pencil lead or portion of tap water will fail to conform to the chemical composition of either carbon or water. Some instances of #$ChemicalCompoundType are #$genls of #$PureCompound in most contexts but not in all. In typical domestic contexts, for example, a piece of ordinary distilled water would be an element of #$PureCompound. However, in a clean room or microchip manufacturing context, ordinary distilled water would probably be considerd impure (see #$ImpureCompound). In general, to refer to a pure instance of a substance one can use the function #$PureFn, e.g. (#$PureFn #$Carbon). Note that #$PureFn has #$PureCompound as a #$resultGenl. Since this kind of purity is relative to specified chemical composition only, PureCompound (and PureFn) does not pertain to mixtures in #$Cyc (such as #$Air). Cf. #$Mixture, #$ChemicalCompoundType. See also #$PureCompoundType and #$ImpureCompound. c0fbb161-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pure compound type A collection of collections. Every instance of #$PureCompoundType is a collection which is a subset of both #$PureCompound and of some particular #$ChemicalCompoundType (e.g., #$Carbon, #$Water, #$Cellulose). Each instance of #$PureCompoundType is defined ONLY by the properties of its #$ChemicalCompoundType, and of #$PureCompound (q.v.). For example, (#$PureFn #$Fructose) is an instance of #$PureCompoundType, but the subsets of #$Fructose, such as (say) `pure fructose derived from honey' would not be instances of #$PureCompoundType. c0fbb120-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 purpose specification slot Instances are predicates used to specify states that instances of #$Plan or instances of #$PurposefulAction in a planning context are supposed to bring about. Usually but not always this will entail a specific statement of purpose. bf5fcacd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intentional actions #$PurposefulAction is the collection of actions in which at least one actor is consciously, volitionally, and purposefully doing the action (i.e., there is one or more #$deliberateActors (q.v.)). bd589e3f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 purposeful composite physical and mental activity A collection of events that have both a mental and physical component but are performed purposively. It is the intersection of #$PurposefulAction and #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent. Cutting a piece of wood would be an instance of #$PurposefulCompositePhysicalAndMentalActivity since it involves mental and physical functioning on the part of the performing agent and is done purposively. Having a car accident would not be an instance unless the actor responsible for the accident purposefully crashed her car. beb39562-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 purposeful mental activity A subcollection of #$StrictlyMentalEvent, i.e., those involving intentional mental activity on the part of at least one performer (see #$performedBy). Solving a math problem, planning an attack, performing a thought experiment are all examples of #$PurposefulMentalActivity. However, daydreaming or having undesired obsessive thoughts are not examples. A borderline example might be arriving at the solution to a math problem in one's sleep after intentionally working on the problem during the previous day. c14de554-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 putting on a clothing item A collection of events. Each element of #$PuttingOnAClothingItem is an event in which some wearable item is donned. Such an event may be performed either by the wearer or by someone else (e.g., putting on a horse's bridle or a child's mittens). After an element of #$PuttingOnAClothingItem occurs, there exists an element of #$WearingSomething (q.v.), i.e., the situation in which the item donned is #$wornOn the body of the wearer. bd58cd7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pyramid shaped #$PyramidShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all three-dimensional object made up of four triangular (see #$Triangular) sides (see #$objectSurfaces) meeting at an apex and having a rectangular (#$Rectangular) base. bfcba5b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 quadrilateral shaped This is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all closed four-sided two-dimensional figures. bf2c6f24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 times of day Instances of #$QualitativeTimeOfDay are #$Events, not just #$TimeIntervals. They are celestial events such as instances of #$Dawn, #$Morning, #$Evening, etc. On #$PlanetEarth, each of these is of course synchronized with the daily cycle of the calendar, but its absolute timing (#$startingPoint and #$endingPoint) depends on the season and the observer's location on the planet's surface. be011add-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 quantifier A collection of mathematical objects. Each element of #$Quantifier represents a relationship between a variable and a formula. In Cyc, a quantifier binds the variable found in its first argument within the formula that appears as its second argument. Elements of #$Quantifier in CycL include #$forAll, #$thereExists, #$thereExistExactly, #$thereExistAtLeast, #$thereExistAtMost. bd58c271-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 quantity slot A collection of predicates. Each element of #$QuantitySlot is a binary predicate that takes a quantity as the value of its second argument. In Cyc, those quantities are elements of #$ScalarInterval (q.v.). Examples of #$QuantitySlot: #$distanceTranslated, #$spatialExtent, #$densityOfObject. See also #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot. bd58cd5b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 quasi-orderings The collection of all those #$MathematicalOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation R is a reflexive and transitive relation on the #$baseSet S of ORDER, i.e., for each X in S, R(X X) holds, and for each X, Y and Z in S, if R(X Y) and R(Y Z) then R(X Z). For example, if you take the set of all people in the states today, and take the relation '__ is at least as tall as ...' (i.e., either __ is as tall as ... or __ is taller than ...) on this set, you get a #$QuasiOrdering because this relation is reflexive and transitive on the set of all people in the states today. Note that the #$QuasiOrdering in this example is neither a #$PartialOrdering nor a #$PartialOrdering-Strict. Subcollections of #$QuasiOrdering include #$PartialOrdering, #$TreeOrdering, #$TotalOrdering and #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic. c14247c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 quaternary function #$QuaternaryFunction is the collection of all Cyc functions which take four arguments. bfc913a6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 quaternary predicates #$QuaternaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc predicates which take four arguments. bd588100-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 quaternary relation The collection of all #$Relations of arity 4 in CycL. This collection was created in order to implement automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL, regardless of whether they are predicates or functions. be9be955-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 query mt The instance of #$IndexicalConcept used specifically for referring to 'the microtheory in which this particular query is being run. This allows for a certain amount of reflection in queries, since it allows one to pose a query about the #$Microtheory of the very same Ask. It is useful for cases where one wants to obtain certain facts about the context of an Ask without specifying anything more about that context. beb7f074-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 quintary function #$QuintaryFunction is the collection of all Cyc functions which take five arguments. bfd0a274-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 quintary predicates #$QuintaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc predicates which take five arguments. bd5880ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 quintary relation The collection of all #$Relations of arity 5 in CycL. This collection was created in order to implement automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL, regardless of whether they are predicates or functions. bde495da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 r s t relation A set of predicates describing possible relations between text constituents. These predicates are roughly adopted from work in Rhetorical Structure Theory (Mann & Thompson) and the SENSUS ontology (Hovy). Typically, these relations serve as necessary coherence links between segments of a text. c0d508e8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 radially symmetric object The collection of objects which are radially symmetric, such as wheels, starfish, etc. bd5906ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 radiation resistance A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$RadiationResistance represents a specific capacity of a tangible object to resist radiation. Degrees of #$RadiationResistance may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$RadiationResistance with the predicate #$resistanceToRadiation. be00bea1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 radio waves A collection of events; a subset of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$RadioWave is an instance of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range from approximately 1 centimeters (1x10^8 #$Angstrom) to 3,000,000 meters (3x10^18 #$Angstrom), and a frequency of approximately 10^8 #$Hertz to 10^2 #$Hertz. This includes the spectrum for RadioWave-UHF, RadioWave-VHF, RadioWave-FM, RadioWave-AM, and several other types of common use #$ElectromagneticRadiation. c100962b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 railroad stations The collection of all railroad stations (train station buildings). These are buildings located near railroad tracks and their primary purpose is to be a place where trains discharge and receive passengers (and possibly freight). bfa666a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 railroads The collection of all pathways made of RailroadTracks and used for train transportation. It includes main lines and sidings. bd58be94-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 showers The collection of events in which the condensed liquid water in clouds forms droplets (or ice cystals which subsequently melt) substantial enough to fall to the surface of the earth. bd58ff5a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 raindrops The collection of drops of liquid water emitted by clouds in instances of #$RainProcess. bd58bec6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 raininess A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$Raininess describes the intensity with which it is raining at an #$OutdoorLocation. (At the low extreme, it is not raining at all.) Degrees of raininess may be represented qualitatively (e.g., #$Rainy), or using #$GenericValueFunctions. The raininess of a location is indicated with the predicate #$raininessOfRegion. bd58b451-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rainy The #$WeatherAttribute that characterizes an #$OutdoorLocation at which it is raining. bd58ae33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rates A subset of #$ScalarInterval, whose elements are an amount of some property, taken with respect to some unit of time. Elements of #$Rate include, for example, the instances of #$Speed (e.g., 55 mph), #$Frequency (e.g., 55 kHz), #$MonetaryFlowRate (e.g., 55 cents per minute). See #$UnitOfRate for the units used by Cyc to measure rates (e.g., #$DollarsPerYear, #$MetersPerSecond). bd58ebc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rate of rotation A collection of scalar rates of rotation. bd589807-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rational numbers The collection of all rational numbers; a subset of #$RealNumber. Each element of #$RationalNumber is a number that can be expressed as the quotient of two integers, i.e., a ratio. For example, 3/4, 2 1/8, 0.3333333..., 11/5. bd58f2aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reads The collection of acts of reading #$TextualMaterial. These may be for extracting some sort of information from the text, for entertainment, to impart the content of the text to others (if #$ReadingAloud), or to test reading skills. bd58d532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 properties A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$RealEstate is either a parcel of land or a land-based property that can be bought, sold, or rented. This includes buildings and parts of buildings such as office suites or condominiums, as well as parcels of land. Some prominent examples: #$GuantanamoNavalBase, #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway, #$WorldTradeCenter. c10af41b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 real numbers The collection of all the minimal intervals (i.e., points) on the number line; a subset of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. Each element of #$RealNumber is a single point on the real number line, which has no upper or lower bounds. Subsets of #$RealNumber include #$Integer, #$RationalNumber, #$NegativeNumber, #$PrimeNumber, and others. Note: Real numbers, like other elements of #$IntervalOnNumberLine, are measured along a single number `line'; but complex numbers, quaternions, etc., are n-tuples of numbers, and therefore are elements of #$NTupleInterval. For example, #$ComplexNumber is a subset of #$NTupleInterval bd588098-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 receiving A collection of events; a subset of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Receiving is an event in which something `comes in' to an object. Typically, a receiving has associated with it an element of #$Translocation; a particular receiving and its associated translocation(s) are related by the predicate #$transferInSubEvent. If the thing which `comes in' is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible (such as a baseball, or a SCUD missile), then its reception belongs to the specialized subset, #$ReceivingAnObject (q.v.). If the translocation associated with the receiving is an instance of #$WavePropagation (such as a radio broadcast, or heat radiation from the Sun), then the receiving belongs to the subset #$ReceivingAWave (q.v.). bdaf0276-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 receiving a wave A collection of events; a subset of #$Receiving. Each element of #$ReceivingAWave is an event in which an instance of #$WavePropagation is received at a #$toLocation. For example, my CD player receiving an infrared signal from the remote control; hearing a sound of distant thunder; a radio telescope receiving signals from a celestial body. See also #$WavePropagation. bfccc722-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 receiving an object A collection of events, #$ReceivingAnObject is a subset of the collection #$Receiving. An instance of #$ReceivingAnObject is an event in which there is some #$PartiallyTangible which is the #$objectMoving, i.e., the thing which `comes in' to the receiver (the #$toLocation). For example, the #$objectMoving on an occasion when Lynn Swann received a pass from Terry Bradshaw during a Steelers' game would be a football (i.e., some instance of #$Football-American) and the passing/receiving event itself would be a #$ReceivingAnObject. bf0c9ca6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sound recordings A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$PublishedMaterial. Each element of #$RecordedSoundProduct is a sound recording which is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content. Typically, #$RecordedSoundProduct includes audio recordings (on audio cassettes, CDs, vinyl records) prepared and duplicated for sale as a product. See also #$AudioRecordedObject. bd590495-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 recorded video product A collection of #$VideoRecordedObjects; a subset of #$PublishedMaterial. Each element of #$RecordedVideoProduct is a video recording which is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content. Typically, #$RecordedVideoProduct includes video recordings (on videotape, laserdiscs, etc.) prepared and duplicated for sale as a product. bd58e771-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 recoveries A collection of events. In an instance of #$RecoveringFromAilment, some member of #$BiologicalLivingObject recovers from an #$AilmentCondition it has at the beginning of this recovery period. c10c3620-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rectangular #$Rectangular is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all objects that are rectangular in shape, i.e, parrallelograms (#$ParallelogramShaped) containing only ninety degree interior angles (see #$angleBetweenEdgesOnObject). bd60e0df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rectangular 3 d shaped #$Rectangular3DShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute is held by all three dimensional objects for which each face (see #$objectSurfaces) it is the case that (#$shapeOfObject ?FACE #$Rectangular). c05b14e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reference works The set of all documents that provide a more or less non-speculative, `fact-oriented,' comprehensive description of some knowledge domain. bd58caa0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reflexive binary predicate A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent reflexive relations. A predicate F is an element of #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate, and for every X in the domain of F, (F X X). Examples: #$subSeries, #$inRegion, #$genls, and #$equals. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations. bd63d3ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reformulation backward direction A meta-property of a #$CycLReformulatorDirective, meaning that there exist two arguments in the directive such that the higher-numbered arg (e.g. arg2 for a binary predicate) is the 'from' arg, the input to the reformulator, and that the lower-numbered arg (e.g. arg1 for a binary predicate) is the 'to' arg, the output of the reformulator. Its semantics are more fully determined by context. See #$reformulationDirectionInMode for how this direction can be used. bf0f7037-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reformulation forward direction A meta-property of a #$CycLReformulatorDirective, meaning that there exist two arguments in the directive such that the lower-numbered arg (e.g. arg1 for a binary predicate) is the 'from' arg, the input to the reformulator, and that the higher-numbered arg (e.g. arg2 for a binary predicate) is the 'to' arg, the output of the reformulator. Its semantics are more fully determined by context. This is the default #$preferredReformulationDirection for #$reformulatorRules. See #$reformulationDirectionInMode for how this direction can be used. c100289e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reformulation neither direction A meta-property of a #$CycLReformulatorDirective, meaning that no arg is to be interpreted as either the 'from' or 'to' arg. See #$reformulationDirectionInMode for how this direction can be used. bf12c7c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reformulator directive predicate The collection of #$Predicates which can affect the behaviour of the #$CycLReformulator or its submodules. When reformulator directive GAFs are asserted, they are only relevant to the reformulator when it is reformulating expressions in the microtheory in which the directive is asserted, or a specMt thereof. c0ad3020-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reformulator highly relevant f o r t The collection of Cyc FORTs that are highly relevant to the reformulator. be144cd1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reformulator irrelevant f o r t The collection of Cyc FORTs that are not relevant to the reformulator. bfe0bb3f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a type of spatial regions A collection of collections. Each element of #$RegionType is a collection of spatial regions.Such collections have elements that are identifiable subregions of objects, but that are not themselves independent objects. Collections that are elements of #$RegionType include #$PalmOfHand, #$Doorway, #$Wall-GenericBarrier, #$WorkSurface, #$Handle, and many others. bd58e4d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 regional governments A collection of government organizations; a subset of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization. An element of #$RegionalGovernment is a government organization which controls a particular geopolitical region (e.g., a country, state, city, county, etc). The #$subOrganizations of an element of #$RegionalGovernment may include such function-specific #$Departments (q.v.) as legislatures, cabinets, police departments, Boards of Education, and miscellaneous regulatory agencies (which are also #$LegalGovernmentOrganizations). The #$subOrganizations of a #$RegionalGovernment do not include other #$RegionalGovernments. c10aed16-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 regular decagon shaped This is the shape attribute shared by all ten-sided two dimensional figures in which all edges are of equal length and all interior angles have the same measure. Note that this is a specialization of the attribute #$RegularPolygonShaped, i.e., being #$EquilateralShaped and #$Equiangular are necessary conditions for having this attribute. Hence, not all ten-sided polygons have this attribute. To describe ten-sided figures that aren't regular polygons use #$PolygonShaped and #$numberOfEdges. bd905123-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 regular hexagon shaped This is the shape attribute shared by all six sided two dimensional figures in which all edges are of equal length and all interior angles have the same measure. Note that this is a specialization of the attribute #$RegularPolygonShaped, i.e., being #$EquilateralShaped and #$Equiangular are necessary conditions for having this attribute. Hence, not all six-sided polygons have this attribute. To describe six-sided figures that aren't regular polygons or equiangular use #$PolygonShaped and #$numberOfEdges. be9209c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 regular octagon shaped This is the shape attribute shared by all eight-sided (#$numberOfEdges) two dimensional figures in which all edges (#$objectEdges) are of equal length and all interior angles have the same measure. Note that this is a specialization of the attribute #$RegularPolygonShaped, i.e., being #$EquilateralShaped and #$Equiangular are necessary conditions for having this attribute. Hence, not all eight-sided polygons have this attribute. To describe eight-sided figures that aren't regular polygons or equiangular use #$PolygonShaped and #$numberOfEdges. c08e11b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 regular pentagon shaped This is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all five-sided two dimensional figures in which all edges are of equal length and all interior angles have the same measure. Note that this is a specialization of the attribute #$RegularPolygonShaped, i.e., being #$EquilateralShaped and #$Equiangular are necessary conditions for having this attribute. Hence, not all five-sided polygons have this attribute. To describe five-sided figures that aren't regular polygons or equiangular use #$PolygonShaped and #$numberOfEdges. c02b13c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 regular polygon shaped This instance of #$ShapeAttribute is the shape attribute shared by all polygons that have the attributes #$Equiangular and #$EquilateralShaped. bf21eb08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reifiable functions The collection of all Cyc functions whose values can be reified and treated like Cyc constants. Using reifiable functions allow us to add to the KB efficiently; e.g., (#$GovernmentFn #$France) can be treated more or less the same as if we had created a new constant term called `GovernmentOfFrance', and #$GovernmentFn can be applied to any element of #$GeopoliticalEntity to produce such a reified term representing the region's government. On the other hand, it is not desirable to reify every non-atomic term; for example, all the measurable quantities, such as (#$Inch 5), and the numbers which result from using elements of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities (e.g., #$PlusFn), should all be instances of #$UnreifiableFunction instead. Thus, #$IndividualDenotingFunction does not and should NOT have #$ReifiableFunction as a #$genls, because #$IndividualDenotingFunction includes the elements of #$UnitOfMeasure and other functions whose uses we don't want to reify. See also #$Function-Denotational, #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm, #$UnreifiableFunction. bd588002-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 relationships A collection of abstract objects. Each element of #$Relation represents some kind of relation. Some elements of #$Relation are truth-valued, that is, when applied to arguments, they yield statements which are true or false. That includes elements of a subset of #$Relation, #$TruthFunction (which has the subsets #$Predicate, #$LogicalConnective, and #$Quantifier). Other elements of #$Relation yield new terms, rather than just true or false -- among them are all the members of #$Function-Denotational. Syntactically, elements of #$Relation are Cyc constants that can legally appear in the `zero-th' argument place of a CycL expression, i.e., immediately after the opening parenthesis in a CycL expression. bd5880cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 relation predicate A collection of predicates. Each instance of #$RelationPredicate is a relationship between intangible objects. Examples include #$subAlgorithms, #$maxQuantValue, #$meanQuantValue, #$expectedValue, #$derivativesOfFunction, #$rangeOfDistribution, #$inverseFunc, and #$lessLikelyThan. bd58ed34-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 relational structure The collection of all mathematical structures each being a composite individual structure consisting of a #$baseSet with structuring relations or operations on that set (and, optionally, one or more selected other sets, relations, functions or individuals). Examples include #$PartialOrderings, #$Multigraphs, etc. Sometimes mathematicians specify these using a #$Tuple of sets, relations, functions, and/or individuals, as specifications. Note that RelationalStructure is not the same as its #$baseSet since a pure SetOrCollection necessarily lacks the associated 'structure'. bf48bfa0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 relationship type A collection of collections. Each element of #$RelationshipType is a collection of relations used in Cyc, including predicates, lambda functions, mathematical functions, non-atomic terms, and other types. Examples: #$UnaryFunction, #$LogicalConnective, #$IndividualDenotingFunction, #$GenericTimePredicate, #$LanguageDescribingPredicate. bd58dab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 humidity A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. The elements of #$RelativeHumidity represent the extent to which the atmosphere at a location approaches total saturation with water vapor. The relative humidity of a location is indicated with the predicate #$ambientRelativeHumidity. bd58935f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 relaxation The feeling of being emotionally relaxed, of having no pressing troubles or duties weighing on one, of being at ease and untroubled. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Calm. c10073e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reliefs Emotion aroused by the removal or lightening of something oppressive, distressing, or painful. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. bd58a14a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 religions The collection of all religions or equivalent sets of beliefs that answer the `big questions' about creation, existence, etc. Some elements of this are: #$AnimistReligion, #$Catholicism, #$Buddhism, etc. bd59021d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 religious holidays Each #$ReligiousHoliday is a #$Holiday which is specified by some religious tradition. Note that individuals may observe or otherwise participate in a #$ReligiousHoliday without being members of the associated #$Religion. c0fdf861-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 religious organizations A collection of organizations. An element of #$ReligiousOrganization is a #$BeliefSystemFocusGroup whose members share religious beliefs, together with meetings, rituals, or practices related to those beliefs. The collection #$ReligiousOrganization includes elements of #$LocalReligiousCongregation such as local churches, temples, mosques and shrines (qua organizations), as well as worldwide religious organizations such as the #$RomanCatholicChurch. bd58db04-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 removals A collection of #$Events. During an instance of #$RemovingSomething, an #$Agent deliberately separates the #$objectRemoved from the #$objectRemaining: that is, the object to which the #$objectRemoved belonged prior to the removal event. In different types of removals, either the #$objectRemoved or the #$objectRemaining may be destroyed; or both may survive. Examples of #$RemovingSomething include: shaving, liposuction, raking leaves from a lawn, sandblasting a building, evicting a tenant, or expelling a student. bd588d0d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 removing something by moving it A collection of #$Events; a subset of #$RemovingSomething. During an instance of #$RemovingSomethingByMovingIt, the #$objectRemoved is moved out of the object or configuration to which it belonged prior to the removal event. The #$objectRemoved is not destroyed by the removal event. Examples of #$RemovingSomethingByMovingIt include: someone unwrapping a present, undressing, digging up a root, or removing an appendix. bdd212ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 renting events A collection of events; a subset of #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights (among other supersets). Each element of #$Renting is an event during which one agent grants to another agent the use of an object (owned or controlled by the first agent) in exchange for some remuneration. The schedule of payment may vary, depending upon the rental period, type of object involved, type of usage granted, and/or other considerations. The agent providing the object to rent is called the #$fromPossessor; the agent paying to use the object is called the #$toPossessor. Those agents enter into an #$Agreement (q.v.). Examples of #$Renting might include: Fred renting a particular apartment last year; Jane renting a car all this week; Jack renting a canoe on Saturday morning. See also #$PrimaryRoleUseRights. bd58d7bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reproductive systems The collection of all animals' reproductive systems. A #$ReproductiveSystem is a system of organs used by the #$Animal for reproduction; i.e., for creating an offspring, a new member of that species. Note: Strictly speaking, it might be more accurate to describe a #$ReproductiveSystem as containing the above sorts of systems for a mated male and female of a sexual species, as only that combined system is capable of actually producing an offspring. But most of the things one wants to say about a #$ReproductiveSystem really do only make sense for one single animal at a time. So think of reproduction as a cooperative activity, such as having a conversation, where we still refer to each animal's incomplete reproductive system as a #$ReproductiveSystem. bd58dae1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reptiles The collection of reptiles; a subset of #$AirBreathingVertebrate. Each element of #$Reptile is an air-breathing, cold-blooded animal which has a body covered by scales or bony plates. The collection #$Reptile includes the subsets #$Snake, #$Turtle, #$Lizard, etc. Members of most species of #$Reptile lay eggs; none has milk, hair, feathers, or postembryonic gills. bd58f230-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 claims The collection of communication acts in which one agent requests something of another. Requests are typically followed by a response. bd58eaca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inquiries A collection of actions, many of which are speech acts. In each element of this collection, somebody asks a question or requests some information. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with this action, #$Query. bd58adc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 investigations What some members of #$ResearchOrganizations do. Students are often supposed to perform elements of #$Research before they write term papers. Doers of #$Research events aim to learn things that they did not previously know. In some cases, they (e.g., professional scientists) aim to learn things that no one knows, in other cases they (e.g., high school students) aim to merely find published knowledge which they did not know before. In some cases research may involve doing experiments (see #$Experimenting), building systems (see #$ResearchProject), in other cases it may involve strictly document search.--BillJ, Nov. 30, 1998 bd58ea8d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Research centers A collection of organizations. An element of #$ResearchOrganization is an organization that carries out basic or applied research as its #$MainFunction (or one of its #$MainFunctions). It may or may not be a commercial, or a governmental, organization. For example, #$UnitedStatesSpaceProgram, Thomas J. Watson Research Laboratory at #$IBMInc, and the Hoover Institute. bd588d84-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 researchers A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Researcher is a person who performs research as his or her main occupation. This collection includes academicians, clinical investigators, experimental physicists, market researchers, industrial researchers, etc. bd589a23-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 resentments Indignation, displeasure, and ill will felt about something regarded as a slight, affront, insult, or indignity. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Resentment are #$Jealousy and #$Envy. bd58a510-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 respect A feeling of just regard, consideration, or appreciation for the worth of someone or something. Note: #$Admiration (qv) is different than, or rather a more specialized form of, respect. To feel #$Respect towards someone is just to feel that s/he should be treated with politeness and consideration, as having dignity; #$Admiration and #$Wonder-Admiration implies all of that, but also implies that the target of the #$Respect actually did something special or has some special quality that sets them apart from others (or at least from the respecter). #$Respect is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Respect are #$Reverence, #$Wonder-Admiration, #$Adulation, #$Awe, etc. bd588a38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 respirations The subset of #$PhysiologicalProcesses in which an organism performs respiration; i.e., it exchanges carbon dioxide for #$Oxygen which is used to oxygenate (in #$Vertebrates) hemoglobin, an oxygen carrier in the #$Blood distributed to all of the organism's cells. #$Respiration concerns the exchange of #$Oxygen and waste gasses with the environment. Circulation concerns distributing the oxygenated #$Blood to the cells. The oxygen carrier (hemoglobin) releases the oxygen to the cells, allowing chemical reactions necessary to sustain the cell life, which in turn sustains the life of the breather. bd59061e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 respiratory systems The collection of all animals' respiratory systems. A #$RespiratorySystem is composed of body parts (such as the lungs) of the animal, which together function so as to enable it to breathe. Note: it is generally required that the #$RespiratorySystem (of a #$Vertebrate) work together with the #$CirculatorySystem (qv), as the air is used to supply needed substances to the blood and to remove waste products from the blood. bd58f314-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 restaurants The collection of all #$Organizations that operate individual restaurants. For example, the group of individuals that operates the Threadgills on Lamar in Austin (and no other restaurants) is an instance of #$Restaurant-Organization, while the #$Organization that owns and operates both Threadgills (the one on Lamar and the one on Barton Springs) is not an instance of this collection (that organization would be an instance of #$FoodServiceOrganization). Instances of #$Restaurant-Organization operate out of #$Restaurant-Objects. bd58f283-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 resting events The collection of events in which an animal abstains from strenuous physical activity. bd58bedf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 restlessness The feeling of being troubled, restless, concerned about something, or in emotional turmoil. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. c1007595-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 resurrection The collection of events in which a dead human being is raised from the dead. Examples from #$Christianity include the #$Resurrection of #$JesusOfNazareth after the #$CrucifixionOfJesus, or the resurrection of Lazarus by #$JesusOfNazareth in the new testament. Currently, this concept is defined relative to the religious (i.e., #$Christianity) interpretation of #$Resurrection, and should probably not be used in non-religious contexts (e.g., a doctor resurrecting a patient who 'died' twenty-seconds ago). However, fictional/mythological contexts that are in part informed by religious thought (e.g., #$Vampire, zombies, etc.) could conceivably employ this event. c08f96d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 retail organizations A collection of organizations. Each element of #$RetailOrganization is an enterprise that engages primarily in selling goods to end-users or consumers, rather than to wholesale customers. Examples: #$SearsTheCompany, #$WaldenBooksTheCompany, #$StudtmanPhoto. bd58de51-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 stores A collection of retail organizations. Every element of #$RetailStore is a #$SingleSiteOrganization (but not necessarily a stand-alone business) which sells goods directly to consumers at store's #$physicalQuarters. Note that the Niemann-Marcus store at the Galleria is an instance of #$RetailStore, but the Niemann-Marcus company as a whole is not, because it is a #$RetailStore-ParentCompany (with multiple outlets); both are #$RetailOrganizations. bd58bfff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rhomboid shaped This is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all quadrilateral shaped objects that contain no right angles and whose adjacent sides are of unequal length. be5bcb2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rhombus shaped #$RhombusShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all two-dimensional four sided figures in which all sides have the same length. They may or may not contain right angles. If so, see #$SquareShaped. c0419650-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 right object The collection of objects that are meant for, or are found on and distinctively structured for, the right side of some larger entity or ensemble of parts. Examples include right hands, right shoes, right automobile turning signals. bd589f35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 right side up (#$orientation OBJECT #$RightSideUp) means that OBJECT's intrinsic top (e.g., the lid of a teapot) is above (#$above-Directly) its intrinsic bottom (e.g., bowl of a teapot). c0fbac6d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rigid A physical attribute. #$Rigid is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of solids which are stiff--neither flexible nor foldable nor elastic. Examples of rigid things: bricks, wooden boards, steel. Non-rigid things: sand, rubber, cloth. Borderline: lampshades. bd58926a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rigidity A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Rigidity is a property of rigidity belonging to physical objects. Rigidities in Cyc are measured using a #$GenericValueFunction. Rigidities of objects are reported using the predicate #$rigidityOfObject. be00bbfb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ring shaped #$RingShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all ring-shaped objects. Such objects are defined by a circular space encompassed by two concentric circles. The diameter of the larger circle should be no more than twice the diameter of the smaller circle. Hence, a wedding ring has the attribute of being ring-shaped while a phonograph record does not. These objects may be two or three dimensional. For instance, a donut might be ring-shaped as might the spatial region defined by two concentric circles. c06534b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rituals The collection of highly stylized or formalized actions (or series of actions) performed by #$Persons (alone or in groups), usually performed with some solemnity. Note: as further explained in the comment for #$SocialRitual, a #$WeddingCeremony or #$Inauguration is `more than' just a #$Ritual, but following the `script' for such a ceremony, and actually carrying it out, is a #$Ritual. bd58de45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rivers A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$River is a natural stream of water, normally of a large volume. Cf. #$Creek. Examples of #$River include the #$ColoradoRiverOfArizona, the #$AmazonRiver, the #$YangtzeRiver, the #$ThamesRiver. bd590733-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 motor vehicles A collection of transportation devices. An instance of #$RoadVehicle is a vehicle which would typically be found travelling on roads and (optionally) carrying passengers: cars, busses, vans, pickup trucks, fire trucks, RVs, motorcycles, etc.. Since #$RoadVehicles are vehicles, i.e. self powered (e.g. see #$vehicle), #$LandTransportationDevices such as #$Bicycles, or #$Wheelchairs are not in this class. bd58d3f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 road work vehicle The class of heavy construction equipment vehicles that are used to make roads and in other situations where one needs to move quantities of earth, rocks, etc. around. These are powered by internal combustion engines, and often have wheels but just as often have treads like tanks. bd596847-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rods A subset of #$CylinderShape. Each element of #$RodShape is a solid cylinder whose height is much greater than the radius of its base. Examples include spatially localized objects, such reactor rods, logs, and bacilli, as well as some abstract cylinders. c1195f2c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 roles A collection of relationships; #$Role is a subset of #$Predicate. Each instance of #$Role represents a kind of relation that can hold between a situation and something `involved' in it. Note that the involvement may be active (e.g., #$doneBy) or passive (e.g., #$objectActedOn or even #$eventOccursAt), central (e.g., #$primaryObjectMoving) or peripheral (e.g., #$assistingAgent). Important sub-collections of #$Role are #$ActorSlot and #$SubProcessSlot. bd588003-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 roofs The collection of all roofs of structures which are instances of #$HumanShelterConstruction. Like instances of #$Wall-Vertical, instances of #$RoofOfAConstruction may be considered as having one or two sides; the 'inner' side of a roof may or may not qualify as a #$CeilingOfARoom. It is understood that one and only one side of a #$RoofOfAConstruction is 'exposed to the elements.' bd58f788-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rooms The set of rooms in #$ConstructionArtifacts bd589fb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rotation - non periodic The set of all rotational movements in which rotation occurs in a nonperiodic fashion; e.g., the turning of a knob on a kitchen appliance or a radio dial, or movements of a trackball. See also #$Rotation-Periodic for the context-sensitive nature of this dichotomy. c0962af5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 periodic rotations A collection of rotational movements; a subset of #$Movement-Rotation. In any instance of #$Rotation-Periodic, either partial rotation (e.g., rocking) or full rotation (e.g., spinning) occurs periodically. Examples include the swinging of a clock pendulum and the rotation of the Earth on its axis. Note that the accuracy and duration of the periodic rotation is context-dependent. E.g., in a context spanning a long enough period of time, and/or if measured sufficiently accurately, the Earth's rotation does not have a fixed period. In a context short enough, and `approximate' enough, a spinning Olympic ice skater is performing a #$Rotation-Periodic event, even though a few seconds later they slow down and stop rotating. bf9bb920-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 round The attribute of being round, this applies very generally to spherical (see #$Spherical), circular (#$Circular) and ring-shaped (#$RingShaped) things. Note that two or three dimensional objects can have this attribute. be5e1310-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rowboats A subcollection of #$Watercraft that contains all boats each of which is usually powered by one or more persons' rowing.--Kat, April 15, 1998 be0118b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rude action The collection of behaviors that go against the social conventions of politeness. This will be a different set of behaviors in different circumstances (contexts). In an office, e.g., it might be rude to make a loud noise, but at a football game it might be rude to not do so. bd58839e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rule macro predicate Instances of #$RuleMacroPredicate are predicates that have, implicit in their definition, the schema for a class of quantified formulas. A ground assertion (GAF) using one of these predicates is in fact shorthand for a rule fitting this schema. For example, #$genls is a #$RuleMacroPredicate and its implicit schema would be (#$implies (#$isa ?X ARG1) (#$isa ?X ARG2)). Therefore, (#$genls #$Poodle #$Dog) is shorthand for the rule (#$implies (#$isa ?X #$Poodle) (#$isa ?X #$Dog)). #$RuleMacroPredicates may be supported by system code, as is #$genls, or they may be defined with an #$expansionAxiom. In general, one should only introduce a new #$RuleMacroPredicate if 1) there is a plan to eventually provide code support for efficient reasoning with its uses, and/or 2) using it enables useful type-level reasoning. bd8efae4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rule templates Terms denoting formulas (typically without support for efficient inference) that can be (partially) instantiated as Cyc assertions (typically with support for efficient inference); see #$trueRule and #$ruleTemplateAssertion. bf77bef5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Russia Russia, the world's largest #$IndependentCountry, occupying most of the North, Center, and East of the #$ContinentOfAsia. This constant includes Russia throughout time, both political and physical aspects. bd5893c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Russian Language Dominant language of #$Russia. bd58b38e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 SENSUS-Information1997 SENSUS is a #$KnowledgeBase, created by the Information Sciences Institute at USC. An earlier version of it was known as Pangloss, and it was developed primarily in order to support machine translation.--OKeefe, Oct 15, 1997 c02822fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 blues Emotion felt when one is unhappy or low-spirited. This is a collection; for more details, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Remorse, #$Gloominess, #$Disappointment, #$Depression-Emotion, #$Grief, #$Misery, #$Despair, #$Anguish, etc. bd58b4c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 safeness #$Safeness is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions in which the performer acts without endangering itself or others. bd58f989-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 salaried An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The attribute of being a salaried worker in some organization. bd58b819-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sale by check Sales in which the payment tendered is a check. bd58c845-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 credit card sales A collection of events; a subset of #$Buying. An instance of #$SaleByCreditCard is a purchase in which the #$buyer makes payment using some element of #$CreditCard (the set of all credit cards). Note: This is different from instances of #$CreditSale (q.v.), in which the #$seller (rather than the credit card company) extends credit to the customer. bd58c804-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sales activities A collection of events. Each element of #$SalesActivity is an event which the performing agent does in an effort to achieve a subsequent sale to a second agent. Types (i.e., subsets) of #$SalesActivity include #$Advertising, telemarketing, showing sample and/or actual products to customers in a show room or a store. Elements of #$SalesActivity which are successful lead to corresponding elements of #$Buying. Note: #$SalesActivity does NOT include manufacturing, accounting, and other such ancillary business activities. bd588fd2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sales agreements A collection of agreements. Each element of #$SalesAgreement is an agreement which governs aspects of some #$Buying activity. This includes bidding activities (in the subset #$SalesBidOrContract), as well as the instances of #$SalesContract. bd5a2d9c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 salespeople A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$SalesPerson is someone whose principal job activity is negotiating with potential buyers, finding out what they want, describing what is available, taking orders, etc. This collection includes door-to-door salespeople, Avon reprentatives, new and used car salespeople, sales representatives for the product lines of large industrial companies, and store clerks working on a sales commission. bd589baf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food-salting events Soaking food in salt to prevent it from rotting. be00bfc5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sanskrit language This language was originally spoken in the Indic area and is now a dead language. Its sacred literature, however, was transmitted orally and eventually written in the then-current Devanagari script bd5892ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 satisfying Feeling of appeasement, not only of one's desires or longings but also of his needs or requirements. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Satisfaction are: #$Approval, #$Pride, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc. bd58bded-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 quantities A collection of mathematical objects; a subset of #$NTupleInterval. For a measurable quantity, the ordered sequence of possible values may be thought of as a line. Each element of #$ScalarInterval is a line segment (or point) on such a line, representing a range of consecutive values. The most common case is where the line is just the real number line, and the scalar interval is either a contiguous set of points there (i.e., a range of numbers) or just a single point there (i.e., a single #$RealNumber). Another common case is where the line has some unit of measure marked off, such as meters. In relation to the latter kind of interval, see also #$UnitOfMeasure.--Nichols, Feb 21, 1997 bd5880a7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 scalar values The collection of minimal scalar intervals. That is, each element of #$ScalarPointValue is a scalar interval which has no `width'. Scalar intervals include both pure numbers, such as 3.14, and linear measurements such as 3.14 meters, which in CycL would be written `(#$Meter 3.14)'. bd58825b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 schools A collection of school organizations. An element of #$SchoolInstitution-KThrough12 is an educational institution which provides instruction in all or some of the grades from kindergarten (K) through high school (12th-grade) education. Commonly, individual schools teach some subset of those grades; see also the specializations #$ElementarySchoolInstitution, #$MiddleSchoolInstitution, and #$HighSchoolInstitution. bd58856c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 scientific disciplines A collection of fields of study. Each element of #$ScientificFieldOfStudy is a specialized body of knowledge, theory, hypothesis, observations, and problems, which are the propositional contents of the systematic endeavor to explain the natural world by rational (and frequently, quantifiable) methods, including induction, falsifiable hypotheses tested by repeatable physical experiments, and deductive proof. #$ScientificFieldOfStudy includes the traditional hard sciences (e.g., #$Physics, #$Chemistry), the life sciences (e.g., #$Biology, #$Genetics, #$Toxicology), and #$Mathematics. bd58b7fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 scientists A set of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Scientist is a person who is educated and employed in one (or more) of the natural or abstract sciences. Elements of #$Scientist include members of its subsets #$Astronomer, #$Chemist, #$Linguist, #$Mathematician, #$Geneticist, #$CulturalAnthropologist, etc. Examples of #$Scientist: #$CharlesDarwin, #$RichardFeynman, Noam #$Chomsky. bd58fbe7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 scoping relation Relations that define a scope for one or more variables. c0960de2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 screw shaped - generic #$ScrewShaped-Generic is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute defined by the typical shape of a screw. c0a61d70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 script performance attribute The most general type of attribute describing the manner in which an actor performs an action; specializations of this include #$CorrectnessOfPosture, #$Competence, #$Precision, #$Dexterity, #$Gracefulness, #$Creativity, etc. The elements of #$Precision, e.g., represent the various qualitative levels such as high precision, low precision, etc. bd589df0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 script performance attribute type A collection of collections. Each #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType is a type of attribute that can be used to describe the manner in which actions are performed. Examples include: #$Competence, #$Precision, #$Dexterity, #$Gracefulness, #$Creativity, etc. So, e.g., one may run a race with some measure of #$Gracefulness, some measure of #$Competence, etc. bd589d2e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sculptures A collection of art objects. Each element of #$Sculpture is a tangible three-dimensional work of art; buildings are NOT included, even though sculptural features of buildings (such as friezes) are. Types of #$Sculpture include stone statues, friezes, wood carvings, pipes welded into abstract art sculptures, etc. Examples: the #$StatueOfLiberty, the #$MountRushmoreMonument, Michelangelo's David, the friezes on the Parthenon, the Buddhas at Longan. bd58acda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 seas A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Sea is a body of salt water as large or larger than a lake. #$Ocean is a subset of this collection. Examples of #$Sea: #$PacificOcean, #$IonianSea, #$GulfOfCorinth, #$EastChinaSea, #$BlackSea. bd58cc7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sea water A collection of tangible things; a subset of both #$LiquidTangibleThing and #$Water-Saline. Each element of #$SeaWater is a portion of salt water with the kind of mineral concentrations found in oceans--including the oceans themselves. bd590519-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 seasons A collection of events -- specifically, the seasons that occur as #$subEvents of an #$AnnualClimateCycle. For example, the elements of #$WinterSeason are all instances of #$SeasonOfYear. bd5884de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 seats A set of physical objects. An instance of #$SeatingDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to serve as a sitting place for people. Types of seating devices include sofas, chairs, benches, camp and stadium stools, theatre seats, swings, bicycle seats, saddles, and more. bd588351-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 secretions The collection of all #$NaturalTangibleStuff secreted by an organism's body. There are a wide variety of bodily secretions, including #$Hormones, #$Mucus, #$InsulinTheSecretion, and #$Semen. Secretions may be deposited either within the body (e.g., #$BileTheSecretion) or outside of it (e.g., #$Sweat). Note: Secretions are different from #$ExcretionSubstance in that secretions are not necessarily waste products. E.g., they may be a release of pheromones to attract a mate, a layer of sweat to cool off the organism, a layer of nectar to attract bees, etc. Some subsets of #$Secretion-Bodily, such as #$Sweat, are also subsets of #$ExcretionSubstance (i.e., wastes). bd58c769-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 secretion event A collection of events; a subset of #$BiologicalProductionEvent. Each element of #$SecretionEvent is an event in which a living animal or plant secretes a substance. bd58c3cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sector shaped #$SectorShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all pie slice shaped two-dimensional objects. Two line segments and the arc of a circle form a closed area and define this shape. c09cb5c6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 seeds The collection of all plant seeds: small nodules or granules consisting of young angiosperms and their protective containers during early (zygotic and embryonic stages) of development. Seeds, if planted, may grow into adult plants. bd58abc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 self-confidence Faith in oneself and one's powers without any suggestion of conceit or arrogance. If one has a large portion of #$SelfConfidence, their state of mind is often marked by ease and freedom from uncertainty, diffidence, or embarrassment. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A typical more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$SelfConfidence is #$Vanity. bd588445-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 self employed worker A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$SelfEmployedWorker is a worker who earns a living from funds paid directly to him/her by customers, or who is paid by a company s/he owns. An instance of #$SelfEmployedWorker has no boss but him/herself. bd59002c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 self powered device A collection of #$MechanicalDevices, classified by the main way of supplying the force needed to operate them. #$SelfPoweredDevice is a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$SelfPoweredDevice has an `on-board' part which converts some kind of potential energy into force. That may be a battery and motor to convert electricity stored in the battery into kinetic energy (as in a cordless electric drill); other examples are the elements of #$Automobile, which (typically) convert gasoline and battery power to get the energy to move the vehicle. Some muscle power is involved in operating both a cordless drill and an automobile, but not the main part of the power, in either case. Negative exemplars of a #$SelfPoweredDevice include a #$Bicycle (powered by the person that rides it) a Cable Car (pulled along by cabled embedded in the street) and subway train (often powered by an electrified `third rail'). bd58d4bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 selling organizations A collection of organizations. Each element of #$SellingOrganization is an organization whose main function is to sell things by conducting sales activities. Examples: sales departments (e.g., the sales department of #$ToyotaTheCompany); advertising agencies; and retailers (e.g., #$WaldenBooksTheCompany, #$KMart-TheCompany). bd590892-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 semi - directed path system An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a subcollection of #$PathSystem. Each instance of #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem is a path system SYS in which every link LINK is given at least one direction (specified by (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS)), and in which every loop is given two directions (so in a sense we can ignore the directions of loops). The directions of paths and non-loop-cycles (if they have any) in SYS are determined by the directions of links in SYS. When designing a particular semi-directed path system, it is convenient to start creating a name for the system (say SYS1, and assert (#$isa SYS1 #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem)), a name for each node (such as Node1) in the system, and a name for each link (such as LinkA) in the system (using (#$isa LinkA #$Path-Simple)), and then assert directions of links using #$linkFromToInSystem (e.g., (#$linkFromToInSystem LinkA Node1 Node2 SYS1)). The axioms for #$linkFromToInSystem will automatically infer other assertions such as those involving #$pointOnPath, #$linkBetweenInSystem, #$nodeInSystem, #$linkInSystem etc. Then one can proceed creating loops, isolated points and extra points on links if they are desired. bebe0ecc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 semisolids A collection of tangible things which are tactually intermediate between solids and fluids. When a force is first applied to a semisolid object, it deforms substantially and does not break or crack. It may return to its original shape, like a sponge, or retain the shape which resulted from the application of force, like soft clay. Like #$SolidTangibleThings, semisolids have shapes independent of their containers (they satisfy (hasAttributes ?X #$ContainerIndependentShape)) and they cannot be poured. be00cc3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 semicircular #$Semicircular is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all semicircular objects. c08d2ba5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 semiconductor resistance A measurable physical attribute. #$SemiconductorResistance is the element of #$ElectricalResistance that represents the level of resistance found in instances of #$SemiconductorStuff. See also #$resistanceOfObject. be00f84a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 semiconductors The collection of those elements of #$TangibleThing that can, under varying electrical fields, behave as an electrical insulator at times and an electrical conductor at other times. be011871-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sending events The collection of events in which an #$Agent intends to have an object (other than itself) delivered to some other #$Agent. This involves at least a temporary loss of some user rights to the object by the sender. If successful, an instance of #$SendingSomething is also an instance of #$TransferringPossession. bd58d515-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sensors The collection of devices, biological or artificial, that gather information. Note: If a well-known named part of such an entity does the data-gathering, then generally only those parts are considered sensors, not the whole entity. E.g., even though a person gathers information, we generally do not consider them to be a sensor, but rather the sensors are their eyes, ears, skin, etc. In a context such as an ophthalmology convention, `well-known part' has a different binding, and they would consider just certain parts of the eye to be sensors. bd589e5a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sensory attribute A collection of attributes. Each element of #$SensoryAttribute is a sensory datum detectable by sentient beings. #$SensoryAttribute includes colors, odors, tastes, sounds, and feels, as well as the various feelings represented by its subset #$InternalSensoryAttribute. Examples of #$SensoryAttribute: #$Rough, #$Smooth, #$Slimy, #$GoldColor, #$VeryBrightLightIntensity, (#$HighAmountFn #$NoiseLevelAttribute). bd590b26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sensory information A collection of mental information. Each element of #$SensoryInformation is the propositional content of a mental state in which the nervous system of an animal or other sentient perceives something. For example, if I perceive that my office is hot, the information is that my [the perceiver's] office is hot; if you perceive that my eyes are brown, the information is that Deborah's eyes are brown. bd58da88-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sensory reaction type A collection of collections. Each element of #$SensoryReactionType is an #$AttributeType, describing one natural kind of sensation (e.g., pain, pressure, pleasure, warmth, etc.) that may be felt by #$PerceptualAgents. Some examples of #$SensoryReactionType are #$LevelOfDizziness, #$LevelOfSoreness, #$LevelOfColdSensation, etc. bd58e2b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 separating a mixture A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a #$Mixture is separated into two or more #$constituents. be010756-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 divisions A collection of physical separation events. In each #$Separation-Complete, one object is separated into two or more distinct pieces. bd58a48e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 separations A collection of events. In each #$SeparationEvent, an object is cut, scraped, broken, cracked or pulverized, so that part of the object is no longer attached where it once was. That part has not necessarily completely separated; it may still be attached in places. See #$Separation-Complete for the complete case. bd58a50f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 September The collection of all Septembers, the ninth month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58c131-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 series The collection of situations in which 2 or more ''parts'' or ''members'' are ordered in some linear fashion, by some relations among them. For example, the line of people at a ticket booth (a #$PhysicalSeries), an alphabetized set of words, or the series of pitches in a baseball game (an #$EventSeries). In every instance of #$Series, there is some relation by which its members are ordered (see #$seriesOrderedBy); this is in contrast to an instance of #$List, in which the only ordering relation on its members is that of succession in the list. be8e694c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commercial service establishments A collection of #$Organizations. Each element of #$ServiceEstablishment is a local, commercial service organization with a single physical location. What an individual retail store or outlet is for tangible products, a #$ServiceEstablishment is for services. Positive examples include the Broken Spoke bicycle repair shop on South Lamar in Austin, and the dry cleaners in Westlake Village. bd58e588-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 services A collection of events. Each element of #$ServiceEvent is an event in which one agent (or set of agents) does something for another agent (or set of agents). The former is the #$providerOfService; the latter is the #$recipientOfService. A service event may involve maintenance, repair, or refurbishing of some object belonging to the #$recipientOfService (including care of his/her person); a service event may involve gathering or transmitting information, providing advice, entertainment, transportation, etc. Service events may or may not be done for payment. bd58de46-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 service organizations A collection of organizations. Each element of #$ServiceOrganization is an organization whose main function is to provide some set of services, i.e., to perform certain service events. A service organization may be a subsidiary, a department, or an independent organization. A service organization may or may not be a for-profit organization; see the subset #$CommercialServiceOrganization. Examples: #$FederalExpress; the mail department at MCC; #$NewYorkHospital; the #$USMedicareAdministration; the Jiffy Lube at Guadalupe and 38th St; #$Threadgills restaurant; KEYE-TV in Austin, TX. bd58b11a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events in which food or drink is served A collection of events. Each element of #$ServingFoodOrDrink is an event in which an item of food or drink is served. It starts when the server picks up the food or drink from a preparation or pickup area and ends when it is deposited at the location where the people being served may eat or drink it. Such events are typically part of the job of any restaurant server who waits on tables, and they may be performed also by a host or servant at a dinner party or banquet, or by a family member at a home meal. Note: this collection does not include placing a `serving' of food from a common dish onto a diner's plate. bd58ae4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sets The collection of mathematical sets. An element of #$Set-Mathematical can be any arbitrary set, including sets whose members have nothing in common. In contrast, the members of an instance of #$Set-Mathematical's sibling #$Collection (q.v.) all have some important, natural properties in common. Sets and collections also differ in that there cannot exist two distinct sets that have exactly the same elements. A third point of contrast between sets and collections is that rarely will it be desirable to create a new constant to refer to a set. Instead, a set will either be intensionally specified by a defining property, using #$TheSetOf, as in (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$likesAsFriend Lenat ?X)), or extensionally specified by listing its elements, using #$TheSet, as in (#$TheSet 3 4 5). (In certain cases, a set will be extensionally specified by means of one of the more specialized functions #$ThePartition or #$TheCovering. See #$partitionedInto and #$covering.) be5d9e9f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 set or collection The collection of all mathematical sets and all collections. Instances of #$Set-Mathematical and instances of #$Collection share some basic common features. They are both abstract entities, lacking spatial and temporal properties. More specifically, they (can) have elements, and hence may stand to one another in set-theoretic relations such as #$subsetOf and #$disjointWith. Nevertheless, sets and collections differ in two important respects. Every collection is associated with an intensional criterion for membership -- a more or less natural property or group of properties possessed by its members. (The criterion for membership need not, and often will not, be precisely definable in any language.) Collections are thus akin to kinds. In contrast, the elements of a set are not required to be homogeneous in any respect; any things whatsoever may together comprise the members of a set. The second major difference between sets and collections is that no two distinct sets can be co-extensional (be such that every element of one is an element of the other and conversely). Sets are, so to speak, identified on the basis of their extensions. Collections, on the other hand, are identified by their intensional criteria for membership. So collections which have exactly the same elements may be distinct, differing in their respective membership criteria. bd58e5fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 set the format Any argument place of a Cyc predicate may have a specified format that constrains its possible value(s). If an argument position has #$SetTheFormat as its entry format, then --- given some fixed set of values for the other arguments to that predicate --- any number of assertions can still be true in the KB with different terms in that argument position. E.g., the #$arg1Format for #$mother is #$SetTheFormat, since a woman can have any number of children. See also #$Format, and contrast with #$SingleEntry. bd589408-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shafts A collection of artifacts. An instance of #$Shaft is an object which is long, straight, and cylindrical. A shaft may be made of wood, metal, etc. bd58e837-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shames Painful self-conscious feeling of guilt, shortcoming, or impropriety. #$Shame often accompanies social disgrace or disrepute. It often leads to #$Remorse. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. bd58a2d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shape attribute The collection of different shape attributes. c1278ac5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shape describing predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ShapeDescribingPredicate is a predicate used in assertions about abstract shapes and shape-like configurations, such as posture. Examples: #$shape, #$xyCrossSectionShape, #$yzCrossSectionShapeType, #$continuouslyConnectedTo, #$postureOfAnimal. bd58c1b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shape functions A collection of Cyc functions. Each element of #$ShapeFunction is a function which returns an element of #$GeometricThing-Abstract, an abstract physical region with a specific shape and dimensions. Elements of #$ShapeFunction include #$RectangleFn, #$EllipseFn, #$CircleFn, #$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, etc. Each shape function takes as argument(s) the dimension(s) of #$Distance needed to determine a geometric shape of that kind, then returns a shape which has those dimensions. For example, (#$CylinderFn L D) denotes an abstract cylinder of length L and diameter D. bd58809c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 configurations A collection of collections. Each element of #$ShapeType is a subset of #$GeometricThing. c0f46e0f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shaped The most general shape attribute (see #$ShapeAttribute) , something that an object has in virtue of having some definable form that remains constant for some period of time. c0946b98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shaping events A collection of events in which something (usually more or less plastic in nature) is given a definite shape, or has its shape changed, through the purposeful actions of an agent. In many (but not all) cases, an instance of #$ShapingSomething is also a #$PhysicalCreationEvent (e.g. #$MakingPottery). Normally, elements of #$ShapingSomething are concerned with the basic, overall shape of an object. Thus, a #$PolishingSomething event, which doesn't affect the basic shape of the #$objectOfStateChange, is not a #$ShapingSomething. bd58a872-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shared note #$SharedNote is an element of the Cyc collection #$DocumentationConstant. Each instance of #$SharedNote is a constant which contains only documentation (usually a #$comment) about two or more constants (not including that documentation constant). See #$sharedNotes for more information. c0fb9bb4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sharing events A collection of events; a subset of #$MakingSomethingAvailable (among other supersets). In an instance of #$Sharing, one #$Agent receives #$PrimaryRoleUseRights over an object for a limited time from another #$Agent, who doesn't give up his or her own right to use it, too (but does give up exclusive right to it). Cf. #$BorrowingSomething. bd5909af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sharp edged Includes anything which has a sharp edge. Includes knives, scissors, and broken glass. Does not include the right angle at the edge of a desk--that's not sharp enough. Does not include the edge of a cotton sheet--that's not hard enough to be sharp. Does not include a needle--it may be sharp, but it's not an edge. For needles, nails, etc., see #$PointyEnded. c10058b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shattering event A collection of events. In each #$ShatteringEvent, something is destroyed by being broken into a mob of pieces. [A `mob' means `a large but indeterminate number'] Since the salient parts of the #$inputsDestroyed must be #$Brittle in order for this to happen, fluids (such as liquid water) and elastic stuff (such as rubber at room temperature) will generally not undergo any #$ShatteringEvents. Items which can be an #$objectActedOn in shattering events are typically made of glass, pottery, bone, plaster, etc. Many substances, particularly solid metals and alloys, are extremely difficult to shatter. bd5889dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shave A collection of events. In each #$ShavingSomething event, thin pieces of material on an object's surface are removed. An example would be someone whittling a wooden spoon, someone using a lathe to make a table leg, someone scraping the top layer of mold and cheese off a brick of cheese that was left in the refrigerator just a little too long, etc. WARNING: an event in which someone ``shaves'' their body hair (a #$ShavingBody event) from one's face, legs, etc. with a shaver or razor is NOT a #$ShavingSomething event; rather, it is an element of the collection #$CuttingSomething. If one uses a depilatory such as Nair, then one could actually ``shave'' (genuinely a #$ShavingSomething event) the resultant coating of depilatory and separated hair ends away. be011ba6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shear strength A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ShearStrength represents a specific capacity of some physical object to resist the slipping of one segment in relation to another. Shear strengths are designated using a #$GenericValueFunction; higher value means more resistance to slippage. Shear strengths of objects are indicated with the predicate #$shearStrengthOfObject. bd58d29e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sheets A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$SheetOfSomeStuff is a substance which (in its `intrinsic' shape) is continuous and, when flattened, uncrumpled, unfurled, etc, has one dimension which is significantly smaller than the other two dimensions. The requirement of being a continuous sheet does not preclude some type of penetrability, as in instances of #$Screen-Mesh, #$Netting, or #$LaceCloth. Instances of #$SheetOfSomeStuff may be solid, liquid, or gaseous. A #$Puddle on a relatively flat surface (but not in a deep pothole) or an #$AltoStratusCloud would be members of this collection. Belonging to this collection implies nothing about the current configuration of the object; in particular, elements of #$SheetOfSomeStuff need not be lying flat. Aluminum foil on a roll or a bedspread crumpled up on a bed are instances of #$SheetOfSomeStuff. Cf. #$SheetShaped, #$TwoDimensionalShape. bd59066e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 panel A physical attribute. #$SheetShaped is the element of #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that describes a tangible object that is flat and spread out, planar, and neither fully crumpled nor compactly folded. It has two opposing surfaces which have the attribute of #$Flat. The other surfaces have much smaller area than the two main flat surfaces. Thus an object having the #$physicalStructuralAttributes of #$SheetShaped, one of its three orthoganal dimensions (e.g. length, width or height) is much smaller than in the other two. Ice over ponds, and sheets of paint on a house are all possible examples of objects having this attribute. A bedspread is #$SheetShaped only if it is not folded into a small cube or crumpled. See #$CurrentShapeVsIntrinsicShape. For describing a sheet of something (e.g., waxed paper, aluminum foil, cloth) regardless of its configuration, use #$SheetOfSomeStuff. For 'one-sided' surfaces (see #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject), such as 'TheGreatPlains' #$SheetShaped is not appropriate but #$Flat is appropriate. bd58c6d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shells The collection of all animal shells. An animal's shell is one of its #$AnimalBodyParts, and functions as a hard protective outer covering for the animal. bd58e005-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shelters A collection of artificial tangible objects. Each element of #$ShelterConstruction is an artifact built by some entity or creature, including but not limited to humans, and intended for use as a shelter. Elements of #$ShelterConstruction include bird nests, termite mounds, beaver dams, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, the #$PalaceOfFineArts-SanFrancisco, and the #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway. bd589a82-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ships A subcollection of #$Watercraft-Surface, whose instances are large, typically ocean-going vessels. How big is 'large'? Mariners often use the rule of thumb that a #$Ship is too large to be carried by any other #$Ship. bd58ab20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shipping events Shipping of objects from one physical location to another. Shipping from the perspective of being done as a dedicated service, such as what UPS, the US Postal Service, or Dominoes Pizza Delivery might do. bd58fa9f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shipping locations A collection of places; a subset of #$ContactLocation. Each element of #$ShippingLocation is a location to which merchandise is physically delivered, e.g., a house, an office, a corporate mailroom, a post office box. c10af5cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shirts A collection of objects. Every element of #$Shirt is a clothing item that is worn to cover the upper part of the human torso, with openings for the neck and lower body, and either openings for, or sleeves encircling, the arms. Subsets include #$LongSleeveShirt, #$Blouse, and #$TankTop. bd588139-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shoes A collection of objects. Every element of #$Shoe is a shoe or shoelike thing worn on the feet. Important subsets include #$Boot-Footwear, #$Sandal, #$Slipper, and #$CasualShoe. Elements of the collection #$Shoe are single shoes. Pairs of shoes are elements of the collection denoted by (#$PairFn #$Shoe). bd58a4e8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pairs of shorts A collection of objects; a subset of #$Pants. Every element of #$ShortPants has pantlegs that cover only the upper part of the wearer's legs, being typically knee-length or shorter. bd588eab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shred A collection of events. In each #$ShreddingEvent, the #$inputsDestroyed are destroyed by a large number of #$Ripping #$subEvents. bd58e23d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sibling disjoint attribute type A collection of collections. Each element of #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType is a collection of attributes. If COL is such a collection, then nothing can have two instances of COL as attributes unless those two instances are related in a #$genlAttributes relationship to each other. For example, #$MaritalStatusOfPeople is an element of #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType; no person can have (at the same time) the #$maritalStatus #$Married and the #$maritalStatus #$Single. However, a person could have both the status #$Single and the status #$Divorced, if #$Single is a #$genlAttributes of #$Divorced. See also #$SiblingDisjointCollection. bd590951-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sibling disjoint collections #$SiblingDisjointCollection captures a very important concept, but one that is rarely given a name. There are many sets of sets for which any two member sets either will be disjoint (i.e., have no intersection) or else one will be a subset of the other. For instance, consider the various types (i.e., sets) of animals in the usual Linnaean taxonomy: Vertebrate, Bird, Dog, Mammal, Invertebrate, Person, etc.; Vertebrates and Invertebrates are mutually disjoint, while Bird, Mammal, Dog, and Person are all subsets of Vertebrate. Dog and Person are disjoint with each other, but each of them is a subset of Vertebrate. All of the Linnaean sets, or collections, of animals can be grouped together into one set, or collection, of sets, which in turn is an instance of #$SiblingDisjointCollection. It turns out that the real situation --- and the real definition of #$SiblingDisjointCollection --- is slightly more complicated than that. Consider types of appliances: toasters, cars, shavers, clocks, etc. Is the set of such appliance-types a #$SiblingDisjointCollection, the way we defined it above, for types of animals? Almost, but not quite. One could have an appliance-type `ClockRadio', which would be the set of all clock radios, and clearly each clock radio is both a clock and a radio, yet neither #$Clock nor #$RadioReceiver is a subset of the other. So if we have some item that purports to be both a clock and radio, that is okay if one of the following three conditions is met: (1) the collection #$Clock is known to be a subset of #$RadioReceiver; (2) the collection #$RadioReceiver is known to be a subset of #$Clock; (3) there is already defined a collection X which is a subset of both #$Clock and #$RadioReceiver. More formally, the axiom that defines #$SiblingDisjointCollection is as follows: SIB is an element of #$SiblingDisjointCollection if and only if: (#$implies (#$and (#$isa C1 SIB) (#$isa C2 SIB) (#$isa C1-EL C1) (#$different C1 C2)) (#$or (#$not (#$isa C1-EL C2)) (#$thereExists C3 (#$and (#$genls C3 C2) (#$genls C3 C1) (#$isa C1-EL C3))))) That axiom, together with the minimization of #$genls, gives us the following characterization of our concept: If we have a collection SIB that is an element of #$SiblingDisjointCollection, and if we take two elements C1 and C2 of that collection SIB, then each element of C1 which is not an element of a common specialization (C3) of C1 and C2, MUST NOT BE an element of C2. In cases where there are a few exceptions --- that is, a couple of elements of SIB might have some overlap --- but it is undesirable to explicitly create a new reified constant (like `ClockRadio', above) for that intersection, Cyc allows you to use an explicit mechanism to override the #$SiblingDisjointCollection constraints for a particular C1 and C2; namely, you would assert to Cyc (#$siblingDisjointExceptions C1 C2). See also #$siblingDisjointWith and #$siblingDisjointExceptions. bd5880e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sides Elements are portions of some #$Surface-Physical which constitute a boundary between the inside and outside of a tangible object. c0f4873f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 signs A collection of #$InformationBearingObjects (IBOs), a subcollection of #$VisualInformationSource. Each instance of #$SignTheDisplay is an object typically posted where people can see it so that they can obtain information from it. Uses of signs include identification of objects (e.g., street signs, name tags, species labels at zoos), advertising (e.g., billboards, neon signs, posters for garage sales, #$WorldWideWeb page banners), and warnings (e.g., signs for road hazards or road construction, `No Trespassing'postings, printed tape marking off a police line). bd58b6a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 simple contact acquaintance The attribute which specifies that persons X and Y have met each other at least once, and probably would be able to recall this, and even recognize each other, if they meet again. I.e., (#$acquaintances X Y #$SimpleContactAcquaintance) implies (#$acquaintances Y X #$SimpleContactAcquaintance); that is, if X has met Y, then Y has met X. This assumes that there was a meeting event in which (earlier subabstractions of) X and Y interacted, that both were minimally conscious, etc. bd58fd8f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 simple graphs The collection of all #$PathSystems that are instances of both #$SimplePathSystem and #$Multigraph. Each instance of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic is a 'graph', as studied in graph theory, in which there are neither loops nor multiple links between the same pair of nodes. be269b3d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 simple nouns The collection of all simple nouns, also called common nouns. Simple nouns can typically be preceded by a determiner, and in English they inflect for number. Example: 'dog'. bd588078-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 simple path system An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and the collection of #$PathSystems without loops or parallel links. This collection includes #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic when there are no non-node points along links. c0f34819-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 repairing activities The collection of events in which something gets fixed. bd5893d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 simple segment of path The collection of all segments of #$Path-Generics each of which has no path junctions between its ends. The two ends of such a segment may or may not coincide at the same location (i.e. a #$SimpleSegmentOfPath may form a loop -- see also #$SimpleUnloopedSegmentOfPath and #$SimpleLoopedSegmentOfPath). The only access to something located along a #$SimpleSegmentOfPath is via the #$endsOfPathSegment locations for that #$SimpleSegmentOfPath. When the segment is part of a specified #$PathSystem (as opposed to a mere #$CustomarySystemOfLinks), the predicate #$linkInSystem (or else #$loopInSystem) may apply to it and the system. c019b6d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 simple whole body movement A collection of common bodily movements (e.g., walking, jumping) in which the whole body is involved in the movement. bd58fcbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 single cell organisms The collection of living things which are all elements of both #$Organism-Whole and #$Cell. Each element of #$SingleCellOrganism is an organism consisting of one self-reproducing living cell. bd5906e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actions with only one performer A collection of actions. Each element of #$SingleDoerAction is an action which can have only one `doer' (i.e., only one agent `doing' it). Such events may be intentional or not. Most bodily functions belong to subsets of this collection, because the only agent of a normal bodily function is the agent whose body it is (e.g., #$Heartbeating, #$Bleeding). For a type of action to be a subset of #$SingleDoerAction, it must be inconsistent to assert, for any member of the subset, both (#$doneBy ACT X) and (#$doneBy ACT Y), where X and Y are different entities. In contrast, #$CarryingWhileLocomoting is NOT a subset of #$SingleDoerAction. For, although an action of that kind might often be done by only one performer, it is also common for two or more people to cooperate in carrying something. c0fd4844-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 single entry Argument places of Cyc predicates may have specified formats that constrain their values. #$SingleEntry is a format constraint used to indicate that there is at most one value in a certain argument place, when all other arguments are fixed. For example, the #$arg2Format of #$mother is #$SingleEntry, since an animal can only have one mother. See also #$Format, and contrast with #$SetTheFormat. bd5880eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 single-family dwellings A collection of human residences. Each element of #$SingleResidenceUnit is either a modern-style detached house, an apartment, or another instance of #$ModernHumanResidence designed to accomodate either a single person or a single family (i.e., instance of #$FamilyCohabitationUnit). Usually, each element of #$SingleResidenceUnit has a unique mailing address. bd58b1b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 local customer contact points A collection of organizations. Each element of #$SingleSiteLocalOrganizationWithClients is a single-site organization serving customers in a local area, working from a particular store, office, or other physical quarters where customers (or their agents) go in person to speak with company representatives about the services or products offered. Elements of #$SingleSiteLocalOrganizationWithClients may be either stand-alone organizations or sub-organization of a larger company. Examples of #$SingleSiteLocalOrganizationWithClients include #$NewYorkHospital, #$Threadgills restaurant, the Bank of America office on Jollyville Road, #$StudtmanPhoto studios, the Village Cinema on Anderson Lane. bd58c0cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 single-site organizations A collection of organizations. An instance of #$SingleSiteOrganization is an organization which has a single location as its #$physicalQuarters. For example, the #$KMartStore at Parmer Lane, Simon & David at the Arboretum, and Great Hills #$FireStation Number 2 would be positive instances. But the #$KMart-TheCompany, #$TomThumbTheCompany, and the Austin City Fire Department are negative examples, since those `parent' organizations have several sites as their #$physicalQuarters. bd6788e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sitting posture The attribute that describes, most generically, an #$Animal in a seated position. The exact nature of the position depends upon the typical body structure of the animal's species. bd58b417-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 situations The collection of situations. A situation is a state of affairs; it identifies roles played by objects involved in the situation, and it articulates the relationships between those roles. One important partitioning of #$Situation is: (1) #$Event (q.v.), which consists of dynamic situations; (2) #$StaticSituation (q.v.), instances of which exist in time but are not dynamic, and are more like a set of static relationships among objects; and (3) atemporal situations, including #$RelationalStructures and abstract #$Lists. For a specialization of #$Situation that includes (1) and (2) but excludes (3), see #$Situation-Temporal. Also note that there is a fine line between (1) and (2). Consider Bill Clinton sitting in his easy chair on the evening of 7/4/96. This might be construed as an _event_ in which Clinton carries out a particular sitting process. But it might instead be viewed as a _static_situation_ involving Clinton, the chair, and various relationships such as the chair's seat supporting Clinton's bottom, Clinton's weight being off his feet, etc. In such cases, the interests and needs at hand will often make one of these sorts of representation more useful than the other. bd58e90b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 temporal situations A subcollection of both #$Situation and #$TemporalThing. #$Situation-Temporal is the collection of all instances of #$Situation that have duration or other temporal properties . Thus, #$Situation-Temporal subsumes #$Event and #$StaticSituation, as well as some other specializations of #$Situation. It does _not_ subsume specializations of #$Situation that have atemporal instances, such as #$Series, #$Tuple, or #$RelationalStructure. bd88c84b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 situation type A collection of collections. #$SituationType is the collection of subsets of #$Situation. bd58e7c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 situation type pred - ternary Every predicate in this collection is a #$TernaryPredicate that takes a #$SomethingExisting as its first argument, a #$SituationType as its second argument, and a #$Role as its third argument. Many of these predicate are used to express some version of capability; others may be used to delineate options or potential duties of an agent. be2820e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 situation type slot Every instance of this collection is a #$BinaryPredicate taking a kind of #$Situation as the second argument. Many of these predicates can be used to represent certain intentional concepts, such as the goals or beliefs of an #$Agent #$Plans to talk about states of affairs that various events or plans are supposed to facilitate or prevent, or that must be facilitated or prevented in order for the plan to count as successful. bf5ed1e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 skeletons The collection of all animals' skeletal systems. A #$SkeletalSystem is a system of body parts used to support, separate, and protect the other parts of the body, especially the torso and the soft, vulnerable internal organs of the animal. It can be an external #$Exoskeleton (see also: #$Shell-AnimalBodyPart) or an internal interlinking of numerous parts composed of #$Bone-BodyPart and #$Cartilage. bd58b5ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hides A (piece of) skin serves as outer protective and tactile sensory covering for (part of) an animal's body. This is the collection of all pieces of skin. Some examples include TheGoldenFleece (an entire skin) and YulBrynnersScalp (a small portion of his skin). bd58d7dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 skirts The collection of all skirts, a category of clothing intended to cover the lower part of the body. bd58dd4e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 skolem func n #$SkolemFuncN is a collection of Cyc system-generated functions that partially implement existential quantifications in Cyc. Whenever someone asserts to Cyc an expression that contains a '#$thereExistAtLeast', a '#$thereExistAtMost', or a '#$thereExistExactly' quantifier, Cyc automatically creates a new element of #$SkolemFuncN and rewrites the assertion using this skolem function instead of that existential quantifier. See also #$termOfUnit. At this time (3/98), skolem functions are automatically named by the Cyc system using the prefix 'SKF-' followed by a number. be59c5cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 skolem function #$SkolemFunction is a collection of Cyc system-generated functions that implement existential quantifications in Cyc. Whenever someone asserts to Cyc an expression that contains a `#$thereExists', Cyc automatically creates a new element of #$SkolemFunction and rewrites the assertion using that Skolem function, as described in what follows. (Most Cyc users don't need to know the following details, which are supplied only for the curious.) Suppose we tell Cyc that every animal has a birth date; i.e., for each animal, there exists a date such that the animal was born on that date --- in CycL, (#$implies (#$isa ?X #$Animal)(#$thereExists ?Y (#$birthDate ?X ?Y))). In response to that CycL formula, Cyc would create a new element of #$SkolemFunction -- we might call it the `BirthDateFn' -- whose single argument would be an animal and whose resultant value would be a date, namely, that animal's date of birth. Subsequently, Cyc would automatically use the `BirthDateFn' in asserting our rule, eliminating the need for a `#$thereExists'. Our formula would thus be rewritten by the system, as follows: (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?X #$Animal) (#$termOfUnit ?Y (`BirthDateFn' ?X))) (#$birthDate ?X ?Y)). See also #$termOfUnit. Note: Although our example uses the name 'BirthDateFn' for our Skolem function, at this time (4/97), Skolem functions are automatically named by the Cyc system using the prefix `SKF-' followed by a number. c05813b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 slumbers The collection of all #$Sleeping events, i.e., natural processes in which an #$Animal engages in some unconscious mental activity coupled with physical rest. #$Sleeping is a subset of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary; the process of #$Sleeping is essential for the health of sentient animals. bd58d29b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sleepy #$Sleepy is the #$Alertness attribute which is a specialization of #$Awake. It is the state an animal normally passes through before #$GoingToSleep. bd58a63d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 smell perception The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent #$smells something and thereby acquires information about it. bd58cb03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 smoking food A kind of cooking in which the food is exposed to smoke. This adds nitrates to the food to prevent rotting. be00b79c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 snowflakes The collection of frozen water crystals emitted by clouds in instances of #$SnowProcess. bd58be83-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 snow process The collection of events in which the condensed liquid water in clouds freezes into ice crystals which become substantial enough to fall to the earth as snow. bd59005f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 snowy The #$WeatherAttribute that characterizes an #$OutdoorLocation at which it is snowing. bd59009b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 social activities The collection of socially based actions, those performed mostly for the sake of sociability, in which considerations of socially acceptable interactions with others are important. bd588f7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 social attribute type This is a collection of collections. Each #$SocialAttributeType is itself a coherent collection of attributes that pertain to human behavior. This definition is very broad, and embraces attributes of behavior (personal and social) one might read about in a sociology, psychology, cultural anthropology, economics, political science, or social philosophy course -- in short, in the (human) `behavioral' sciences. A more specialized concept is #$SocialStatusAttributeType, which limits the focus to status-related attributes. This is a superset of that, much more general collection which includes, as elements, #$AcquaintanceAttribute, #$InterAgentRelationAttribute, etc., as well as all the elements of #$SocialStatusAttributeType (qv). bd5889bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 social agents The collection of beings whose existence is accepted by some social system. (Thus, the elements of #$SocialBeing will vary with social contexts.) Social beings are entities able to perform social roles in the system that recognizes them. #$SocialBeing includes elements of #$Organization (e.g., the #$QueensGuard) as well as the elements of #$LegalAgent (in that system), so, for example, in modern industrial social systems, the elements of #$LegalCorporation and #$Person are instances of #$SocialBeing. bd58a49e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 socio-economic classes The collection of attributes that indicate a person's social class, as determined by the person's general lifestyle, quality of life, and relative access to the (material and security oriented) desiderata of life. It may depend on a cultural non-material system of social rank, based on birth, office, manners, vocal accent or other factors. Members of this collection include #$LowerMiddleClass, #$UpperClass, etc. bd58c206-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 social occasions The collection of intentional social gatherings of people who have the same or similar purposes in attending, and in which there is communication between the participants. E.g., a party, a conference, a wedding, etc. Note: A group of people waiting to board an elevator is not typically a #$SocialGathering, even though they share a common purpose, since they are not expected to talk to each other. bd58ebbe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 societal events A collection of events; a subset of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent. Each element of #$SocialOccurrence is an event in which two or more agents (and often many more than two) take part. Often, elements of #$SocialOccurrence involve communication among the participating agents. Usually there are some social occurrences in every culture that have very elaborate role structures (e.g., a lawsuit or a wedding), and some that are fairly simple (e.g., belching at the dinner table). See also: #$socialParticipants. bd588f3b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 social ritual The collection of social events in which some kind of ritual is performed. E.g., a wedding, an awards ceremony, a baptism, an inauguration, a graduation ceremony, etc. Note: In Cyc's ontology, the collection #$Inauguration is not exactly a subset of #$SocialRitual; e.g., it is not true that (#$isa The1992InaugurationOfGeorgeBushAsPresidentOfTheUSA #$SocialRitual). This is because there are many aspects to an #$Inauguration, besides the social ritual aspects. E.g., there is the political aspect, namely the legitimate change of chief executive of a nation. The carrying out of the `script' for an inauguration (i.e., the ceremony itself) is an element of the collection #$SocialRitual. bd58eb39-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 social statuses The collection of #$AttributeValues that pertain to human social status; role or rank (formal or informal) in the surrounding culture. Most assertions should be made in terms of some specialization of this collection (or an instance of some specialization of this collection). Members of this collection include: #$LowerMiddleClass, #$GoodLooking, #$FourthGradeLevel, etc. bd58fa83-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 positions This is a collection of collections. Each #$SocialStatusAttributeType is itself a coherent collection of attributes that pertain to rank/status along some particular `dimension' related somehow to `status in society.' Some sample elements of #$SocialStatusAttributeType are: #$SocialStatusAttribute, #$Glamor, #$SocialPower, #$CredibilityStatus, #$EducationLevelAttribute, etc. bd58f181-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 solar powered device A collection of physical devices; a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$SolarPoweredDevice is a device which is powered by energy from sunlight. Examples include solar-powered calculators and solar heating systems. bd58b9b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 soldiers A person having as a profession a branch of Soldiering bd58eb4e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sole proprietorships A collection of unincorporated businesses organizations. An element of #$SoleProprietorship is a business in which an individual #$Person (or a married couple) owns, operates, and assumes liability for the business. A #$SoleProprietorship may or may not have employees. It has no shareholders or partners. bd58a90c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 solid One of the basic physical states of matter. In scientifically sophisticated contexts, it characterizes pieces of matter which are at a sufficiently low enough temperature or high enough pressure for the particular type of matter involved that the molecules of the matter are bonded to each other by various sorts of forces, and don't move away from their neighbors. Examples of things that typically have this #$AttributeValue are: a piece of aluminum foil, a lump of coal, a quartz crystal, a gold ingot stored in Fort Knox. In more common contexts (like the one represented by the #$NaivePhysicsMt) it characterizes everything which is intuitively thought of as solid (including such things as glass and wood) irrespective of whether it has the microstructural features to qualify as being solid according to the standards of physical science. bd58d956-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 solid tangible product A collection of tangible products. Each element of #$SolidTangibleProduct is a tangible product that is a solid -- either a solid object (e.g., an automobile) or a stuff in solid form (e.g., lumber) -- that is sold separately. Items that are always part of something else (e.g. #$DiskSector) are not instances of #$SolidTangibleProduct. bd58cf9a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 solid objects A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$SolidTangibleThing is a piece of stuff which shares many of the properties that matter in a #$SolidStateOfMatter exhibits (though not all instances of #$SolidTangibleThing are formally in a solid state). Instances have a shape independent from their container. When deformed with sufficient force (which may be small for weak, brittle materials or high for materials that deform easily), they break. Examples of #$SolidTangibleThings include: pieces of substances having #$SolidStateOfMatter such as ice cubes; solid mixtures like a quarter-dollar coin or a paper bag; and complex mixtures of biological origin that behave like solids, e.g., bone. Collections of the solid form of any type of stuff can be created using #$SolidFn (q.v.). bd58c494-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 solubility A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Solubility describes how readily some tangible substance dissolves in some kind of liquid. Different levels of #$Solubility may be represented with #$GenericValueFunctions or qualitatively (e.g., #$WillDissolve, #$Insoluble). be00aad7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 solutions A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of #$Mixture. Each instance of #$Solution is a #$Mixture of two or more chemically distinct substances. #$Solutions are homogeneous, meaning that the composition at any one point in the #$Mixture is the same as that at any other point. In contrast, a #$Suspension is a #$Mixture in which small discontinuous particles are surrounded by a continuous fluid. The #$solvent of every #$Solution has the #$stateOfMatter #$LiquidStateOfMatter. Thus #$Solutions also normally exhibit the properties of a liquid, since #$solvents are #$mainConstituents. Examples of #$Solutions: seawater, a cup of coffee, a tincture of iodine, some vanilla extract. bd59059c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 things existing stably in time #$SomethingExisting is the subset of #$TemporalThing whose elements are more or less static, at least compared to the highly dynamic elements of #$Event. The clearest examples of #$SomethingExisting are tangible things, like people, lakes, stars, the Earth's ionosphere, etc. Some elements of #$Intangible, such as agreements and obligations, also exist stably in time over their lifetime (rather than `happening'), and thus both #$Agreement and #$Obligation are subsets of (i.e., have the #$genls) #$SomethingExisting). bd58b6e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 wearable items A collection of tangible objects. Each instance of #$SomethingToWear is an object that an animal (usually a person) wears on its body, i.e., in a #$WearingSomething event. It is worth remarking that, in such an event, the wearer doesn't have to exert any intentional effort to continue wearing the object. For example, shirts remain on people's torsos, hats stay on heads, rings on fingers; once in place, dog collars stay on dogs, saddles stay on horses. By contrast, a hula hoop is NOT an example of #$SomethingToWear. A borderline case is a #$Purse, which at first blush seems to be something to wear, yet requires carrying by the performer, hence is not a member of this collection. Similarly, a briefcase is not an #$SomethingToWear. bd5904a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sounds A collection of events; a subset of #$WavePropagation. Each element of #$Sound is an instance of wave propagation in which longitudinal pressure waves travel through matter. Includes the elements of #$AudibleSound, #$UltraSound, and temblors. be99a967-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sound information bearing things A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each element of #$SoundInformationBearingThing is an audible sound that contains information: a spoken utterance, the performance of a sonata, a Morse code message tapped out on a prison wall, etc. bd58c8be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 source microtheory A collection of microtheories. An instance of #$SourceMicrotheory represents a source external to the #$CycKB, from which the Microtheory Contents of such a microtheory were obtained. bf7f2bb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 south - directly Due South, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection. bd58dde2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 southern The general direction of South. The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$South-Directly. bd5887b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 south east - directly The precise Southeast direction from any geographic point other than a pole. bd588a29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Southeast The general direction of SouthEast. The #$VectorInterval comprising the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$SouthEast-Directly. bde453b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 south west - directly The precise Southwest direction from any geographic point other than a pole. bd588ae7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 south west - generally The general direction of SouthWest. The #$VectorInterval comprising the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$SouthWest-Directly. be8d6ed9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 indoor spaces A collection of open spatial regions. Each element of #$SpaceInAHOC is a space found inside some instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct (= HOC). Elements include all major spaces inside any #$HumanOccupationConstruct, including not only rooms (elements of #$RoomInAConstruction), but halls, elevator shafts, attics, stairwells, and the spaces inside trains, cars, and airplanes that are designed for human occupation. Other building parts which are not open spatial regions (e.g., walls, plumbing, etc.) are NOT included in this collection; cf. #$PartOfBuilding. #$SpaceInAHOC is #$disjointWith the collection #$OutdoorLocation. bd589ff6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 points in space A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of #$SpacePoint is a zero-dimensional geometrical object. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the center of mass of the universe at the beginning of the twentieth century, as well as abstract objects, such as the point where two abstract lines intersect. c07d5038-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 regions of space A specialization of #$SpatialThing-Localized whose instances are intangible regions of space located in the empirically observable universe. A space region might or might not be connected (see #$spatiallyContinuous). It might be partially or completely filled with (occupied by) #$PartiallyTangibles, or it might be completely empty (but cf. #$EmptySpaceRegion). In any case, the space region itself is not to be confused with a physical object or other spatially localized (non-space-region) thing that might happen to be #$cospatial with it. A given space region can be characterized fully merely by specifying its location and dimensions. Thus (although this is not the case with spatial things in general), space regions are identical (#$equals) if and only if they are #$cospatial. #$SpaceRegion is in a way the spatial analogue of #$TimeInterval, whose own instances can be fully characterized by specifying their temporal properties; these two collections can be used, respectively, to talk about space and time as dimensions . c047ef64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 space transportation event The collection of all space transportation events. For each instance TRAN of #$SpaceTransportationEvent, at least a part of the #$Trajectory of #$objectMoving in TRAN must be in the outer space. Note that #$SpaceTransportationEvent is different from (#$TransportViaFn #$Spacecraft) because the former emphasizes where to find the #$Trajectory while the latter emphasizes what is used as a tool, not to mention instances of the former do not have to have parts on Earth or inside our atmorsphere. bf363d3d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 spacecraft The collection of transportation devices deployed entirely in outer space, or whose trajectories leave the atmosphere of the planet they're launched from, in order to orbit the planet or to travel away from it beyond its gravitational field. c10b650e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Spanish Language The indigenous language of #$Spain and, secondarily, most of Central and South America bd58e563-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 spatial relations The collection of predicates that are spatial relationships. Instances of this collection take one or more instances of #$SpatialThing as arguments and give information about its/their spatial location, position, or orientation by relating it/them to a direction or other spatial thing. (Of course, the asserted isa-contraints on the relevant argument places might be proper subcollections of #$SpatialThing.) Note that when an element of #$SpatialPredicate has an instance of #$Group as one of its arguments, in many cases a certain spatial relationship is being asserted to hold of all or most of the members of that group; but there are exceptions (e.g. #$in-Among) for which this is not the case. bd58bc17-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 spatial things The collection of all things that have a spatial extent or location relative to some other #$SpatialThing. Note well that to say that an entity is a member of this collection is to remain agnostic about two issues. First, a #$SpatialThing may be #$PartiallyTangible, like #$Texas-State or wholly #$Intangible, like the #$ArcticCircle or a line or a plane referenced in a geometric theorem. Second, although we do insist on location relative to another #$SpatialThing, a #$SpatialThing may or may not be located in the physically observable universe. It is far from clear that all #$SpatialThings are so located: eg, a trajectory through the phase space of some physical system. If the intent is to imply location in the empirically observable cosmos, the user should employ this collection's spec, #$SpatialThing-Localized. bd58e951-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 spatially disjoint region type A collection of collections; a subset of #$RegionType. Each element of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType is a collection of geographical regions, none of whose elements spatially intersects another. For example, the collection #$State-UnitedStates is an element of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType, because the territories of U.S. states do not overlap. Other examples of collections that are elements of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType: #$CanadianProvince, #$IndependentCountry, #$City, and #$Colony. A non-example is #$EcologicalRegion, since ecological regions can overlap. bd58e513-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 speech The collection of actions generating #$Utterances which are speech. A subset of #$Talking: hence, #$Speaking normally includes only those #$Utterances using #$Language as a communication convention, unlike other #$Utterances, such as #$Booing and #$Cheering. bd58bf82-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 specified information bearing thing types A collection of collections which is being phased out. In most instances instances of #$ConceptualWork should be used instead. Each element of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType is a subset of #$InformationBearingThing, all of whose instances are instantiations of the same #$ConceptualWork and share a primary media form. Instances of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType can be created to refer to any instance of #$ConceptualWork. For example, the collection of all instances of #$BookCopy which are instantiations of #$WarAndPeace-TheNovel would be an element of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, as would the collection of all instance of #$MovieShowing which are instantiations of #$Jaws-TheMovie (even though both the novel `War and Peace' and #$Jaws-TheMovie were issued in slightly different variants). Heterogeneous collections, however, such as those defined by `copies of books written by Mark Twain', or by `physical instantiations of the Jaws story in all its forms [movie, book, comic book, tape]', are NOT elements of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, although they are subsets of #$InformationBearingThing. Example of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType: #$DimeCoin-US. bd58aabf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 parts of speech The collection of all parts of speech. Instances of #$SpeechPart include #$Preposition, #$Adverb, #$SimpleNoun, #$Determiner, #$QuantifyingIndexical, #$Punctuation-SP, #$Pronoun). To link a specific word with the parts of speech for which it has forms, see #$posForms; e.g., #$You-TheWord has a#$Pronoun form, #$And-TheWord has a #$CoordinatingConjunction form, #$Hit-TheWord has both #$SimpleNoun and #$Verb forms. bd588172-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 speeds A subset of #$Rate. Each element of #$Speed is a rate of change in position (of an object, wave front, etc.). Elements of #$Speed may be either fixed amounts, such as (#$MilesPerHour 55), or a range, such as #$WalkingSpeed or #$Calm-WindSpeed. See #$UnitOfSpeed for the units used by Cyc to measure speeds. bd5891b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sperm A subset of #$Cell. #$SpermCell is the collection of specialized gamete cells which are produced by meiosis in the reproductive tract of male animals. Each sperm cell usually has half the number of chromosomes that regular body cells do, and when it fertilizes an ovum, the ovum becomes a zygote and continues to develop into a mature individual. See also #$MaleAnimal, #$SexualReproductionEvent. bd58ef77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 spherical #$Spherical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all spherical objects. be45885d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 spiral shaped #$SpiralShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all typically shaped spiral objects. c0ad21c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 splitting A collection of separation events in which something splits apart, often at a seam (e.g. in an item of clothing), perforation, or grain-line (e.g. in a piece of wood). That is, two areas of the thing are separated from one another (though perhaps not separated completely into discrete pieces or parts). Usually, a splitting occurs along a single line or plane that runs parallel to, and for a significant distance relative to, the length of the thing split. In order to undergo a #$Splitting, the #$objectOfStateChange must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter. See also #$Cracking. bdece6ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rhetorics A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$AudioCommunicating. Each element of #$SpokenCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne verbal information by spoken words between two (or more) agents. The communication may be one-way or two-way (or multi-way); see #$Communicating. Examples of #$SpokenCommunicating: a telephone conversation, a classroom discussion, the #$GettysburgAddress-Speech. Note that the collection #$Speaking contains events in which a person generates spoken language but doesn't necessarily communicate it; e.g., a person practicing a speech alone. If someone who is speaking is also communicating, then her speaking is a #$subEvents of some element of #$SpokenCommunicating. Every element of #$SpokenCommunicating has at least one #$communicationToken which is an element of #$Utterance. bd589537-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sports events The collection of individual sports events, such as a single game of baseball, an individual 100M race, etc. An entire sandlot baseball game would be a #$SportsEvent, but one inning wouldn't be. A double-header could be viewed as a single #$SportsEvent, though, even though each half of it was also a #$SportsEvent. Several #$SportsEvents can be organized into a #$SportsFormalCompetition. One single double-header evening of baseball would not be a #$SportsFormalCompetition, nor one single tennis match, etc. note: The collection #$SportsEvent does not include every #$AthleticActivity; e.g., Rocky training for his boxing match, a group of kids racing to the bus stop, a person skiing for pleasure, etc. are not instances of #$SportsEvent, because they are not necessarily instances of #$Competition. bd58f304-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 spreadsheets A collection of #$InformationBearingThings (IBTs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$Spreadsheet is an IBT that presents (usually numeric) data in a two-dimensional matrix of cells that are organized into rows and columns. A spreadsheet may be produced by hand with pencil and paper or generated by a computer #$SpreadsheetProgram such as #$Lotus123. Associated with every spreadsheet are mathematical definitions of some of its cells as a function of other cells in that spreadsheet. bd5897d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 springs The collection of Spring seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, Spring is the time ice melts, the average temperature starts to increase, the days get longer, plants begin to put forth buds, etc. #$SpringSeason represents the climatic aspects of spring; see #$CalendarSpring for the purely temporal aspects of spring. bd588b09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 square shaped #$SquareShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all objects that are square shaped, i.e. rectangular (#$Rectangular) and having four sides of equal length. c009c6db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 standard unit of measure #$StandardUnitOfMeasure is a subset of #$UnitOfMeasure, the collection of units used to measure quantifiable properties. #$StandardUnitOfMeasure contains those units which are considered the #$standardUnit for the property they measure. Some examples: the standard #$UnitOfVolume is the #$Liter; the standard #$UnitOfTemperature is the #$DegreeKelvin; the standard #$UnitOfMass is the Kilogram. Every unit type has one unit designated as the standard unit for that type. bd58fe4f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 starvation A collection of events. Each instance of #$Starvation is an event in which an #$Animal is so hungry as to be #$Starving. If prolonged, it results in death. NB: Note that this is a #$SingleDoerAction (q.v.), so it doesn't cover cases wherein one creature withholds food from another. c021401d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 starving event A #$LevelOfHunger (q.v.) one step beyond #$Hungry. Note: this constant expresses a static #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute, not a dynamic process. For the #$Event that involves #$Starving, see #$Starvation. bd588d42-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 states A collection of geopolitical entities which are sub-divisions of countries. An element of #$State-Geopolitical is a ``state-equivalent,'' i.e., a region whose political government is at the very next administrative level down from the national level. In different countries, such a main geopolitical subdivision may be called variously a `region', a `state', a `province', a `prefecture', a `department', a `parish', or something else. In the U.S.A., it is called a `state'. See also #$Province. bd58e7a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 U.S. states A collection of geopolitical sub-regions. Each of the (currently 50) elements of #$State-UnitedStates is a State in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica; i.e., #$Alabama-State, #$Alaska-State, #$Arizona-State, #$Arkansas-State, etc. bd588a98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 state capitals A collection of cities. Each element of #$StateCapital is a city that is the capital city of the geopolitical state in which it is located. Note that this collection is for capitals of all the elements in #$State-Geopolitical (q.v.), not just members of the subset #$State-UnitedStates. Examples: #$CityOfJuneauAK, #$CityOfLansingMI, #$CityOfAnnapolisMD, #$CityOfQuebecCanada, #$CityOfEdmontonCanada, #$CityOfPerthAustralia, #$CityOfXianChina, #$CityOfGuangzhouChina, #$CityOfLahorePakistan. bd58b7be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 states of matter #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous is the collection of attributes which describe the basic physical states that pieces of matter can be in. The only four elements of this collection are #$SolidStateOfMatter, #$LiquidStateOfMatter, #$GaseousStateOfMatter, and #$PlasmaStateOfMatter. Although the chemical composition of a substance does not change when its basic physical state changes, many of its intrinsic physical properties do change--including its density, viscosity, brittleness, color, size, etc. States of matter concern the organization of matter at the molecular level, as determined by temperature and pressure. Changes in temperature and or pressure will cause matter in one physical state to transform into another (see #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent). In scientifically sophisticated contexts states of matter apply only to a set of molecules of a single kind, but not to mixtures as a whole: Given a mixture such as liter of mud, we can say that the water part is in a liquid state, but we can't say anything about the mud as a whole. In scientifically naive contexts such as the one represented by the #$NaivePhysicsMt, states of matter can be correctly attributed to mixtures: Wine, a mixture of solids and liquids, may be have the attribute #$LiquidStateOfMatter in such a context. bd589108-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 static situation #$StaticSituations are states of affairs between two or more things, persisting statically over some time interval. #$StaticSituations always have a temporal extent; they usually have a tangible and spatial extent. As an example, consider the situation of Bill Clinton sitting in his easy chair on the evening of 7/4/96. There are participant objects such as Bill and the chair, there are relationships such as the seat of the chair supporting his bottom and his weight being off his feet, etc. In any #$StaticSituation, for the participants in that situation, there is some significant or focal relationship between them which does not change. In the most typical cases, there is no important change whatsoever, e.g. someone sitting would be such a #$StaticSituation. But some things represented as #$StaticSituations can alternatively be represented as #$Events. For example, a situation in which geese were flying in a flock would be static (the flock-like spatial relationship between the geese would be retained) but it would also be dynamic in that the geese were moving, so either representation could be chosen depending on the context. be1e537c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 thefts A collection of events; a subset of #$TakingSomething. In an instance of #$Stealing-Generic, one #$Agent takes a possession of another agent's without the owner's permission (and possibly without the owner's knowledge). Stealing is commonly considered criminal in most contexts. Note: It is not the case that every use of another's things without explicit permission is categorized as an instance of #$Stealing-Generic. An informal agreement or `understanding' may exist between #$Agents that would cover casual `borrowing' (and excuse it from being stealing); the closer the relationship the more expensive and personal the items that fall into such an exclusion. E.g., even if I am in a perfect stranger's office, and they have left for a minute, I feel it is not stealing to take one of their Kleenexes if I am about to sneeze. bd588c77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 steamed The attribute #$Steamed is a specialized form of #$Cooked. Food that is #$Steamed has been prepared in an event of #$SteamingFood. bd58f5d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 steaming food Cooking food by surrounding it in steam. bd58bdb5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 steppe Attibute of areas of #$Grassland where short grasses are dominant: traditionally, the wild grasslands of Eurasia, but also found extensively in central North America, central and southern Africa, and Australia. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995). bf10f2ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 steppe climates A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$SteppeClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) on the steppes (i.e., temperate zone semiarid plains). Characteristics of a steppe climate include: little precipitation, but wetter than a desert; wide temperature extremes, from very hot in the day to cold at night. bd58dd93-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 stocks A collection consisting of all shares of stock. An element of #$Stock is a share of ownership in some instance of #$LegalCorporation; its owner is an #$Agent who is recorded as a shareholder in the official records of that corporation. A company may have several classes of #$Stock, such as Common, Preferred, Class A, Class B, etc. bd58af73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 stock certificates A collection of official documents. Each element of #$StockCertificate is a document issued by a company to one of its shareholders, certifying the shareholder's ownership of some number of shares of stock in that corporation. c0fd4a24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 stock holdings A collection of partially tangibles; a subset of #$FinancialAssetHoldings. Each instance of #$StockHoldings is a group of #$Stock shares owned by an #$Agent. It may consist of shares in only one company or different groups of shares in multiple companies. bd58d8c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 stock type A collection of collections. An instance of #$StockType is a collection of all shares of stock of a particular type in a particular corporation. For example, ``General Motors Class E Stock''. bd58af30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 stomachs The collection of all stomachs. An individual #$Stomach is an #$Organ which is part of the #$DigestiveSystem that churns and digests #$Food. bd58e5aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 stone A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$EarthStuff. Each element of #$StoneStuff is a piece or portion of rock or stone; e.g., #$MountRushmoreMonument. bd588e04-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 streams #$Stream is the generic collection for natural, flowing bodies of water, including everything from great rivers to tiny creeks. Every stream flows in (see #$in-ContOpen) some conduit (see #$FluidConduit) such as a streambed or riverbed. Examples: #$AmazonRiver, #$LittleMissouriRiver, #$WoundedKnee-Creek. Cf. #$River, #$Creek. Note that riverbanks are not streams nor are they parts of streams, but rather they mark the edges of a stream. bd590774-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 streets The subcollection of #$Roadway that contains all streets inside of cities and towns. bd58f514-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 street addresses A collection of strings. Each element of #$StreetAddress is a string that denotes a street number and street name. For example, `3721 Executive Center Drive', the street address of #$Cycorp. bd58acfd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vigors #$Strength is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions performed by exerting nontrival force at the times it is necessary. bd58973b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 structural support stuff A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$StructuralSupportStuff is a hard, rigid substance typically used for structural support. For example, the instances of #$Wood, #$BoneTheStuff, #$StoneStuff. be010813-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 structured information sources A collection of #$InformationStores, either intangible or partially tangible. Each element of #$StructuredInformationSource is an #$InformationStore in which bits of information are represented as related in a systematic way that is easily characterized by some type of formal structure, including spatial or architectural terms (used metaphorically). Examples include: a database organized in fields and values; a spreadsheet organized in rows and columns with entries; an organizational tree diagram with nodes and branches; a topographical map; a document written in HTML (hyper-text markup language). Negative examples include computerprograms poems, and novels. bd58f839-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 students A collection of persons. Each element of #$Student is someone who studies at an academic institution. This collection includes students at all levels of study in all types of educational institutions. bd588d1a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 student status attribute A collection of attributes. Each #$StudentStatusAttribute indicates the currency or bureaucratic phase of processing a student's participation in an educational course or institution; elements of this collection include #$Graduate, #$Enrolled, etc. bd58addd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 stuff type The collection of all collections that are stuff-like in at least one respect. A collection COL is stuff-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which every part of an instance of COL is itself an instance of COL. More precisely, for a collection to be a #$StuffType it is sufficient that there be some spec-pred of #$parts, PARTPRED, such that if (#$isa OBJECT1 COL) and (PARTPRED OBJECT1 OBJECT2), then (#$isa OBJECT2 COL). (See the cyclistNotes for more detail). Here are two examples. Consider #$Breathing. Take an instance of that, say a ten minute long period in which I am breathing. Imagine some two minute snippet of that, one of its #$timeSlices (a spec-pred of #$parts). That, too, is an instance of #$Breathing. So #$Breathing is a #$StuffType, since all #$timeSlices of an instance of #$Breathing are also instances of #$Breathing. Consider #$Water. Take any instance of #$Water -- say the water in the Pacific Ocean. Now take any portion of that water -- say a handful of it that I scoop up near Honolulu, one of its #$physicalPortions (a spec-pred of #$parts). That handful is itself an instance of #$Water. Hence #$Water is a #$StuffType, in virtue of the fact that all #$physicalPortions of all instances #$Water are themselves instances of #$Water. Other examples are: #$AbstractInformationalThing, which is stuff-like with respect #$subInformation; #$CharacterString, which is stuff-like with respect to #$subCharacterStrings; and #$List, which is stuff-like with respect to #$sublists. These examples are somewhat exceptional -- most #$StuffTypes are like the examples of #$Breathing and #$Water. Before using #$StuffType read the cyclistNotes. See #$ObjectType, for the contrasting notion of being object-like. bd58abdf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sub abs If the predicate P has entry format #$SubAbs for one of its argument positions N, then, given some fixed set of arguments in the other positions, mutiple assertions may be added to the KB so long as each term appearing in argument position N is a #$subAbstrac of some common #$Entity. Note that the case where the entity itself appears as arg N is allowed, since for all x, (#$subAbstrac X X) is true. Let's consider an example. The #$arg2Format of #$laterSubAbstractions is #$SubAbs. Thus Cyc will allow one to assert that #$laterSubAbstractions of SamZilkerAsATeenager include SamZilkerAsAnAdult, and SamZilkerDuringHisFirstMarriage, etc., so long as all of those are known to be subabstractions of the very same entity, in this case the one representing Sam Zilker. bd58e16e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 subatomic particles A collection of objects; a subset of #$MicroscopicScaleObject. Every instance of #$SubAtomicParticle is a physical particle smaller than an atom. Major subsets of #$SubAtomicParticle include #$Electron, #$Proton, and #$Neutron. bd58db74-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sub events format If a predicate P has #$SubEventsFormat for argument position N, then given some particular list of terms that occupy the other argument positions of P, there may be multiple assertions with different terms in position N (keeping the other arguments fixed), but only so long as the terms in position N are all interrelated by the predicate #$subEvents. For example, the #$arg1Format of #$finalSportsEvent is #$SubEventsFormat. This allows us to state (#$relationAllExists #$finalSportsEvent #$TennisTournament #$TennisMatch), (#$relationAllExists #$finalSportsEvent #$TennisTournament #$TennisSet), and (#$relationAllExists #$finalSportsEvent #$TennisTournament (#$GameFn #$Tennis-TheGame)). c0e71ad1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc system atoms A collection of the atomic data belonging to the CycL substrate of the Cyc System. Elements of #$SubLAtom cannot be decomposed (e.g., a symbol). bd58a571-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc system atom with values A sub-collection of the atomic data belonging to the CycL substrate of the Cyc System. Each element of #$SubLAtomWithValue is an atomic datum that has a value (e.g., 2) associated with it. bd58b836-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sub l atomic term The collection of all denotational terms in the CycL language that are not explicitly represented in CycL, but are represented in SubL, the underlying implementation of the Cyc system. Examples include the terms 212, foo , :NOUN, #x, and VARIABLE-P. bff27115-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sub l character The collection of all character-denoting terms in the CycL language, which are represented in SubL, the underlying implementation of the CycL system. Example: the term #x. bee52c1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc system integers #$SubLInteger is the set of all numbers which satisfy the #$defnIff CYC-SYSTEM-INTEGER (i.e., the set of numbers which are considered integers by CycL). Thus, 3, 0, and -4 are legitimate elements of #$SubLInteger. But (#$Meter 6), (#$Unity 3.3), :34, #$PlusInfinity, and Avogadro's number are NOT legitimate elements of #$SubLInteger. bd66e0a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc system keywords The collection of SubL keywords (e.g., :KEYWORD, :OBJECT, :PLURAL, etc.), which is a subset of the collection of #$SubLSymbol. Every element of #$SubLKeyword satisfies the #$defnIff KEYWORDP. bf8b47b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sub l list A collection of tuples (see #$Tuple). Each element of #$SubLList is an ordered list of items enclosed in parentheses. Cyc system lists are those things that pass the #$defnIff LISTP, i.e., those things considered by the Cyc System to be lists. bd589695-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc system list or atoms A collection including both the lists and the atomic data belonging to the CycL substrate of the Cyc System. bd58a5f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sub l non variable symbol The collection of all 'symbols' in the CycL language, excluding variables. Note that this is a very technical definition of the word 'symbol'; the definition used in SubL, the underlying implementation of Cyc. Symbols are rarely used in CycL, except for some #$HLPredicates like #$defnIff. Examples: the symbols GENLS and CYC-SYSTEM-NON-VARIABLE-SYMBOL-P. bddef55a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc system objects The collection of computational (i.e., abstract, intangible, syntactically structured) objects which make up Cyc's CycL-based system. bd58806b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc system real numbers The collection of all number-denoting expressions in the CycL language that are not CycL constants or NATs, but are terms of SubL, the underlying implementation language of CycL. Examples: the terms `212' and `3.14159d0'. Non-examples: the expressions #$One, (#$Meter 6), (#$Unity 3), `:34', #$PlusInfinity, and `Avogadro's number'. bd59086c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc system strings The collection of all string-denoting terms in the CycL language, which are represented in SubL, the underlying implementation of the CycL system by a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes. Example: the term foo . bd58803c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc system symbols A collection of symbolic atomic terms, namely, all those things that satisfy the definition of a symbol in the Cyc system. Every element of #$SubLSymbol satisfies the Heuristic Level (SubL) #$defnIff SYMBOLP. Such terms cannot include numbers or strings (i.e., they must be symbolic), nor can they include lists, non-reified function terms, or axioms (i.e., they must be atomic). bd58a644-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc system variables The collection of atomic data, each element of which denotes a variable within CycL and therefore can have a value associated with it during inferencing. #$SubLVariable excludes Cyc System symbols which designate constants or strings. bd5880a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sub process slots A collection of binary predicates; a specialization of #$Role. Each element of #$SubProcessSlot relates one instance of #$Event to a second instance of #$Event that is in some way a part of the first. Examples: #$subEvents, #$inPreparationFor, #$manufacturingSteps, #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip. bd5882c6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sublimations The collection of events in which a piece of stuff is transformed from a #$SolidStateOfMatter to a #$GaseousStateOfMatter by sublimation as opposed to evaporation. bfbc0a9c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 submarines Submarine is the collection of all boats that can operate underwater. bd588c5b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 subtropical forest Attribute of hardleaf evergreen forest regions growing between the latitudes of 15-40 degrees north and south of the equator in China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995). bed7efc0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 subways The collection of all underground #$Railways, under the surfaces of major cities. Some parts of Subways may be in trenches, on bridges or on elevated tracks, but most of a Subway is in underground tunnels. bda7a8a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 subway stations The collection of all subway (underground railroad) stations. These are usually located at least partly underground, on subway tracks, and their primary purpose is to be a place where subway trains discharge and receive passengers. bdce1ea5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 success criterion slot Instances are predicates used to give criteria of success for #$Plans, or for #$PurposefulActions reified in planning contexts. bfedec6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 summers The collection of Summer seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, Summer is generally the time of greatest warmth. #$SummerSeason represents the climatic aspects of summer. For its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarSummer. bd588ac7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sunny A current condition in which the sun is shining bright in a region (implies daytime hours). This implies that the air is ClearVisibility and that the sky is not Hazy, and either PartlyCloudy or Cloudless. As this attribute may be described in terms of others, it may be redundant, use your own discretion. bd58caf9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sunrises Each #$Sunrise is an #$Event where, at a given location, the #$Sun appears to clear the horizon as it `rises'. This event is construed to occur regardless of the visibility of the #$Sun due to obscuring objects such as clouds. Every #$Sunrise is #$contiguousAfter a #$Dawn, and every #$DaytimeHours is #$temporallyStartedBy a #$Sunrise. bd58cd1b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sunsets Each #$Sunset is an #$Event in which, at a given location, the horizon occludes the #$Sun as it appears to set. This event is construed to occur regardless of the visibility of the #$Sun due to obscuring objects such as clouds. There is a #$Dusk which is #$contiguousAfter each #$Sunset. Every #$DaytimeHours is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset (unless it #$endsDuring a #$MidnightSun), as is every #$Afternoon. bd588843-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 superconductor resistance A measurable physical attribute. #$SuperconductorResistance is the element of #$ElectricalResistance that describes an object which has absolutely no resistance to the passage of electricity. That level of resistance is found only in superconductors. be01f327-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 supply companies A collection of commercial organizations. An element of #$SupplyCompany is a company whose #$MainFunction is selling supplies to other companies. For example, elements of #$ElectricalSupplyCompany or grocery #$Wholesalers. bd58b30a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 supposed to be microtheory The collection of microtheories that describe how things are 'supposed to be' according to some agent or agents. This technique can be used to represent things like the policies of a company, the laws of a country, the tenets of a religion, the rules of proper conduct for employees of a particular corporation, etc. The assertions in a #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory may or may not describe the world as it actually is. Examples: #$BasicWesternLegalConceptsMt, #$SportsRulesOf-BoxingSportsEvent, #$CycStaffCalendar, and #$OfficeCodeOfConductMt. bd58b164-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 surface - generic The collection of all surfaces (including #$Surface-Abstract and #$Surface-Physical); each is a #$SpatialThing that has extent in at least two dimensions, but either does not have a thickness (i.e. a two dimensional object) or has an insignificant thickness compared with its length and width (Note: if the object is a closed surface, e.g. an apple skin, any significant sub region must have insignificant thickness compared to its length and width). Surfaces may be two or three dimensional, tangible or intangible. Such a surface may be curved, folded, crumpled, or flat. Thus a Euclidian two dimensional disc, a dinner plate, a crumpled sheet of paper, the top of a desk, a ribbon, and a basket ball's skin are exemplars of a #$Surface-Generic. They may be spatially connected or not spatially connected. Thus, both a frisbee and the Milky Way galaxy (as it appears in the sky) are examples. Negative exemplars include an entire basket ball (i.e. its skin plus the cavity inside), a planet, and a euclidian solid sphere. All of these are negative exemplars because thickness is not significantly smaller than length and width. If an object has an #$areaOfObject it must be a #$Surface-Generic. If the object `has two sides' (e.g. a sheet of paper, a frisbee, but not #$Texas-State or an #$InsideSurface of a cave or room. (See #$OneSidedVsTwoSidedObjectNote.) The areas on either side of a #$Surface-Generic are equal. bd958103-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abstract surfaces A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of #$Surface-Intangible is an intangible mathematical surface. Positive examples are a convex hull of a coffee table or the surface of an abstract sphere. A negative example is the surface of a coffee table, since this is a physical surface and thus partially tangible. bd5884f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical surfaces The collection of all of real physical (hence technically three-dimensional) surfaces. The thickness of a #$Surface-Physical is much less than its average length or width, but it is not of zero thickness. A Surface-Physical may have holes, tears, and may be unconnected, in multiple pieces. bd590365-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 surfaces The collection of all physical surfaces (#$Surface-Physical) which are subsets of #$SheetOfSomeStuff and for which there exists a change in quality between the surface and the rest of the tangible object. These physical surfaces will be continuous: they may not be unconnected or in multiple pieces. Thus a veneer surface of a table would be an instance of #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject, whereas the surface of a plain wooden table with no lining would be an instance of #$Surface-Physical. Positive exemplars would include carpet that is part of a floor, #$Skin, #$Paint on a wall, the earth's crust, and crust on bread. However, negative exemplars would be crust removed from bread, a loose sheet of paper (because it is not attached to anything else), and a face of a cliff. bd590882-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 surgical procedures A collection of actions. An instance of #$Surgery is a medical care event in which a medical professional cuts a part of the living body, either to examine what's inside (a diagnostic, exploratory surgery) or to treat an ailment (a #$MedicalTreatmentEvent). Examples of surgeries which are medical treatments include: removal of a foreign body, cancer, an organ that's causing trouble, etc.; insertion of a medical device (e.g, a pacemaker); or repair of some internal structure. bd58b29c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 surprising Impression due to something unexpected, unanticipated, or startling. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Surprise are #$Disappointment and #$Wonder-Admiration. bd58c0ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 suspensions A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of #$Mixture. Each instance of #$Suspension is a mixture which has exactly one #$suspendingFluid and at least one kind of #$suspendedPart. Each of the #$suspendedParts is an instance of #$Particle, and there are a mob of them. Some suspensions are fairly stable (e.g., mayonnaise), while others tend to separate quickly (e.g., sugar stirred into cold lemonade). Other examples of #$Suspension: a cloud, a spray of aerosol deodorant. bd58bfca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 swallows The collection of actions in which an #$Animal moves a solid or a liquid from its #$Mouth to its #$Stomach. A type of #$BodilyFunctionEvent as well as a type of #$BodyMovementEvent. bd58a44f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Switzerland The nation of Switzerland as it has existed throughout time; includes both its physical and its political aspects. bd58d09b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 icons A collection of #$SymbolicThings which have some material part (i.e. are instances of #$PartiallyTangible). Each element of #$SymbolicObject by convention symbolizes some thing or event or achievement, without describing it propositionally in any detail. Examples include national flags, military medals and ribbons, an Oscar, a Crucifix, a caduceus, and printed trademark logos of commercial brands. Elements of #$SymbolicObject need not have propositional information contents; probably most do not. Rather, symbolic objects are typically associated (by an informed interpreter) with the particular entities that originated or appropriated them. To emotional interpreters, such as humans, symbolic objects are often evocative of certain attitudes associated with the entities symbolized--such as nationalism, respect, school spirit, hatred, reverence, etc. Only some elements of #$SymbolicObject have the #$primaryFunction of serving as symbols (e.g., national flags, war memorials); others are symbolic in a secondary capacity (e.g., a gravestone symbolizes death but its primary function is as a marker). Some objects are created to serve a symbolic function (primary or secondary), while others acquire symbolic associations in the course of their `lifetimes' (e.g., San Juan Hill, Ellis Island). Examples of #$SymbolicObject: the #$ArcDeTriomphe, the #$StatueOfLiberty, the #$PyramidOfCheops, the #$UnitedStatesCapitolBuilding (and other capitol buildings); a hangman's noose, a Menorah, a white dove, a black armband. Negative examples include instances of #$NationalAnthem, #$Halo-Symbolic (unless as a physical represenation in some artwork), and projected #$Swastikas because none of these has a material part. For such symbols, use the broader concept, #$SymbolicThing. bd58cf26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 symmetric anatomical part type A collection of collections. Instances are types of #$anatomicalParts of bilaterally symmetrical organisms (#$Organism-Whole) which occur in bilaterally symmetric pairs. This is not intended to include broader categories like #$Tooth, #$Rib-AnimalBodyPart, or #$Finger, but the specific parts of which the organism only has two (EyeTooth, FifthRib, or #$RingFinger). c0fde885-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 symmetric binary predicate A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements are all symmetric relations. A predicate F is an element of #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is binary and (P X Y) implies (P Y X). Examples: #$siblings, #$teammates, #$connectedTo, #$bordersOn. be01286a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 symmetry member function The class of functions which return one member of a symmetric relation. This class consists of #$LeftFn and #$RightFn. bd744168-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 forms of government A collection of attributes. Each element of #$SystemOfGovernment is an attribute describing a type of government that a country might have. Used with #$governmentType. Examples: #$DemocraticGovernment, #$Monarchy, #$SocialistGovernment, #$MilitaryGovernment. bd589546-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tactile sensors A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that operate by coming into physical contact with the object being perceived. #$TactileSensors are capable of perceiving properties such as texture, hardness, roughness, etc. bd58db7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 taiga Attribute of subarctic regions characterized by extensive forestation, short, cool summers, and long, cold winters with heavy snowfall. Also known as boreal forests. Predominant trees are pine, larch, spruce, and fir. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995). c0912e21-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Taiwan Taiwan, governed as The Republic of China, is a country which claims to be the government of all of China. #$China-PeoplesRepublic also makes this claim. The government of #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina #$controls Taiwan Province on the #$Island of #$Formosa (or 'Taiwan') off the southeast coast of China in the far western #$PacificOcean, #$QuemoyIsland and #$MatsuIsland of Fujian Province a few kilometers off the coast, and Pratas Island in the #$SouthChinaSea. It claims several disputed islands in the #$SouthChinaSea. The territory controlled by #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina is between the #$EastChinaSea and the #$SouthChinaSea. De facto, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina and #$China-PeoplesRepublic are two separate independent countries each with its own territory, while de jure there is a single #$IndependentCountry of China, but two governments with separate regions of control. bd58a0bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 taking off a clothing item A collection of events. Each element of #$TakingOffAClothingItem is an event in which something being worn is removed, either by the wearer or by someone else (e.g., removing a child's boots or a horse's saddle). After an element of #$TakingOffAClothingItem occurs, the situation (an element of #$WearingSomething) in which the item was being #$wornOn the body is over. bd58cd3b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events of taking something A collection of events; a subset of #$GainingUserRights. In an instance of #$TakingSomething, an #$Agent takes an object, in the sense of taking it away or using or exercising access to it. The agent may or may not have any legal right or authorization to use that object. In an instance of #$TakingSomething, the taker (the #$toPossessor) must intend and actively (attempt to) acquire the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer, so the taking event is intentional and thus, strictly speaking, #$performedBy the taker. bd58c696-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tangible object predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TangibleObjectPredicate is a predicate used in assertions which describe the properties of tangible objects. Examples: #$viscosityOfSubstance, #$objectHasColor, #$porosityOfObject, #$physicalBuild. bd58e681-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tangible products A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$TangibleProduct is a tangible object or tangible material that is exchanged for money or trade. Tangible products are purely tangible and do not have an intangible component (cf. #$PartiallyTangibleProduct, #$PartiallyTangible). #$TangibleProduct is the most general class of tangible products--everything from cotton swabs to coconut oil to F-16s belongs to this collection. bd59062b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tangible stuff composition type A collection of collections. Instances are collections of #$TangibleThing whose membership is based only on the physical and/or chemical composition of the elements, and not on any other property. Thus #$TangibleStuffCompositionType does not have as elements any collections whose instances are determined by the physical state they are in. For example, the collection #$Water is an instance of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType: instances of #$Water are all pieces of substance with the chemical composition H20. On the other hand , the collection of all pieces of ice [i.e., (#$SolidFn #$Water)] is not a #$TangibleStuffCompositionType, because membership in the collection of ice depends not solely on the substance's composition, but also on its physical state. More sample instances of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType: the collections #$Nylon, #$GasolineFuel, #$CottageCheese, #$FattyTissue, #$BabyPowder, #$Nitrogen, and #$Glass. bd58864a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tangible stuff state type A collection of collections. Each element of #$TangibleStuffStateType is a collection of all pieces of tangible stuff that are associated with only a single physical state (i.e., structural phase). This includes collections both (1) of substances which exist only in one state (e.g., #$Diamond) and (2) of stuff which by definition has a certain state (e.g., ice, or gels of any composition). Thus, ice, water vapor, and liquid water--i.e., (#$LiquidFn #$Water)--would be represented by a #$TangibleStuffStateType. Water itself, however, can exist in all three states; thus, the collection #$Water, which includes all instances of water regardless of state, is NOT a #$TangibleStuffStateType. Elements of #$TangibleStuffStateType include the collections #$SolidTangibleThing, #$Air, #$Powder, #$Gel, #$Paste, and many others. Any of the Cyc functions #$SolidFn, #$LiquidFn, or #$GaseousFn can be used to create a collection which #$isa #$TangibleStuffStateType. be00c400-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tangible substance predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TangibleSubstancePredicate is a predicate that is used to specify or describe the properties (usually physical properties) of tangible substances. Examples: #$stateOfMatter, #$freezingPoint, #$physicalStructuralIntegrity, #$solubleIn. bd58d7fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tangible objects The collection of things which are made of some sort of matter and whose nature is purely material--in the sense that they are not considered to have non-physical properties (such as encoded information). (Compare #$PartiallyTangible.) Because almost any tangible object could be considered to have information content in a particular context, #$TangibleThing should have almost no subsets or instances in the #$BaseKB. Material things which do have important non-physical aspects should be elements of #$PartiallyTangible instead. Collections of material things whose elements could conceivably have non-physical aspects should be made subsets of #$PartiallyTangible. bd590522-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tanks The collection of all tanks, armored vehicles designed for military purposes, with mounted guns, heavy armor, and often tracked wheels. c1007cbe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 taste perception The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent #$tastes some object, by means of the appropriate #$Sensor, and thereby acquires information about it. bd58d619-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 taxonomic slots A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TaxonomicSlot is a binary predicate used in assertions indicating the position of a Cyc constant in one of Cyc's taxonomies (for #$Collections, #$Events, etc.). Examples: #$isa, #$genls, #$partitionedInto, #$coExtensional, #$disjointWith, #$hasMembers, #$subBeliefSystem, #$subGoals. bd5880ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 taxonomic slot for any unit A collection of predicates; a subset of #$TaxonomicSlot. Each element of #$TaxonomicSlotForAnyUnit is a binary predicate that may be used to define the taxonomy of instances; i.e., the collection of binary predicates applicable to any term. Examples: #$isa, #$generalizations. bd589fea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 taxonomic slot for collections A collection of predicates; a subset of #$TaxonomicSlot. Each element of #$TaxonomicSlotForCollections is a binary predicate used to form assertions that define the taxonomy of #$Collections by specifying relations between various collections. Examples: #$genls, #$partitionedInto, #$coExtensional, #$covering, #$disjointWith. bd59065c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 teaching events One agent imparting learned knowledge to another. This may have #$subEvents of the student asking or responding to questions, but the teacher is the primary performer. bd58b1e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 technical worker A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$TechnicalWorker is a professional who works in some branch of engineering, computers, mathematics or one of the natural sciences. Negative examples are #$MarketingPerson, #$Manager and #$Psychiatrist. bea834b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 teeth cleaning A collection of events. In each #$TeethCleaning event, an animal's teeth are cleaned. In order to distinguish, e.g., professional teeth cleaning by a dental technician from daily personal care, different microtheories are used. Consider just the frequencies of performing this action: in the #$HumanActivitiesMt, where a person brushes their own teeth as a subevent of #$DailyPersonalCleaning, this occurs once or twice per day. In the #$ProviderOfServicePerspectiveMt, that is from the dental hygienist's point of view, it occurs about ten times per day. In the #$RecipientOfServicePerspectiveMt, that is from the point of view of someone going to get their teeth cleaned at a dentist's office, it happens a couple times per year. bd58a8f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 temperate climate cycles A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$TemperateClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) in terrestrial regions between (roughly) the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere, and between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere. Characteristics of a temperate climate include: four distinguishable seasons, Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter, with variations in temperature and precipitation; overall moderate precipitation. bd58b635-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 temperatures A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Temperature is an amount of heat in a particular instance of #$PartiallyTangible. Elements of #$Temperature may be either a fixed interval, such as 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, or a range, such as #$HumanHabitableTemperature. See #$UnitOfTemperature for the units used by Cyc to measure temperatures. bd589c7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 temperature changes A collection of events. Each #$TemperatureChangingProcess is an #$Event which has, as one of its significant effects, changing the #$Temperature of some object. E.g., #$CookingFood is a subset of this collection. A particular event in which somone uses a soldering iron to connect a resistor to a circuit board would be an element of this collection. Note that a change in temperature is one of the kinds of intrinsic change which an object can undergo; i.e., #$TemperatureChangingProcess is a subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent. bd58f9ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 temporal object types A collection of collections. Each element of each element of #$TemporalObjectType is temporally object-like. Take an element of #$TemporalObjectType -- say COL. Take an element of that -- say OBJ. Imagine making a videotape of OBJ. Now play back just a small piece of that videotape. It won't be an element of COL. E.g., COL could be the set of events in which an orange is cut into quarters. Say a videotape of that has been made of one such event, which lasted thirty seconds. Now imagine some 5-second excerpt of that videotape. That, in turn, is not a videotape of someone cutting up an orange into four pieces. So the collection of all orange-quartering events is itself an element of #$TemporalObjectType; it is NOT an element of #$TemporalStuffType (q.v.). If a collection COL #$isa #$TemporalObjectType, it is reasonable to state axioms about temporally extrinsic properties of COL's instances -- properties such as duration, distance, cost, etc. E.g., it makes sense to talk about the #$duration of a particular #$Event in which an orange is quartered. bd58aadf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 temporal part slots A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TemporalPartSlot is a binary predicate used to relate two things which have temporal extent, asserting either that one thing is a temporal part of the second thing, or that one thing is a temporal composite that includes the second thing. Examples: #$developmentalStages, #$subEvents, #$firstSubEvents, #$subAbstrac, #$manufacturingSteps, #$beforeActors, #$afterActors. bd58834a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 temporal relation #$TemporalRelations specify relative positions of #$TemporalThings in time. #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations (such as #$after) interrelate time points, and #$ComplexTemporalRelations (such as #$postEvents and #$laterSubAbstractions) interrelate more complicated temporal objects such as a pair of events, a pair of tangible objects, etc. bd58b887-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 temporal stuff types A collection of collections. Each element of each element of #$TemporalStuffType is temporally substance-like. Consider, e.g., #$AnimalWalkingProcess, the set of all walking events. Consider a particular walking event. Videotape it. Play back a few seconds of that videotape, showing one of many #$timeSlices of the original walking event. That shorter video is still clearly going to be a video of a walking event. So the collection #$AnimalWalkingProcess (the set of all walking events) is an element of #$TemporalStuffType; it is NOT an element of #$TemporalObjectType (q.v.). Of course, there is a #$granuleOfTime for #$AnimalWalkingProcess, namely, #$TakingAStep, such that any #$timeSlices shorter than that are likely not to be considered real walking events. This is analogous to granule-size for physical substance types such as peanut butter (the granules there are a peanut piece, a glob of peanut oil, etc.) or wood (the granule there is an individual plant cell). More esoterically, consider a time slice of a person. `Albert Einstein while at Princeton' was still a person. So #$Person (the set of all people) is an element of #$TemporalStuffType. All tangible objects are temporally stuff-like in this fashion. If a collection COL #$isa #$TemporalStuffType, it is reasonable to state axioms about the temporally intrinsic properties of COL's instances --- properties such as rate of speed, cost per pound, kinds of actors, etc. bd58ad37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 things that exists in time #$TemporalThing is the collection of all things which have a particular temporal extent, things about which one might sensibly ask `When?'. #$TemporalThing therefore includes many things, such as actions, tangible objects, agreements, and abstract pieces of time. Some things are NOT instances of #$TemporalThing because they are abstract, timeless, etc. -- such as a mathematical set, an attribute, an integer, etc. This collection is designated #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing. bd5880c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 temporally disjoint interval type (#$isa X #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType) means that any two distinct instances of X are #$temporallyDisjoint. It is true that (#$isa #$Wednesday #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType because no Wednesday can temporally intersect any other (distinct) Wednesday. [See also #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection.] be011303-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 temporary change of user rights A collection of events; a subset of #$ChangeInUserRights. In an instance of #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights, one agent temporarily gives up user rights over some object (see #$UserRightsAttribute), while another agent temporarily gains some user rights over that object. This occurs in renting, loaning, or sharing of things. bd58e056-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 temporary english paraphrase mt This is a temporary MT for holding paraphrase assertions prior to review, after which time they will be moved to #$EnglishParaphraseMt bdaa4b0e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 temporary work An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The attribute of being a temporary worker for an organization. bd58b2af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 items of legal tender A collection of objects. Each element of #$TenderObject is an item presented by an agent in instances of #$Paying or #$Spending. Typical examples include cash, checks, credit cards, travellers's checks. Unusual but possible tender objects could be gold, goats, or golf balls. bd58c470-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tensile strength A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$TensileStrength describes a specific capacity of a physical object to withstand a force pulling it apart. The higher the tensile strength of the object, the higher the force required to pull the object apart. Different tensile strengths may be represented using a #$GenericValueFunction. Tensile strengths of objects are indicated with the predicate #$tensileStrengthOfSubstance. bd589ee3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 terminal conditions A collection of ailments which are distinguished by the shared characteristic that if left untreated, those ailments will certainly cause a patient to die -- and may eventually do so despite treatment. Subsets of this collection include: #$Diabetes, #$Cancer, #$Botulism, and #$Rabies. Note that this does not mean: `are 100% likely to lead to death if untreated'. It does not mean `the organism will not seek treatment elsewhere,. Also note that this is somewhat context dependent. c0fd6503-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ternary function #$TernaryFunction is the collection of all Cyc functions which take three arguments. c12bfd14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ternary predicates #$TernaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc predicates which take three arguments. bd588101-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ternary relation The collection of all #$Relations of arity 3 in CycL. This collection was created in order to implement automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL, regardless of whether they are predicates or functions. c02b14f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 terrain attribute A collection of attributes. Each element of #$TerrainAttribute is an attribute used for describing the terrain in a geographic region. Examples: #$USCS-Code-RK, #$Sandy-SoilAttribute, #$RuggedTerrain, #$Desertlike, #$SnowCovered, #$HighMountainous. bd5902c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 terrestrial directions The collection of directions used to describe the orientation of objects on or near the surface of the Earth. Includes terrestrial directions related to compass points (e.g., #$East-Directly) and to the gravitational vector (e.g., #$Down-Directly, #$VerticalDirection). Note that assertions in different terrestrial contexts can be inconsistent in a neutral context: East in China points in a different direction than East in New York! bd588a62-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 terrestrial frame of reference The terrestrial frame of reference is the unique individual #$FrameOfReference that generally regards the surface of the #$PlanetEarth as fixed in the background space. It permits fixed notions of #$VerticalOrientation and #$HorizontalOrientation. There are multiple standard coordinate systems based on the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference, including #$latitude and #$longitude, Earth-Centered Cartesian, and others. Various local frames of reference and coordinate systems assume the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference. bd5905ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 terrestrial organism The collection of organisms adapted to life on land, out of water. Elements of #$TerrestrialOrganism spend all or most of their time out of the water, in air, either on the land surface or under it. #$TerrestrialOrganism includes, for example, members of its subsets #$Elephant, #$Ladybug, #$Bird, #$Person, etc. bd590841-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 territories A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$Territory is a geopolitical region which is distinct from, but dependent on and controlled by, another geopolitical entity. Examples: #$PuertoRico, #$BritishAntarcticTerritory, #$GalapagosIslands, #$RyukyuIslandsTerritory. bd58a1dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 texts A collection of #$AbstractInformationStructures. Each element of #$TextGroup is associated with a #$CharacterString which forms a 'natural' or meaningful group, at or above the level of a word, a multi-character symbol in a #$ComputerProgram-CW, or a chord in a #$MusicalText. Thus, 'er#q2' would be a #$CharacterString not represented by a #$TextGroup, whereas the #$Sentence you are now reading is represented by a #$TextGroup, as is a paragraph, etc. Note that a #$TextGroup is the abstract sequence of symbols, not the tangible encoding of them. bfae4fb7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 text microtheory The collection of Microtheories each of which contains assertions that convey the information content of a particular text. The propositional content of a text is a #$PropositionalInformationThing, and it forms a #$TextMicrotheory. c10b7016-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 textiles A collection of tangible products. Each element of #$TextileProduct is a product made by spinning, weaving, knitting, wrapping, pressing, or other processes used to form fibers into usable materials such as cloth or line. Examples include elements of the subsets #$Yarn, #$Rope, and #$CottonCloth. bd589b53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 texts A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). Each element of #$TextualMaterial is an IBT whose informational content is encoded in some instance of #$CommunicationConvention which is a linear symbolic language; e.g., a newspaper printed in English written with the Roman alphabet; a book printed in English using Braille; or a poster written in Chinese using characters. Textual material always includes some physical representation of one or more elements of #$CharacterString (which are abstract). Textual materials may be tangible objects, such as newspapers, but also may include intangibles such as patterns of light projecting words onto a wall. The subsets of #$TextualMaterial are multifarious, including, e.g., #$GroceryList, #$W2-Form, #$RestaurantMenu, #$GrantProposal, #$WillAndTestament, #$BusinessCard, #$MusicalText, #$BalanceSheet. bd5904c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 the empty list #$TheEmptyList denotes the empty list--the list that has no members at all. Note that every list that has no members is the same as #$TheEmptyList, i.e., #$TheEmptyList is the only list whose length is 0. Note also that #$TheEmptyList is a sublist of every list (see #$sublists). Note, finally, that #$TheEmptyList is not the same as #$TheEmptySet. bd79c885-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 the start of the common era This is the instant of time between the years BC and AD. bd58a435-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 the term A special kind of term that allows back-reference to any individual thing that satisfies the constraints on the #$TheTerm. E.g., 'Suppose a cat walks into a fish store. The cat is likely to get into a lot of trouble.' 'The cat' in the second sentence refers back to 'a cat' in the first; i.e., any cat that walks into a fish store. In Cyc, the constraints for a #$TheTerm in a given context are given by use of the predicate #$theTermConstraints on the unit representing that context. In lifting assertions out of that context, the constraints are added as antecedents. bd5880cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 thermal conductivity A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ThermalConductivity represents a specific ability of some physical object to conduct heat; e.g., #$ConductsHeatPoorly, #$ConductsSomeHeat, #$ConductsHeatWell. An individual object's #$ThermalConductivity is indicated with the predicate #$thermalConductivityOfObject. be00cd9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 things #$Thing is the universal set: the collection of everything! Every Cyc constant in the Knowledge Base is a member of this collection; in the prefix notation of the language CycL, we express that fact as (#$isa CONST #$Thing). Thus, too, every collection in the Knowledge Base is a subset of the collection #$Thing; in CycL, we express that fact as (#$genls COL #$Thing). See #$isa and #$genls for further explanation of those relationships. Note: There are even a few collections, such as #$CharacterString and #$Integer, which have a #$defnSufficient that recognizes non-constants (such as strings and numbers) as instances of #$Thing. bd5880f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 think A collection of events, a subset of #$StrictlyMentalEvent. Each element of #$Thinking is a mental process in a general sense that assumes consciousness, has some propositional content and differs from experiencing a sensation or emotion. The collection includes both atomic mental events of having a single thought, with propositional content, and composite mental events involving the processing of thoughts. Thinking need not necessarily be purposeful mental activity. Obsessive thoughts and thinking of a solution to a math problem would both be examples of events that belong in this collection. bd58875c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 three dimensional The attribute of being three-dimensional, it serves as a #$genlAttributes to any instance of #$ThreeDimensionalShape. Note that spatial things might have this attribute in some microtheories and fail to have it in others insofar as the size of its third dimension is small enough to be disregarded in some situations but considered in others. For instance, we might consider a decal to be two dimensional in most situations, but three-dimensional in situations where the thickness is relevant, e.g., considering what an ant could traverse. c0f82cfc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 three dimensional shapes A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of #$ThreeDimensionalShape is a three-dimensional object. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the Pentagon, as well as abstract three-dimensional shapes. c0fbbe61-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 three dimensional shape attribute The collection of all instances of #$ShapeAttribute that are unique to three-dimensional objects. For instance, #$Round is not an instance of #$ThreeDimensionalShapeAttribute as it can be held by objects that are not three dimensional. However, #$Spherical is a three dimensional shape attribute as being three-dimensional is a necessary condition for being spherical. bff13ae7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 three dimensional shape type A collection of collections. Each element of #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType is a collection of things which are subsets of #$ThreeDimensionalShape. Examples: #$CylinderShape, #$Rectangular3DShape. c0f46ec5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 three story buildings Collection of all three story buildings. bd58c691-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 times #$Time-Quantity is a physical quantity possessed by #$TemporalThings. An #$Event transpires over a certain amount of #$Time-Quantity, a #$SomethingExisting exists for a lifetime which is a certain amount of #$Time-Quantity, and of course an abstract #$TimeInterval has a duration which is a certain amount of #$Time-Quantity. The standard unit of #$Time-Quantity in Cyc is #$SecondsDuration (qv) but there can be and are many other ways to specify an amount of time; e.g., with other #$UnitOfMeasure instances such as #$WeeksDuration and #$YearsDuration, and with reified quantities of (instances of) #$Time-Quantity such as #$LongTime, #$Immediately, #$AFewDecadesDuration, etc. bd5880a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 periods of time #$TimeInterval is a subset of #$TemporalThing. Each #$TimeInterval can be characterized fully just by specifying its temporal attributes. Anything which has a temporal extent is an instance of #$TemporalThing, but if that is essentially ALL that it has, then it is also a #$TimeInterval. In this respect #$TimeInterval and #$SpaceRegion are similar; they both can be used to talk about time and space as 'dimensions'. For example, `the year 1967' is a just a #$TimeInterval: although many interesting things happened during that year, the year itself is completely defined by its temporal extent. `Neil Armstrong Walking on the Moon' is an #$Event, not a #$TimeInterval, since it would be defined by many non-temporal assertions. And of course, `Neil Armstrong' is a #$SomethingExisting, not a #$TimeInterval, but like all instances of #$SomethingExisting, he does have temporal extent and is therefore a #$TemporalThing. One could, in principle, separately reify (name) the #$TimeInterval which is the period of existence of any #$SomethingExisting, or the period of time during which any #$Event occurred, but in practice that is rarely useful. Since they all have an implicit #$TimeInterval associated with them, any predicates which one might apply to time intervals can also be applied to a football game, a football, etc. E.g., we can talk about the #$startingPoint of a football game, or for that matter the #$startingPoint of the football itself (the moment of its creation). bd5880c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 time of day The collection of all temporal intervals marking times of the day. This includes the twenty-four clock hours, and also longer and shorter pieces of time. bd5886f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 AMs The collection of half-days from Midnight to Noon. See #$CalendarDay. c0fddfdd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 PMs The collection of half-days from Noon to Midnight. See #$CalendarDay. c0fde0db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 times of day A collection of collections, whose elements are some class of time of day, such as #$TimeOfDay-PM, #$TimeOfDay-9AM, #$TimeOfDay-MidnightHour, and so on. bd588673-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 time point A #$TimePoint is a piece of time which has an infinitely small duration. In Cyc's basic representation of time, all time is like an infinite straight line, and any #$TimePoint is like a point on that line. Many temporal attributes of a #$TemporalThing may be described in terms of time points; e.g., its #$startingPoint. A #$TimePoint can also be contextual, such as #$Now. bd58ca05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 titles The collection of all titles: proper nouns (noun phrases) that relate to a person's status and/or function/role in an organization. E.g., #$SeniorVicePresident-Title, #$MemberOfTechnicalStaff-Title, #$Reverend-Title, #$Father-Title, #$Miss, etc. Note that this concept is not (closely) related to the title of a book or work of art, nor to the nicknames for a place, etc. bd58acdd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tools A collection of devices; a subset of #$PhysicalDevice. An instance of #$Tool is a device which is used by people to manipulate and/or alter other objects or the immediate environment in some way (hence, it does not include #$PomPoms). #$Tools are also typically controlled by their user during use (see #$Device-UserControlled) and can be used more than once (and is thus disjoint with the collection #$Device-OneTimeUse). #$Tool includes devices used in many different activities. A sampling of subsets shows some of that variety: #$WoodworkingTool, #$CarpentryTool, #$PlumbingTool, some kinds of #$MedicalDevices (but not all!), #$CleaningImplement, #$WritingImplement. c0fce764-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tops The collection of all the entire top sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces up. bd58c4a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 topographical features A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$TopographicalFeature is a three dimensional feature of a planet's surface, typically with boundaries defined by formations of rock, dirt, water, etc., or by significant changes in elevation. Some important subsets include the collections #$Mountain, #$MountainRange, #$Peninsula, #$Harbor, #$Shoreline, #$Arroyo. Collections of regions defined by the presence of human artifacts (e.g., #$CitySkyline) or ecological characteristics (e.g., #$Forest-Wild) do NOT belong among the subsets of #$TopographicalFeature. Examples of #$TopographicalFeature: #$KyushuIsland-Japan, #$SaintThomas-Island, #$LakeErie, #$VictoriaFalls, #$MalayPeninsula. bd58ce45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 torsos The collection of all human torsos. A #$Torso is the main portion of the person's body, and one can conceive of a human body as a torso to which are connected the head and various appendages (#$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart). bd59098e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 total ordering The collection of all those #$PartialOrdering ORDER in which the ordering relation R orders elements of the #$baseSet S of ORDER into a single line. A #$TotalOrdering is sometimes called a 'linear ordering' or a 'chain'. A #$PartialOrdering ORDER is a #$TotalOrdering if all elements of the #$baseSet S of ORDER are comparable by the ordering relation R of ORDER, i.e., for any X and Y in S, either R(X Y) or R(Y X). For example, if you take a set of real numbers and the usual 'greater than or equal to' relation among these numbers, you have a #$TotalOrdering. Note that if you want a 'strict line', i.e., if you want the ordering relation in a total ordering to be irreflexive, see #$TotalOrdering-Strict. bf4734b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 total ordering - strict The collection of all those #$PartialOrdering-Strict ORDER in which the ordering relation R orders elements of the #$baseSet S of ORDER into a strict line. A #$TotalOrdering is sometimes called a 'strict linear ordering' or a 'chain'. A #$PartialOrdering-Strict ORDER is a #$TotalOrdering-Strict if all elements of the #$baseSet S of ORDER are comparable be the ordering relation R of ORDER, i.e., if X and Y are elements of S, then either R(X Y) or X = Y or R(Y X). For example, take any set of real numbers with the usual 'smaller than' relation among those numbers, you get yourself a #$TotalOrdering-Strict. If you want a the order relation in a total ordering to be reflexive, see #$TotalOrdering. be4967b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 touches The collection of sensory-perceptual events (#$Perceivings) in which a #$PerceptualAgent perceives (acquires information) by touch. bd58ea57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 trains The collection of all trains, the transportation devices that run on #$Railways and consist of multiple #$TrainCars coupled together. bd58c825-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 train cars The collection of train cars (or train carriages), non-motored wheeled vehicles that run on #$Railways. When they are to be moved they are coupled together to form trains pulled by train engines. There are freight TrainCars, and passenger TrainCars for transporting people. bd5893b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 locomotives The collection of all train engines, each being a fuel-powered, non-steerable, wheeled vehicle that runs on #$Railway tracks, and has enough power to pull or push a group of #$TrainCars with it. bd92500c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 trajectories The collection of all trajectories of moving objects: each instance of #$Trajectory is the individual spatial region consisting of the points in space through which an object passes during a #$Movement-TranslationEvent. A trajectory may or may not follow some pre-existing or pre-defined path (#$Path-Generic). If it does follow one or more such paths, it determines a #$Traversal of those paths. A #$Trajectory is understood and defined as a spatial line with one of the two possible directions of motion along it. It is considered as being a part of some stationary background space (thus, in most contexts, a #$Trajectory cannot itself 'move'). Unlike a #$Path-Generic, a #$Trajectory (or a #$Traversal) can cross itself any number of times, and go back along itself, cycle over and over again, etc. If there is a #$Movement-TranslationEvent, then that event always has a #$Trajectory; it is linked to its #$Trajectory by the #$ActorSlots #$trajectory-Complete and possibly #$trajectory-Partial. In most contexts, a #$Trajectory will be a line (or rather a one-manifold) through space as traced by some designated point within the moving object (e.g., the center of gravity), but the collection #$Trajectory-SweptSpace is available to represent the whole space (with space and thickness) swept through by a moving object. Contrast #$Trajectory with #$Path-Generic and with #$Traversal. bd58d17a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transactions Transaction is the collection of events performed by #$Agents cooperating (willingly) under some #$Agreement, each performing actions in exchange for the actions of the other. Note: Attack/counterattack in warfare is not a #$Transaction. Neither is fortuitous cooperation without agreement, such as a set of investors who, unknown to each other, all buy the same stock almost at once, and end up driving its price up. On the other hand, if you see agents acting to mutual benefit, it's not a bad strategy to guess that there is some agreement between them. Note: The word 'transaction' often means an exchange of user rights (to goods and/or money) between agents; see #$ExchangeOfUserRights for that concept. #$Transaction is a more general concept, and is a superset of #$ExchangeOfUserRights. bd58dd7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transfer in A collection of events. #$TransferIn includes all #$GeneralizedTransfers for which there is a well-defined #$to-Generic, but not necessarily a #$from-Generic. This includes, among other things, #$CollectionEvent, #$GainingUserRights, and #$AccessingAnIBT. At the end of a #$TransferIn, #$transferredThing is 'located' at the #$to-Generic. Some negative examples of #$TransferIn are #$AbandoningSomething (when there is no prospective owner) and #$IBTGeneration (when the information may go to various unspecified locations. bd631969-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transfer out A collection of events. #$TransferOut includes all #$GeneralizedTransfers for which there is a well-defined #$from-Generic, but not necessarily a #$to-Generic. This includes, among other things, #$Emission, #$LosingUserRights, and #$DistributionEvent. At the start of a #$TransferOut, #$transferredThing is 'located' at the #$from-Generic. Some negative examples of #$TransferOut are #$AppropriatingSomething (when there is no previous owner) and #$Hearing (when the sounds may come from various unspecified locations). (#$Davis, 5/8/97) bdc16356-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transferring ownership A collection of events; a subset of #$TransferringPossession. In an instance of #$TransferringOwnership, a transfer of ownership occurs. This means that in such an event there is a transfer from one #$Agent to another of #$FullUseRights and #$ExclusiveUserRights (over the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer). Often there is some `consideration' for this transfer, of course --- see #$ExchangeOfUserRights. bd5908d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transfers of possession A collection of events. In an instance of #$TransferringPossession, the possession of a single object (i.e., the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer) is transferred from one #$Agent to another. Thus, a #$TransferringPossession event alters the rights of TWO different agents to use the object in question; one agent loses some #$UserRightsAttribute over it, while the other agent gains some #$UserRightsAttribute over it. Each #$TransferringPossession event is both a #$LosingUserRights event and a #$GainingUserRights event. Note: In #$Buying events, #$Bartering events, #$Renting events, TWO such #$TransferringPossessions occur, because there are TWO objects which transfer possession. For example, in buying a car, the right to use the buyer's money is transferred to the auto seller, while the ownership of the car is transferred to the buyer. Both of the #$TransferringPossession events (one for each object) are #$subEvents of the instance of #$Buying, #$Renting, etc. See #$ExchangeOfUserRights. bd588cf3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transforms A collection of events. In each element of #$TransformationEvent, at least one thing ceases to exist and at least one thing comes into existence. Usually at least some portion of the thing(s) destroyed becomes incorporated into the thing(s) that are created. Note: this collection is a superset of, but NOT coextensional with, #$TransformationProcess (q.v.). bd589b02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transforms The collection of #$TransformationEvents that also are elements of #$TemporalStuffType. That is, each of their temporal parts is also a #$TransformationEvent, in which something is destroyed and something created. Note: It is often the case that a #$TransformationEvent is NOT a #$TransformationProcess --- e.g., there may be several preparation stages, and then at the end everything is brought together and the foaming starts, or the butterfly emerges, or whatever transformation occurs. So #$TransformationProcess is a small subset of #$TransformationEvent (qv). bd589b87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transitive binary predicate A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements are all transitive. A predicate F is an element of #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and (F X Y) and (F Y Z) together imply (F X Z). Examples: #$greaterThan, #$geographicalSubRegions, #$cotemporal. bd58c916-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 translation - complete A collection of translational motion events; hence a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any element of #$Translation-Complete, the whole #$objectMoving moves in its entirety from the origin (#$fromLocation) to the destination (#$toLocation). That is, the object completely leaves the origin and relocates at the destination. The #$objectMoving may be either a #$NonFluidlike object or a #$FluidTangibleThing all of which moves from one place to another; e.g., a baseball or the gasoline used to fill a gas tank. Another example: a single molecule of water flowing from point A to B in a river. Negative example: a river flowing from A to B (the river itself is not relocated); a rubber band stretching. A borderline case: a spider spins a web, leaving part of itself, in effect, extended out behind it. In most contexts that would still be considered a #$Translation-Complete event. Note: #$Translation-Complete is noncommittal as to whether net movement has occurred, so round-trip events qualify as complete translations. (For contrast, see #$Translation-LocationChange). bd61f7aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 flows A collection of translational motion events; hence a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any element of #$Translation-Flow, the #$objectMoving is a #$FluidTangibleThing (i.e., a portion of some fluid, such as a quart of milk) rather than a discrete solid object. At least some of the #$objectMoving leaves the #$fromLocation and some arrives at the #$toLocation; but it is not necessary that all of the #$objectMoving go from the origin (#$fromLocation) to the destination (#$toLocation). Such fluid flows include rivers flowing or winds blowing or air filling your lungs when you take a breath. Note: also intended to be included here are flows of ``fluids'' such as sand, drifting snow, etc., which are composed of multiple solid particles. So a borderline case would be using a bulldozer to spread out a pile of rocks and gravel over a parking lot; depending on one's context (sensors, purposes, etc.) that might or might not be considered a #$Translation-Flow event. bd590484-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 changes of location A collection of translational motion events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In each element of #$Translation-LocationChange, the #$objectMoving ends up in a different place than it started; i.e., the #$fromLocation cannot be the same as the #$toLocation. Thus, a round trip travel event (#$Translation-RoundTrip) is NOT an instance of this collection. See also #$Translation-NoLocationChange. bd5f8117-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 translation - multi trajectory A collection of translational motion events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any element of #$Translation-MultiTrajectory, motion may occur simultaneously along two or more instances of #$Trajectory (which are not related by sub-trajectory relationships.) Therefore, there must be at least two #$objectMovings in such an event. There may be more than one #$fromLocation and/or more than one #$toLocation. Elements of #$Translation-MultiTrajectory include scattering, distributing, and collecting things. E.g., all of the following exhibit multi-trajectory translation movements: a rainshower or snowfall; an exploding firework; water being ejected from a sprinkling system; the surrounding objects being sucked up by a tornado; participants running a 100K footrace; pool balls during the opening break. For non-examples of this, see #$Translation-SingleTrajectory. bd5ef8af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 translations without location change A collection of translational motion events; hence a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any instance of #$Translation-NoLocationChange, the #$objectMoving undergoes translational motion but ends up where it started --- i.e., there is no NET movement; i.e., its #$fromLocation and #$toLocation are the same. Between the beginning and the end of a #$Translation-NoLocationChange, the #$objectMoving may visit the #$toLocation and the #$fromLocation any number of times. E.g., consider the motion of a person who is born in, and 80 years later dies in, the very same hospital, and has been there a few times in between for operations, visiting patients, etc. A less dramatic example is the motion of your car on a particular day, as it gets moved around, crosses its own path a few times, etc., but ends the day in the same place it started. Elements of #$Translation-NoLocationChange may be periodic or nonperiodic movements. An important subset of #$Translation-NoLocationChange is #$Translation-RoundTrip. bd5e4464-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 translation - non periodic The collection of all non-periodic translational movement events, i.e., the intersection of #$Movement-NonPeriodic and #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In each instance of #$Translation-NonPeriodic, the #$objectMoving is in translational motion and does not move back the same position on the regular temporal basis (it can visit the same location multiple times, just not regularly). bfbfe759-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 translation - periodic A collection of periodic movement events; hence a subset of #$Movement-Periodic (q.v.) In any element of #$Translation-Periodic, the periodic motion of the #$objectMoving is translational motion (as opposed, e.g., to rotation). E.g., a ball bouncing in place translates periodically; so does a planet revolving around a star. But not: a planet rotating on its axis, a top spinning in place. bd5e1d42-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 round trips A collection of events, #$Translation-RoundTrip is a subset of #$Translation-NoLocationChange. Each element of #$Translation-RoundTrip represents one round trip event. That is, an instance of #$Translation-RoundTrip is a complete translational movement that begins and ends in the same place (thus, the #$fromLocation and #$toLocation are identical). However, a round trip is usually a discontinuous motion (cf. #$Movement-TranslationProcess). In the simplest case, it has exactly one #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip and exactly one #$inboundLegOfRoundTrip, and the trip breaks at the #$destination-RoundTrip, which is the place that the traveller visits in between the two legs of the journey. Thus, in addition to a #$fromLocation and #$toLocation, an instance of #$Translation-RoundTrip also has an #$origin-RoundTrip and #$destination-RoundTrip. The #$origin-RoundTrip is just the same as the #$fromLocation and #$toLocation. For example, in Doug and Mary's trip to Antarctica, the #$origin-RoundTrip was #$CityOfAustinTX, the #$destination-RoundTrip was the #$ContinentOfAntarctica. Thus, the #$CityOfAustinTX was both the #$fromLocation and the #$toLocation of the WHOLE (round) trip, and it was also the #$toLocation of the homeward leg of their trip (#$inboundLegOfRoundTrip). The #$ContinentOfAntarctica was the #$toLocation for their #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip and the #$fromLocation of their homeward leg (i.e., their #$inboundLegOfRoundTrip). Note: to describe a multi-stop `round trip', instead of using #$Translation-RoundTrip one can represent it as a circuit composed of a series of one-way legs. c10aee07-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 translation A subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. Each element of #$Translation-SingleTrajectory is a translational movement which involves exactly one #$trajectory-Complete. One or more items may have the role of #$objectMoving in such an event. Note that although there is a single #$trajectory-Complete, it does not follow that there is a unique #$fromLocation and a unique #$toLocation because that depends on our descriptions of locations. (A single-trajectory movement can be described as from TX to PA, or from Austin to Pittsburgh, or even from Northwest in Austin to Oakland in Pittsburgh.) However, the single #$trajectory-Complete connects #$fromLocation and #$toLocation. (Similarly there may be a single existing #$motionPathway-Complete that the trajectory goes along, and/or a single #$Traversal of paths indicated by #$traverses-Complete.) Consider a translational motion performed by a whole #$Group; it is likely to be a #$Translation-SingleTrajectory --- e.g., a flock of birds flying together, or a snarl of rush-hour traffic on the Beltway. Negative examples (see #$Translation-MultiTrajectory) would be: a set of billiard balls during the opening break, or a group of water droplets that come together into one big drop. bd5b0dc8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 translocation A collection of events; a subset of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Translocation is a transfer of something across a distance. Translocations may have a #$toLocation and a #$fromLocation. #$Translocation is the common generalization of (i.e., a superset of) both #$WavePropagation and #$Movement-TranslationEvent (q.v.). bf81a890-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 translucence #$Translucent is a #$PhysicalAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Transparency. #$Translucent objects can transmit light, but not enough to see clear images. See also #$transparencyOfObject. bd589226-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transparencies A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Transparency represents a capacity of some tangible object to transmit light. Degrees of #$Transparency may be represented qualitatively (e.g., #$Translucent, #$Transparent, #$Murky, #$Opaque), or using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$Transparency with the predicate #$transparencyOfObject. bd58f8db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transparent #$Transparent is a #$PhysicalAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Transparency. #$Transparent objects transmit enough light to see clear images. See also #$transparencyOfObject. bd58de31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transportation companies A collection of organizations; a subset of #$ServiceOrganizations. An element of #$TransportationCompany is an organization that provide transportation (of goods or persons) to customers for a fee. bd58aa63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vehicles A collection of transportation devices; a subset of #$Conveyance. Each element of #$TransportationDevice is an artifact designed to play the role of #$transporter in transportation events. Such devices enable something to be moved, by (for example) carrying, pulling, or pushing the transported things (#$transportees). Transportation devices may or may not have their own power source (see #$SelfPoweredDevice). Those which do, such as automobiles and speedboats, constitute the specialization #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle. Other transportation devices require an external motive force, e.g., instances of #$Wheelbarrow or #$Bicycle. (For more examples, see #$MusclePoweredDevice.) Because #$transporter and #$transportees are specializations of #$objectMoving, it follows that any object in the role of #$transporter moves as a whole with those objects playing the role of #$transportees. Since any instance of #$TransportationDevice has playing the role of #$transporter as its intended function, stationary objects which cause motion, such as conveyor belts, escalators, rocket launchers, slingshots, etc. are excluded from the category of #$TransportationDevice. Also excluded are devices which, although they facilitate travel, are worn rather than 'ridden on', 'ridden with', or 'ridden in'. Ice skates, shoes, skis and other specializations of #$WearableConveyance fit this exclusionary criterion. Note that this is not the collection of all objects that can be used as transporters. For example, in an event of a man riding on a horse, the horse is the transporter but not an instance of #$TransportationDevice since a horse is not an artifact. So the main difference between transporters and transportation devices is that the latter have to be artifacts while the former do not. bd58d540-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vehicles #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle is the subcollection of #$TransportationDevice whose instances are also instances of #$SelfPoweredDevices, i.e., those that move under their own power. E.g. jet airplanes, automobiles, but not skateboards, gliders, or rowboats. Note that hand pushed gas powered lawnmowers, even though they are #$SelfPoweredDevices, are not instances of #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle because they are not their own #$providerOfMotiveForce when they move, whereas instances of #$LawnMower-Riding are vehicles. c0bce169-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transport A collection of events. An instance of #$TransportationEvent is an event in which one object (in the role of #$transporter) aids in the translational movement of another object (having the role of #$transportees), so that both objects move together along the same #$motionPathway-Complete. Optionally, one of these objects, or some third object moving along with them, provides the force to make the movement happen (#$providerOfMotiveForce). Examples of transportation events include automobile transportation, dogs pulling goods on a sled, a wagon with groceries rolling down a hill, a person carrying clothes in a suitcase, etc. In that last case, note that the #$transporter is the suitcase, not the person. Things which are NOT #$TransportationEvents (as defined above): a river conveying some flotsam, the wind blowing a leaf, a conveyor belt moving a widget to the next person on the assembly line, or a walking beast of burden without #$transportees on it. The first 3 of these would be instances of #$Conveying-Stationary, since the would-be #$transporter doesn't actually change its overall location, and hence is a #$conveyor-Stationary; in the fourth case, the unburdened beast has no #$transportees. bfee877a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transporting people A specialization of #$TransportationEvent. In each instance of #$TransportingPeople, some instance(s) of #$Person are the main transportees (or are among the main transportees) in the event. Note that this collection excludes events in which people are merely conveyed (as, e.g., by a moving sidewalk), rather than travelling with their transporting device. Note that #$transportees is interpreted broadly: even the driver (#$driverActor) of the transportation device counts among the #$transportees). Cf. (#$TransportFn #$Person). bf11baba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transubstantiation The collection of events in #$Catholicism in which #$CommunionWafer(a sliver of bread) is transformed into the body of #$JesusChrist. #$Transubstantiation is one of the key issues of doctrine that separates #$Catholicism and #$ProtestantReligion. c07a6022-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 trapezoid shaped #$TrapezoidShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all four sided two dimensional figures which contain exactly two parallel sides. bf135604-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 trapping events A collection of events. In an instance of #$Trapping, an animal is taken into custody by using a device that physically captures the body of the animal. The animal may or may not be killed in the event. bd605152-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 paths The collection of all traversals of paths and networks. A traversal is a trace of a pathway along pre-existing #$Path-Generics. It is the 'path-representation' of certain actual trajectories (instances of #$Trajectory) that are confined to paths. Different actual trajectories may have the same traversal; to see this, consider two cars driving along a block of 10th St. The actual car movements have different trajectories -- say, one drove straight while the other switched lanes many times. The two different trajectories are both characterized by the same traversal of that block of 10th Street. A traversal of a network of paths can be represented by (#$TraversalFn CHAIN) where CHAIN is a #$PathChain. We may choose to use a more detailed representation of the traversal, i.e., use a #$PathChain made of more, but shorter, paths. For example, we may use several paths to replace a cycle in CHAIN if we want to be clear about the direction in that part of the traversal, or we may have to replace a path in CHAIN by several 'shorter' paths if we want to preserve the fact that the object moved backward at a small part of PATH and then resumed its original direction. In summary, a traversal is a constraint on a trajectory and a characterization of it in terms of traversing pre-existing #$Path-Generics. Technically, a #$Traversal from A to B can be expressed as (#$TraversalFn CHAIN) where CHAIN is a #$PathChain such that the first item in CHAIN is A and the last is B (we can assert: (#$traversalFrom (#$TraversalFn CHAIN) A) and (#$traversalTo (#$TraversalFn CHAIN) B)). Related constants include #$TraversalFn, #$traversalFrom, #$traversalTo, #$pointOnTraversal, #$subTraversals, #$traversalPassesThrough, #$traversalInSystem, etc. Note that a #$Traversal, unlike a #$Path-Generic, can cross itself, i.e., can 'pass through' a point on it many times. (Mathematically: given a #$PathSystem or #$CustomarySystemOfLinks, a #$Traversal of it is a directed path that has a homomorphism into that system.) be9b2377-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tree - path system The collection of all those #$ConnectedPathSystems that look like trees, i.e., those #$ConnectedPathSystems that have no #$Path-Cyclics at all. Note that since each instance of #$Tree-PathSystem has no cycles in it, it has no loops, nor multiple links between two nodes. be70229a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 trees A collection of plants; a subset of #$Plant-Woody. Each element of #$Tree-ThePlant is a tree, i.e., a tall woody plant that is usually taller than a person or a bush, generally having a branching form overall, and with roots in the ground, a trunk, and the branches having numerous leaves exposed to the sky. Cf. #$Bush. bd58cf75-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tree ordering The collection of all those #$PartialOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation R orders elements of the #$baseSet S of ORDER into a tree-like structure. This means that each pair of elements of S has a common 'R-lower-bound' in S (i.e., for each X, Y in S, there is a Z in S such that R(Z X) and R(Z Y)), and the set of 'R-lower-bounds' of each X in S is ordered in a chain by R (i.e., {Y: Y is in S and R(Y X)} is a chain). Note that a #$TreeOrdering can itself be a chain, i.e., a #$TotalOrdering. Note also that if you want a #$RelationalStructure that is just like a #$TreeOrdering but with the ordering relation to be irreflexive, see #$TreeOrdering-Strict. beb293c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tree ordering - strict The collection of all those #$MathematicalOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation R is irreflexive and transitive on the #$baseSet S of ORDER, and in which every pair of different elements of S has a common 'R-lower-bound', and the set of 'R-lower-bounds' of each X in S is ordered in a (possibly empty) chain by R (i.e., {Y: Y is in S and R(Y X)} is a (possibly empty) chain). Note that the only difference between a #$TreeOrdering and a #$TreeOrdering-Strict is that the ordering relation of the former is reflexive while that of the latter is irreflexive. c136761b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 trials The collection of legal conflicts that are heard and decided by a court. bd63d28f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 triangular #$Triangular is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all triangular-shaped objects. c0eecddb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tropical rain forest Attribute of areas of dense forest located in the tropics and characterized by high annual rainfall and continuous high temperature. Up to three tree layers grow above a variable shrub layer. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995). c05abb5b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 trucks The collection of all trucks, large #$RoadVehicles for ground transportation. Trucks are most often used to haul freight, garbage, materials, liquids and other heavy loads. #$FireTrucks take firemen to fires. In many parts of the world, people routinely ride in the backs of Trucks. A Truck has a cab for the driver, separate from the cargo area of the Truck. bd58b381-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 some statement in the KB is true An element of #$TruthValue. #$True is logical truth in Cyc; this is the abstract logical notion--not to be confused with Lisp's T, nor with the English word `true'. bd5880d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 truth function Each #$TruthFunction is a relationship which is used to form sentences about the world. Informally, one can think of these as functions, which, when used in the ``arg0'' or ``predicate'' position in a CycL expression with the correct number and type of arguments, produce a CycL formula which has a particular truth value (true, false or unknown). #$TruthFunction stands in contrast to #$Function-Denotational. Both are special types of #$Relation, but instances of #$Function-Denotational are used in expressions to form new terms, rather than sentences. bea64551-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 truths #$TruthValue is a collection of mathematical objects; it contains the abstract, logical objects #$True and #$False. bd58e3ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tube shape A subset of #$CylinderShape. Each element of #$TubeShape is a hollow cylinder whose height is much greater than the radius of its base. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as pipes and hoses, as well as some abstract cylinders. c10060cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tube shaped #$TubeShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all cylindrical objects for which it is true that the height (#$heightOfObject) is much greater than the radius of its base. This includes objects that are hollow or solid objects. c1169e71-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tumours Each element of this collection is an abnormal tissue mass found in an animal. Instances of #$Tumor include both malignant (cancerous -- see #$Cancer) and benign (non-cancerous) growths which have no normal physiological cause or function within the animal's body. c0fd58aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tundra Attribute of terrain types characterized by permanently frozen treeless land supporting a growth of mosses, lichens, grasses, rushes, and very few other forms of plant life. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995). bee38400-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tuple A collection of mathematical objects. Each element of #$Tuple is a complex which contains some number (greater than or equal to 1) of ordered (or otherwise indexed) components (it might be a pair, a triple, etc., or there may be a function from column names into their value domains). For example, #$BloodPressureReading is a specialized subset of #$Tuple; each element of #$BloodPressureReading is an ordered or column-indexed pair (of numbers), in which the first is the systolic reading, the second the diastolic reading. Components of tuples need not be restricted to numbers; for example, the entries in a data base (e.g., my address book) also qualify as tuples, whose components are name, address, phone, email address, etc. A significant subset of #$Tuple is #$NTupleInterval (q.v.), whose elements are tuples consisting of intervals only; e.g., complex numbers, physical vectors. Technically, if the index set for the #$Tuple is the counting numbers in their usual order, then the implied order alone can be used to pick a member of the tuple, and the tuple is in fact a #$List. In the general case, any index set (distinct column names, for example, in a relational database) may be used to index the members of a tuple, not just their order-position numbers. bd58f8d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 turning off powered device The collection of actions in which the #$DeviceState of a #$PhysicalDevice changes from #$DeviceOn to #$DeviceOff. bd590669-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 turning on powered device The collection of actions in which the #$DeviceState of a #$PhysicalDevice changes from #$DeviceOff to #$DeviceOn. bd590628-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 twilights The union of the two collections of time intervals #$Dawn and #$Dusk. Each #$Twilight is a situation where the sky is indirectly illuminated by the #$Sun, either just before a #$Sunrise or just after a #$Sunset. c0f71446-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 two dimensional The most general shape attribute (see #$ShapeAttribute) held by all two-dimensional things. bedaa3b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 two dimensional shapes A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of #$TwoDimensionalShape is a two-dimensional object. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the flat surface of a table, as well as abstract two-dimensional objects. bd58c2a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 two dimensional shape attribute The collection of instances of #$ShapeAttribute that are held by spatial things that are two-dimensional. bff550c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 two dimensional shape type A collection of collections. Each instance of #$TwoDimensionalShapeType is a collection of things which are subsets of #$TwoDimensionalShape. c0f46e93-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 two-stories Collection of all two story buildings. bd58c6cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 type predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TypePredicate is a predicate used in asserting relations between #$Collections, or between #$Individuals and #$Collections, which in turn imply further assertions involving instances of the #$Collections. Examples: #$primaryActivityType, #$insuredEventTypes, #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected, #$frequencyOfActionType, #$objectTypesCollected. bd58a9e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 American cities A collection of cities. Each element of #$USCity is a city in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica. Note that #$City (q.v.) is widely construed to include towns and villages. Examples of #$USCity: #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfGainesvilleFL, #$CityOfLongBeachCA, #$CityOfArmonkNewYork, #$CityOfEssexJunctionVermont, #$CityOfCambridgeMA, #$CityOfPaloAltoCA, #$CityOfRedmondWA. bd5884c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 federal government organizations A collection of government organizations. An instance of #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization is an element of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization which is part of the #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment. This collection includes the U.S. military, Federal courts, U.S. Congress, U.S. territorial governments, Federal departments and independent agencies, and the city of Washington, D.C.; it does NOT include U.S. states, interstate compacts, and cities (other than Washington, D.C.). c1005ad7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ultra sound A collection of events; a subset of #$Sound. Each element of #$UltraSound is a sound wave having a #$Frequency greater than 20,000 cycles per second, which is above the range of human hearing. c02c1799-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unalloyed metals A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of #$Metal. Every instance of #$UnalloyedMetal is a metal which is also an element, i.e., a substance of unmixed chemical type. Thus, each subset of #$UnalloyedMetal is a subset of both #$Metal and #$ElementStuff. Examples of #$UnalloyedMetal include the instances of #$Gold, #$Iron, #$Uranium, #$Antimony, #$Titanium, and many more. bd5908f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unary function #$UnaryFunction is the subset of #$Function-Denotational whose elements take only a single argument. bd58af89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unary predicate #$UnaryPredicate is the subset of #$Predicate whose elements take only a single argument. Note, however, that most unary properties are implemented in Cyc as elements of #$Collection or of #$AttributeValue, rather than of #$UnaryPredicate. So there should not be very many instances of this collection. bd5e7a9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unary relation The collection of all #$Relations of arity 1 in CycL. This collection was created in order to implement automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL, regardless of whether they are predicates or functions. bee5923d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unconsciousness #$Unconscious is the #$Alertness attribute of being #$Unconscious. It is the opposite of #$Awake. A specialization of this attribute is #$Asleep. bd58a4f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unemployed people A collection of persons. Each instance of #$UnemployedPerson is a worker who is unemployed. An unemployed worker is someone who either has worked previously and could still do so (if s/he had a job), or someone who is qualified to work (e.g., a recent graduate) but has not yet worked. bd588cd7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unintended loss of user rights Nondeliberate loss of some #$UserRightsAttribute; for example, when something is stolen, appropriated, or, in some cases, simply lost. bd62c758-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unique anatomical part type A collection of collections. Instances are types of #$OrganismParts that occur uniquely in the organisms (#$Organism-Whole) that have them. For example, #$Head-AnimalBodyPart. c0fe0533-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of acceleration The collection of functions which return elements of Acceleration. For example, the value of the function #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond applied to the real number 9.8 -- (#$MetersPerSecondPerSecond 9.8) -- is 9.8 meters per second squared. bd58eadf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of angular acceleration The collection of functions which return elements of #$AngularAccelerationRate (i.e., the rate of change in the #$RateOfRotation). bd58eb20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of angular distance The collection of functions which return elements of #$AngularDistance. E.g., (#$Radian 5) denotes 5 radians. bd58ab94-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of angular speed The collection of functions which return elements of #$RateOfRotation. E.g., (#$RadiansPerSecond 5) denotes a change of 5 radians in angular distance per second. bd58accb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of area The collection of functions which return elements of #$Area; e.g., (#$SquareYard 4) returns an area of 4 square yards. bd58c2c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of capacitance The collection of functions which return elements of #$ElectricalCapacitance. E.g., (#$Farad 20) denotes an electrical capacitance of 20 farads. bd5888a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of charge The collection of functions which return elements of #$ElectricalCharge. E.g., (#$Coulomb 3) denotes an electrical charge of 3 coulombs. bd588a31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of concentration The collection of functions which return elements of #$ConcentrationStrength-Generic (i.e., mass of some element of #$ExistingStuffType per unit of #$Volume). E.g., (#$GramsPerMilliliter 0.1) denotes a concentration of 0.1 grams per milliliter of one substance within another. bd6754a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of current The collection of functions which return elements of #$ElectricalCurrent. E.g., (#$Ampere 2) denotes an instance of #$ElectricalCurrent that would measure two amps. bd58a8db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of distance The collection of functions which return elements of #$Distance; e.g., (#$Mile 26.2) denotes 26.2 miles. bd588ab7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of energy The collection of functions which return elements of #$EnergyAsAQuantity. E.g., (#$Joule 5) denotes 5 joules. bd58dd71-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of flow rate The collection of functions which return elements of #$FlowRate (i.e.,volume of stuff passing a point per unit of time). E.g., (#$CubicMeterPerSec 2000) denotes a #$FlowRate of 2000 cubic meters per second. bd5899d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of frequency The collection of functions which are used for expressing how often something occurs during an interval of time, i.e., functions which return an element of #$Frequency. E.g., (#$MegaHertz 89.5) returns a frequency of 89.5 MHz. bd58ac89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of mass The collection of functions which return elements of #$Mass. E.g. (#$Kilogram 5) denotes 5 kilograms. bd588a72-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of measure #$UnitOfMeasure is the collection of all functions which return elements of #$ScalarInterval that describe physical quantities such as #$Speed, #$Volume, etc. Those functions are usually grouped into subsets depending on what they measure (e.g., #$UnitOfSpeed,#$UnitOfVolume). Functions which belong to #$UnitOfMeasure are variable-arity relations that take either one or two arguments, both of which must be elements of #$SubLRealNumber. If only one argument is given (e.g. (#$Meter 5)), the expression stands for a precise quantity (here, 5 meters); see also #$ScalarPointValue. If two arguments are given (e.g. (#$Meter 5 10)), the expression stands for a closed interval and the arguments are interpreted as the interval's mininum and maximum, respectively. Following are a few example uses of some elements of #$UnitOfMeasure: `10 years': (#$YearsDuration 10) `2 feet': (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 2) `50 dollars and 2 cents': (#$Dollar-UnitedStates 50.02) `between 1 and 50 pounds per square inch, inclusive': (#$PoundsPerSquareInch 1 50) `dimensionless quantity between 3 and 4.1, inclusive': (#$Unity 3 4.1). bd5880aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of measure without a prefix Please see the #$SharedNote #$NoteForUnitOfMeasureWithPrefixAndNoPrefix. bd5883ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unit of measure with prefix Please see the #$SharedNote #$NoteForUnitOfMeasureWithPrefixAndNoPrefix. bd58f899-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of monetary flow rate The collection of functions which return elements of #$MonetaryFlowRate (i.e. transfer of money per unit of time). E.g., (#$DollarsPerHour 10) denotes a #$MonetaryFlowRate of $10 per hour. bd589991-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of money A collection of Cyc functions. #$Dollar-UnitedStates, #$Peso-Mexico, and #$Yen-Japan are each elements of this collection (along with functions for many other nations's monetary units). Each of these is a function which, given real numbers as arguments, returns an instance of the collection #$Money (q.v.). For example, (#$Dollar-UnitedStates 5.99) denotes an element of #$Money whose size, or amount, is five dollars and 99 cents, expressed in the `unit of measure' US dollars; in short, (#$Dollar-UnitedStates 5.99) denotes $5.99. Note: The monetary values associated with the members of #$UnitOfMoney, and the exchange rates between them, fluctuate (sometimes widely) over very short periods of time -- daily, even hourly. In being heavily time-dependent, #$UnitOfMoney is unlike most other subsets of #$UnitOfMeasure. bd5883c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of power The collection of functions which return elements of #$Power. E.g., (#$Watt 5) denotes 5 watts. bd58ea5a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of pressure The collection of functions which return elements of #$Pressure (i.e., force per unit #$Area) or #$Elasticity. E.g., (#$Pascal-UnitOfPressure 175) denotes a #$Pressure of 175 pascals. bd58c776-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of rate The collection of functions which return elements of #$Rate. This includes any measurement function (see #$UnitOfMeasure) whose #$unitOfMeasureExpansions list includes the factor (-1 #$UnitOfTime). For example, (#$DollarsPerDay 1000) denotes $1000 per day. bd5890ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of speed The collection of functions which return elements of Speed. For example, the value of the function #$MilesPerHour applied to the number five -- (#$MilesPerHour 5) -- is five miles per hour. bddfadc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of temperature The collection of functions which return elements of #$Temperature. E.g., (#$DegreeFahrenheit 451) denotes a #$Temperature of 451 F. bd58b17f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of time The collection of functions which return elements of #$Time-Quantity; e.g., (#$YearsDuration 100) returns a time period equal to a century. bd58f9c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of voltage The collection of functions which return elements of #$Voltage. E.g., (#$Volt 120) denotes an electrical voltage of 120 volts. bd58ea9c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 units of volume The collection of functions which return elements of #$Volume. E.g., (#$Liter 5) denotes 5 liters. bd58fd9f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unit vector - precise The collection #$UnitVector-Precise is a subset of #$Vector-Precise and of #$UnitVectorInterval. Each element of #$UnitVector-Precise is a vector interval with a magnitude of 1 and a precisely specified direction (e.g., due North, straight down). Thus, one precise unit vector differs from another only in direction, since each vector consists of a magnitude and a direction (in a space of n > 1 dimensions). So elements of #$UnitVector-Precise in effect indicate different directions such as `straight up' or `due East'. bd58ec98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unit vector interval The collection #$UnitVectorInterval is a subset of #$VectorInterval. Each element of #$UnitVectorInterval is a vector interval with a magnitude of 1. The range of the endpoints of all the unit vectors [#$UnitVector-Precise] form a contiguous curve (in 2 space), surface (in 3 space), volume (in 4 space), etc. depending upon the dimentionality of the vector. One #$UnitVectorInterval differs from another only in range of direction, since the magnitude of every #$UnitVectorInterval is the same. An element of #$UnitVectorInterval may specify either a precise unit vector [#$UnitVector-Precise] or a generalized range of directions such as `in front of'. The range of directions in 3-space may be quite irregular, such as the direction interval from #$Chile to #$Russia. bd58eb0c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (the United Kingdom, or UK), an independent country off the northwest coast of Europe consisting of #$England, #$Scotland, #$Wales, and #$NorthernIreland, and possessing all British colonies and other possessions. It technically excludes the #$IsleOfMan-Island and the #$ChannelIslands, which are realms of the British monarch. bd589184-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 United Nations This constant represents the United Nations (U.N.) -- the international organization founded at the end of World War II and now comprising almost all of the countries in the world (with some exceptions, e.g., Taiwan). bd590c36-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 the United States The United States of America, a large independent country constisting of the territory, population, and infrastructure of the United States, considered as a whole, i.e., an element of #$GeopoliticalEntity. The nation is mostly in the #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica south and west of #$Canada and north of #$Mexico. It was founded in 1776 by emigrants from Europe. bd58a42a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 united states person A collection of persons. Each element of #$UnitedStatesPerson is a person who either was born in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica or is currently among that country's #$citizens. bd58f5ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 United States presidents A collection of temporal slices (#$subAbstrac) of persons. Each element of #$UnitedStatesPresident is a person who holds the office of #$UnitedStatesPresident under the Constitution. Examples: #$BillClinton from January 1993 through the present (January 1998); #$RichardNixon from January 1969 till his resignation in 1974; #$LyndonJohnson from November 1963 until January 1969. John Hansen and others who held the title under the Articles of Confederation, are not included in this collection. Although ex-U.S. Presidents have, in recent journalistic practice, tended to retain the title `President', although those individuals are no longer members of the collection #$UnitedStatesPresident after they leave office. c10052d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 universities A collection of educational organizations. An element of #$University is an organization, usually (but not always) called `University', which does university-level teaching and/or research. Some universities comprise multiple `colleges' and professional schools. Some universities lie within a more or less local and spatially contiguous campus (e.g. #$UniversityOfTexasAtAustin) while others consist of a system of campuses (e.g. #$UniversityOfTexas). bd58e3be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unknown - h l truth value bd58f8fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unordered attribute type A collection of collections. Each element of #$UnorderedAttributeType is a collection of attributes whose values are not ordered over their whole range of possible values. A collection belonging to #$UnorderedAttributeType contains values that are incommensurable with one another. For example, the `suit' attribute of playing cards (unlike the number or face value of the cards) is an unordered attribute in card games where no suit is considered higher than another. The `gender' attribute of animals is an #$UnorderedAttributeType, as well. By contrast, see #$PrimitiveAttributeType. bd58d593-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unreifiable function The collection of all Cyc functions whose values CANNOT be reified and treated like Cyc constants. Usually we want to make functions reifiable for efficiency reasons (see #$ReifiableFunction), but on the other hand, it is not desirable to reify every non-atomic term; for example, all the measurable quantities, such as (#$Inch 5), and the numbers which result from using elements of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities (e.g., #$PlusFn), should all be instances of #$UnreifiableFunction. bd992179-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 up - directly The direction straight up. In the terrestrial context, #$Up-Directly points in the opposite direction of Earth's gravitational force vector. bd5889a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 upward The element of #$VectorInterval which comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$Up-Directly. bd58a4d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 upside-down (#$orientation OBJECT #$UpSideDown) means that OBJECT's intrinsic bottom (e.g., the hull of a ship) is above (#$above-Directly) its intrinsic top (e.g., the masthead). Many things don't work properly when upside down, e.g., sailboats, salad bowls, newspapers. c0fbac43-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 stance The attribute that describes an #$Animal in an upright, i.e. vertically extended, #$Posture. (#$postureOfAnimal ANIMAL #$UprightPosture) is implied by walking and running, as well as by standing. bd5903e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 urban areas A collection of geographical regions; a subset of #$HumanResidenceArea. Each element of #$UrbanArea is a region that has urban features. Elements of #$UrbanArea can be as small as an urban neighborhood, or as big as, say, the New York City Metropolitan Area. By default, urbanness is an intrinsic property of such areas; i.e., every subregion of an element of #$UrbanArea is also an instance of #$UrbanArea. Examples: #$UTAustinCampus, #$WestlakeHills, #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfToulouseFrance, #$CityOfMurmanskRussia, #$CityOfTaipeiTaiwan, #$ResearchTrianglePark. bd58caec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 itches This is a #$Collection of physical urges of a certain type, namely the urges that animals have to scratch an itch (and their accompanying internal sensations.) bd58a509-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 urge to sneeze This is a #$Collection of physical urges of a certain type, namely the urges that animals have to sneeze (and their accompanying internal sensations.) bd58a54a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 property rights A collection of attributes. An instance of #$UserRightsAttribute describes what right an agent has to use something. For example, the rights of an owner of a house can be distinguished from the rights of a renter by specifying the appropriate #$UserRightsAttributes. Elements of #$UserRightsAttributes include: #$FullUseRights (the agent can do whatever s/he wants with it), #$ExclusiveUserRights (the agent is the only authorized user), #$PrimaryUserRights (this agent's uses take priority over everyone else's), #$GroupUserRightsAttribute (the agent's right to use something depends on membership in a group), and more. bd58e3d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 utterances A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$AnimalSound. Each element of #$Utterance is a sound which was initially generated by someone speaking or making some sound with the mouth. If such IBTs are recorded and played back, the sound generated is still considered an element of #$Utterance. Examples: your spouse saying `Good morning' today; Ed McMahon saying `Here's Johnny' (on almost innumerable occasions); a child screaming at a playmate; Humphrey Bogart saying `Here's looking at you' on the set of `Casablanca'. bd590c24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 variable arity relation A collection of relationships. Each element of #$VariableArityRelation is a relationship that can take a variable number of arguments, making it unlike most relationships, which have a fixed number of argument places. Examples of #$VariableArityRelation include conjunction (#$and) and functions such as addition (#$PlusFn) that accept a variable number of arguments. bd5d0b56-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 variable arity skolem func n The subcollection of #$SkolemFuncNs with variable arity. These are only created when a sequence variable is in the scope of a bounded existential. becf783a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 variable arity skolem function The subcollection of #$SkolemFunctions with variable arity. These are only created when a sequence variable is in the scope of the skolem. bdb0bfbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vector - precise A collection of vectors; a subset of #$VectorInterval. Each element of #$Vector-Precise is an exactly indicated (i.e., point) vector, such as `5 feet due West'. Both direction and distance are precise. Thus, #$Vector-Precise is to #$VectorInterval what #$ScalarPointValue is to #$ScalarInterval. #$Vector-Precise includes all the instances of #$UnitVector-Precise. bd58dd86-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vector interval The collection #$VectorInterval is a subset of #$NTupleInterval. Each element of #$VectorInterval is an n-tuple of intervals (where n > 1), one of which is a direction. Like the elements of #$ScalarInterval, the intervals in an element of #$VectorInterval may be point-valued or cover a range of values. The minimal interval (i.e., point-valued) type of vector interval is exemplified by a vector such as `10 meters due east'. Vectors may also cover a range of values; e.g., `at least 10 feet away and in a horizontal direction'; `between ten to twelve miles NNW'. bd58ec12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vegetables A collection of edible stuff. Each element of #$Vegetable-Food is a foodstuff which is derived from a plant and is ordinarily considered a vegetable; e.g., a carrot (an instance of #$Carrot-Foodstuff), a potato (an instance of #$Potato-Foodstuff), a lima bean (a #$Bean-Foodstuff), a tomato (a #$Tomato-Foodstuff). Note: #$Vegetable-Food includes certain plant parts that are technically classified as fruits by botanists, but which are treated as vegetables in food classification -- such as tomatoes. These would, e.g., be found in the vegetables section of a supermarket, and they satisfy more of the axioms about vegetables than those about fruits (e.g., sweetness.) bd58eacd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vegetables A collection of plants that play a special role in human nutrition. Each element of #$Vegetable-Plant is a plant that produces the edible things that we normally call `vegetables' (which can include fruits, seeds, stalks, leaves, or other parts, or even the whole plant). The elements of #$Vegetable-Plant grow in gardens and produce the vegetables that are eaten; vegetable plants are not necessarily also elements of #$Food. See #$Vegetable-Food for the collection of vegetables--plants or (more usually) plant parts--that are eaten by humans. bd58c247-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vegetable matter A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$VegetableMatter is a piece of stuff (solid, liquid, or, improbably but conceivably, gaseous) which is a piece of vegetable material. This includes all instances of #$PlantProduct (such as elements of its subsets #$VegetableOil, #$TobaccoLeaf, #$Jute-Fiber, #$VanillaExtract, etc.), as well as naturally occurring pieces of vegetable matter (e.g., a clod of peat in a bog, an apple hanging on a tree, a mushroom growing wild in a forest). bd58c455-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 verbs The collection of all verbs. Verbs usually denote events, states, or processes. Verbs can be conjugated. Example: `eat'. bd58807c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 varmints A collection of animals considered undesirable to find living in human habitation buildings or other facilities. bd58a57c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vertebrates A collection of animals; one of the #$taxonMembers of the #$ChordataPhylum. Each element of #$Vertebrate is an animal that has a backbone or spine made of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae, which may be separate or fused. #$Vertebrate includes the most familiar animals, viz., the instances of #$Mammal, #$Reptile, #$Bird, #$Fish. Some biologists class the 'Vertebrata' as a sub-phylum of the #$ChordataPhylum. #$Vertebrate excludes Amphioxus. bd58a5e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vertical The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises all the vectors that are parallel to #$Up-Directly and #$Down-Directly. bd58baba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vertical (#$orientation OBJECT #$VerticalOrientation) means that OBJECT is vertical with respect to the current instance of #$FrameOfReference. A linear (#$LongAndThin) object is vertical if and only if its longest dimension is perpendicular to horizontal (#$HorizontalDirection). A planar (#$SheetShaped) object has #$VerticalOrientation if and only if its planar surface is perpendicular to the current horizontal plane. Typically, vertical objects include window panes, skyscrapers, trees, radio towers, and walls. c0fbad0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 very alert #$VeryAlert is an #$Alertness attribute which is a specialization of #$Awake. It is the state of an #$Animal paying particular attention to its environment (or a specific aspect thereof). It is the state an #$Antelope is in after smelling a #$Lion, or a burglar is in after hearing the front door open. bd58a67c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 veterinary hospitals The collection of all local organizations that provide professional medical care to non-human animals. Note that this is not a specialization of Hospital. The names may be the same, but hospitals provide medical care to persons only. c10c37d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vibration sensors A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that detect amplitude and frequency of vibrations through a physical medium. This includes ears, skin, and also artificial devices such as microphones, seismographs, etc. Note: #$Eyes are not #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensors because there need not be any physical medium for electromagnetic wave propagation. This is a somewhat close call, and indeed in past centuries most people believed that light propagated through aether, but what it comes down to is this: consider all the axioms that apply only to the structure, function, and operation, failure, etc. of a #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor, and of that set how many hold true for eyes --- and the answer is No, most of them don't. So parsimony dictates that #$Eye not be a subset of #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor. bd58dbc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vines The collection of vine plants, #$Plants that are in the form (gross form and habit) of long tendrils or long, narrow, flexible ropy strands. bd58c2a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 viruses The collection of tiny microbes called viruses, each consisting mainly of a capsid (capsule chamber) containing viral DNA or RNA. Viruses have no cells, but reproduce by inserting into living cells the viral DNA or RNA, which then uses cellular mechanisms to create new viruses. Viruses cause many diseases in all other organisms; some can infect elements of #$Bacterium. #$Virus excludes prions, bacteria, rickettsia, and protists. bd589742-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 visas A collection of permissions. Each element of #$Visa-Permit is an authorization issued by the government of some country to one (or more) person(s), stating that s/he is allowed to enter that country and remain for a certain period of time while engaging in certain specified activities (e.g., study, travel, work). Examples: (United States) #$H1WorkVisa, #$F1WorkVisa, #$GreenCard. bd5af45a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 viscosities A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Viscosity represents a specific viscosity (i.e., `runniness') of some #$LiquidTangibleThing. The lower the viscosity of a liquid, the more easily it flows or spreads out. Different viscosities may be represented with a #$GenericValueFunction (q.v.), or by using some common substance as a reference (e.g., #$ViscousAsWater, #$ViscousAsHoney). Vicosities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$viscosityOfSubstance. bd5904a7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 visibility A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$Visibility is a characterization of how clear the ambient fluid at a location is. Higher values indicate one can see farther (than one could have at lower values at the same location). Different degrees of visibility may be designated using a #$GenericValueFunction. Visibility at a location is expressed with the predicate #$ambientVisibility. bd58d2a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 light waves A collection of events; a subset of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$VisibleLight is an instance of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength approximately between 3800 and 7750 #$Angstroms, i.e., light visible to human eyes. bd58f608-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 visits A collection of actions. In a #$VisitingSomeone event, one #$Agent travels or moves to the vicinity of another #$Agent for the purpose of meeting with that other #$Agent. Each #$VisitingSomeone is purposeful, at least on the part of the #$Agent doing the travelling, and that #$Agent is typically a #$Person, and the purpose is often social in nature. bd58d4d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 visual communicating A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$VisualCommunicating is an action in which information is transmitted by visual media. Every element of #$VisualCommunicating has at least one #$communicationToken which is an instance of #$VisualInformationSource. Examples of #$VisualCommunicating: a performance by mime Marcel Marceau; Seiji Ozawa conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra; a policeman directing traffic; shaking a fist at someone in anger; sending a message with flags, light pulses, or smoke signals. bd58a4fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 images A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each element of #$VisualImage is an #$Event in which visible light is generated in a particular pattern. The generated pattern of light contains information for an observer familiar with the interpretive conventions. Visual images may be produced by illuminating some instance of #$VisualInformationSource, which is a tangible object (e.g., a photograph, movie film, or page of print), or by direct manipulation of light(s) to produce a pattern (e.g., nautical code lights). Visual images may be instantaneous or extended in time. Visual images may be classified by features of their appearance (e.g., #$ColorImage, #$BlackAndWhiteImage), by their origin (e.g., #$XRayImage, #$PenOrPencilDrawing, #$SatelliteImage), their content (e.g., #$LandscapeImage), and other distinctions. Note: The #$VisualImage is #$InformationBearingWavePropagation #$Event, not the abstract pattern which may be shared between such Events. bd590bda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 visual information conveying act The collection of actions that express (transmit) visual information. bd58f666-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 visual information sources A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). Each element of #$VisualInformationSource is an IBT from which information is extracted by viewing it (with the appropriate interpretive conventions). Examples of #$VisualInformationSource include handwritten letters; newspapers and other print media objects; paintings, sculpture, and other visual art objects; projected images, neon signs, etc. The information content of instances of #$VisualInformationSource may or may not be propositional in nature. In the proper conditions elements of #$VisualInformationSources produce #$VisualImages. For example, if one shines light on a photograph, a characteristic #$VisualImage is produced. Likewise, if one electrifies a neon sign a #$VisualImage is produced. bd58cfb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 markings A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$VisualInformationSource. Each element of #$VisualMark is a visible marking on some object. Visual markings may be applied to an object using ink, paint, or pencil; they may be engraved into or molded out of the object's material; they may be made of other objects affixed to or resting on the object (e.g., a plaque bearing a house number); or they may consist of contrasting areas of color or light level (e.g., markings on a computer screen). bd590b98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 glimpses The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent #$sees something by means of an #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor detecting wavelengths of visible light, and thereby acquires information about it. Note: one eye is sufficient for #$VisualPerception, and limited short-distance #$DepthPerception, but `true' long-distance #$DepthPerception requires two eyes. bd58f0b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 visual representation microtheory A collection of microtheories. Each element of #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory is a context in which to state the propositional content of a particular visual representation. Visual representations include paintings, photographs, digitized images, moving pictures, statues, etc. For example, a visual representation microtheory of the #$StatueOfLiberty would include such assertions as `a woman holds up a torch in her right hand', `the woman is dressed in a neo-Classical robe', etc.; it would NOT include such information as, e.g., the #$StatueOfLiberty is made of copper or the #$StatueOfLiberty is in New York harbor. bd5f2401-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 volatilities A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Volatility represents the specific readiness of some liquid to evaporate. Higher volatility indicates a faster rate of evaporation. Volatilities of substances are indicated with the predicate #$volatilityOfSubstance. bd58be35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 volumes A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Volume is an amount of three-dimensional space occupied by one or more three-dimensional objects. Elements of #$Volume may be either a fixed interval, such as the volume of a five-gallon aquarium, or a range, such as 'fits in a bread box'. See #$UnitOfVolume for the units used by Cyc to measure volumes. bd58eee4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 voluntary body movements The collection of acts concerned with an agent's intentionally moving one part of its body relative to another part of its body. The energy source is the agent's own body, not some external force. Each instance of #$WavingAHand is an instance of #$VoluntaryBodyMovement --- the focus of that action is on the hand moving relative to the body. By way of constrast, an instance of #$OpeningADrawer is probably not going to be an instance of #$VoluntaryBodyMovement, even though the person opening the drawer probably does move their hand relative to their body, because the focus of the #$OpeningADrawer action is not on the hand moving, but rather on the drawer opening. bd58f69f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 warz The fighting of two or more armies through the use of weapons. The same as doing battle. bd58dfab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 carts The collection of all carts and wagons, relatively small non-motorized wheeled devices with two or more wheels, used for moving goods. Usually they are human-powered or #$EquineAnimal driven. c0fd662e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 wake The collection of events in which an #$Animal goes from the state of being asleep to being in a waking state. bd58abc5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 wall of a construction Any wall which is a part of a #$HumanShelterConstruction. This includes includes the walls on the outside of the building as well as those on the inside such as the wall separating two rooms in a house. bd58f8d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 warplanes The collection of all #$Airplanes which are designed (and often used) as weapons of war. c13f5369-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 guarantees A collection of agreements; a subset of #$AuthorizedAgreement. Each element of #$Warranty is an agreement between the seller (and/or manufacturer) and the purchaser of some object or service. In a warranty, the seller/manufacturer promises that the object or service will be satisfactory in some indicated way (e.g., free of defects, effective, etc.). Usually a warranty specifies what compensation an unsatisfied purchaser is entitled to (e.g., free repairs, a refund), and how s/he can claim it. bd589ead-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 washes A collection of events, and a subset of #$Cleaning. In a #$Washing event, some #$Water is being employed in the cleaning, typically with some surfactant such as soap dissolved in the water. If only water (i.e., no soap) is used in a #$Washing, then the event also belongs to a particular subset of #$Washing, namely #$Rinsing. bd589c84-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 watching events A collection of events involving the deliberate direction of #$VisualPerception on the part of an #$Agent. c0ed09e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 water A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$Oxide. Each instance of #$Water is one piece of all the portions of the chemical compound H2O. Those instances may be in a gaseous, liquid, or solid #$stateOfMatter; they may be salty, not salty, drinkable, or not drinkable. Examples of #$Water include portions of the ocean, such as the #$BayOfBiscay and the #$BayOfBengal (see also #$SeaWater); bodies of fresh water, such as #$NiagaraFalls or the #$GangesRiver; quantities of chlorinated water (see #$PoolWater); and the contents of bottles of tonic water (see #$SeltzerWater). Things that have one or more important properties different from water's, but consist mostly of water, don't belong to the collection #$Water but have an element of #$Water as their #$mainConstituent; e.g., urine, coffee, lemonade. bd58c01d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 water - saline A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$Water. Each element of #$Water-Saline is a portion of water with some substantial concentration of salt mixed into it. For example, the #$RedSea, #$GreatSaltLake, or the salt water I mix up for gargling. bd5905d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 water crafts A collection of transportation devices. An instance of #$WaterTransportationDevice is a vehicle used for transportation on or through water (not a device for transporting water). Subsets of #$WaterTransportationDevice include the collections #$Ship, #$Watercraft, #$Sailboard, #$JetSki, etc. bd58c685-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 boats A collection of water transportation devices. An instance of #$Watercraft is a device for transporting people and/or objects over water or through water under the surface without getting them wet; thus, instances of #$Submarine, #$Rowboat or #$Ship (as opposed to #$JetSki or #$Surfboard or #$Sailboard). bd58bee7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 wave propagations A collection of events. Each element of #$WavePropagation is an event in which a wavelike disturbance propagates through space, with or without a medium. A wave propagation is like a translational movement in that it can have a #$fromLocation and a #$toLocation, but differs in that there is no #$objectMoving. #$Sound and #$ElectromagneticRadiation are types of #$WavePropagation. Elements of #$WavePropagation include the sounds from exploding firecrackers at Penn State's Homecoming celebration in 1989; the light shining from my desk lamp right now; the X-rays generated in the dentist's office last Tuesday, for examining my teeth. c10080f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 wave propagation type A collection of collections. Each element of #$WavePropagationType is itself a collection, containing one type of #$WavePropagation events. Examples include the collections #$ElectromagneticRadiation, #$Sound, #$VisibleLight, and #$XRay. bf331d6f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 weapons A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$Weapon is a device primarily designed for destructive action against animals (often against other sentient beings, most often humans) and/or their habitats (or, more rarely, some class of possessions of theirs.) This collection includes weapons as traditionally defined (e.g., instances of #$Sword, instances of #$Gun-Portable, #$Bombs, etc.) and also miscellaneous military hardware used to kill, to destroy, to immobilize, etc. in military operations. Note that in the case of missile weapons, both the launcher and the ammunition are considered #$Weapons in this sense. E.g., a bow, an arrow, a missile launcher, an ICBM missile, a gun, a bullet. This may seem odd at first glance, but in many contexts most of the same axioms apply to both. Even in our linguistic utterances this carries over; e.g., if asked what killed JFK we can say a rifle, or a bullet from a rifle. Of course there are specializations (subsets) of #$Weapon that limit themselves to `the real weapon itself' and to `ammunition for missile weapons.' bd58fc57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 instances of wearing something A collection of situations; a subset of #$Configuration. Such a configuration has a temporal as well as a spatial extent, but activity is not implied. Each element of #$WearingSomething is an arrangement of tangible objects, one of which is wearing the other(s). Typically the wearer is a living person or animal, although surrogates are possible (e.g., mannequins, dolls, or corpses). Objects worn are elements of #$SomethingToWear. See also #$wearer, #$wearsClothing. bd589e09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 weather attributes A collection of attributes. Each element of #$WeatherAttribute is an attribute that can be used to describe the weather occurring in a geographic region. Examples: #$Snowy, #$Foggy. See also #$weatherAttributes. bd58e085-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 weather events A collection of events. Each element of #$WeatherEvent is a meteorological event of some duration, occurring over some spatial region. Some weather events are almost instantaneous (e.g., elements of the collection #$LightningEvent); others encompass an entire #$AnnualClimateCycle. Spatially, weather events may cover a small locality or a large portion of a continent. Weather events are regional weather (in the short term) and are, or partially constitute, the annual climate of a region (in the long term). bd58b679-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 wedge shaped #$WedgeShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all three dimensional objects such that any cross section that is sliced parallel to the two triangular ends will result in a triangle congruent to those ends. For instance, a pup tent would have this shape attribute. c13af9f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 weekly event type The collection of event-types that occur weekly. Each #$WeeklyEventType is a collection of events, all of which are synchronized with the calendar and which occur once a week. E.g., once instance #$WeeklyEventType is #$CycStaffMeeting, since there is an instance of #$CycStaffMeeting once a week. c0f7df0f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 west - directly Due West, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection. bd58f165-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 west - generally The general direction of West. The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$West-Directly. bd58a517-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 white collar An attribute; an element of #$JobAttribute. White collar jobs are those requiring little or no manual/physical labor; they are usually indoor jobs. bd58a85e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 wild animals The collection of all animals that are not domesticated or tame. Note that a captive animal may still be a wild animal, e.g., zoo animals that are not tame or domesticated. Cf. #$CaptiveAnimal, #$DomesticatedAnimal. c100532b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 wind-powered The subset of #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice (q.v.) whose elements are powered by the wind. For example, instances of the collection #$Windmill. bd58ff2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 winds The collection of events in which the ambient air at a #$GeographicalRegion (or some significant part of the total air mass) is in motion. bd58e8ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 window panes Each individual pane in a window. A window may only have one window pane. bd588640-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 windows Windows are one kind of portal found in a human occupation construct. They are usually covered by #$WindowThePortalCovering, which is the physical object made primarily of glass through which one can see. bd58f957-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 windows The physical object which 'covers' or fills in the #$WindowPortal. It is a physical barrier, but because it is made primarily of glass, it allows light to enter. bd589e6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 winters The collection of Winter seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, generally a time of cold and dormancy. #$WinterSeason represents the climatic aspects of Winter; for its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarWinter. bd5901c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 womens clothing A collection of objects. Each element of #$WomensClothing is a clothing item worn usually by women, i.e., items normally found in the women's section of department stores. Subsets include #$Skirts and #$HairPins. bd58dd8a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 wood A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Wood is a piece of solid, rigid, fibrous organic substance in or #$derivedFrom the inside of the trunks and limbs of trees. For example, any pieces of wooden furniture, doors, boards, fences, firewood, wooden spoons, etc. Use the Cyc function #$WoodFn with a collection of trees of one species, to designate the collection of all pieces of wood from a particular species of tree; e.g., (#$WoodFn #$OakTree). Note: cork and amber are NOT included in the collection #$Wood. bd58a6c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 jobs A collection of intangible objects; a subset of #$Agreement. Every element of #$WorkAgreement is an agreement between an employer and an employee, regarding the duties and remuneration which pertain to that worker's job for that employer. Elements of #$WorkAgreement consist of various #$subAgreements, typically including elements of #$JobDescription, #$CompensationPackage, and some #$CodeOfConduct. bd58d6b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 work status A collection of attributes. Each element of #$WorkStatus is a classification commonly used by human resources departments to describe the status of workers on the company payroll. Note that these attributes describe a person's status in a job, rather than the position itself. Examples of #$WorkStatus include #$Commissioned, #$HourlyWork, #$FullTime, #$PartTime, #$TemporaryWork. Also see #$employeeStatus. bd58b854-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 workplaces The collection of places where people customarily work (not the employing organizations). #$Workplace includes offices, restaurant buildings, construction sites, agricultural sites, the #$SpaceNeedle, etc. Some places may be #$Workplaces only during a small part of their existence (a piece of residential property while the house is being built, perhaps); some may almost always be #$Workplaces (grocery store buildings, office buildings, smithies, hospitals, etc.). bd58899c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 writings The collection of actions in which text is produced, either via writing by hand, with a typewriter, with a computer, etc. Could be a single episode of writing, or a discontinuous set of episodes (as when one writes a letter over a few days). #$Writing is not a #$Communicating, because there is not necessarily a successful transfer of information to some other agent. Of course, instances of #$Writing can be #$subEvents of such transfers. bd58cbbe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 writing by hand Writing is the formation of characters or symbols on a suitable surface for transmitting information. bd588ca7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 writing implements A collection of tools. An instance of #$WritingImplement is a hand-held tool which is intended to be primarily used, by a person, for writing. Subsets include the collections #$Chalk and #$WritingPen (but not #$Typewriter). Note: A marginal example is a PDA, such as an Apple Newton, with a stylus; both items, the PDA and the stylus, can be held in one's hands and used to record one's handwritten notes. Another marginal positive example is a stylus designed to held in the mouth by a quadraplegic person; i.e., `hand-held' is not an absolutely hard and fast constraint here. A close NON-example is a handheld calculator. bd58ffe6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 x-rays A collection of events; a subset of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$XRay is an instance of electromagnetic radiation that has a #$wavelength range from about 1 #$Angstrom to 1x10^-3 #$Angstroms. Includes X-rays produced both naturally and artificially. bf85c802-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abnormal Every default rule in our system P(x1,...,xn) => Q(x1,...,xn) is implicitly treated as (not(abnormal(x1,...,xn)) and P(x1,...,xn) => Q(x1,...,xn) This allows rules without exceptions to never have to incur the overhead of default reasoning. Exceptions to rules are written like so: (#$exceptWhen R(x1,...,xn) Rule001) and get canonicalized into rules concluding abnormal like so: R(x1,...,xn) => (#$abnormal(x1,....,xn) Rule001) Since a different 'abnormality' predicte is needed for every default rule in the system, we instead handle this uniqueness requirement by having a single #$abnormal predicate which takes the rule in question as an argument. Also, the variables over which abnormality is computed is given as a single list. This allows #$abnormal to be binary rather than arbitrary arity. bd5880bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 above - directly (#$above-Directly ABOVE BELOW) means either (1) the volumetric center of ABOVE is directly above some point of BELOW, if ABOVE is smaller than BELOW; or (2) otherwise, it means that some point of ABOVE is directly above the volumetric center of BELOW. bd58fbde-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 above - generally (#$above-Generally OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 is more or less above OBJ2. To be more precise: if OBJ1 would be within a cone-shaped set of vectors within about 45 degrees of #$Up-Directly pointing up from OBJ2 (see #$Up-Generally), then (#$above-Generally OBJ1 OBJ2). This is a wider predicate than #$above-Directly, but narrower than #$above-Higher. It probably most closely conforms to the English word 'above.' be69c623-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 above - higher (#$above-Higher OBJ-A OBJ-B) means that OBJ-A is ``higher up'' than OBJ-B. Since most contexts are terrestrial (see #$TerrestrialFrameOfReferenceMt) ``higher up'' typically means that the #$altitudeAboveGround of OBJ-A is greater than that of OBJ-B. bf020f6c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 above - overhead (#$above-Overhead ABOVE BELOW) means that ABOVE is directly above BELOW, all points of ABOVE are higher than all points of BELOW, and they do NOT touch. Examples: a bomb falling directly above a bunker; a street lamp shining directly above a person standing below. bd58b981-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 above - touching (#$above-Touching ABOVE BELOW) means that ABOVE is located over BELOW and they are touching. More precisely, it implies both (#$above-Directly ABOVE BELOW) and that ABOVE #$touches BELOW. Examples: a person sitting on a chair; coffee in a cup; a boat on water; a hat on a head. (Note that not every point of ABOVE must be higher than every point of BELOW.) bd58f620-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 account administrator The predicate #$accountAdministrator identifies the agent who administers a particular account. (#$accountAdministrator ACCT AGENT) means that the #$Account ACCT is administered by the individual or organization AGENT. bd58e1c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 balance The predicate #$accountBalance is used to indicate the balance of a particular account. (#$accountBalance ACCT BAL) means that the #$FinancialAccount ACCT has the balance BAL; BAL is the amount of #$Money either owed by, or available to, the #$accountHolder (depending upon the type of account). bd588d44-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 account holder The predicate #$accountHolder identifies the holder of a particular account. (#$accountHolder ACCT AGENT) means that the #$Account ACCT is held by the individual or organization AGENT; thus, money (or some other valuable) is owed to or from AGENT, in the amount shown in the account (see #$accountBalance). bd58e205-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 account status The predicate #$accountStatus indicates whether a particular account is paid up, overdue, delinquent, etc. (#$accountStatus ACCT STATUS) means that the #$Account ACCT has the attribute STATUS (see also #$AccountStatusAttribute). bd588cc0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 acknowledged act (#$acknowledgedAct ACKACT COMACT) means that the #$CommunicationAct-Single COMACT is acknowledged and replied-to by the responsive #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct ACKACT. Particular acceptances or rejections of a particular project proposal would involve examples of this predicate, as would a person responding to a wedding invitation, or a court responding to a motion. See also #$acknowledgementOf which refers to the abstract content of the communication. bd58dd20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 acknowledgement of (#$acknowledgementOf ACT PIT) means that ACT is an acknowledging act to signify receipt of the abstract information PIT that is being acknowledged and to indicate a response. The ACT may be an #$Accepting-CommunicationAct or a #$Rejecting-CommunicationAct, or several others. Some may be combinations, e.g. David may accept part of #$Wanda's order (say the part about cleaning the kitchen) but not the other part (say cleaning the bathroom). See also #$acknowledgedAct which relates the two acts directly. bd5905b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 acquaintance (#$acquaintedWith AGENT1 AGENT2) means the #$IndividualAgent AGENT1 is acquainted with the #$IndividualAgent AGENT2 (in the minimal sense that AGENT1 has come into physical or conversational contact with AGENT2, or that they have somehow knowingly communicated with each other). This typically means that each #$IndividualAgent is aware of some facts about the other. In cases where one of the #$IndividualAgents is sentient, this typically includes the ability of this agent to recognize the other by appearance, voice, scent, or some other physical attribute. bd58beb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 action expresses feeling (#$actionExpressesFeeling ACT EMOTYPE) means that the particular action ACT actually expresses the doer's feeling of EMOTYPE. Note: additional complications arise in using this in inference, as people can `fake' actions such as laughing, crying, etc., to mislead other people. See also #$actionExpressesFeelingToward. If one wishes to make statements about tendencies rather than actual expressions, e.g. ``smiling tends to express happiness'', see #$actionTypeExpressesFeeling. bd58801d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actor parts affected (#$actorPartsAffected ACT PART) means that PART is an #$objectActedOn in ACT, and it is one of the #$anatomicalParts of the organism which is #$bodilyActedOn in ACT. For example, during a man's morning shave, his #$Beard is an #$actorPartsAffected, but the hand with which he shaves is not, because his beard is changed, but his hand is not changed (`acted on') in any significant way. bd58b54b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actor parts involved (#$actorPartsInvolved ACT PART) means that PART is one of the #$anatomicalParts of an organism who has an active role in the event ACT, and, moreover, that PART is somehow involved in the action. Note that the organism to which PART belongs either performs or does ACT; it is not merely an #$objectActedOn. Some examples of #$actorPartsInvolved include: the eyes of someone who is sneezing (or crying); the left foot of someone playing in a football game; the right hand of someone who is shaking hands; the claws of a cat who is scratching someone. As a negative example, consider your hair while you are getting a haircut. It is not an #$actorPartsInvolved, because you are passive in that event; it is, though, an #$actorPartsAffected in that event. bd58b6d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actor The predicate #$actors is the most general instance of #$ActorSlot. All other actor slots are specializations of this predicate. Thus, #$actors is a broad concept which includes any entity which is involved in an action. (#$actors EVENT ACTOR) means that ACTOR is somehow meaningfully (directly or indirectly) involved in EVENT during EVENT. Mere cotemporality of objects (somewhere in the universe) with a particular event is not enough `involvement' to make those objects #$actors of that event. Nor is a representation of an event among the #$actors of that event, unless the representation affects the event. bd58c5a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 address text The predicate #$addressText maps a particular element of #$ContactLocation to its #$Address-LocationDesignator, ADDRESS. (#$addressText LOC ADDRESS) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC has the address ADDRESS. For example, the #$addressText of the Cycorp #$MailingLocation is `Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Ste. 100, Austin, TX 78731-1615.' See also #$ContactLocation. bd58be81-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adjacent paths at junction (adjacentPathsAtJunction JUNCT PATH) means that the #$JunctionOfPaths JUNCT has PATH as one of the paths (instances of #$Path-Generic) joining it. A junction may connect many paths (it must connect at least three distinct paths), and a path may pass through many junctions, and may end at a junction. Examples: all the streets meeting at a certain #$Intersection-Street, the particular #$Trachea and both primary bronchi meeting at the #$TracheobronchialJunction between a certain person's #$Lungs, and three #$LongitudeLines intersecting at the #$SouthPole. Neither PATH nor JUNCTION need be instances of #$PartiallyTangible, #$TemporalThing, or #$SpatialThing; however if PATH is, JUNCTION must also be. bfd6e907-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adjacent to (#$adjacentTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are touching such that their region of contact is (at least for practical purposes, relative to the objects' dimensions and shapes) a line (i.e. the contact region is not a point, though the line of contact might actually have some height). Also, OBJ1 is neither mostly above nor mostly below OBJ2. Positive examples: adjacent squares on a chessboard, bordering countries, a connected pair of puzzle pieces. Negative examples: diagonally touching squares on a chessboard, a geographical region and the air directly above it, one block stacked on top of another. bd5904a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 admitted first argument (#$admittedArgument TERM RELATION) states that TERM satisfies the first argument constraint of RELATION. For example, (#$admittedFirstArgument #$AbrahamLincoln #$wife) and (#$admittedFirstArgument #$Cougar #$JuvenileFn). This predicate is a binary form of #$admittedArgument. be0ae094-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 admitted fourth argument (#$admittedArgument TERM RELATION) states that TERM satisfies the fourth argument constraint of RELATION. For example, (#$admittedThirdArgument #$supportedObject #$SceneWithTypeInRoleFn) and (#$admittedFourthArgument #$CouncilOfEurope #$groupMembersHaveProperty). This predicate is a binary form of #$admittedArgument. bda6cf03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 admitted second argument (#$admittedArgument TERM RELATION) states that TERM satisfies the second argument constraint of RELATION. For example, (#$admittedSecondArgument #$JuliaChild #$wife) and (#$admittedSecondArgument #$TheYear2000 #$OccasionInYearFn). This predicate is a binary form of #$admittedArgument. be8af18d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 admitted third argument (#$admittedArgument TERM RELATION) states that TERM satisfies the third argument constraint of RELATION. For example, (#$admittedThirdArgument #$Edema-Condition #$hasImmunityWithRespectToDisease) and (#$admittedThirdArgument #$EiffelTower #$MentalSituationFn). This predicate is a binary form of #$admittedArgument. bed49e66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 affiliated with (#$affiliatedWith AGENT1 AGENT2) means AGENT1 and AGENT2 are somehow affiliated. This is a broad relation, involving at least the voluntary entry into an understood relationship, with rights and obligations, by at least one of the affiliated #$Agents. For example, the agents might be business partners, kin, employer/employee, parent-company/subsidiary, or one (say a person) may be a member of the other (say an organization). c10aea4a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 after (#$after LATER EARLIER) means #$TimePoint LATER is after (occurs later in time than) #$TimePoint EARLIER. Note: Individual #$TimePoints are seldom mentioned in axioms; rather, the axiom is likely to use some #$ComplexTemporalRelation, such as #$startsAfterEndingOf, which holds between two #$TemporalThings. These #$ComplexTemporalRelations are themselves usually defined in terms of #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations, such as #$after and #$simultaneousWith, which relate one #$TimePoint to another. bd58a4b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 after adding Whenever a source is added to a gaf use of a predicate, each of that predicate's #$afterAdding functions is called on that source. bd58ba7a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 after removing Whenever a source is removed from a gaf use of a predicate, each of that predicate's #$afterRemoving functions is called on that source. bd58ba7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 oldness (#$age THING TIME) means that the thing THING has the age TIME, where thing can be a person, a galaxy, or anything else with temporal extent, e.g., (#$age #$MaryShepherd (#$YearsDuration 40)). The previous assertion is not quite right, however: notice that one can talk about the #$birthDate of a person quite safely, but whenever one makes a statement about the AGE of a person that statement will only be true `for a while' -- i.e., in some temporal context. Therefore it would be a mistake to simply assert to Cyc that (#$age #$Lenat (#$YearsDuration 45)), because that would be true in some contexts and false in others. So what one does is to assert an expression of the form (#$holdsIn X (#$age Y Z)) to indicate that during time interval X, the thing Y has age Z. For example, (#$holdsIn (#$QuarterFn 2 (#$YearFn 1996)) (#$age #$Lenat (#$YearsDuration 45)), which means that Doug is a 45-year-old during the entire second quarter of 1996. It is seldom correct to use #$age outside of some temporal qualification. bd58ba2b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agreeing agents The predicate #$agreeingAgents relates a particular agreement to the agents who are making the agreement. (#$agreeingAgents AGR PARTY) means that the #$Agreement AGR has the #$Agent PARTY among its agreeing parties. #$agreeingAgents may have specialized roles, such as #$agreeingBuyer or #$agreeingSeller, #$insuringAgent or #$policyHolder, #$employedAgent or #$employingAgent. The #$agreeingAgents will be mentioned in their agreement. bd58dc25-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agreement period The predicate #$agreementPeriod is used to indicate the period of time during which a particular agreement is in force. (#$agreementPeriod AGR TIME) means that the #$Agreement AGR holds during the #$TimeInterval TIME; i.e., TIME is the period during which the assertions made in AGR are supposed to be true. TIME may or may not begin at the moment that AGR is created; e.g., I may sign an employment contract on the very day I begin working or several weeks before, to begin on a specified future date. Or an #$agreementPeriod could begin before the agreement was made, e.g., when an agent agreed to pay disputed royalties retroactively. c10ad9c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 alertness level Predicate (#$alertnessLevel SENTIENT_BEING LEVEL) indicates how alert SENTIENT_BEING is in the period in which the predicate holds. The major levels are #$Unconscious and #$Awake, but more specific attributes such as #$Asleep and #$VeryAlert exist as well. bd58ad46-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ambient relative humidity (#$ambientRelativeHumidity LOC DEGREE) indicates the DEGREE to which the water vapor content of the air at LOC approaches the total possible saturation (at that temperature). bd58e8ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ambient temperature The predicate #$ambientTemperature is used to indicate the average temperature in the free space around a particular object. (#$ambientTemperature OBJ TEMP) means that the space around the tangible object OBJ is at the #$Temperature TEMP. Used with #$holdsIn (q.v.), #$ambientTemperature expresses the surrounding temperature for a given object at some point in time. For the temperature of the object itself, use #$temperatureOfObject (q.v.). bd58ffd4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ambient visibility (#$ambientVisibility LOC DEGREE) indicates how clear the ambient fluid is at the location LOC. Higher values of DEGREE mean one can see farther (than one could have at lower values). bd58a0d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 amplitude of signal (#$amplitudeOfSignal ?WAVE ?AMP) means the distance from the average to the extremes of the signal ?WAVE is ?AMP. be5d5b47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 analogous feelings (#$analogousFeelings EMOTYPE1 EMOTYPE2) means that a feeling of the type EMOTYPE1 is analogous to a feeling of the type EMOTYPE2. In part, this means that there is a high probability that an agent having an emotion of one type is also feeling an emotion of the other type. Often the two feelings differ only in degree, context, etc. E.g., (#$analogousFeelings #$Irritation #$Anger) and (#$analogousFeelings #$Irritation #$Impatience). bd5883c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anatomical part type affected (#$anatomicalPartTypeAffected ACT BODYPARTTYPE) means that body parts of the #$AnimalBodyPartType BODYPARTTYPE are affected by the action ACT. For example, if BRUSHING is a #$TeethCleaning event, then (#$anatomicalPartTypeAffected BRUSHING #$SetOfTeeth). bd589f12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anatomical part (#$anatomicalParts ORGM PART) means that PART is an anatomical part of the (whole) organism ORGM. Note that to represent the decomposition of parts of subparts --- for example, to say that a finger is part of a hand --- one should use the predicate #$physicalParts (qv), not #$anatomicalParts. bd58ee7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ancestor (#$ancestors YOUNGER OLDER) means OLDER is one of the biological ancestors of YOUNGER. OLDER could be one of YOUNGER's biological parents, biological grandparents, biological great-grandparents, etc. bd58b102-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 and The predicate #$and is the conjunction relation in Cyc. #$and is a variable-arity predicate and takes any number of elements of #$ELSentence-Assertible as its arguments. (#$and P Q ... Z) is true if all of the formulas P, Q, ..., and Z are true in Cyc. bd5880f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 angular acceleration The rate at which the angle to an object is accelerating bd58c0b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 salary The predicate #$approximatePay is used to estimate a typical amount of pay offered to workers in a specific occupation. (#$approximatePay JOBTYPE RATE) means that a person working in the #$OccupationType JOBTYPE makes approximately the #$MonetaryFlowRate RATE, as earned income. RATE might be expressed in, e.g., #$DollarsPerHour, pounds-per-week, or yen-per-year. RATE refers to average pay for the occupation JOBTYPE, excluding any unearned pay (such as matching 401K contributions) and the value of other employee benefits. bd58b1e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 surface area This predicate relates a spatial thing to its two-dimensional size or #$Area (q.v.). (#$areaOfObject OBJ AREA) means that the two-dimensional size of OBJ is AREA. OBJ might be, for example, a desk top, a geographical region, or a cross-section of wire. Of course not every spatial thing has an area. Purely #$TwoDimensional (q.v.) things like discs, interiors of squares, and cross sections have areas; and so do three-dimensional things that have only two salient dimensions in most contexts, such as floors, tennis courts, and geograhical regions. For the areas of the latter sort of thing, consider using the specialization #$areaOfRegion. bd589f18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 area of region This predicate relates a geographical region to its physical size or area. (#$areaOfRegion REGION AREA) means that the physical size of REGION is AREA. Examples: (#$areaOfRegion #$LakeErie (#$SquareMile 9940)), (#$areaOfRegion #$Elba-Island-Italy (#$SquareMile 86)), (#$areaOfRegion #$VaticanCity (#$SquareMile 0.17)), (#$areaOfRegion #$China-PeoplesRepublic (#$SquareMile 3705390)). For stating the areas of other (strictly or roughly two-dimensional ) sorts of objects, see the generalization #$areaOfObject; and see #$Area for ways of representing areas. bd58eb3e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 areas of origin The predicate #$areasOfOrigin relates an ethnic group to a particular region in which its members originated. (#$areasOfOrigin GROUP REGION) means that the #$EthnicGroupType GROUP originated in the #$GeographicalRegion REGION. For example, to indicate that Circassians originated in Asia, we would say (#$areasOfOrigin #$EthnicGroupOfCircassians #$ContinentOfAsia). Ethnic groups may have originated in several different areas; e.g., the #$EthnicGroupOfHutu is native to #$Rwanda, #$Burundi, #$Tanzania, and #$Uganda. bd58dd37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 1 format (#$arg1Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different first arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT. bd61886b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 1 genl (#$arg1Genl REL COL) means that the predicate or function, REL, accepts only first arguments that have the #$Collection COL among their #$genls. bd588b1d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 1 isa (#$arg1Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the first argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL. Examples: (#$arg1Isa #$formsBorderBetween #$SpatialThing), (#$arg1Isa #$seriesOrderedBy #$Series), (#$arg1Isa #$uniquePartTypes #$ExistingObjectType). bd588118-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 2 format (#$arg2Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different second arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT. bd5a142d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 2 genl (#$arg2Genl REL COL) means that the predicate or function, REL, accepts only second arguments that have the #$Collection COL among their #$genls. bd58dcda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 2 isa (#$arg2Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the second argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL. Examples: (#$arg2Isa #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$PartiallyTangible), (#$arg2Isa #$salutation #$CourtesyTitle), (#$arg2Isa #$mother #$FemaleAnimal). bd588117-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 3 format (#$arg3Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different third arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT. bd5b6d60-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 3 genl (#$arg3Genl REL COL) means that the predicate or function, REL, accepts only third arguments that have the #$Collection COL among their #$genls. bd58b8c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 3 isa (#$arg3Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the third argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL. bd588116-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 4 format (#$arg4Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different fourth arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT. bd678812-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 4 genl (#$arg4Genl REL COL) means that the fourth argument to the #$Relation (i.e., predicate or function) REL must be a subset of the #$Collection COL. bd67e911-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 4 isa (#$arg4Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the fourth argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL. bd588115-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 5 format (#$arg5Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different fifth arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT. bd60a887-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 5 genl (#$arg5Genl REL COL) means that the fifth argument to the #$Relation (predicate or function) REL must be a subset of the #$Collection COL. bd5d7783-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 5 isa (#$arg5Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the fifth argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL. bd588114-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 6 format (#$arg6Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different sixth arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT. bff82c25-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 6 genl (#$arg6Genl REL COL) means that anything given as the first argument to the #$Relation REL must have COL among its #$genls. bf476137-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg 6 isa (#$arg6Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the sixth argument to the relationship REL must be an element of the collection COL. bf6d1d3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 args genl When a relation REL is an element of #$VariableArityRelation, i.e., it takes a variable number of arguments, then (#$argsGenl REL COL) means that all of those arguments must be subsets of COL. bd651c1b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 args isa The predicate #$argsIsa is used with elements of #$Relation that take an indefinite number of arguments, in order to specify that the values of all the arguments used with that relation must be of a certain type. E.g., to specify that all the arguments to Cyc's addition function, #$PlusFn, must be measurable quantities (i.e., elements of #$ScalarInterval), we assert: (#$argsIsa #$PlusFn #$ScalarInterval). Additional examples: `paths branch only into other paths', i.e., (#$argsIsa #$branchesInto #$Path-Generic); `dinars are measured only in numbers', i.e., (#$argsIsa #$Dinar-Jordan #$SubLRealNumber). bd58803d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arity (#$arity REL NUMBER) means that the #$Relation REL takes the number of arguments given by NUMBER. For example, the #$arity of all instances of #$BinaryPredicate is 2. In particular, (#$arity #$arity 2) since #$arity takes 2 arguments. bd5880ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arity max (#$arityMax REL NUMBER) means that the #$VariableArityRelation REL takes at most the number of arguments given by NUMBER. For example, the #$arityMax of all instances of #$UnitOfMeasure is 2. See also #$arityMin and #$arity. bd6a2d94-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arity min (#$arityMin REL NUMBER) means that the #$VariableArityRelation REL takes at least the number of arguments given by NUMBER. For example, the #$arityMin of all instances of #$UnitOfMeasure is 1. See also #$arityMax and #$arity. c128c4f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 honoree (#$artifactHonors ARTIFACT HONOREE) means that ARTIFACT is created or constructed to honor or commemmorate HONOREE, and to cause people who perceive ARTIFACT to remember and respect HONOREE. HONOREE is usually a #$Person, but sometimes it can be a group of people, a pet, an event, or another physical object (even a body part, in the case of the statue at Saratoga honoring Gen. Benedict Arnold's untainted leg). Usually, but not always, the ARTIFACT is created by someone other than HONOREE (but some people build monuments to themselves). If HONOREE is a living #$Person when ARTIFACT is created, HONOREE is probably present at an #$Event of announcing, inaugurating or unveiling the ARTIFACT; see #$eventHonors. Usually, if HONOREE is dead, the ARTIFACT will be an instance of #$Monument; see the more specific predicate #$monumentHonors for this case. be1bbe5d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 asserted term sentences (#$assertedTermSentences TERM FORMULA) determines whether a Cyc #$CycLAssertion of the form FORMULA exists such that TERM is referred to as a term within that formula. See also #$assertedSentence and #$assertedPredicateArg for related predicates about assertions, and #$termFormulas for a more general predicate that does not require that an assertion for FORMULA exists. be8f47a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 assertion time of microtheory (#$assertionTimeOfMicrotheory MICROTHEORY TIME-INTERVAL) means that the assertions in the #$Microtheory MICROTHEORY were set forth during the #$TimeInterval TIME-INTERVAL. For example, the assertion time of the #$CIAWorldFactbook1997Mt, which contains information in the CIA 1997 World Factbook, is the year 1997. Note that the assertion time is not the time interval referenced in assertions within MICROTHEORY; for example, the #$CIAWorldFactbook1997Mt contains assertions about the 1996 gross domestic product of various countries. Nor is the assertion time the date on which assertions in MICROTHEORY were entered in the Knowledge Base; again, the #$CIAWorldFactbook1997Mt is a good example, since it was created in 1998. Generally, when the source of the assertions in a microtheory is a publication, the assertion time will be (or subsume) the publication date. (Specifically, date of first publication, in the case of unrevised subsequent editions. However, if the material in the source is made publicly available prior to the formal publication date, the assertion time will be the earlier date. Also, it seems best to treat as an exception a case such as the publication of a diary written years before.) Note that it will only make sense to assign an assertion time to a microtheory when the contents of the microtheory represent propositions that were the object of assertion, interrogation, etc. by some source or agent; not all microtheories fall into this category. See also #$mtTime and #$MtTimeFn.--Schwartz, Jul 23, 1998 be110b0d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 assistants (#$assistingAgent ACT AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the agents assisting in the performance of ACT; AGENT itself may or may not also be performing ACT. AGENT is doing some tasks related to ACT but which are not directly #$subEvents of performing the main or focus action. Thus, `assisting' here means doing such supporting activities as fetching supplies or tools needed in ACT; helping to manipulate objects involved in ACT; gathering an audience, or booking the performer, if ACT is a public performance, and so forth. c0fd5da3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 atomic number The predicate #$atomicNumber indicates the atomic number of a type of element. (#$atomicNumber E N) means that E, a collection belonging to #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons, has the positive integer N for its atomic number. This means that any instance of (#$AtomFn E) must have N #$Protons in its #$AtomicNucleus. For example, (#$atomicNumber #$Carbon 6), and every instance of (#$AtomFn #$Carbon) has six protons in its nucleus. bd5890dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 background - r s t The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which makes it easier to understand the content of or motivation for ARG1. bf1b6759-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 barometric pressure (#$barometricPressure GAS PRESS) means that the instance of #$GaseousTangibleThing GAS has the #$Pressure PRESS. Typically, GAS is a piece of atmosphere; #$barometricPressure indicates the atmospheric pressure in and around that `object'. bd58a16f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 base of unit (#$baseOfUnit PUN BUN) means that PUN is an instance of #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix that is formed by affixing an instance of #$MetricUnitPrefix to BUN. bf5765a6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 base set (#$baseSet STRUCTURE SET) means that SET is the base set of #$RelationalStructure STRUCTURE. That is, SET is the domain from which the individual elements of the structure are drawn. Although there may be several relations involved in the relational structure, they all relate members of the base set. As each relational structure has a unique base set, this predicate is functional. be51a217-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 price The predicate #$basicPrice indicates the price of a particular item. (#$basicPrice THING MONEY) means that the object or service, THING, has the basic price MONEY. (MONEY can be an interval representing a range of prices.) This predicate can be used to indicate the price of a particular chunk of stuff too. Note that #$basicPrice refers to the `ticket price' of an item when it is actually bought or offered for sale; #$basicPrice does NOT refer to appraised value (where that differs from an actual selling price). Since prices are time-sensitive, assertions about #$basicPrice should be suitably qualified. For example, the price of a fast-food #$HamburgerSandwich in 1996 is a magnitude greater than what it was in 1965. For the total charge for purchase of an object, including tax, shipping, handling, etc., use #$totalCharge (q.v.). bd588c7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 behind - directly (#$behind-Directly AFT FORE) means that AFT is directly behind tangible object FORE. More precisely, it implies both (#$behind-Generally AFT FORE) and that there is at least one line parallel to the backward pointing axis of FORE that intersects both AFT and FORE. Note that FORE must have a back side. AFT may be intangible, such as an image projected behind an actor on a stage. bd58b3c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 posterior (#$behind-Generally AFT FORE) means that AFT is behind FORE. More precisely, a line originating at the center of FORE projecting away from the front side of FORE and parallel to the intrinsic front-to-back axis of FORE forms an angle of less than 45 degrees with a line intersecting both AFT and FORE. AFT may be intangible. bd58b405-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 belief statements (#$beliefStatements BSYS PROP) indicates that a belief of the belief system BSYS is stated in the proposition PROP (represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible). In other words, each #$BeliefSystems comprises a set of tenets, statements linked to it via this predicate. Note: This is NOT the predicate that ties a particular #$Agent to his/her/its beliefs; for that, see #$beliefs and #$hasBeliefSystems. bd58fdaf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 believe (#$beliefs AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT subscribes to the truth of the proposition PROP (represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible). PROP states something that AGT believes to be true, but of course PROP may or may not actually be true. Another way to think of this is that PROP is true in the context whose epistemological status is `what AGT believes'. Naturally, PROP may itself be a proposition about beliefs; one would use nested #$beliefs in this fashion to express a rule such as `most Canadians believe that most Americans believe Canada is a US State.' bd5880d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 beneficiaries (#$beneficiary ACT AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT benefits from the performance of the action ACT. Some desire or interest of AGT is served, enabled, helped, or satisfied by the performance of ACT. bd5890e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bias (#$biases AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT has the unsubstantiated belief PROP (represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible). Biases generally are so deeply rooted in the agent that the agent may not be consciously aware that PROP is rationally undersupported, and it may be concomittantly harder to change their mind about PROP. Note: PROP might or might not turn out to be true (in various contexts); often, PROP is some overgeneralization which is sometimes true but often false, or which once was true but now is usually false, etc. bd590b2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological father (#$biologicalFather OFFSPRING MALE) means that #$MaleAnimal MALE is the male biological parent of #$Animal OFFSPRING. bd5884c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological mother (#$biologicalMother OFFSPRING FEMALE) means that #$FemaleAnimal FEMALE is the female biological parent of the #$Animal OFFSPRING. bd58b088-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 parent (#$biologicalParents OFFSPRING PARENT) means that PARENT is the biological parent of OFFSPRING. bd58b184-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological relatives (#$biologicalRelatives ORG1 ORG2) means that ORG1 and ORG2 are biological relatives, related by birth. bd58b143-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 birth child (#$birthChild BIRTH ANIM) means that ANIM is the #$Animal that is born in the #$BirthEvent BIRTH. c0fd68e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 birthdate (#$birthDate X Y) indicates that the #$Entity X came into existence during #$Date Y. For people, this is the date at which they were born, hence the name of this predicate. The first argument to this predicate must be an #$Entity, and not just any old #$SomethingExisting, because we don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath of a subabstraction like AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other words, proper subabstractions will have #$startingDates and #$endingDates, but only true #$Entitys will have a #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath. To specify the #$DayOfYearType on which a #$Person was born, use #$birthDay. bd58ebc5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 birth parent (#$birthParent BIRTH PAR) means that PAR is the parent who is #$bodilyDoer in the #$BirthEvent BIRTH - typically this is also the #$femaleParentActor of the preceding #$BiologicalReproductionEvent. c0fd68d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 board members The predicate #$boardMembers relates a particular organization to the persons who serve on its board of directors. (#$boardMembers ORG PERSON) means PERSON belongs to that instance of #$BoardOfDirectors which is responsible for oversight of the #$Organization ORG. A member of the Board of Directors of an organization may or may not be an executive of the organization. bd589954-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bodily acted on The predicate #$bodilyActedOn is used to describe an event in which a living organism is acted on by some external agency. (#$bodilyActedOn EVENT ORG) means that ORG is a living organism (i.e., an #$Organism-Whole) that is being affected in EVENT. ORG itself may be intentionally participating in EVENT (e.g., a person voluntarily getting a haircut) or not (e.g., an animal hit by a car). Either way, the organism ORG is not an active primary `doer' of EVENT. This predicate is appropriately used to identify actors who undergo (instances of) #$DrugTherapy or #$IncurringAnInjury. Note an important contrast with #$bodilyDoer (q.v.): #$bodilyActedOn is for events that merely happen to the body, as opposed to actions the body does. Because the body of an organism is an active `doer' in its instances of #$PhysiologicalCondition, including any #$InjuryCondition (which is the physical process of a body sustaining an injury and responding by healing or deteriorating), an organism is related to events of those kinds with #$bodilyDoer rather than #$bodilyActedOn. By contrast, organisms involved in instances of #$DrugTherapy (which refers to the effect of a drug on the patient) or #$IncurringAnInjury (which refers to the event in which an organism gets injured, rather than the process of its being in an injured and hopefully healing state) should be related to events of those types with #$bodilyActedOn. bd58d02b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bodily doers The predicate #$bodilyDoer relates an event to an organism which does it non-deliberately, which in Cyc means without conscious intention or volition. (#$bodilyDoer EVENT DOER) means that DOER does EVENT (i.e., DOER is not merely subjected to EVENT by external forces), but DOER does EVENT non-deliberately. Note that for certain kinds of actions, considered as a class, organisms are necessarily merely #$bodilyDoers; for example, physical growth, peristalsis, and reflex actions. For other actions, such as breathing, flinching, or shouting, an organism commonly (but not necessarily) acts as #$bodilyDoer; some cases of such events may be deliberately #$performedBy the doer. Note: an organism which dies of natural causes (#$Dying) is the #$bodilyDoer of that event, because of the internal processes the body performs during #$Dying. Also, in certain #$PhysiologicalConditions, including an #$AilmentCondition (such as #$DiabetesMellitus) or a healing process, organisms are considered to be #$bodilyDoers because their own bodily processes are creating or sustaining those conditions. An organism killed by an external agent, however, is just the #$bodilyActedOn (q.v.) in that event; therefore, instances of #$Killing-Biological should use #$bodilyActedOn to refer to the organism killed.--Nichols, Nov. 21, 1996 bd5fc61f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 boiling point (#$boilingPoint STUFF TEMP) means that TEMP is the temperature at which the substance STUFF changes from having the attribute #$LiquidStateOfMatter to #$GaseousStateOfMatter (when sufficient energy is input to raise STUFF's temperature through that point). Note that the boiling point of most substances is context-dependent; on a mountaintop in Tibet the boiling point of water is much lower than it is in New York City. bd58b243-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 border sub regions (#$borderSubRegions REGION BORDERREGION) means that BORDERREGION is a subregion of REGION which borders on some region outside of REGION. be96aa64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 border (#$bordersOn REGION1 REGION2) means that the #$GeographicalRegions REGION1 and REGION2 are physically adjacent to each other, i.e. they share a border. Examples: (#$bordersOn #$CentralUSATimeZone #$MountainUSATimeZone), (#$bordersOn #$Nepal #$Tibet). bd58e17a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 boss (#$boss PERSON1 PERSON2) means PERSON1 has PERSON2 for his or her immediate boss or supervisor. Note: There can be more than one boss of a person, even cotemporally. Note: (#$genlPreds #$boss #$acquaintedWith) means that if (#$boss x y), then (#$acquaintedWith x y), which in turn means (#$acquaintances x y #$SimpleContactAcquaintance). I.e., a person and their direct boss are at least simple contact acquaintances. bd58bf7d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 partner The predicate #$businessPartners indicates that two agents have jointly undertaken some business project; they are combining resources in some way to further their interests. (#$businessPartners AGENT1 AGENT2) means AGENT1 is in partnership with AGENT2 to engage in business activities. The partners are instances of #$Agent and may belong to either #$Person or #$Organization. The partnership may be formally recognized (e.g., a #$Partnership or some other form of business) or informal. c10afd13-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 buyer The predicate #$buyer relates an agent to a business activity. (#$buyer EVENT AGENT) means that the #$Agent AGENT purchases the goods for sale in the #$CommercialActivity EVENT. The #$buyer may purchase the goods or services directly or through an agent. See also and compare: #$buyingPerformer, #$buyingAgent. bd58d07b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 buyer (#$buyingAgent SALE AGENT) means that in the #$CommercialActivity SALE, the #$LegalAgent AGENT acts on behalf of a would-be buyer to bring about a purchase. A #$buyingAgent performs the buying but is not the #$buyer. See also and compare: #$buyingPerformer, #$buyer. bd589057-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 buying performer (#$buyingPerformer COM AGENT) means that AGENT is the agent actually attempting to obtain goods or services in a purchase, by performing an active role in the #$CommercialActivity COM. Generally, the agent who is the #$buyingPerformer is identical with the #$buyer, but in some cases the #$buyingPerformer is instead a #$buyingAgent representing the #$buyer. c0fd62ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 by-product (#$byProducts EV OBJ) means that OBJ is one of the outputs of EV, but not one of its intended outputs. For intended outputs, see #$products. For a particular EV and OBJ, it will not be true that both (#$products EV OBJ) and (#$byProducts EV OBJ). bd58c25c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 can contain shapes The predicate #$canContainShapes is used to give an approximation of the internal size and shape of particular tangible objects, by relating an object to an abstract region of space described as a geometric shape with definite dimensions. (#$canContainShapes OBJ SHAPE) gives an upper bound for the size of things that can be contained in the object OBJ, by specifying the dimensions of an abstract shape which OBJ can contain. #$canContainShapes uses the elements of #$ShapeFunction (q.v.) for reference, especially the basic shapes generated by #$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, and #$SphereFn. For example, the trunk of my Honda Civic #$canContainShapes of (#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Meter 1) (#$Meter 0.5) (#$Meter 0.75)). Cf. #$fitsIn. bd58d16d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 capital city The predicate #$capitalCity is used to indicate the capital of a country (only). (#$capitalCity CNTRY CITY) means that CITY is the capital city of the #$Country CNTRY. Examples: the #$capitalCity of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica is the #$CityOfWashingtonDC; the #$capitalCity of #$Armenia is Yerevan. Note: for regional capitals, use #$capitalCityOfThisState. bd590b5f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cardinality (#$cardinality SETORCOL N) means that the #$SetOrCollection SETORCOL has N members. For instance, #$TheEmptySet has a #$cardinality 0. Note that cardinality is most clear for finite sets, and only in special branches of mathematics does one speak of cardinality of infinite sets. See also, #$entityCardinality, #$Note-cardinality-vs-entityCardinality, #$groupCardinality. bd58bbcf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 carry The predicate (#$carriesInfectionType OBJECT INFECT_TYPE) relates a particular organism or other object to a type of infection that it carries. (#$carriesInfectionType OBJ INFTYP) means that the individual OBJ is a carrier of the #$InfectionType INFTYP. For example, (#$carriesInfectionType TyphoidMary #$TyphoidFever) or (#$carriesInfectionType Needle0567 #$AIDS). c0fd68e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 catalyst The predicate #$catalyst identifies the particular thing that acts as a catalyst in a particular chemical reaction. (#$catalyst R X) means that the #$ChemicalReaction R has the particular quantity of substance X as a catalyst. For example, every instance of #$Photosynthesis-Generic has some portion of #$Chlorophyll as a catalyst; an amount of #$Water may be a #$catalyst in some #$OxidationProcess of a #$Metal. be011804-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 caused by #$causedBy is the predicate used for token-token event causation, i.e., causation between individual events. (#$causedBy EVENT1 EVENT2) means that EVENT1 is causedBy EVENT2. See #$causes-ThingProp to state that a #$TemporalThing causes a proposition. See #$causes-PropProp to express a causal link between one proposition and another. bd58aa06-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 causes - prop prop (#$causes-PropProp p1 p2) means that p1 causes p2. That is, the state of affairs described by proposition p1 causally leads to the state of affairs described by p2. This is stronger than material implication; i.e., it must also be the case that (#$implies p1 p2). Note that #$causes-PropProp means more than #$implies, of course: there is a temporal ordering involved, there is a presumed mechanism of causation, etc. Unlike #$implies, #$causes-PropProp is not reflexive; one would not say that p1 causes p1, even though p1 implies p1. Another difference between #$implies and #$causes-PropProp is that #$causes-PropProp is a predicate, not a logical connective. Just because (#$causes-PropProp p1 p2) is true that does NOT entail that (#$causes-PropProp (#$not p2) (#$not p1)) is true. Note that (#$causes-PropProp p1 p2) is generally a more accurate way of talking about causation than saying that some event e1 causes event e2 (which one can do in Cyc, using the predicate #$causes-EventEvent) since often there are a few key aspects of e1 that cause a few key aspects of e2, and the remaining details of e1 and e2 were, to first order, irrelevant. Note that, similarly, (#$causes-PropProp p1 p2) is generally a more accurate way of talking about causation than saying that some situation (see #$Situation) SIT caused something to be true (which one can do in Cyc, using the predicate #$causes-SitProp) since often there is some specific aspect of the situation that is the cause of the proposition's becoming satisfied. Because this predicate is asymmetric and since effect (p2) can not temporally precede cause (p1), #$causes-PropProp may not be used to express mutual causation, e.g. feedback loops for which it may be said that two events (probably more process-like) cause each other. We consider mutual causation to be a different form of causation and should be expressed using some as of yet (Dec 96) unreified relationship. See #$NoteAboutCausalityPredicates for a map of related predicates.--#$BillJ, Feb 17, 1998 bd62368e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 induce (#$causes-ThingProp THING PROP) means that THING causes the proposition PROP to become true. THING may be an #$Agent, a #$Situation, or a #$ELSentence-Assertible. This is a very general predicate. It is almost always better to use a more specialized predicate such as #$causes-PropProp, #$causes-EventEvent, or #$causes-SitProp, particularly in rules. Nonetheless, #$causes-ThingProp can be useful if one wishes to collect all the possible causes of some proposition be they #$Situations, #$Agents, other propositions (see #$ELSentence-Assertible). See #$NoteAboutCausalityPredicates for a map of related predicates. bd590af4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cavity connected along path side (cavityConnectedAlongPathSide PATH CAVITY) means that there is a portal somewhere along the wall of the #$Path-Generic (which must also be #$PartiallyTangible) PATH which leads to the #$CavityOrContainer CAVITY. It does not apply if an end of PATH is the portal, nor to a branching of the path, nor a small hole in an otherwise dead end of the path. The portal is substantially smaller in width than the path, and instead of a smaller path connected there, the portal opens into a neighboring #$CavityOrContainer. Example: an #$Alveolus attached to a #$RespiratoryBronchiole in the #$Lung is so connected. Or, a room opening along the side of a hallway. bf852702-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cavity has wall (cavityHasWall CAV WALL) means that the the #$Cavity CAV has WALL as one of its walls (or part of one of its walls), or partly-enclosing inner surfaces. #$cavityHasWall is often used for describing the relationship between some space or part of a #$ConstructionArtifact and the substructures that bound or enclose it (e.g., the relationship between a room and its walls, floor(s), and ceiling(s)). bd58c7f2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cavity interior region of (#$cavityInteriorRegionOf INT OBJ) means that INT is all of the interior space (see #$CavityInteriorRegion) within the #$Cavity or cavities (possibly discontinuous chambers, passages, pockets, bubbles, etc.) that occur inside of OBJ. Instances of #$CavityInteriorRegion, unlike instances of #$CavityWithWalls, do not include the walls of the chamber or passage, just the interior space itself without any of the enclosing walls, panels or membranes. See also #$CavityInteriorRegionFn. be8f89ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chief ports This is a list of the chief ports for a given geographical region. bd58cbbc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 offspring (#$children PARENT CHILD) means that CHILD is a child of PARENT in the sense that PARENT cares for CHILD as a parent would, whether or not they are biologically related. bd58cf70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 circumference The distance around a circular object bd58a060-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 citizen The predicate #$citizens indicates that a particular person is a citizen of a particular country/state/... . (#$citizens GEOPOL PERSON) means that GEOPOL is a #$GeopoliticalEntity in which the #$Person PERSON has full rights of citizenship (whatever those rights might consist of in GEOPOL). bd588008-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 city in state (#$cityInState CITY STATE) means that the #$UrbanArea CITY is physically located in the geopolitical sub-region STATE. Note that STATE may be an element of #$State-Geopolitical (q.v.), or it may be some other kind of #$CountrySubsidiary, such as #$Territory. Examples: the #$CityOfDurhamNC in a #$cityInState of #$NorthCarolina-State; Xiamen (Amoy) is a #$cityInState of Fujian. bd58b907-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 city of address (#$cityOfAddress LOC CITY) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC is found in the #$City CITY. For example, as #$CycorpHeadquarters is a #$ContactLocation for #$Cycorp, then (#$cityOfAddress #$CycorpHeadquarters #$CityOfAustinTX) means that the Cycorp Headquarters building is located in Austin, Texas. Note that the arg-constraint on the first argument should be an instance of #$ContactLocation which serves as a #$pointsOfContact for an agent and not the agent itself. bd59017b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 client This predicate relates two agents. (#$clients AGENT1 AGENT2) means that AGENT1 provides goods and/or services to AGENT2. AGENT2 may or may not pay AGENT1 for the goods/services received. The predicate #$clients can indicate either a one-time or a more long-term relationship. See also #$suppliers and #$customers. bd58cb16-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cloudiness of region (#$cloudinessOfRegion LOC DEGREE) means that the #$OutdoorLocation LOC has this DEGREE of cloud cover. bd58f223-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 co extensional (#$coExtensional COLL1 COLL2) means that the collections COLL1 and COLL2 have all their instances in common: every element of one collection is an element of the other. Since #$Collections (q.v.) are intensionally defined, however, unlike mathematical sets, two collections can be coextensional without thereby being identical (see #$equals). bd59083a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cohabitants (#$cohabitants X Y) means that X and Y live together in the same dwelling structure, nest, etc. Note: in some contexts (in the real Cyc knowledge base) the arguments to this predicate are restricted to being #$Persons. Note: in many parts of the world, esp. in past centuries, people cohabit (have cohabited) with domesticated animals that are/were not pets. bd589224-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cohabiting family members (#$cohabitingFamilyMembers X Y) means that X and Y are family members (relatives, spouses, in-laws) living with one another. If the members of a family no longer live together, they are still members of a #$Family-SocialEntity, but they are no longer members of the same #$FamilyCohabitationUnit. Note: In the #$HumanSocialLifeMt context, X and Y must be #$Persons. In the #$NaiveBiologicalDescentMt context, they can be any #$Animals at all. bd58a4bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cohesiveness of object (#$cohesivenessOfObject OBJ DEGREE) indicates how tightly a tangible object OBJ coheres. A higher value of DEGREE means that it is harder to separate away chunks from the object. be00bb87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 comment #$comment is a predicate belonging to the Cyc collection #$DocumentationConstant. #$comment is used to relate Cyc constants to (usually) brief English explanations of their meaning and use, as an aid to humans browsing through the Cyc Knowledge Base. (#$comment CONST STRING) means that STRING is an instance of #$SubLString that contains an explanation of the Cyc constant CONST. Example: what you are reading now. bd588109-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commits for future uses (#$commitsForFutureUses EVENT OBJECT) means that as a result of EVENT, OBJECT is subsequently put into a configuration and/or a form where it is serving some ongoing #$Role. Things which are re-usable in their typical uses: a videocassette, a battery, a brick, an artist's canvas, a canvas tent. Non-reusable things: paint, glue, mortar. See also #$inputsCommitted, #$recyclableActors. Consider a brick in a wall in a building. It is `committed for future use' in the role of part-of-a-wall in the event of that building existing. While the building is standing, it can't be part-of-a-wall in another building, though it could serve other roles such as an artistic accent, or to anchor a coat-hook. After the building is torn down, that brick might still be intact, and could be used as part-of-a-wall in a future building. Notice that the brick isn't necessarily transformed by being part of a wall. However, so long as OBJECT serves the use to which it is `assigned' by EVENT, OBJECT is unavailable to be assigned the same #$Role by another event of the same type, at least an event that would temporally intersect with this committed use of OBJECT. That is what is meant by it being `committed' for a particular future use. An object may be re-used in a similar event, ONLY IF the #$Role to which it was assigned in EVENT either comes to its natural end or is given up (or thwarted), or in cases where EVENT is composed of discontinous pieces of time --- to illustrate that latter case, consider a tent that's used to shelter a certain group of workers on weekdays, but is used to shelter a different group in a different location on weekends. bd5907f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 communication target The predicate #$communicationTarget is used to indicate the intended recipient in a communication. (#$communicationTarget COMM OBJ) means that the agent who originates the #$CommunicationAct-Single COM intends the #$recipientOfInfo to be OBJ. Normally, OBJ is an instance of #$Agent. bd5c2e85-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 communication token The predicate #$communicationToken is used to indicate the particular IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing) that is instrumental in a particular communication. (#$communicationToken COM IBT) means that IBT is an #$InformationBearingThing that carries the information transferred in the #$Communicating COM. A communication event transfers the information content of IBT from one agent to some other(s). IBT may be a tangible object (e.g., a newspaper), a sound (e.g., a voice), an image (e.g., from a television broadcast), or even a touch (e.g., a staying hand). bd58ef66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 competitors (#$competingAgents COMPETITION AGENT) means that the AGENT is a competitor in the contest or competition COMPETITION, and thus has a chance of being a winner of the competition. This excludes many participants of such events, such as referees, judges, and spectators. If the COMPETITION is a team competition, the individual team members are also excluded. bd58b70f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 compressibility of object (#$compressibilityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) indicates how readily the tangible object OBJ can be compressed to a smaller volume. The higher the DEGREE of compressibility, the more easily the object can be compressed to a smaller volume. A related concept is #$elasticityOfObject. be00baaa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conceptually related The purpose of this predicate is to record the existence of a conceptual link between two Cyc constants that would otherwise require a very complex explicit assertion to be related to one another. Good examples of such couples are #$PublicTransportationDevice and #$PublicTransportationScheduleDocument or #$Dog and #$DogFood. The knowledge representation philosophy here is similar to that behind many #$RuleMacroPredicates. Having complex relationships represented -- possibly redundantly -- in a more compact fashion makes for faster retrieval. Because Cyc constants can be conceptually related in many different ways, no explicit definition for this predicate is provided. bd58803e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 concessive - r s t The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when the speaker presents ARG1, and then ARG2 is a seemingly inconguous statement, but where the speaker wants ARG1 and ARG2 to be accepted as compatible. Example: 'You're a good typist, but we've offered the job to someone else.'. be3abdeb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 connection (#$connectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are (directly or indirectly) physically attached in a way that allows at most only limited types of relative motion between them. A hinged connection, for example, allows limited rotational motion between OBJ1 and OBJ2. OBJ1 and OBJ2 must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter. In many cases, being #$connectedTo implicitly involves another object(s); e.g. a door is #$connectedTo a door frame by a hinge, which is itself #$connectedTo-Directly (q.v.) both the door and the frame. bd590527-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 connected to - rigidly (#$connectedTo-Rigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are joined so that no relative motion between them can occur at the point of connection unless the connection is severed by breakage of some part of the connected objects or by disassembly of the connection. Further, no relative motion between the contact surfaces of OBJ1 nor OBJ2 may occur. Thus, if a nail is rigidly connected to a board, the only way for that relationship to no longer hold is if the nail is pulled out of the hole (e.g. by a hammer or crowbar) or if the nail or board is broken in a critical location. Note that (#$connectedTo-Rigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) does admit cases in which OBJ1 or OBJ2 undergo plastic deformation. For example, consider the case of a disc rigidly connected via glue (see #$gluedTo) to a rubber sheet. The rubber sheet and disc may undergo significant relative motion. Both of the connected objects are solid. bd58a606-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 connected to - semi rigidly (#$connectedTo-SemiRigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is a physical connection between OBJ1 and OBJ2 such that due to the flexibility of a connector, OBJ1, or OBJ2, limited movement around the point of connection is possible. Positive exemplars include a book flap hinged to the spine of a book (see #$flapHingedTo), the #$GallBladder's attachment to the #$Liver. Negative exemplars include a wheel and axle or a door hinged to a door frame because the degrees of freedom of the object arise out of geometrical/mechanical properties of the objects and their connectors, not out of the flexibity of said objects. Note that all flexible connections have a limit to their relative motion. An extreme example of such a limit is in the connection between a propeller and the fuselage of a rubber band powered airplane. c1007845-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 constant i d (#$constantID CONSTANT ID) states that the integer ID is the unique internal id for the #$CycLConstant CONSTANT. bf8d3988-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 constant name (#$constantName CONSTANT STRING) states that STRING is the name for the #$CycLConstant CONSTANT. Since constants can be renamed, this predicate is computed from the current state of the KB. bd7183b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 constituent The predicate #$constituents is used to indicate a particular #$PartiallyTangible which makes up another (possibly non-distinct) #$PartiallyTangible thing. (#$constituents WHL PART) means that the individual object WHL is partially constituted by PART, and PART is more or less uniformly distributed in WHL. For example, the two teaspoons of chocolate syrup that I put in my milk become #$constituents of my glass of chocolate milk. Note that #$constituents does not entail any special kind of association or bond among the constituents of a thing; they might be simply mixed, they might be chemically bonded, and they might be part of some complex structure. bd58d277-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 constraining object (#$constrainingObject MOTION OBJ) means that OBJ physically constrains the motion of some #$objectMoving in the #$MovementEvent MOTION. The #$constrainingObject necessarily #$touches the #$objectMoving during at least part of MOTION. Examples of #$constrainingObjects include: an axle constraining a wheel turning, a car or other #$transporter carrying passengers, and a railroad track guiding a train. As these examples show, a #$constrainingObject may or may not be moving. A road driven on by a car is a marginally negative example of a #$constrainingObject, because the car can drive off the road, though the road does facilitate its motion. c0cd3b6a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 constrains arg (#$constrainsArg METAPRED N) means that METAPRED can be used to put a constraint on a given relation's Nth argument-place. For example, we have (#$constrainsArg #$arg2Isa 2). There is one exception: By convention, we take (#$constrainsArg METAPRED 0) to mean that METAPRED can be used to constrain _any_ of a relation's argument places. Examples of such metapredicates are #$argsIsa and #$argsGenl. bfa067af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 consumes portion (#$consumesPortion EV OBJ) means that a portion of the object OBJ is used up (consumed) in the event EV. However, enough of OBJ remains at the end of EV for it to maintain its identity. Thus #$consumesPortion would be appropriate for an apple that has a bite taken out of it in an eating event, but not for an apple that has been eaten to its core, since the latter is no longer an apple. bd5903e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contains cavity (containsCavity OBJ CAV) means that the object OBJ contains the #$Cavity CAV somewhere in it or on its surface. The cavity of a container could be, e.g., the interior of a box with its walls. bd5891ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contains information (#$containsInformation IBT INFO) means that INFO is part of the information content of the #$InformationBearingThing, IBT. bd58c240-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 concern (#$containsInformationAbout Is THING) means that the #$InformationStore IS is generally 'about' THING -- which may be any #$Thing at all. This is a very general notion of aboutness, which does not require that THING be explicitly named in IS, nor that it be the main topic. bd58a9fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contains information about - focally (#$containsInformationAbout-Focally IS THING) means that the #$InformationStore IS is generally 'about' THING -- which may be any #$Thing at all. This is a very general notion of aboutness, which does not require that THING be explicitly named in IS, but that it be one of the main topics of IS. Use the more general predicate #$containsInformationAbout to specify that IS contains some information about THING, but that THING is not necessarily a topic [#$topicOfIndividual] of IS. c0dcec97-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contains misinformation about (#$containsMisinformationAbout IBT THING) means that IBT contains false information about THING. bffe4545-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contains portals (#$containsPortals OBJECT PORTAL) means that the OBJECT has PORTAL as one of its holes, passages, exits or entrances. bd58d235-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contains propositional info - complete (#$containsPropositionalInfo-Complete IBT INFO) means that instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing INFO contains all and only the propositional information content of the #$InformationBearingThing, IBT. bdb1489e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contiguous after (#$contiguousAfter AFTER BEFORE) means that AFTER starts immediately following BEFORE. The two events have no time points in common, but there is no time point between them --- i.e., between the ending of the first one (BEFORE) and the starting of the second one (AFTER). E.g., one can use this predicate to state an axiom that adolescence is #$contiguousAfter childhood. Note: This Cyc temporal relation is similar, but not equivalent to, what James Allen independently dubbed the METBY relation. bd58a7e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 continuously connected to (continuouslyConnectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are #$PartiallyTangibles which are are directly and almost seamlessly connected (e.g. they are formed from the same chunk of material, with no substantial barrier or surface or gap separating them.). bd589fde-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contrary feelings (#$contraryFeelings EMOTYPE CONTTYPE) means that a feeling of the type EMOTYPE is contrary to a feeling of the type CONTTYPE. One feeling is contrary to another if they are opposed in almost all their components. See also #$contrastedFeelings. It would be very rare for someone to feel both an EMOTYPE and CONTTYPE at the same time, especially about the same thing/event/situation. E.g., (#$contraryFeelings #$Gloominess #$Cheerfulness), (#$contraryFeelings #$Respect #$Contempt), (#$contraryFeelings #$Shame #$Pride), and so on. bd588489-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contrasted feelings (#$contrastedFeelings EMOTYPE CONTTYPE) means that a feeling of the type EMOTYPE differs in enough components from a feeling of the type CONTTYPE that it is unlikely (but not virtually impossible, as in the case of #$contraryFeelings) that someone would simultaneously experience feelings of both types EMOTYPE and CONTTYPE, especially with respect to the same object. E.g., (#$contrastedFeelings #$Pride #$Remorse), (#$contrastedFeelings #$Abhorrence #$Respect), (#$contrastedFeelings #$Entertained-Emotion #$Panic), etc. That last assertion expresses the rule of thumb that one does not often feel both entertained and panicy at the same time, though those two emotions are clearly not each other's `opposite' by any means. bd58850e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contrastive - r s t The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG1 and ARG2 are presented as being similar in many ways but contrasting in ways the speaker wants to point out. bea0d091-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 controls (#$controls X Y) represents the assertion that agent X controls the object Y, in one of the following 2 senses: X can influence (prohibit, enable or constrain) the behavior of Y; or else X can at least influence (prohibit, enable or constrain) the behavior of other #$Agents in/concerning Y. For example, Fred may control his horse directly, forcing it to do things, or not do them; and he also could control the horse indirectly, by deciding who else has access to and use of that horse. Control of one agent over another agent is rarely total, of course, so this predicate is most likely to apply to a Y which is a non-living possession, and/or to apply in a very narrow context. X's control over Y is usually either actual (de facto) control or legal (de jure) control. It is usually #$cotemporal, meaning that some time slice of X controls the same time slice of Y. bd58a36a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 convex hull of (#$convexHullOf SURFACE OBJECT) means that SURFACE is the convex hull that encloses, precisely, all of the minimal convex region of space that spatiallySubsumes all parts of OBJECT. See also #$ConvexHullFn for the corresponding function. The convex hull is a surface; for the minimal convex region of space, see #$minimalConvexSpaceSubsuming. bfebc157-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conveyor - stationary (#$conveyor-Stationary TRAN CONV) means that in the transportation event TRAN, CONV is a conveyor just like a #$transporter except it does not move together with the #$transportees along the path of the transportation. For example, a #$River can move a boat [#$Watercraft] from one location to another, and a #$ConveyorBelt can move some objects from one place to another, without itself moving translationally, i.e., the river does not change its location (although some pieces of #$Water in the river do) together with the boat, nor does the #$ConveyorBelt move with the objects on it from place to place (though some parts of it do). c1581b7b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cost (#$cost OBJECT MONEY) means that buying OBJECT costs the amount MONEY, where this amount can be an interval. The #$cost of something is time- and seller-dependent. For example, the cost of a particular mansion Grey Gables is US$800,000 in an actual sale, or when offered for sale; #$cost does not refer to appraised value. bd58d495-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cotemporal (#$cotemporal X Y) means that X and Y have the exact same temporal extent. This is a much stronger relation than #$temporalBoundsIdentical (q.v.). Note: Cyc's #$cotemporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the EQUALS relation. bd58d6cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cotemporal sub events The Cyc predicate #$cotemporalSubEvents is used to relate an event to some sub-portion of the event which has the same duration as the whole event but doesn't include everything that happens. (#$cotemporalSubEvents WHOLE PART) means that WHOLE and PART are cotemporal events (i.e., they have the same exact duration), and PART is a component of WHOLE. For example, a particular element of #$RainStorm may have distinguishable #$cotemporalSubEvents for (1) raining and (2) wind blowing. Or, an instance of swimming #$Backstroke has separable events for (1) kicking and (2) arm motion throughout the swimming. #$cotemporalSubEvents allows us to identify them and state different things about the distinct processes. See also #$cotemporal, #$subEvents. bd5906be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 country of address (#$countryOfAddress LOC COUNTRY) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC is located in the #$Country COUNTRY. For example, #$Cycorp's #$countryOfAddress is the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica. See also #$ContactLocation. bd58e6ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 covering (#$covering SETORCOL COVER) means that the mathematical set or collection COVER is a covering of the mathematical set or collection SETORCOL -- that is, the elements of COVER are themselves mathematical sets or collections, and every element of SETORCOL is an element of at least one of the elements of COVER. For example, the Linnaean taxonomy of types of living things (Dog, Mammal, Chordate, Fungus, etc.) is a covering of the set of all animals alive today. Every animal alive today is a member of one or more of the Linnaean categories. A covering set or collection COVER may contain `extra' elements, which are not members of SETORCOL. For example, the union of all the Linnaean categories (see #$OrganismClassificationType) is actually much larger than the set of animals alive today, encompassing plants, extinct animal species, etc. In order to express an assertion about covering, one need not create a new constant from scratch to play the role of COVER if such a constant doesn't already exist. Instead, one can specify a covering set by enumerating its elements, using the function #$TheCovering. (This is a special #$ReifiableFunction whose principal reason-for-being is to facilitate the inference heuristics associated with assertions about covering.) bd58d560-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 covers - baglike (#$covers-Baglike WRAP OBJECT) means that WRAP covers OBJECT as a continuous sheet wrapping wholly around object. WRAP #$touches OBJECT, so there is nothing greater than a sheet thickness separating them. OBJECT is totally enclosed in WRAP. bd58b489-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 covers - hairlike (#$covers-Hairlike HAIR OBJECT) means that HAIR consists of a mob of things that are embedded close together in OBJECT and cover some portion of its surface. See also #$Mob. bd58d760-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 covers - paintlike (#$covers-Paintlike COATING OBJECT) means that COATING adheres to and covers OBJECT like a coat of paint. COATING #$touchesDirectly onto OBJECT. COATING may be either dry (e.g., dried paint) or liquid (e.g., lubricant spread on a surface, like cooking oil on a baking pan). Like paint, COATING isn't more cohesive with itself than it is with OBJECT, so (if dry) it would tend to peel or flake off in small pieces, rather than as a whole. bd58cc20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 covers - ruglike (#$covers-Ruglike MAT OBJECT) means that MAT covers at least part of one surface of OBJECT. MAT is #$SheetShaped, and MAT lies with its two longer dimensions parallel to OBJECT. See also #$coversWithConformity. bd58848f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 covers - skinlike (#$covers-Skinlike SKIN OBJECT) means that SKIN forms all or part of OBJECT's outer surface, shell, or skin. The predicate is agnostic as to whether SKIN is a part of OBJECT. bd58d0ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 client This predicate relates an agent to another agent to whom the former sells goods or services. (#$customers SELLER CUSTOMER) means SELLER sells goods and/or services to CUSTOMER. CUSTOMER must actually buy something from SELLER in order to be one of SELLER's #$customers. (Thus, #$customers has a narrower meaning than `customer' in colloquial English, which includes potential buyers.) See also #$clients. Cf. #$buyingAgent (in a particular sales event). bd58cad4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cycle in system (#$cycleInSystem CYCLE SYS) means that CYCLE is a cycle in the path system SYS. A cycle in SYS is either a loop in SYS or the concatenation of two different paths PATH1 and PATH2 in SYS satisfying (i) there are two points X and Y in SYS such that (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH1 X Y SYS) and (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH2 X Y SYS), and (ii) no point in SYS other than X and Y is on both PATH1 and PATH2. be94da63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyclist notes (#$cyclistNotes X S) means that S is a string of text that usually conveys a message useful to others involved in building the Cyc KB. This might include warnings ('don't use this!'), plans for future expansion or changes, etc. bd588108-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 daily high temperature (#$dailyHighTemperature PLACE TEMP) means that the #$Temperature TEMP is the high temperature for a day at the #$GeographicalRegion PLACE. #$dailyHighTemperature is typically used for a specified period of time (e.g., a particular day or a specific season); it may be used with generic temperature ranges as well as precise temperatures. Examples: using #$holdsIn, we can say that Austin's temperature for 7/20/96 is 102 degrees Fahrenheit; or we can say that for any #$SummerSeason, Austin's [typical] #$dailyHighTemperature is #$VeryHot. bd58f32a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 daily low temperature (#$dailyLowTemperature PLACE TEMP) means that the #$Temperature TEMP is the low temperature for a day at the #$GeographicalRegion PLACE. #$dailyLowTemperature is typically used for a specified period of time (e.g., a particular day or a specific season); it may be used with generic temperature ranges as well as precise temperatures. bd58f2e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 damage (#$damages EV OBJ) means that OBJ is acted on in EV in such a way as to end up damaged. Destruction is considered an extreme form of damage. bd589fb0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 date of death (#$dateOfDeath X Y) indicates that the #$Entity X ceased to exist during #$Date Y. For people, this is the date at which they died, hence the name of the predicate. The first argument to this predicate must be an #$Entity, and not just any old #$SomethingExisting, because we don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath of a subabstraction like AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other words, proper subabstractions will have #$startingDates and #$endingDates, but only true #$Entitys will have a #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath bd58dd0e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dead end in system (#$deadEndInSystem END SYS) means that END is a dead-end node in the specified #$PathSystem SYS. A node X in SYS is a dead-end node in SYS if there is exactly one link LINK in SYS that END is on and END is not on any loop in SYS. One easy way to illustrate a deadend X in SYS is to picture it as a node with only one path (possibly very 'short') in the system through which one can approach or leave X. Note that no totally isolated node in SYS can be a deadend in SYS, neither can any point in SYS that is on a loop in SYS. If there is no specified #$PathSystem in which the path ends, but the ending is a dead end of a #$Path-Customary like a road or wire, then use #$pathTerminus instead. c12c9294-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dealer for The predicate #$dealerFor relates a retailer to the manufacturer(s) whose products are sold by that retailer. (#$dealerFor RETAILER MANUF) means that the #$RetailOrganization RETAILER is a dealer for products made by the #$ManufacturingOrganization MANUF. RETAILER may be only one of many dealers. RETAIL sells MANUF's products to the final consumers. bd58fe87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 defendant (#$defendants ARG1 ARG2) means that the agent ARG2 is the accused party in the lawsuit ARG1. bd58d099-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 defining mt (#$definingMt TERM MT) states that TERM only begins to have semantic meaning in microtheory MT. In microtheories in which MT is not accessible, TERM is #$undefined. Additionally, (#$termDependsOn TERM MT). bde5ec9c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 defn iff (#$defnIff COL TEST) means that TEST is the name of a piece of code in the Cyc system substrate, and TEST acts as a necessary and sufficient test for inclusion in the #$Collection COL. If TEST returns T [True] when applied to a particular item, that item is considered an element of COL; all elements of COL must fulfill TEST's requirements. Cf. #$defnNecessary, #$defnSufficient. bd5880ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 defn necessary (#$defnNecessary COL TEST) means that TEST is the name of a piece of code in the Cyc system substrate, and TEST acts as a necessary definition for membership in the Cyc #$Collection COL. Only if TEST returns T [True] when applied to a particular item can that item be considered an element of COL; all elements of COL must fulfill TEST's requirements, although there may be additional requirements for membership in COL as well. Cf. #$defnIff and #$defnSufficient. bd60e145-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 defn sufficient (#$defnSufficient COL TEST) means that TEST is the name of a piece of code in the Cyc system substrate, and TEST acts as a sufficient definition for inclusion in the Cyc #$Collection COL. If TEST returns T [True] when applied to a particular item, that item is considered an element of COL. Note that TEST isn't necessarily a necessary test for membership in COL; i.e., not all elements of COL must pass the test, unless TEST is also a #$defnNecessary for COL. Cf. #$defnNecessary, #$defnIff. bd5880ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deliberate (#$deliberateActors ACT ACTR) means that the #$Agent ACTR is conscious, volitional, purposeful in the event ACT. ACTR is aware of acting in ACT and chooses to play the role he/she/it has in that event; i.e., ACTR has some purpose in mind. Note: If you do something deliberately but you fail, you are still a #$deliberateActors. For instance, you are a near-sighted doer of #$ShowingSupportForSomeone at a fencing match, and it turns out you were cheering for Fred when you thought you were cheering for Joe; nevertheless, you are still one of the #$deliberateActors in the #$ShowingSupportForSomeone event. Note: Legal responsibility is a separate issue from `deliberateness.' Doing something in a fit of rage (e.g., a crime of passion) still involves purpose, volition, and consciousness even if considered for only an instant, and even if the laws and courts find you not guilty.--Pittman, Aug. 26, 1996 c0fd5f1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 density of object (#$densityOfObject OBJ DENS) means that the tangible thing OBJ has the #$Density DENS. bd5898e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 desire (#$desires AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT desires that the world be as the proposition PROP (represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible) describes it to be. #$desires is implied by #$goals, but is weaker: PROP might be some desirable state of affairs that the agent is not actively working, or planning, to make/keep true; e.g., #$WorldPeace. See also #$goals and #$intends. bd5880d0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 destination - round trip (#$destination-RoundTrip TRIP PLACE) means that PLACE is the destination (i.e., the #$toLocation) of the OUTBOUND leg of the round-trip event TRIP. PLACE is where the #$objectMoving in TRIP goes and then returns from. See also #$origin-RoundTrip, #$Translation-RoundTrip, #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip. c10aee64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 developer of i b t type The predicate #$developerOfIBTType relates a specific work to its creator(s). (#$developerOfIBTType IBTTYPE AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the people, corporations, publishers, etc., responsible for the invention or bringing into being of the #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType IBTTYPE, which may be a book, television show, computer program, musical score, etc. Examples: #$Lenat is a #$developerOfIBTType for the #$CycKB; #$OrsonWelles is a #$developerOfIBTType for #$CitizenKane-TheMovie. bd58da57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 device controlled by (#$deviceControlledBy DEV CONTROL) means that CONTROL is a #$ControlDevice that controls #$PhysicalDevice DEV. Most of the time, the controls will be #$physicalParts of the device. However there are some notable exceptions -- one's TV remote control, for example -- which control a device but are not #$physicalParts of that device. bd5cbb65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 device used The predicate #$deviceUsed indicates that a particular device is used in a particular event. (#$deviceUsed EVENT OBJECT) means that the #$PhysicalDevice OBJECT plays an instrumental role in the #$Event EVENT. (See also #$instrument-Generic.) OBJECT is intentionally used in EVENT, and standardly (e.g., in the #$HumanActivitiesMt) OBJECT's role in EVENT is consistent with the object's #$primaryFunction. bd5d0531-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed cycle in system (#$directedCycleInSystem CYCLE SYS) means that CYCLE is a cycle in the #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem SYS that observes the directions of paths in SYS, i.e., all parts of CYCLE that are paths in SYS must observe the orders or directions of the paths in SYS. For example, if PATH is a path in SYS directed from X to Y in SYS, and if LINK is a link in SYS directed from Y to X, and in addition if LINK is different from PATH, then (#$JoinPathsIntoCycleFn (#$TheList X PATH Y LINK X)) is a cycle in SYS that observes the directions of paths in SYS. Note that in a #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem SYS, every loop in SYS is a directed cycle in SYS. Otherwise a directed cycle is a 'proper' cycle, i.e., it is the concatenation of some directed paths in SYS. bfaae4c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directors (#$directingAgent ACT AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the agents that is in control of or directing ACT, but not necessarily directly performing it. If, in the event ACT, an agent other than AGENT has the #$performedBy role, then that performer's actions in ACT are directed by AGENT. For example, (#$directingAgent PSOBicentennialConcertOfBeethovensNinth WilliamSteinberg) is true, because Steinberg was the conductor of that concert; he directed the many other musicians who performed in that event. Another case: (#$directingAgent MassacreAtMyLai LtWilliamCalley). The type of direction implied by #$directingAgent is the kind that can be accomplished by AGENT communicating its desires to the actual performer(s) of ACT. So, a person would be the #$directingAgent in a clothes-washing event #$doneBy a washing machine ONLY in those contexts (if any) in which we can consider the machine an agent, acting intentionally. bd589690-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 direction - pointing (#$direction-Pointing OBJ DIR) means that the intrinsic pointing axis of OBJ points in the direction DIR (which is described using an instance of #$UnitVectorInterval). Pointing axes may be ascribed to certain objects especially in relation to their function(s); e.g., objects which are intended to indicate direction (e.g., a pointer stick, a compass needle); objects which cause motion in a certain direction (e.g., a gun, a train); objects which are accessed from a certain direction (e.g., cupboards, couches). bd58b9fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 direction of translation - avg Predicate used to specify the 'general' direction of travel in a #$Movement-TranslationEvent. The direction will be stated as a range specified with a vector interval. c07c2ac0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 direction (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout MOVEMENT DIR) means that the #$objectMoving in MOVEMENT moves in the direction DIR *throughout* MOVEMENT. I.e. for every #$timeSlices of MOVEMENT the direction of the #$objectMoving is DIR. This is useful for talking about the 'instantaneous direction' of a translation event. It is also useful for talking about the direction of motion in a movement event in which there is no curving. Note that the semantics of this can get confusing when #$directionOfTranslation-Throughout is inside #$holdsIn expressions. For example, let's say a particle P, moves in a great arcing motion event M which lasts for one hour. If we pick two *instances*, I1 and I2 within that hour, the value of DIR (if it is a precise vector) must be different. Thus, in CycL the values of D1 and D2 would be different (#$holdsIn I1 (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout M D1)), (#$holdsIn I2 (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout M D2)) because the instantaneous direction of travel would be changing thoughout M. Furthermore, it would be impossible to ascribe a precise vector value for DIR that would apply to (#$holdsIn M (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout M D3)) or equivalently to (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout M D3) for the same reason, i.e. that the direction is constantly changing throughout M. bd58ba7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 direction preserving sub systems (#$directionPreservingSubSystems SYS SUBSYS) means that (i) both SYS and SUBSYS are semi-directed path systems (see #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem), (ii) SUBSYS is a subsystem of SYS, and (iii) SUBSYS 'preserves' the directions of links, i.e., for each link LINK in SUBSYS, (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SUBSYS) iff (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS). c06e260d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dirtiness of object (#$dirtinessOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Dirtiness. bd58e326-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disjoint with This predicate relates any two set-or-collections that have no elements in common. (#$disjointWith SETORCOL1 SETORCOL2) means that SETORCOL1 is disjoint with SETORCOL2: they have no elements in common. (#$disjointWith SETORCOL SETORCOL) entails that SETORCOL is empty, i.e has no elements. bd5880e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dislike (#$dislikesObject AGT OBJ) means that AGT feels an emotion of #$Dislike when interacting with OBJ in some way. See #$likesObject for elaboration. bd68379b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dislike (#$dislikesSensorially AGT SENSUM) means that the #$PerceptualAgent AGT feels some physical discomfort from the sensory experience of SENSUM (a taste, an odor, a particular level of pain, etc. --- see #$SensoryAttribute). Note: this is a stronger statement than (#$not (#$likesSensorially AGT SENSUM)), as there may be many #$SensoryAttributes which one neither particularly likes nor dislikes. bd590ae5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 distance above sea level (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel REG DIST) means that the altitude above sea level of the #$GeographicalRegion REG is the #$Distance DIST. For elements of #$Mountain, distance is measured from sea level to the peak; for elements of #$Lake, from the surface to sea level; for cities, from the center of town to sea level. Examples: (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$PikesPeak-Mount (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 14110)); (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$MountEverest (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 29028)); (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$MountFuji-Volcano (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 12389)); (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$LakeHuron (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 580)). To describe ``distance above sea level'' for a non-#$GeographicalRegion, see #$altitudeAboveSeaLevel. bd58cf53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 distance of rotation This predicate indicates, for a particular rotational motion event, the total absolute value of the angular distance travelled by the #$objectMoving in that event. (#$distanceOfRotation ROT DIST) means that in the event ROT, the #$objectMoving travelled the angular distance DIST. Note that this is not the same as the net angular displacement of the #$objectMoving, but rather the entire angular distance travelled. So if you unscrew a jar lid 1/6 of a turn, and later screw it back on, the #$distanceOfRotation is 120 degrees, not zero; and if you spin around ten times, your #$distanceOfRotation is 3600 degrees, not zero. Angular distance is measured in degrees, radians, etc. bf2978c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 distance translated This predicate relates a translational movement event to the total distance travelled by the #$objectMoving in that event. (#$distanceTranslated MOVE DIST) means that in the event MOVE, the #$objectMoving covered the distance DIST. Note that DIST is the actual distance travelled by the object, not merely its net change in position; so if the #$motionPathway-Complete of MOVE is a round trip a mile each way to the store, the #$distanceTranslated would be 2 miles, not zero. bd5898d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 does business with The predicate #$doesBusinessWith relates two agents who do business with each other. (#$doesBusinessWith AGENT1 AGENT2) means that AGENT1 does some business with AGENT2. Minimally, that means the two agents at least occasionally negotiate to buy or sell products or services from one other. The two agents may or may not complete the sales/purchase and enter into actual contracts. c10ae4a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 domain assumptions (#$domainAssumptions M P) means that the microtheory M has the proposition P as a domain assumption. See the comment for #$Microtheory for a detailed explanation of what the `assumptions' of a mt are, as opposed to its `content'. In brief, it means that all the `content' assertions of M assume that P is true. Another way of thinking of this is that one is `in' context M only if all its domain assumptions are true. Another way of thinking of this is that the various `content' assertions of M only apply to objects that satisfy all its #$domainAssumptions. Yes, that means that the `domain of quantifiers' (#$forAll and #$thereExists) is limited to the universe of such objects. So if it's true in M that (#$forAll ?x Q), and if we lift this axiom to another theory M2 that does not make the domain assumption P, then the axiom becomes (#$forAll ?x (#$implies P Q)). Note: Actually, what becomes true in M2 is slightly more complicated, namely: (#$forAll ?x (#$implies (#$and P1 P2 P3...) Q)), where P1, P2, P3,... are all the domain assumptions of M which are not implied by the domain assumptions of M2. Note: Domain assumption propositions --- in this case P --- must have a special format: P must contain the free variable ?U, and this ?U represents `some term which is talked about in M'. The idea is that one could have a domain assumption that said `if ?U is a person, ?U must have been born after 1950', or which said `if ?U is the performer of an event, then ?U is a person' etc. For example: (#$implies (#$isa ?U #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent) (#$isa ?U #$CreationOrDestructionEvent)) is one of the #$domainAssumptions of the #$NaiveStateChangeMt context. It says that, in that context, physical state changes of an object (e.g., melting or boiling) are viewed as creations and destructions, in which elements of #$Entity come into or go out of existence, rather than viewing them as events which preserve entityhood. See also #$mtAdditionConstraint. bd5880d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 doers The predicate #$doneBy relates an event to its `doer'. (#$doneBy EVENT DOER) means that DOER is the `doer' in the event EVENT. Some action on the part of the doer causes or carries out the event. This predicate is agnostic as to whether DOER does EVENT intentionally or not (DOER need not even be animate; e.g., the event in which Mount Vesuvius erupted and buried Pompeii was #$doneBy Mount Vesuvius). See #$performedBy and #$bodilyDoer for the more specific senses of `doer' when DOER is, respectively, an agent (#$Agent) acting deliberately or a biological organism (#$Organism-Whole). c0fd4798-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 doorway has covering Relates a #$Doorway to the physical covering used to seal it. The user should be aware that #$Doorway, the designated arg1 for this predicate, is currently constrained to be a physical part of some instance of #$ShelterConstruction. This is because, in normal English parlance, doorways are the portals through which people pass to get in and out of shelter constructions, and from room to room. Planes, trains, automobiles, and other vehicles are not conventionally said to have #$Doorways, and if the aim is to assert something about the #$PortalCoverings of a vehicle, #$portalHasCovering would be the appropriate predicate to use. bd58cf22-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 drivers (#$driverActor DRIVE DRIVER) means that DRIVER controls (see #$ControllingATransporter) the #$transporter in DRIVE. DRIVER steers the wheel, grasps the tiller, controls the throttle, the reins, the brakes, etc., of the #$transporter, e.g., a boat, train, windsurfer, mule, plane, horse and carriage, spaceship, sled, etc. DRIVER is not a #$passengers in DRIVE. Because #$transporter and #$transportees are disjoint and #$driverActor has #$transportees as a #$genlPreds, DRIVER is distinct from the value on #$transporter. Thus a person walking while carrying a watermelon would not be a #$driverActor in their own walking. DRIVER is usually in #$SittingPosture during DRIVE. For any given instant of DRIVE there is exactly one DRIVER. Until we have more extensive vocabulary, #$transportees is the most specific we can be about events in which multiple drivers share driving responsibility throughout the event or if there is a pilot/co-pilot combination. bd58bf45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ductility of object (#$ductilityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the instance of #$SolidTangibleThing OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Ductility (q.v.). bd58d2f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 duration This predicate relates a temporal thing to the length of time it happened or existed. (#$duration TEMPTHING DURATION) means that DURATION is the length of time TEMPTHING happened (if an event) or existed (if a physical object or static situation). If TEMPTHING is #$temporallyContinuous, its #$duration is the same as its #$measure (the elapsed time from start to end); but if TEMPTHING is discontinuous, its #$duration is strictly less than its #$measure. For example, the #$duration of Sundays-in-April-2001 is (#$DaysDuration 5), whereas the #$measure of that same temporal object is (#$DaysDuration 29). bd58a3b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 east of (#$eastOf EASTREGION WESTREGION) means that the #$GeographicalRegion EASTREGION is to the east of the #$GeographicalRegion WESTREGION, when viewed in the terrestrial frame of reference. Note that WESTREGION is therefore west of EASTREGION; thus, no distinct predicate is needed to represent `west of'. Example: (#$eastOf #$EasternUSATimeZone #$CentralUSATimeZone). See also #$northOf and #$directionBetweenObjects. To express '(westOf x y)' all we need is to say (#$eastOf y x). bd58e48b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 eats willingly The predicate #$eatsWillingly is used to relate an #$Animal to the type of food it will willingly eat. In a normal #$EatingEvent, the food consumed is of a type that the eater #$eatsWillingly. As negative examples, no vegetarian or herbivore #$eatsWillingly meat. bd589419-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 education level (#$educationLevel PRSN LVL) means #$Person PRSN has had formal schooling up to the highest level #$EducationLevelAttribute LVL at one or more #$EducationalOrganizations. This will refer to a particular #$subAbstrac of a #$Person, not to the person as a whole lifetime #$Entity. bd58a758-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 el inverse arg1 is a binary predicate, otherwise unrestricted; arg2 is also a binary predicate such that (a) it can be thought of as the inverse of arg1, and (b) arg2 is an #$ELRelation; e.g., (#$elInverse #$genls #$specs). c073820f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 elaboration - r s t The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which is an elaboration of the information described in ARG1. bfd88463-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 elaboration attribute - r s t The relation of elaboration attribute as used in Rhetorical Structure Theory. bdbfb7ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 elaboration general specific - r s t The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which is an elaboration of the information described in ARG1 in the sense that is gives more specific information about ARG1. c0257e5a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 elaboration process step - r s t The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which is an elaboration of the information described in ARG1 in the sense that it is seen as a step in the process of doing ARG1. bf4ddebe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 elasticity of object (#$elasticityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) indicates how readily the solid tangible thing OBJ returns to its original shape after being deformed (but not broken). The higher the DEGREE of elasticity, the more quickly and completely the object returns to its previous shape. Billiard balls, for example, are highly elastic in this sense. A related concept is #$compressibilityOfObject. bd589f65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 element of (#$elementOf THNG SETORCOL) means that THNG is an element of the mathematical set or collection SETORCOL. #$elementOf is a more general relation than the more-heavily-used #$isa, which is used to talk about membership in a natural kind (an element of #$Collection). #$elementOf can also be used to talk about membership in an arbitrarily-defined mathematical set (an instance of #$Set-Mathematical), such as those denoted by #$TheSet expressions. c0659a2b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emitters The Cyc predicate #$emitter is used to identify the source of an emission. (#$emitter EMIT OBJ) means that OBJ provides the force involved in making the #$objectEmitted move from OBJ to someplace outside of OBJ. See also #$providerOfMotiveForce, #$fromLocation. bd58dcf1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 employed agent The predicate #$employedAgent identifies the particular employee who is covered by a particular work agreement. (#$employedAgent AGREE WORKER) means that AGREE is an instance of #$WorkAgreement covering the employee WORKER. bd58d7c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 employee status The predicate #$employeeStatus describes a worker's job as full-time, part-time, salaried, commissioned, paid by the hour, or etc. More than one may apply. (#$employeeStatus WORKER STATUS) means that STATUS indicates the #$WorkStatus of WORKER. For example, the #$employeeStatus of an auto worker at GM probably includes the #$WorkStatus attributes #$FullTime and #$HourlyWork. bd58ff9f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 employee The predicate #$employees relates a particular employer to one of its paid employees. (#$employees EMPLOYER WORKER) means WORKER regularly performs work for EMPLOYER, and EMPLOYER pays WORKER for that activity (often by paycheck). EMPLOYER directs the manner in which WORKER performs the work and may provide the workplace, tools, capital, and other assistance for the work. EMPLOYER is commonly an organization but may be a person. E.g., (#$employees PerryMason PaulDrake); (#$employees #$Cycorp #$Lenat). Uses of this predicate require proper temporal qualification; e.g., (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1995) (#$employees #$CarnegieMellonUniversity #$Derthick)). bd58cb96-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 employing agent The predicate #$employingAgent identifies the employer in a particular work agreement. (#$employingAgent AGREE EMPLOYER) means that the #$Agent EMPLOYER has entered into the #$WorkAgreement AGREE with some employee, and AGREE obligates EMPLOYER to compensate that employee for specified work. See also #$Agreement, #$obligatedAgent. bd58d706-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 empties into (#$emptiesInto RIV WAT) means that the #$Stream RIV flows into WAT, an element of #$BodyOfWater that is not a #$Stream. Examples: (#$emptiesInto #$AmazonRiver #$AtlanticOcean); (#$emptiesInto #$HuangHeRiver #$YellowSea). bd59083c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 enablement - r s t The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which could enable the listener to carry out the actions described in ARG1. bd91eb29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 end to end connected (#$endToEndConnected PATH1 PATH2) means that one end of #$Path-Simple PATH1 is connected to one end of another #$Path-Simple, PATH2, end-to-end (i.e., without sharing any subpaths), allowing flow or transport between them. This kind of connection is not a #$JunctionOfPaths since there is no third distinct path joined there. In pipe welding, these end-to-end connections are called butt welds or circumferential pipe welds. bf11c86e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ending date (#$endingDate X Y) indicates that Y is a #$Date such that (#$temporallySubsumes Y (#$EndFn X)). This is NOT the same as #$endingPoint. Rather, it means that X stopped happening (went out of existence, etc.) sometime on that date. Note: the date is tied to a time interval on a calendar, but need not be a particular day; it might be a particular calendar month, a particular calendar year, etc. bd58a22c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 end This predicate relates a temoral thing to the time point at which it ends or ceases to exist. (#$endingPoint THING POINT) means that THING ends at POINT, which is the last moment of its temporal extent. See also #$startingPoint. be00f6d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ends after ending of (#$endsAfterEndingOf LATER EARLY) means that LATER ends after EARLY ends -- in Cyc terms, (#$after (#$EndFn LATER) (#$EndFn EARLY)). That is, the #$endingPoint of LATER is later than the #$endingPoint of EARLY. This implies nothing about whether LATER and EARLY overlap, or how much they overlap, except that they can't be fully #$cotemporal. Examples: rinsing while showering ends after soaping while showering; the process of hiring a contractor ends after the process of collecting bids. bd58d61d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ends after starting of (#$endsAfterStartingOf X Y) means (#$after (#$EndFn X) (#$StartFn Y)). That is, the #$endingPoint of X is later than the #$startingPoint of Y. This implies nothing about whether X and Y overlap, or how much they overlap. bd58c819-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 expire (#$endsDuring X Y) means Y covers the end of X, i.e. the #$endingPoint of X is properly contained in (#$temporalBoundsContain) Y. Note that X and Y don't necessarily intersect, however, if Y is continuous, they do. bd58d9b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ends of path segment (#$endsOfPathSegment PATH LOC) means that LOC is at one end of the #$Path-Generic PATH; LOC may be either a junction or a genuine terminal-end of the path segment (indicated by #$pathTerminus). This refers to the two ends of any kind of #$Path-Simple, or the the single 'end' of a #$Path-Cyclic that goes from thing back to itself. If PATH is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible, #$SpatialThing, or #$TemporalThing, then LOC is also; however, neither of them need to be an instance of any of these collections. c088e410-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 equal strings - case insensitive (#$equalStrings-CaseInsensitive ?STRING1 ?STRING2) is true when ?STRING1 and ?STRING2 are strings of characters which differ only in case. beab79ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 equal symbols This binary predicate, both of whose arguments are #$quotedArguments, can be used to make identity assertions about symbols. Stated loosely, (#$equalSymbols X Y) means that X and Y are one and the same symbol. Given that the arguments are quoted , however, it is more accurate to say: A GAF consisting of the expression '#$equalSymbols' followed by CycL expressions A and B (all enclosed within a pair of parentheses) is true if and only if A and B are (two occurrences of) the same expression. Note that this is stronger than merely saying that A and B denote the same thing. As an example (using English expressions for convenience), the name 'Bertrand Russell' and the description 'the author of On Denoting ' are two different expressions, even though they both denote the same person. Two symbols can even share the same intensional meaning and still be different symbols; e.g. 'bachelor' and 'unmarried male'. The relation #$equalSymbols does hold, however, between 'bachelor' and 'bachelor' (at least if we pretend that 'bachelor' is a CycL expression), as it does between the CycL constant '#$BertrandRussell' and the Cycl constant '#$BertrandRussell'. See also #$differentSymbols and #$equals. c05e110e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 equal The predicate #$equals is the CycL version of the identity relation. (#$equals THING1 THING2) means that THING1 and THING2 are numerically identical, i.e. they are one and the same thing. A formula of this form is true if and only if the terms occupying #$equals's two argument-places denote the same thing. bd5880c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 equiv The logical connective #$equiv represents bi-directional implication. #$equiv takes two arguments, each of which must be an element of #$ELSentence-Assertible. (#$equiv FORMULA-1 FORMULA-2) means that formula FORMULA-1 is true precisely when formula FORMULA-2 is true; in other words, FORMULA-1 is true if and only if FORMULA-2 is true. An EL #$equiv formula is translated during canonicalization into an equivalent (though less compact) conjunction of #$implies formulas (see the #$expansion gaf for #$equiv). bda887b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ethnic groups here The ethnic groups that inhabit a geographical region. bd58df06-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ethnicity (#$ethnicity PERSON GROUPTYPE) means #$Person PERSON belongs to the #$EthnicGroupType GROUPTYPE. E.g., (#$ethnicity #$JohnWilkesBooth #$CensusGroupOfCaucasians). One #$Person may belong to more than one #$EthnicGroupType. See also #$residesInRegion. bd589a59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evaluate (#$evaluate VAR EXPRESSION) is satisfied by an HL module which evaluates EXPRESSION and binds VAR to the result. For example, (#$evaluate ?SUM (#$PlusFn 1 2)) would bind ?SUM to 3. c03afa6d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evaluation defn The Cyc predicate #$evaluationDefn is used to relate an evaluatable Cyc function or predicate to the name of the piece of code that is used to evaluate it. (#$evaluationDefn E-REL NAME) means that the #$SubLSymbol NAME is the name of a piece of Heuristic Level (SubL) code in the Cyc system which is used to compute the value of expressions containing the #$EvaluatableRelation E-REL. bd5880c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 honoree (#$eventHonors OCCURRENCE AGENT) means that AGENT is honored or commemorated by OCCURRENCE. If AGENT is a living #$Person, AGENT is probably present at OCCURRENCE. This is the appropriate predicate for relating a #$Funeral to the deceased person for whom the #$Funeral is in honor. bd588dbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 location The predicate #$eventOccursAt relates a particular event to the instance of #$SpatialThing-Localized in which it occurs. (#$eventOccursAt EVENT PT) means that the spatial extent of EVENT is within PT. For example, (#$eventOccursAt LomaPrietaEarthquake SanFranciscoBayArea). Use the predicate #$eventPartiallyOccursAt to relate an event to any instance of #$SpatialThing-Localized in which some sub-event of it occurs. bd58d59e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 event occurs near The predicate #$eventOccursNear relates an event to its approximate location. (#$eventOccursNear EVENT LOC) means that EVENT occurs at or near (see #$near) LOC. #$eventOccursNear is useful when the more exact location is unknown, hard to specify, or not worth reifying; otherwise use #$eventOccursAt. For example, #$eventOccursNear could be used to CycLify Bob was cycling by the dam , We played checkers near the TV , and He is standing by the horse's hind legs . See the #$cyclistNotes for ideas on how to formalize this. c0fbb7cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 event to achieve - sit type (#$eventToAchieve-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means that, in the planning context, it is part of the purpose of EVT that a situation of type SIT_TYPE become true in EVT but not hold true for the duration of EVT. bf7c13ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 event to insure - sit type (eventToInsure-SitType EVT SITTYPE) means that in the planning context it is part of the purpose of EVT that a situation of type SITTYPE should 'happen' at some time in the course of EVT. It is presupposed that no #$Situation of type SITTYPE obtains at the start of EVT, and that the situation should persist after its inception. c10ec858-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 event to interrupt - sit type (#$eventToInterrupt-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means that, in the planning context, it is part of the purpose of EVT that a situation of type SIT_TYPE should cease to obtain at some point in EVENT but that a situation of type SIT_TYPE should become true again sometime before the end of EVENT. c1412a40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 event to maintain - sit type (#$eventToMaintain-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means that, in the planning context, the maintainance of a pre-existing #$Situation satisfying the description of SIT_TYPE throughout the course of EVT is part of the purpose of EVT. be75e96d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 event to prevent - sit type (#$eventToPrevent-SitType EVT SITTYPE) means that, in the planning context, a #$Situation satisfying the description of SITTYPE must NOT come about at any time during the course of EVT in order for EVT to count as 'successful'. It is presupposed that no #$Situation of type SITTYPE obtains at the start of SIT. bfa85c4b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 event to stop - sit type (#$eventToStop-SitType EVT SITTYPE) means that, in the planning context, the success of EVT is contingent upon a pre-existing situation of type SITTYPE ceasing to obtain at some time in the course of SIT. c01f994f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 event to thwart - sit type (#$eventToThwart-SitType EVENT SIT_TYPE) means that if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE obtains at the start of EVT, then it is part of the purpose of EVT that it be stopped some time in the course of SIT, and if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does not obtain at the start of EVT, then it is part of the purpose of EVT that such a situation be prevented throughout EVT. The predicate is defined in terms of #$eventToStop-SitType and #$eventToPrevent-SitType. bf5107f2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 event to uphold - sit type (#$eventToUphold-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means that if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does not obtain at the start of EVT, then it is part of the purpose of EVT in the planning context that such a #$Situation be brought about some time in the course of EVT, and if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does obtain at the start of EVT, then it is part of the purpose of EVT that such a #$Situation be maintained throughout EVT. The predicate is defined in terms of #$eventToMaintain-SitType and #$eventToInsure-SitType. c074a154-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 example assertions c000f476-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exchangers The predicate #$exchangers is used to identify the (typically, two) #$Agents involved in an instance of #$ExchangeOfUserRights. In such an event, each of the #$exchangers gives up possession of one thing and gains possession of another which was previously possessed by the other agent. (#$exchangers EXCH AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the parties having such a dual role in the #$ExchangeOfUserRights EXCH. Every instance of #$ExchangeOfUserRights has two sub-events which are instances of #$TransferringPossession (e.g., a dollar bill goes in one direction and some french fries and a few coins go in the other direction.) Each of the #$exchangers is both a #$toPossessor (in one of the two #$TransferringPossession sub-events of EXCH) and a #$fromPossessor (in the other sub-event). bd5dfbff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 execution of plan (executionOfPlan PLAN EVENT) means that EVENT is a complex #$Event that figures as an execution of the #$Plan represented by PLAN. EVENT may be reified within the #$Microtheory PLAN itself, or it may be in a higher-order mt to which PLAN has access. bdfb6731-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exhibitors (#$exhibitors GATHERING AGENT) means that AGENT actively presents information, markets a product, displays merchandise or artwork to the attendees of GATHERING. bd5bba85-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 expansion Some relations (e.g., instances of #$RuleMacroPredicate) can be defined in terms of more basic or primitive constructs. (#$expansion RELATION FORMULA) associates RELATION with the FORMULA that defines it. The arg2 is allowed to reference generic-argument keywords, such as :ARG1 :ARG2 which represent respectively the arg1 and the arg2 within uses of RELATION. For example, (#$expansion #$genls (#$implies (#$isa ?object :ARG1) (#$isa ?object :ARG2))) indicates that the gaf (#$genls #$Poodle #$Dog) is defined as (#$implies (#$isa ?object #$Poodle) (#$isa ?object #$Dog))). Importantly, the expansion-formula arg2 must be necessary and sufficient; it denotes the definition of the uses of relation arg1; there can be only one expansion for any relation. Furthermore, no two relations can share a common expansion; thus, there can be only one possible contraction from a formula that corresponds to an expansion into a compact form that references expandable relations. For example, (#$implies (#$isa ?object #$Poodle) (#$isa ?object #$Dog))) has the unambiguous contraction of (#$genls #$Poodle #$Dog). The expansion arg2 can (and should when possible) make use of relations that have expansions. Note that the example above references #$implies which would itself have the expansion (#$or (#$not :ARG1) :ARG2). Thus, the full expansion of a relation can involve recursive expansions. For example, the full expansion of #$genls would be (#$or (#$isa ?object :ARG1) (#$not (#$isa ?object :ARG2)))). No relation may reference itself (either directly or indirectly via recursion) in its expansion (or in its full recursive expansion). See #$GenericArgTemplate, #$ELRelation, #$expansionAxiom. bd58e0ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 expansion axiom (#$expansionAxiom PRED ASSERT) means that the assertion ASSERT is part of the expansion of PRED. bdfabffc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 expansion defn (#$expansionDefn <Relation> <Symbol>) denotes that during canonicalization the subl function definition of <Symbol> is used to transform an EL expression (<Relation> . <args>) into the appropriate HL formula. be31edd4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 expect (#$expects AGT PROP) means that the agent AGT believes it highly likely that the proposition PROP (represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible) will be true sometime in the future. A use of this predicate is to state rules such as: when someone confirms that they will be participating in a social event, the host(ess) #$expects that they will participate. This is somewhat weaker than stating that an agent believes (see #$beliefs) that PROP will become true. bd590aaa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exports (#$exports COUNTRY PRODUCT-TYPE) means that the region COUNTRY has substantial regular exports of the goods or services PRODUCT-TYPE to other countries. bd588ed3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 extent cardinality (#$extentCardinality SETORCOL N) means that there are N terms in the currently represented extent of #$SetOrCollection SETORCOL. See also, #$cardinality, #$entityCardinality, #$Note-cardinality-vs-entityCardinality. be2e94bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 external part (#$externalParts OBJ PART) means that OBJ has PART as one of its external #$physicalParts. See #$surfaceParts, an important specialization of #$externalParts, for parts which do not extend from one side to the opposite side of ARG1. bd58cfa4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 eye color (#$eyeColor ANIMAL COLOR) means that the #$Animal ANIMAL has eyes whose #$Color is COLOR (more precisely, this means that their irises appear to have that color, in sunlight). E.g., (#$eyeColor AmyIrving #$PurpleColor). bd5895a7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 faces direction (#$facesDirection OBJ DIR) means that the intrinsic forward axis of OBJ (i.e., the vector normal to its intrinsic front side) points in the direction DIR. Note that an object only has an intrinsic forward axis if it has some intrinsic front side by virtue of its design or function. For example, trains, cars, and bullets have intrinsic front faces by virtue of the direction in which they are intended to travel. Other objects, such as refrigerators, bookshelves against walls, and televisions, have front faces by virtue of how people usually view the object. Spheres, being symmetric, do not have an intrinsic forward axis. bd58b302-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 failure The predicate #$failureForAgents is used to indicate that a particular agent fails to achieve (at least one of) its goals in a particular action. (#$failureForAgents ENDEAVOR AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT had some purpose in performing ENDEAVOR that was not realized. See also #$purposeInEvent. c1560de3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fan out arg (#$fanOutArg ?PRED ?N) means that transitively-related assertions using ?PRED usually ''fan out'' in the direction of argument position ?N. For example, (#$fanOutArg #$geographicalSubRegions 2). This means there are more non-subsumed arg2s for a given arg1 to #$geographicalSubRegions than there would be non-subsumed arg1s for a given arg2. be92128d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 farther north than (#$fartherNorthThan THING-1 THING-2) means that THING-1 is farther to the north than THING-2 is, although it need not be #$northOf THING-2; they must be on the same planet surface, and the northernmost point(s) of THING-1 is, strictly speaking, closer to the North Pole than the northernmost point(s) of THING-2. Example: (#$fartherNorthThan #$CityOfRomeItaly #$CityOfBostonMA). An example shows a technical difference between #$northOf and #$fartherNorthThan: the #$CityOfRioDeJaneiroBrazil is #$fartherNorthThan the #$CityOfMelbourneAustralia, even though the shortest air route from Melbourne to Rio is to fly directly south (almost over the #$SouthPole). c145b1bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fastened to (#$fastenedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is an assembly consisting of OBJ1, OBJ2, and one or more fasteners configured so that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are rigidly connected. Many types of fastener are covered by #$fastenedTo; e.g., screws, nails, rivets, nuts and bolts. The fastener penetrates all the way through OBJ1 and may or may not go all the way through OBJ2. Examples: a utility shelf screwed into the wall; paper notices stapled to a bulletin board; shingles nailed to the roof of a house. bd58eba2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 father (#$father OFFSPRING MALE) means that #$MaleAnimal MALE is the male biological parent of #$Animal OFFSPRING. bd58d2fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fax number text The predicate #$faxNumberText relates a particular location to the fax number at that location. (#$faxNumberText LOC NUM) means that NUM is a string denoting (one of) the fax number(s) of the #$ContactLocation LOC. bd5900f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mother (#$femaleParentActor ?EVENT ?ORGANISM) means that ?ORGANISM is the female parent in the #$SexualReproductionEvent ?EVENT. bd58c757-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fields of activity (#$fieldsOfActivity X FLD) means the #$Person X was or is active in the #$FieldOfStudy FLD, and usually is making, has made, or intends to make some contribution to FLD. E.g., (#$fieldsOfActivity #$Thales #$MilesianSchool) and, to take a more recent example, (#$fieldsOfActivity #$Lenat #$ArtificialIntelligence). bd58fc22-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fields of competence (#$fieldsOfCompetence Z FLD) means the #$Person Z has actual competence and knowledgeability in the #$FieldOfStudy FLD, or else at least is recognized by peers and colleagues in the same field as being competent in that field. E.g., (#$fieldsOfCompetence #$Nichols #$PhilosophyAncient). See also #$expertRegarding and #$domainsOfSpecialization. bd58b7ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 study (#$fieldsOfFormalEducation Z FLD) means that #$Person Z has had formal academic or tutorial education in the #$FieldOfStudy FLD. E.g., (#$fieldsOfFormalEducation #$Colvin #$Linguistics). This is a good example of a predicate whose precise meaning, and associated heuristic rules, vary quite a bit from context to context, such as from culture to culture, from century to century, etc. bd58b6ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 first name (#$firstName X STRNG) means that #$Person X is known by the #$HumanGivenNameString STRNG as his or her first name. E.g., (#$firstName #$Lenat ``Douglas''). A person rarely has more than one first name, though they may have many nicknames which acquaintences use almost interchangably with the person's first and/or last names. bd58c6fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 first sub events (#$firstSubEvents EVENT START) implies (#$subEvents EVENT START) and (#$temporallyStartedBy EVENT START). For example, if one is #$RelievingPain by taking a pill, then the #$firstSubEvents in that event is an #$Ingesting event. See also #$lastSubEvents. bd58d6a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fits in The predicate #$fitsIn is used to give an approximation of the external size and shape of particular tangible objects, by relating an object to an abstract region of space described as a geometric shape with definite dimensions. (#$fitsIn OBJ SHAPE) gives an upper bound for the size of the object OBJ, by stating what sized shape OBJ will fit inside. #$fitsIn uses the elements of #$ShapeFunction (q.v.) for reference, especially the basic shapes generated by #$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, and #$SphereFn. (Note: actual instances of AbstractPhysicalShape are NOT used for assertions made with #$fitsIn.) Examples: (#$fitsIn #$Pittman (#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Meter 2) (#$Meter 0.35) (#$Meter 0.25))) and (#$fitsIn HopeDiamond (#$CylinderFn (#$Centi (#$Meter 10) (#$Centi(#$Meter 10))). When #$fitsIn is used in a rule to represent a class of objects with variable sizes, the #$ShapeFunction used should refer to the largest size that such objects normally have. For example, by default, any sandwich SW (#$fitsIn SW (#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Inch 12) (#$Inch 12) (#$Inch 6))). bd590bea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 flammability (#$flammabilityOfObject SUBST DEGREE) means that the tangible SUBST has this DEGREE of #$Flammability. A higher value of DEGREE describes objects that catch fire and burn more quickly and easily than those with a lower value. bd58b60b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fluid pressure (#$fluidPressure FLUID PRESS) means that the #$FluidTangibleThing FLUID exerts the #$Pressure PRESS at its surface. bd589144-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 following interval type (#$followingIntervalType X Y) indicates that every instance of X is followed by some instance of Y, and every instance of Y is preceded by some instance of X. The instance of Y is #$contiguousAfter the instance of X. For example, (#$followingIntervalType #$Saturday #$Sunday). Every Saturday is followed by a Sunday, and every Sunday is preceded by a Saturday; the Sunday is #$contiguousAfter the Saturday. be010ec8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 following value The Cyc predicate #$followingValue is used to represent an ordering of generic attributes. (#$followingValue VAL1 VAL2) means that VAL2 is a greater value than VAL1 on a scale that they share. (#$followingValue VAL1 VAL2) implies (#$greaterThan VAL2 VAL1). Typically, one uses #$followingValue when the values VAL1 and VAL2 are elements of #$GenericQuantity, and they are not grounded in numerically quantifiable units of measure (see #$NoteAboutGivingGenericValueFunctionsNumericValues). If VAL1 and VAL2 do have numerical grounding, a #$followingValue formula is unnecessary since #$numericallyEqual, #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, and #$greaterThan, are automatically computable using arithmetic relations holding between the minimum and maximum of val1 and val2. (See #$minQuantValue, #$maxQuantValue.) For example, one must use #$followingValue to state that (#$HighAmountFn #$Glamor) is more glamorous than (#$LowAmountFn #$Glamor). On the other hand, it is unnecessary to assert a #$followingValue relation between (#$MilesPerHour 5) and (#$MilesPerHour 25 60) since #$greaterThan is arithmetically determinable. See also #$GenericQuantity, #$GenericValueFunction. bd5892af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food source for The predicate #$foodSourceFor is used to relate a particular organism to the kinds of things it usually eats. (#$foodSourceFor ORG OBJTYPE) means ORG is an organism that typically eats some instances of OBJTYPE for food. Note that OBJTYPE refers to a type of food source, not a particular object that ORG eats. For example, (#$foodSourceFor #$BillJ #$Popcorn) means that #$Popcorn is a #$foodSourceFor Bill, i.e., Bill often eats (instances of) popcorn. bd58868b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 for all The predicate #$forAll is Cyc's version of the universal quantifier of predicate calculus (i.e., the operator symbolized in one common notation by an upside-down `A'). As its two arguments, #$forAll takes a variable (which is an element of #$ELVariable) and an element of #$ELSentence-Assertible, respectively. (#$forAll VAR FORM) means that FORM is true whenever all the occurrences of the variable VAR in the formula FORM are replaced by any object in the Cyc universe. For example, to say that every person is a mammal, we could assert: (#$forAll ?X (#$implies (#$isa ?X #$Person) (#$isa ?X #$Mammal))). In addition, CycL follows a convention that allows #$forAll to be omitted; that is, when no explicit quantifier is used, seemingly unbound variables inside formulas are assumed to be universally quantified. With that convention, the sample assertion could be written more compactly as: (#$implies (#$isa ?X #$Person) (#$isa ?X #$Mammal)). [Developer-level footnote: There are many `flavors' of quantification `on the market' these days; here is how the Cyc system currently handles axioms that involve #$forAll: When processing an FI-ASK about whether an assertion of the form (#$forAll VAR FORM) is true or not, Cyc determines extensionally whether or not any known VAR (anything in the knowledge base) could make FORM false. When processing an FI-PROVE about whether an assertion of the form (#$forAll VAR FORM) is true or not, Cyc tries to construct an intensional proof (at least at a default-true level) that FORM must be true regardless of what VAR is ever inserted therein. When processing an FI-ASSERT in which a user or program tells Cyc that an assertion of the form (#$forAll VAR FORM) is true, Cyc records it intensionally so that it can later serve as part of an intensional proof, when some future FI-PROVE request is processed.] bd5880f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 force acting on object #$forceActingOnObject is a predicate relating an instance of #$PartiallyTangible to any force which changes its direction of travel or the speed at which it is traveling. bd58b8b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 force capacity The slot describing the capability of an animal to exert force. bd58bf41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 formed by confluence of (formedByConfluenceOf WATER1 WATER2) means that WATER1 is formed, or increased in volume, by the confuence of the rivers including RIVER2 which merge to form RIVER1. bd588c27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 formula relation (#$formulaRelation FORMULA RELATION) means that RELATION is the term in the arg0 position of the formula, FORMULA. If FORMULA is a nat, then RELATION is an instance of #$Function-Denotational; while if FORMULA is a gaf, RELATION is an instance of #$Predicate. bf68e241-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 four way junction in system (#$fourWayJunctionInSystem JUNCT SYS) means that JUNCT is a 4-way junction in the specified #$PathSystem SYS. (See also #$FourWayJunctionOfPaths for the general case.) Formally, a 4-way junction in SYS is any point (actually, a node) X in SYS such that either there are exactly 4 links and no loops in SYS that X is on, or there are exactly 2 loops and no links in SYS that X is on, or there are exactly 2 links and 1 loop in SYS that X is on. See #$junctionInSystem. be3e5a74-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fragility of object (#$fragilityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Fragility. The higher the fragility, the more easily the object can be broken. bd58f1cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 freezing point (#$freezingPoint STUFF TEMP) means that TEMP is the temperature at which the substance STUFF changes from having the attribute #$LiquidStateOfMatter to #$SolidStateOfMatter (when sufficient energy is output to lower STUFF's temperature through this point). Note that the freezing point of most substances is context-dependent (e.g., based on altitude and other factors.) bd58b201-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 frequency (#$frequencyOfSignal WAVE FREQ) means that the #$WavePropagation event WAVE consists of waves that occur at intervals of FREQ. FREQ is a measure of #$Frequency generally expressed as cycles per unit of time; frequency of electromagnetic radiation is standardly measured in #$Hertz. c10096a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 friend (#$friends X Y) means X and Y are friends; typically they have a close relationship of reciprocal care, concern, respect, enjoyment, and mutual regard based on emotional (and/or ideological and intellectual) compatibility, shared interests, etc. Note: In the cases of assertions of two non-human animals being friends, there may be some anthropomorphism going on. bd58b64b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 origin The predicate #$fromLocation is used to indicate the starting point of a particular movement. (#$fromLocation MOVE LOC) means that LOC is where the #$objectMoving in the #$Movement-TranslationEvent MOVE is found at the beginning of MOVE and is where it begins this motion. The #$objectMoving may or may not be #$Stationary at LOC. If MOVE is a single-pathway translation (see #$Translation-SingleTrajectory), then every #$objectMoving is found at LOC when MOVE starts. If MOVE has multiple movers and multiple pathways (see #$Translation-MultiTrajectory), then at least some of the #$objectMoving(s) can be found at LOC at the start of MOVE. If MOVE is a flow (including rivers flowing, winds blowing, tornado, typhoon, clouds moving and even air filling your lungs when you take breath, see #$Translation-Flow), then at least some portion of the fluid #$objectMoving can be found at LOC at the start of MOVE. See also #$motionPathway-Complete, #$pathConnects. bd58e223-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 from orientation This predicate indicates, for the particular rotational motion ROT, the orientation that the #$objectMoving in that event has at the beginning of that motion. (#$fromOrientation ROT ORIENT) means that when ROT begins, the object that moves in ROT has the position ORIENT, with respect to the current frame of reference. For example, the object may have a #$HorizontalOrientation, #$VerticalOrientation, #$RightSideUp orientation, etc. See also #$toOrientation, #$OrientationAttribute. bf0f8bfb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 from possessor This predicate identifies an #$Agent who loses some right to use an object. (#$fromPossessor LOSS AGENT) means that AGENT enjoys some #$UserRightsAttribute over the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer at the start of the #$LosingUserRights event LOSS, but no longer has that particular #$UserRightsAttribute after the LOSS ends. bd598482-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 from state This predicate is used in connection with #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent, to identify the #$AttributeValue that a thing has before the change. (#$fromState EVENT VALUE) means that immediately prior to EVENT (which is the intrinsic-state-changing action), the thing that is changed in EVENT has the value VALUE for the relevant attribute (and during the EVENT the thing changes from that to another value for that attribute). For example, prior to any X which is a #$TurningOnAnElectricalSwitch, the switch involved has (#$fromState X #$DeviceOff). bd623b07-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fruit of type (#$fruitOfType PLANT-TYPE FRUIT-TYPE) means that FRUIT-TYPE is the type of #$Fruit that PLANT-TYPE bears. bf6afed2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gen keyword (#$genKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD) states that the constant ?THING has an NL keyword representation as :KEYWORD, though other keywords may exist for that constant. c0f45a9c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gen preferred keyword (#$genPreferredKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD) states that the constant ?THING has a preferred NL keyword representation as :KEYWORD, though other keywords may exist for that constant. Other such constants are indicated with #$genKeyword assertions. Also, (#$genPreferredKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD) should imply (#$genKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD). There should only be one (#$genPreferredKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD) assertion for a given ?THING. c0d83ef1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genl attributes (#$genlAttributes S-ATT G-ATT) means that G-ATT is a more general attribute than S-ATT. If we know, for some object, THING, (#$hasAttributes THING S-ATT), the system will be able to derive (#$hasAttributes THING G-ATT). #$genlAttributes is transitive, so (#$genlAttributes A B) and (#$genlAttributes B C) lets the system derive (#$genlAttributes A C). For example, if a certain portion of the atmosphere has the attribute #$Hazy, Cyc can conclude through its #$genlAttributes knowledge that there is only moderate #$Visibility there. bd588072-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genl inverse (#$genlInverse NARROW BROAD) means that binary predicate BROAD is a more general version of binary predicate NARROW, but with the arguments reversed. Thus (NARROW ARG1 ARG2) implies (BROAD ARG2 ARG1). Note: Notice that if two predicates are true inverses of each other, such as the pair parents and children, or the pair greater-than and less-than, then each member of the pair will be a #$genlInverse of the other. Creating two predicates like that is considered poor KEing style, however, because in that case the second predicate in the pair adds no new `expressive power' over what the first already provides. One might decide to write an end-user interface which acts as though both predicates exist, so that the user doesn't have to remember which is `the real one' in the system, but there is no gain at the representation language level to having both predicates. bd61ec34-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genl mt (#$genlMt SPEC-MICROTHEORY GENL-MICROTHEORY) means that all the assertions true in the #$Microtheory GENL-MICROTHEORY are also true in the #$Microtheory SPEC-MICROTHEORY. Thus a query posed in SPEC-MICROTHEORY will have access to all the assertions asserted in GENL-MICROTHEORY - and, in fact, all the assertions asserted in any #$Microtheory MT such that (#$genlMt GENL-MICROTHEORY MT), and so forth. There is a special #$Microtheory, the #$BaseKB, which is such that for every #$Microtheory MT, it is the case that (#$genlMt MT #$BaseKB). (Note that for technical reasons, all #$genlMt assertions should be made in the #$BaseKB.) bd5880e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genl preds (#$genlPreds NARROW BROAD) means that predicate BROAD is a more general version of predicate NARROW; e.g., (#$genlPreds #$biologicalMother #$biologicalParents), (#$genlPreds #$greaterThan #$greaterThanOrEqualTo). (#$genlPreds NARROW BROAD) is shorthand for the axiom schema (NARROW ARG1 ... ARGN) => (BROAD ARG1 ... ARGN). See also #$genlInverse, which can handle cases where NARROW and BROAD are both binary but their order of arguments is reversed. If the #$arity of NARROW differs from the #$arity of BROAD (or their order of arguments differs and they're not binary), then we just assert the whole appropriate axiom into the Cyc knowledge base; of course, such axioms are absent from the public release of the Upper Cyc Ontology. bd5b4951-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genls (#$genls COL SUPER) means that SUPER is one of the supersets of COL. Both arguments must be elements of #$Collection. Cyc knows that #$genls is transitive; that is, if one asserts (#$genls COL SUPER) and (#$genls SUPER BIGGER), Cyc will infer that (#$genls COL BIGGER). Therefore, in practice one only manually asserts a small fraction of the #$genls assertions --- the vast majority are inferred automatically by Cyc. bd58810e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geographical sub regions (#$geographicalSubRegions SUPER SUB) means that SUPER and SUB are both elements of #$GeographicalRegion, and the area SUB lies wholly within the region SUPER (see #$inRegion). SUPER may or may not completely surround SUB (i.e., they may share an outer boundary, as do Texas and the USA in the #$WorldGeographyDualistMt). To relate two instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity, use the predicate, #$geopoliticalSubdivision, if it applies. If either argument of this predicate is to be an instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity, the assertion must be made in #$WorldGeographyDualistMt or a specMt thereof. See also #$surroundsHorizontally and #$bordersOn. bd58cd89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gerund (#$gerund WORD STRING) means that STRING is the gerund form of WORD. The regular gerund is formed from the infinitive verb form with an `ing' suffix. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon will have a #$gerund entry only if they are irregular. Regular forms are generated by the morphology component. bd67b170-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 purpose (#$goals AGT G) means that the #$Agent AGT has the #$Goal G. That is, G is one of their goals. This implies (#$desires AGT G), but #$goals is stronger than #$desires, in that an agent will take action (or at least intend to take action, and plan accordingly) to make their #$goals true, while their #$desires may include things s/he merely wishes were true, but about which s/he has no intention of undertaking action. Additionally, #$goals are generally about the future, whereas #$desires can be about the present, future, or even the past. For further information about goals, see #$Goal and #$goalCategoryForAgent. Also see #$intends. bd5880d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 governed by agreement The predicate #$governedByAgreement relates an event to an agreement that stipulates something with respect to it, such as certain conditions that are to hold during the event, or whether the event should or should not occur. (#$governedByAgreement EVT AGR) means that some aspects of the instance of #$HumanActivity EVT are controlled by, or 'under the jurisdiction of', the instance of #$Agreement AGR. For example, a #$BuyingGroup may have #$SalesContracts with its #$suppliers that specify what prices may be charged for goods bought by members of the group during the agreement period. But note that an event's being governed by an agreement does not entail that the event conforms to what the agreement stipulates: an act that violates the agreement is still governed by it. c10adbcb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 government The predicate #$government identifies the political entity which has governing authority over a particular geopolitical region. (#$government GEOPOL GOV) means that the #$RegionalGovernment GOV is the government of the #$GeopoliticalEntity GEOPOL. That is, GOV claims to be the government of GEOPOL, is recognized as such at least informally, and effectively functions as such -- administering the internal and external affairs of GEOPOL -- whether or not GOV has formal diplomatic recognition. Effectively functioning as a #$government includes having the power to settle disputes, collect revenue, and provide services. Examples include the #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment, the #$CityCouncilOfAustin (TX), and all of the entities returned by the Cyc function #$GovernmentFn (q.v.) -- e.g., (#$GovernmentFn #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina), (#$GovernmentFn #$Russia). c10aef77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 government type The predicate #$governmentType indicates what kind of system of government a geopolitical entity has. (#$governmentType REGION GOVSYSTEM) means that the government of the #$GeopoliticalEntity REGION is an element of the #$SystemOfGovernment type denoted by GOVSYSTEM. For example, the #$governmentType of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica is a #$FederalRepublic and a #$RepresentativeDemocracy. bd5895c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 grandchild (#$grandchildren OLDER YOUNGER) means YOUNGER is the biological grandchild of OLDER. bd5890fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 granule of spatial stuff (#$granuleOfSpatialStuff STUFFTYPE OBJTYPE) means that the collection STUFFTYPE has as its spatial granules (or granularity level) the collection OBJTYPE. If some collection is spatially stuff-like, that means that the instances of that collection can be divided spatially, and the physical portions remaining will still be instances of that collection; e.g., a physical portion of some instance of #$SandMob is still sand (cf. #$ExistingStuffType). Such division cannot go on indefinitely in this way, however: eventually, division of something spatially stuff-like will result in the object-like 'granules' out of which the stuff-like thing is composed. For instances, division of sand would eventually result in individual grains of sand, division of water would eventually get down to individual molecules of water, etc. At this level of division or below, the remaining physical portions do NOT count as instances of the stuff-type from which they were divided. This may seem counter-intuitive: isn't an individual molecule of water still water? Perhaps in some sense, but since the individual granules of a stuff typically do NOT have most of the properties that the groups made of the granules have (including the property of being stuff-like), we do not count the individual granules as instances of the collection of which they are granules (O'Keefe, 7/18/1997). bd58c3c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 granule of time (#$granuleOfTime STUFFTYPE OBJTYPE) means that the collection STUFFTYPE has as its temporal granules (or granularity level) the collection OBJTYPE. If some collection is temporally stuff-like, that means that the instances of that collection can be divided temporally, and the temporal slices remaining will still be instances of that collection; e.g., a time slice of some instance of #$Person is still a person, and a temporal slice of a walking process is still a walking process (cf. #$TemporalStuffType). Such division cannot always go on indefinitely, however: eventually, division of something temporally stuff-like will result in the temporally object-like 'granules' out of which the stuff-like thing is composed. For instances, division of a walking process would eventually result in individual steps. At this level of division or below, the remaining temporal slices do NOT count as instances of the temporal stuff-type from which they were divided. This may seem counter-intuitive, but since the individual temporal granules of a temporal stuff typically do NOT have most of the properties that the groups made of the granules have (including the property of being temporally stuff-like), we do not count the individual granules as instances of the collection of which they are granules. See also #$granuleOfSpatialStuff. bd58da24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 greater than The predicate #$greaterThan is Cyc's representation of the `greater than' ( > ) relation in mathematics, adapted to use with Cyc's scalars, which include quantitative intervals as well as point values. Formally, there are two conditions under which (#$greaterThan SI-1 SI-2) is true, for two elements of #$ScalarInterval: (1) (#$followingValue SI-1 SI-2) is true, or (2) the minimum of SI-1 is greater than the maximum of SI-2. Note that `A is less than B' is expressed in CycL as (#$greaterThan B A). bd5880b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 greater than or equal to The predicate #$greaterThanOrEqualTo is Cyc's representation of the `greater than or equal to' ( >= ) relation in mathematics, adapted to use with Cyc's scalars, which include quantitative intervals as well as point values. (See #$ScalarInterval.) Formally, there are three disjunctive conditions under which (#$greaterThanOrEqualTo SI-1 SI-2) is true, for two elements of #$ScalarInterval: (1) (#$equals SI-1 SI-2) is true; (2) (#$followingValue SI-1 SI-2) is true; or (3) the minimum of SI-1 is greater than or equal to the maximum of SI-2. Note that `A is less than or equal to B' is expressed in CycL as (#$greaterThanOrEqualTo B A). bd5880af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ground of (#$groundOf OBJ GROUND) means that GROUND is the stationary surface on which OBJ is located and possibly supported. c0f2aea3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 group cardinality The predicate #$groupCardinality is used to indicate the total number of members there are in a particular group. (#$groupCardinality GROUP INTEGER) means that the number of members in the #$Group GROUP is INTEGER. For example, the #$groupCardinality of the #$SevenWondersOfTheAncientWorld is 7. Cyc infers that the #$groupCardinality of any group that is a pair is 2, and that of a dozen is 12. bd58b9c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 group member type The predicate #$groupMemberType is used in characterizing the members of a particular group. (#$groupMemberType GROUP TYPE) means that all of GROUP's members are elements of the collection TYPE. For example, to state that the #$groupMembers of the Austin City Council are humans, one would write (#$groupMemberType AustinCityCouncil #$Person). The members of a particular group might be characterized in more than one way; e.g., a Hispanic Business Council may have both the #$groupMemberType #$EthnicGroupOfHispanics and the #$groupMemberType #$BusinessPerson (provided that all of its members are Hispanic business people). For 'typical' or 'expected' characteristics of members, see also #$memberTypes and #$typeHasTypicalMemberTypes. bd58ef50-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 group members This predicate relates a group (see #$Group) to its individual members. (#$groupMembers GROUP MEMBER) means that MEMBER is a member of GROUP. For example, #$PyramidOfCheops is a group-member of the #$SevenWondersOfTheAncientWorld, and #$BillClinton is a group-member of the #$DemocraticParty. bd58fe04-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hangs around (#$hangsAround ?loop ?obj) means that ?loop is a semi-flexible loop, looped around a piece of ?obj. ?loop is supported by gripping friction and/or ?loop's limited ability to elongate as it moves down on ?obj. See also #$hangsFrom. c0fbb11f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hang (#$hangsFrom OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 is suspended from OBJ2, either directly touching it (like a weight attached to a line) or through some intermediary object (like a weight suspended from the ceiling via a hook). All of the OBJ1's weight of is #$supportedBy OBJ2. Most if not all of OBJ1 is below OBJ2; certainly, the center of OBJ1 is below the connection point. If pushed, OBJ1 will undergo a #$Swinging. c0fbb177-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hardness of object (#$hardnessOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the instance of #$SolidTangibleThing OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Hardness. bd58ae1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 has as tributary The predicate #$hasAsTributary is used to indicate the tributaries of a particular river. (#$hasAsTributary BIGRIV SMALLRIV) means that BIGRIV has SMALLRIV as one of its tributaries. SMALLRIV flows into BIGRIV. Examples: the #$MississippiRiver has the #$WisconsinRiver, #$OhioRiver, #$ArkansasRiver, #$RedRiverOfTexas, and others as its tributaries. Cf. #$formedByConfluenceOf. bd588db4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 feature A very general predicate that relates a thing to an attribute or property (see #$AttributeValue) that it has. (#$hasAttributes THING ATT) means that ATT characterizes THING. There are a large number of more specialized predicates in CycL that represent more specific ways in which an attribute might characterize a thing; such predicates should be used instead of #$hasAttributes when possible. Thus #$mainColorOfObject is preferrable to #$hasAttributes for stating that a physical object has a particular main color. See also #$AttributeType. bd58d1f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 has belief systems (#$hasBeliefSystems AGT BSYS) means that the #$Agent AGT has the belief system BSYS. E.g., (#$hasBeliefSystems BorisYeltsin #$RussianOrthodoxReligion). bd58ac5a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 has climate type The predicate #$hasClimateType is used to specify the type of climate that occurs in a particular region. (#$hasClimateType AREA CLIME) means that the climate in the #$GeographicalRegion AREA is of the #$ClimateCycleType CLIME; i.e., any individual annual cycle falls under the type CLIME. For example, to describe the climate of Houston, we would say: (#$hasClimateType #$CityOfHoustonTX #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle). See also #$ClimateCycleType, #$AnnualClimateCycle. bd58f3af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 has comm convention (#$hasCommConvention AGENT CONV) means that the agent AGENT knows the #$CommunicationConvention CONV and can use it to encode or decode information. bd58f9a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gender (#$hasGender BLO SEX) means that the #$BiologicalLivingObject BLO is of the gender SEX. bd58930b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 has habitat The predicate #$hasHabitat is used to relate an organism to the region where it lives. (#$hasHabitat ORG REGION) means that the organism ORG lives in the #$EcologicalRegion REGION. Typically, REGION will belong to one of the subsets of #$EcologicalRegion which represent specific biomes (e.g., #$Desert, #$CoralReef). See also #$residesInRegion. bd58fce4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 has headquarters in country The predicate #$hasHeadquartersInCountry identifies the country in which a particular organization has its headquarters. (#$hasHeadquartersInCountry ORG COUNTRY) means that the #$Organization ORG has its world-wide headquarters and place of primary central control in the #$Country COUNTRY. bd58c9c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 has levels Levels which are part of this building bd588bf5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 member The predicate #$hasMembers relates a particular organization to the agents which are members of that organization. This predicate indicates `generic' membership, although there may be specialized kinds of membership in the same organization. (#$hasMembers ORG AGENT) means that AGENT is a member of the #$Organization ORG; typically, membership eligibility is determined by ORG and accepted with AGENT's voluntary affiliation. For example, (#$hasMembers 'PeanutsBaseballTeam' #$CharlieBrown). A member may be any #$Agent, including other #$Organizations (such as member countries in the United Nations). The truth of an assertion made with #$hasMembers may be time-dependent and, if so, should be qualified appropriately. E.g., (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1975) (#$hasMembers #$UnitedNationsOrganization #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina)) is true, but (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1995) (#$hasMembers #$UnitedNationsOrganization #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina)) is not.--BillJ, June 23, 1997 bd58b3fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 has ownership in The predicate #$hasOwnershipIn relates a particular agent to some thing of which it has part or whole ownership. (#$hasOwnershipIn AGENT SOMETHING) means that the #$Agent AGENT owns a part (or possibly the whole) of the thing SOMETHING. For example, Ted Turner #$hasOwnershipIn Atlanta's Olympic Stadium. There may be other owners. See also #$legalOwnerOf and #$ownsShare. c10af144-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 has patients The predicate #$hasPatients represents a relationship between a medical professional and a patient (including nonhuman animals). (#$hasPatients MEDIC PATIENT) means that the #$MedicalCareProvider MEDIC is treating the recipient-of-care PATIENT. PATIENT may be a human or a nonhuman animal. An assertion using #$hasPatients holds only during the time that PATIENT has a condition that is being treated by MEDIC; it does not represent or imply a long term doctor-patient relationship. bd588f25-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 has physiological attributes (#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes ?BLO ?ATT) means that the #$BiologicalLivingObject ?BLO has the #$PhysiologicalAttribute ?ATT. #$PhysiologicalAttributes are concerned with the physiological functions of a living animal, especially with the physical and/or (bio)chemical basis of those functions. However, #$PhysiologicalAttributes need not be specified in scientific detail. Many common #$PhysiologicalAttributes permit commonsense inference about further features of an individual having a certain physiological state or condition. Note that many, perhaps most, assertions made with #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes will be time-dependent; e.g., an individual person is not #$SexuallyMature throughout his or her life, but only during a portion of it. Thus, it is necessary to make these assertions only about the appropriate temporal #$subAbstrac; one way to do that is by using #$holdsIn; e.g., (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1820) (#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes #$LudwigVanBeethoven #$Deaf)). bd58892e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 has portal to region ARG1 is connected to ARG2 through some type of portal (e.g. #$hasPortalToRegion(MyMasterBedroom MyMasterBathroom)) bd58b12b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 has preparation attributes The predicate #$hasPreparationAttributes is used to indicate the way in which a particular food item was prepared. (#$hasPreparationAttributes EDIBLE PREP) means the #$EdibleStuff EDIBLE has been processed so that it has the food #$PreparationAttribute PREP (e.g., #$Cooked, #$Roasted, #$Chilled -- or #$Raw). For example, a piece of #$Toast #$hasPreparationAttributes #$Toasted; any quantity of #$Beer that is ready to drink #$hasPreparationAttributes #$Fermented. bd590c73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 room The predicate #$hasRooms allows us to say that a particular space is within a particular building. (#$hasRooms BUILD ROOM) means that ROOM is a room or demarcated space which is physically contained within BUILD, a #$ConstructionArtifact. ROOM is not removable from BUILD. Spaces that can be identified in this way include lobbies, hallways, kitchens, closets, dining rooms, gymnasia, studios, stairwells, bedrooms, etc. bd58a23e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 has same entity as (#$hasSameEntityAs X Y) indicates that X and Y are both subabstractions of the same #$Entity. The unique #$myEntity of X is the same as the unique #$myEntity of Y. For instance, AlbertEinsteinAsAnAdult and AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton are in this relationship. bd58efb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 employ The predicate #$hasWorkers relates an organization or individual agent to those who work for it in any capacity. (#$hasWorkers AGENT1 AGENT2) says that the second agent regularly works for the first agent. This includes employees, managers, soldiers, sailors, certain prison inmates, volunteers, apprentices, slaves, servants, sharecroppers, and indentured workers (as well as other organizations, e.g. subcontractors). The truth of an assertion made with #$hasWorkers is time-relative; e.g., (#$hasWorkers #$Cycorp #$Dexter) is true when asserted for the period (or any sub-period) from May 1989 to July 1994. Note that `workers' in the sense of #$hasWorkers need not be #$employees (e.g., they could be volunteers); cf. #$employees. bd58c1ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 headquarters The predicate #$headquarters indicates the building(s) where a particular organization has its headquarters. (#$headquarters ORG BUILDING) means that BUILDING is the buildings, rooms, offices, etc., which house the main administrative and decision-making functions of the #$Organization ORG. c0fd57eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 overhear (#$hears AGT OBJ) means that the #$PerceptualAgent AGT perceives sounds emananating from or as the result of OBJ. Events such as the shooting of a gun and tangible objects such as telephones are things which can emit audible sound and thus be perceived auditorily. bd58da29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 height (#$heightOfObject OBJECT HEIGHT) means that the #$Distance from OBJECT's top boundary to its bottom boundary is HEIGHT. Top and bottom are often determined by an object's intrinsic default orientation, if it has one (see #$TopAndBottomSidedObject). But some objects have tops and bottoms -- and thus heights -- only by virtue of their spatial relations to certain other objects in their environments. In any case, having a height requires being at least two-dimensional (see #$TwoOrHigherDimensionalShape). See also #$lengthOfObject, #$widthOfObject, and #$depthOfObject. bd58e044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 highly relevant pred assertion (#$highlyRelevantPredAssertion PREDICATE ASSERTION) states that the given ASSERTION should be heuristically considered highly relevant to inferences concluding uses of the given PREDICATE in the current mt. See also #$highlyRelevantAssertion and #$highlyRelevantMt. be81b28d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hinged to (#$hingedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is some hinge connecting OBJ1 and OBJ2 which allows limited rotational motion between them. That is the only relative motion that can occur between them. The hinged pivoting motion may be repeated. #$hingedTo is noncommittal about whether the hinge is a distinct object or is part of OBJ1 or OBJ2. Some edge of OBJ1 adjoins an edge of OBJ2. bd58c7a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 holds in A formula, without free variables, of the form (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING FORMULA) means that the formula FORMULA is true at every moment in the temporal extent of the #$TemporalThing TEMP-THING (i.e., every moment temporally subsumed by TEMP-THING). For example, the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)) expresses that throughout all of the year 1992 Nick owned Spot. Thus it follows, for example, that Nick owned Spot on July 5th, 1992 - that is, (#$holdsIn (#$DayFn 5 (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 1992))) (#$owns Nick Spot)). An assertion of the form (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING (PRED ... ARG ...)), with ARG a #$TemporalThing, doesn't in general imply that ARG temporally subsumes or even temporally intersects TEMP-THING. For example, (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington)) doesn't imply (#$temporallyIntersects #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). However, in the case of certain predicates PRED, temporal subsumption of TEMP-THING by ARG will follow (in almost all microtheories); see #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, #$CotemporalPredicate, and #$contemporaryInArg. Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. That is, in the case of most microtheories, one almost never has to worry about assertions running into problems because of time intervals that are too small, and one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. Note that the characterization above of the meaning of a closed formula (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING FORMULA) isn't meant to imply that one can't quantify into the argument-places of #$holdsIn. (Alternatively to using #$holdsIn, we could create a microtheory MT one of whose assumptions was a temporal one, limiting all axioms to holding throughout 1992 [i.e., (#$holdsInTime-Always MT (#$YearFn 1992))]. Then in that microtheory we could simply assert (#$owns Nick Spot). But it would be incorrect to assert (#$owns Nick Spot) in the #$BaseKB, since, for example, in 3500 BCE Nick didn't own Spot, nor when Nick was a baby did he own Spot, etc.) See also #$holdsSometimeDuring. bd588113-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 host (#$hostOfEvent GATHERING AGENT) means that AGENT is a host of the #$SocialGathering GATHERING. c0fd682a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hunger level of The predicate #$hungerLevelOf is used to express how hungry an #$Animal is. The first argument is a #$LevelOfHunger (q.v.): for instance, #$Hungry, #$Starving, #$Stuffed. The second argument is the #$Animal who feels hunger at this level. bd58d448-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ibo created The predicate #$iboCreated is used to link a particular information bearing object (IBO) to the event in which it is created. (#$iboCreated CREATION IBO) means that the #$InformationBearingObject IBO is created in the event CREATION. For example, my copy of today's `Austin American-Statesman' morning paper was created during the previous night's paper-publishing event. bd62daa1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ibt generated The predicate #$ibtGenerated is used to link a particular information bearing thing (IBT) to the event in which it is created. (#$ibtGenerated GEN IBT) means that the #$InformationBearingThing IBT comes about, happens, or comes into existence in or as an immediate consequence of the event GEN. See also #$IBTGeneratedFn. beacbd12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 illumination (#$illuminationLevel LOC DEGREE) indicates how brightly illuminated the location LOC is. Higher values of DEGREE mean greater light intensity. bd58e26a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 implies The predicate #$implies represents the material implication relation in Cyc. #$implies is a logical connective taking two arguments, each of which must be an element of #$ELSentence-Assertible. (#$implies ANTE CONSEQ) means that either the formula ANTE is false, or the formula CONSEQ is true (possibly both); equivalently, it is not the case that ANTE is true and CONSEQ is false. Cyc assertions that begin with #$implies are used during inference, both in modus ponens and modus tollens. bd5880f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in - among (#$in-Among OBJ GROUP) means that the tangible thing OBJ is physically located within the spatial cluster GROUP, which is composed of individuals. OBJ may (but need not) be a member of GROUP. OBJ is spatially distinct from any (other) member of GROUP; cf. #$spatiallyIntersects. Examples: a bird in the branches of a tree; a zebra in its herd; a flea in a dog's pelt; a bee in a swarm of bees; a snake in the grass. c0fbb064-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in - cont closed (#$in-ContClosed CONTAINEE CONTAINER) entails (#$in-ContGeneric CONTAINEE CONTAINER) except that CONTAINEE may not leave CONTAINER as an object without the opening of a portal in CONTAINER or a non-standard significant deformation of CONTAINEE or CONTAINER. CONTAINER need not have a portal. Parts of CONTAINEE may extend out through portals in CONTAINER. If CONTAINEE can temporarily undergo (a not-too forceful) shape deformation in order to fit through a portal in CONTAINER, then CONTAINEE is not #$in-ContClosed with respect to CONTAINER. Positive Examples: water in a bottle with a closed cap; a person in a closed but unlocked jail cell sticking his arms through the bars; King Kong in a flimsy cage; a Nerf (TM) ball in a bottle (The ball must be compressed in order to force it out); egg yolk in an egg shell. Negative Examples: a morsel of bread in a prison cell (morsels are small enough to leave the cell by passing in between the bars of the cell -- use #$in-ContOpen); an egg yolk in an egg -- use #$internalParts; water in an open bottle (the necessary deformation is not forceful). Positive borderline examples: a roll of dental floss in a dispenser -- although the strand may flow out with an expected deformation, it is a long process that continually deforms the object such that the object leaves the container part by part instead of as an object; a skinny person in a jail cell who could just barely manage to squeeze through the bars (the necessary deformations, although self-imposed, would be abnormal and unexpected). Negative borderline example: a spelunker who has crawled through a narrow passage into a cave (the deformations needed to get in (and therefore out) were self-imposed and not abnormal). bd589fe3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in - cont full of (#$in-ContFullOf STUFF CONT) means that STUFF is the substance that fills CONT. STUFF is unique in that it is the only substance that `fills' CONT, even though other things may be with it in CONT (e.g., as #$in-ContGeneric). Filling the container means that the inside surface of CONT touches the filling STUFF at virtually all points of CONT's inner surface, rather than touching whatever stuff CONT itself is immersed in and which CONT's outside surface touches (e.g., air). The only thing which can override this #$touches (i.e., get alongside CONT's inside wall without being STUFF) would be some other object which is also in CONT (e.g., with #$in-ContGeneric). In order to fill the container, STUFF must be #$Pourable or have a shape which conforms to the shape of CONT's cavity. Cf. #$in-ContGeneric to cover cases of stuff which is in a container without filling it. c0fbb0f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in - cont generic (#$in-ContGeneric OBJ CONT) means that OBJ is contained, confined, or held in CONT. OBJ is not a part of CONT (but see #$physicallyContains). CONT has a cavity (see #$CavityWithWalls) and OBJ is at least partly within (see #$spatiallyIntersects) the interior of this cavity. If CONT moves, OBJ is, by default, caused to move so as to remain within that cavity (see #$movesWith). If OBJ leaves the confines of CONT then either OBJ passes through some appropriately sized portal of CONT or OBJ breaks into smaller pieces that themselves pass through appropriately sized portals of CONT or OBJ breaks through a wall of CONT. CONT may function as an open or closed container with respect to objects of the size of OBJ. If CONT is closed with respect to OBJ, then #$in-ContClosed is the preferred more specific predicate. If CONT is open with respect to OBJ, #$in-ContOpen is preferred. If OBJ is a fluid which completely fills CONT (e.g. a cup of coffee brimming over) then #$in-ContFullOf is more precise. bd589405-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in - cont open (#$in-ContOpen OBJ CONT) means that OBJ is contained in CONT -- CONT confines or holds OBJ in -- but OBJ can be removed from CONT without having to either A) open any portals in CONT B) break some part of CONT or C) break OBJ into smaller pieces such that it can fit through some portal of CONT's. Note that (#$in-ContOpen OBJ CONT) is a relationship based on the size of OBJ and the largest portal of CONT that OBJ might be able to traverse through. For example, a paperclip might be #$in-ContOpen a jail cell even though the person locked inside would be #$in-ContClosed the jail cell. This is because the paper clip is small enough to fit in between the bars of the cell whereas the person is not. See #$portalState for vocabulary relating containers to whether its portals are open or closed. bd58bc57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in - embedded (#$in-Embedded OBJ1 OBJ2) means that some portion of OBJ1 is embedded in OBJ2 at least semi-permanently. OBJ1 is thus #$connectedTo OBJ2. The remaining portion of OBJ1 is not embedded in OBJ2. The #$in-Embedded relationship comes about during the formation of OBJ1 or OBJ2. Examples: grass in the ground, hair in the scalp, or eyes in sockets. Also, OBJ1 is not beneath the surface of OBJ2. bd590b63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in - floating (#$in-Floating OBJ LIQUID) means that OBJ is floating at the surface of LIQUID. Thus, OBJ is buoyant and is #$in-ImmersedPartly in LIQUID. #$in-Floating does not describe the relationship between an object that has neutral buoyancy, such as a stationary submerged (see #$Underwater) submarine and the water in which it is immersed. However, see #$suspendedIn. c0fba290-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in - held (#$in-Held OBJ HOLDER) means that OBJ is being held or restrained by HOLDER, which is applying pressure to OBJ. HOLDER #$touches OBJ. HOLDER may be either a #$deviceUsed or an #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected in an instance of #$HoldingAnObject; OBJ would be the #$objectActedOn by that holding. Examples include ``salad in tongs'', ``a bread crumb in ant's pincers'', ``a bird in your hand'', ``a long two-by-four in a vice''. c0fbab6c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in - immersed fully (#$in-ImmersedFully OBJ FLUID) means that FLUID is the unique fluid in which OBJ is completely immersed. Thus, as a default inference, every outside surface region of OBJ #$touches FLUID. E.g., (live) fish are fully immersed in water, and people are usually immersed in air (even though the bottoms of their feet touch the ground and not the air). Examples like air bubbles in water or mercury globules immersed in air suggest that the #$arg1Isa should be kept general, i.e., #$PartiallyTangible rather than #$SolidTangibleThing. bd58bf2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 immerse (#$in-ImmersedGeneric OBJ FLUID) means that OBJ is immersed in FLUID. #$in-ImmersedGeneric is noncomittal as to whether OBJ is completely or partially immersed. But FLUID #$touches OBJ and conforms to a significant portion of the surface of OBJ. See also #$in-ImmersedFully, #$in-ImmersedPartly. c0fbad6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in - immersed partly (#$in-ImmersedPartly OBJ FLUID) means that a portion of OBJ is immersed in FLUID, but OBJ is not completely surrounded by FLUID. In gravitational fields, #$in-ImmersedPartly entails #$surroundsHorizontally, because in that context fluid surfaces are of generally #$HorizontalOrientation. bd58993f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in - permeates (#$in-Permeates LIQUID SOLID) means that LIQUID permeates SOLID. LIQUID must be separable from SOLID by physical, not chemical means. LIQUID must be a #$LiquidTangibleThing, and SOLID a #$SolidTangibleThing. If LIQUID is not a constituent (#$constituents) of SOLID, then SOLID is #$Porous. Exemplars include water permeating a wet sponge (Sponge-CleaningImplement), #$Oil soaking a sponge, or water in #$Soil-Generic. Negative exemplars include vapor suspended in #$Air (see, e.g. #$suspendingFluid or #$solute) . Other negative exemplars include liquids which undergo a chemical change and combine with some other substance, e.g. water which becomes a chemical part of plant material in photosynthesis. c08a9a06-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in - snugly The #$BinaryPredicate (#$in-Snugly ?INNER ?OUTER) means that ?INNER is #$in-ContGeneric ?OUTER, that ?INNER #$touches ?OUTER, and that a #$FrictionProcess would be necessary for a #$RemovingSomething in which ?INNER is the #$objectMoving and ?OUTER is the #$fromLocation. bde589f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in - spiked (#$in-Spiked OBJ REG) means that an object, OBJ, is spiked into another object, REG, in the way that nails, push pins, needles, and other pointed objects stick into other objects. Thus, OBJ must be #$LongAndThin and must be harder than REG. Typically, the rigid connection between REG and OBJ can support forces substantially greater than the weight of OBJ. bd58f450-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in front of - directly (#$inFrontOf-Directly FORE AFT) means that FORE is directly in front of tangible object AFT. More precisely, it implies both (#$inFrontOf-Generally FORE AFT) and that there is at least one line parallel to the forward pointing axis of AFT that intersects both FORE and AFT. FORE may be an intangible, such as an image projected onto a screen. bd59091d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in front of - generally (#$inFrontOf-Generally FORE AFT) means that FORE is in front of the tangible object AFT. More precisely, the intrinsic back-to-front axis of AFT is within 45 degrees of some line intersecting both FORE and AFT. FORE may be intangible, such as an image projected onto a screen. bd5909a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in plane (#$inPlane OBJ SURFACE) means that OBJ spatially intersects with the #$FlatSurface SURFACE. bd588683-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 in region (#$inRegion OBJ1 OBJ2) means, roughly, that OBJ1 is at OBJ2. #$inRegion is a general locative predicate that has a large, diverse group of specializations; for this reason it is hard to characterize its meaning succinctly. The primary use of #$inRegion is to generalize over all these specializations. The most salient sufficient condition for #$inRegion's holding between two spatial things is simply the disjunction of the sufficient conditions for its nearest reified specializations holding (but see EXCEPTION below). Every assertion in the extent of #$inRegion is, in theory, in the extent of at least one of these specializations (again, see EXCEPTION). When considering using #$inRegion, always consider whether one of its specializations might be preferrable. (Maximum specificity is desirable in a GAF or the consequent of a rule, while generality is often appropriate in the antecedent of a rule.) Two important nearest reified specializations of #$inRegion are #$objectFoundInLocation, whose arg2 is necessarily not a part of arg1, and #$physicalDecompositions, whose arg1 necessarily _is_ a part of arg2. (Note the switch of argument order: #$inRegion is a genl-preds of #$objectFoundInLocation, but a genl-inverse of #$physicalDecompositions.) #$spatiallySubsumes is another important nearest reified specialization of #$inRegion. Some examples: Given that Cup1 is on Stool5, we may write (#$inRegion Cup1 Stool5); but note that #$on-Physical is probably more appropriate to use here. If Cup1 were under, or suspended one inch above, the stool, (#$inRegion Cup1 Stool5) would probably be false. On the other hand, if Cup1 were on an inch-high stack of papers resting atop stool, (#$inRegion Cup1 Stool5) would be true since (#$objectFoundInLocation Cup1 Stool5) would be true. Given that Fish1 is in Ocean2, we may write (#$inRegion Fish1 Ocean2); but #$in-ImmersedFully is probably more appropriate. Given that Car03 is on Highway2, we may write (#$inRegion Car03 Highway2); but #$on-Physical is more appropriate. Given that Joe is in Texas, we may write (#$inRegion Joe Texas); but #$objectFoundInLocation is more appropriate. Given the Gorge01 has a Cliff01 as a part, one may write (#$inRegion Cliff01 Gorge01); but (#$surfaceParts Gorge1 Cliff01) would be a more precise. EXCEPTION: The cavity interior denoted by (#$CavityInteriorRegionFn OBJ) might or might not be considered a part of OBJ, depending on one's viewpoint. To accommodate both viewpoints we shall assert nothing more specific than (#$inRegion (#$CavityInteriorRegionFn OBJ) OBJ), which is agnostic between them. (There are currently (Jan. '98) no other exceptions. But as they might accrete, it will be important to re-examine the rules on #$inRegion periodically to see if reifying a new specialization of it has become warranted.) bd58d70c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 included in interval type (#$includedInIntervalType SHORTER LONGER) means that for every X which is an instance of SHORTER, there is a Y which is an instance of LONGER such that (#$temporallySubsumes Y X) holds. Note that (#$includedInIntervalType SHORTER LONGER) does not necessarily entail (#$subsumesIntervalType LONGER SHORTER). See also #$subsumesIntervalType. be373fc0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 included items The predicate #$includedItems is used to identify the peripheral items that come with a particular packaged product. (#$includedItems FORM ITEM) means that the #$Individual ITEM is one of the things that are included in the #$FormalProduct FORM, along with its #$mainProduct; but ITEM is not the main product itself. ITEM can be an accessory, owner's manual, warranty agreement, or included service. ITEM is something that is a regular part of the package. ITEM does NOT refer to free samples or extras thrown in--for that, see #$includesWithProductType. bd58f3e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 income The predicate #$income is used to state the income of a person or other agent. (#$income AGT RATE) means that the #$Agent AGT has the income RATE, where RATE is a #$MonetaryFlowRate, e.g., a number of #$DollarsPerHour or #$DollarsPerYear. See #$MonetaryFlowRate. bd58af51-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 independent arg the position of the independent argument referenced by this #$InterArgConstraintPredicate bfce95e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 indexical referent (#$indexicalReferent INDCONCEPT THING) means that in the context of the assertion, the #$IndexicalConcept INDCONCEPT has the referent THING. This is a #$FunctionalSlot, in keeping with the idea that the predicate will return one and only one 'value' for the second argument place at any given point in context space. However, be advised that the arg2 will change from context to context. bff476e8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 infecting organism This predicate relates a particular instance of #$Infection to an organism which causes that infection. (#$infectingOrganism INFECT ORG) means that the organism ORG is one of the causes of the infection INFECT. For example, if INFECT is a case of #$StrepThroat, then ORG is an instance of #$Streptococcus. I.e., (#$forAll ?x (#$forAll ?y (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?x #$StrepThroat) (#$infectingOrganism ?x ?y)) (#$isa ?y #$Streptococcus)))) c10c146d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 host This predicate relates a particular case of #$Infection to the organism it is infecting. (#$infectionHost INF ORG) means that INF is an #$Infection in which the host organism is ORG. c10c1543-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 infinitive (#$infinitive WORD STRING) means that STRING is the infinitive verb form of WORD. For example, `to hit' is the infinitive form of #$Hit-TheWord. bd5d6824-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 info added (#$infoAdded CHANGE INFO) means that in the #$InformationUpdating action, CHANGE, INFO was added to the IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) acted on. bd5b03bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 info removed (#$infoRemoved CHANGE INFO) means that in the #$InformationUpdating action, CHANGE, INFO was removed from the IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) acted on. bd62ead9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 info transferred The predicate #$infoTransferred is used to indicate the meaningful content of a particular transferral of information. (#$infoTransferred TRANSFER INFO) means that INFO is information that is transferred due to the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER. INFO originates from some agent or IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing). After TRANSFER, INFO is contained in another IBT or agent; INFO may persist in the source as well. For example, when I read the front page of the newspaper, some information about current world events is transferred from the newspaper to me. See also #$informationOrigin, #$informationDestination. bd652aec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inform statement (#$informStatement ?MT ?PROP) means that the #$ELSentence-Assertible ?PROP is true in the information context ?MT. (An information context here usually means a particular database application of #$Cyc. In these applications, ?PROP is communicated to #$Cyc directly as an explicit #$informStatement, and is not inferred to be true.) Note that (#$informStatement ?mt ?clpe) implies that (#$ist ?mt ?clpe). bd5c2cd8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information destination The predicate #$informationDestination is used to indicate where information is transferred in a particular information transfer event. (#$informationDestination TRANSFER DEST) means that in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER, the information being transferred is sent, given to, or impressed upon DEST. DEST is an IBT (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingThing) or an agent. Note that if DEST is an agent, you should probably use the more specific actor slot, #$recipientOfInfo. Note also that if DEST existed before the transfer, it may have already contained the information. bd58a9c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information origin The predicate #$informationOrigin is used to indicate the source of information for a particular #$InformationTransferEvent. (#$informationOrigin TRANSFER ORIGIN) means that in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER, the information being transferred is coming from ORIGIN. ORIGIN is either an IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing) or an agent. Note that if ORIGIN still exists past the transfer, it presumably still contains the information. bd5e4f03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ingredient The predicate #$ingredients is used to indicate a particular input used to make a particular artifact. (#$ingredients ART INGR) means that the #$PartiallyTangible thing INGR was one of the #$inputs to the creation of the #$Artifact ART, and INGR is one of ART's #$physicalDecompositions. Note that #$ingredients applies only to those inputs which retain their identity in the creation process and which are incorporated into the resulting #$Artifact. For example, a meatball can be considered an ingredient of a plate of spaghetti, and a portion of ground beef can be considered an ingredient of the meatball. On the other hand, we would not say that an egg is an ingredient of the meatball, even though it was an input to the creation process, because its identity was not preserved. bd58cea4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inhabitant types The predicate #$inhabitantTypes is used to indicate the type(s) of people who live in a region. (#$inhabitantTypes REGION TYPE) means that TYPE is (one of) the (primary) type(s) of people who live in the #$GeographicalRegion REGION. For example, to say that Chileans are among the primary groups of inhabitants of Chile, we assert (#$inhabitantTypes #$Chile #$ChileanPerson). TYPE may be based on ethnicity, nationality, age, economics--in short, any demographic class. E.g., (#$inhabitantTypes #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica #$AdultMiddleClassAmerican), (#$inhabitantTypes #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica #$WorkingAdultAmericanWoman), (#$inhabitantTypes #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica #$MexicanImmigrantToUSA). bd58ba13-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inputs The predicate #$inputs relates a particular event to things which are `inputs', i.e., materials used in that event and somehow altered by it. (#$inputs EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT is an input to the #$CreationOrDestructionEvent EVENT. During and due to the event, OBJECT is either destroyed or incorporated into a new entity. For example, the pigments used to paint the Mona Lisa were #$inputs to Leonardo's painting process; however, his brushes were not #$inputs, even though they were changed a little by it. In general, in instances of #$Manufacturing, materials or objects are inputs if they find their way into the product manufactured, or if they are destroyed -- such as the coke used in manufacturing steel -- as part of that manufacturing process. Note: One should use the specialized predicates #$inputsDestroyed or #$inputsCommitted whenever they are appropriate, rather than the more general predicate #$inputs. bd58b70d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 input The predicate #$inputsCommitted is used when some #$inputs to a particular event is incorporated into some #$outputs of that event, but remains recognizable rather than being destroyed. (#$inputsCommitted EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT exists before EVENT and continues to exist afterwards, and as a result of EVENT, OBJECT becomes incorporated into something created during EVENT. Once incorporated into the output of EVENT, OBJECT can't be independently incorporated in any other creation event. For example, bricks that are used to build a wall continue to exist as bricks once the wall has been built. While a part of the wall, a brick cannot be used as an independent input in another creation event. (See also #$outputsCreated.) Note: there is a grey area between #$inputsCommitted and #$inputsDestroyed; the less possible it is to take apart the relevant #$outputs of EVENT and get OBJECT back as an independent thing, the more likely it is that the relationship between EVENT and OBJECT should be #$inputsDestroyed, rather than #$inputsCommitted. bd63edac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inputs destroyed The predicate #$inputsDestroyed is used to relate a particular event to the items which are destroyed by it. (#$inputsDestroyed EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT exists before EVENT, is affected by EVENT, and due to that involvement, the entity ENTITY such that (#$myEntity OBJECT ENTITY) ends its existence as an #$Entity sometime during EVENT. (As does the OBJECT as its present instantiation of #$SomethingExisting.) For instance, suppose (#$inputsDestroyed AppleEatingEvent001 RedApple001), then the SomethingExisting, RedApple001 is destroyed in the event and, as importantly, so is the apple entity of which the red apple is a subabstraction. OBJECT may or may not be a #$deliberateActors in EVENT. bd658d50-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 occupation The predicate #$insIsJobOf indicates a type of work done by a particular individual. (#$insIsJobOf EVENT-TYPE PER) means that the person PER performs instances of EVENT-TYPE as part of his or her job. E.g., #$KeithRichards performs instances of #$WritingMusic as part of his work; #$Goolsbey performs instances of #$ProgrammingAComputer in his job at Cycorp; a #$SecurityGuard performs instances of #$ProtectingSomething. Note that assertions using #$insIsJobOf are true for some specific period of time, which may be indicated with #$holdsIn. bd58fe7d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 instance element type (#$instanceElementType SET-TYPE COLLECTION) states that every element of every instance of SET-TYPE is an instance of COLLECTION. For example, (#$instanceElementType #$Set-Mathematical #$Thing). See #$typeGenls for a predicate which states a similar relationship for a collection of collections rather than a collection of sets. bda0e43c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 instrument - container '(#$instrument-Container EVENT CONT)' means that the #$objectActedOn in EVENT is contained in (#$in-ContGeneric) CONT during EVENT, and that CONT facilitates EVENT being accomplished. (#$Davis, 8/8/96) bd588677-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 instrumental The predicate #$instrument-Generic is used to link a particular event to any of the objects which play an instrumental role in it. (#$instrument-Generic EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT plays an intermediate causal role in EVENT, facilitating its occurrence and serving some purpose of some #$Agent. This can happen in at least two ways: a. the `doer' of EVENT acts on OBJECT, which in turn acts on something else (as when someone uses a hammer to pound in a nail) or b. the `doer' of EVENT acts on something, making it possible for OBJECT to act on that thing (as when someone puts wet clothes out in the sun to dry). Typically, an #$instrument-Generic is not significantly altered by playing that role in an event. #$deviceUsed is an important specialization predicate of #$instrument-Generic. bd5d4eb3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangible component (#$intangibleComponent WHOLE PART) means that PART is the entire intangible part of the #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject WHOLE. bd58d445-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangible parts (#$intangibleParts WHOLE PART) means that PART is one of the intangible parts of WHOLE. For the predicate which relates a thing to its entire intangible extent, please see #$intangibleComponent. bd58b604-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 audience The predicate #$intendedAudience indicates an individual who is the intended recipient of the information in a particular IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing). (intendedAudience IBT AGT) means that the #$InformationBearingThing IBT has the individual #$Agent AGT as its intended audience--viewer, reader, listener, etc. AGT (possibly along with other agents) is an individual who is supposed to access the information represented in IBT. For example, the #$intendedAudience of a personal letter is usually its addressee. bd58e082-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intended audience type The predicate #$intendedAudienceType indicates the type of agents who are the intended recipients of the information in a particular IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing). (#$intendedAudienceType PIT TYPE) means that agents who are elements of TYPE are in the intended audience of the particular #$PropositionalInformationThing PIT. Examples: the #$intendedAudienceType for the information in a copy of `AMA Journal' is the collection of American physicians; the #$intendedAudienceType of TV commercials for sugary packaged cereals are those members of #$HumanChild living in the broadcast area. bd58b3b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intended for use by (#$intendedForUseBy PROD TYPE) means that the #$Product PROD is intended to be used by individuals of the #$ExistingObjectType TYPE, where TYPE must be a subset of #$Organism-Whole. E.g., many types of products are only for use by adults, by women, by dogs, etc. Note: This is a good example of a predicate which is redundant but useful. `Redundant' means that any assertion one states using #$intendedForUseBy could be stated, albeit less tersely, using other, more basic predicates in the KB, in this case #$intends and #$usesObject. Often, a huge number of axioms can be drastically shortened by introducing such a redundant predicate, and writing axioms that define it in terms of the more-basic predicates. c0fde228-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intend This predicate can be used to state some particular thing that a given intelligent agent intends or has in mind as a purpose, represented as a propositional attitude. (#$intends AGENT SENT) means that AGENT intends the proposition PROP expressed by SENT to become (or remain) true. This implies that AGENT believes s/he has at least some degree of influence or control over bringing about (or maintaining) the truth of PROP. While this predicate is obviously similar to #$goals (q.v.), AGENT's intending PROP is likely to be more short-term and event-centered ( I did it because I intended that... ) and more mechanically satisfied ( I intend to turn off the lamp ) than any of AGENT's goals. You may intend to turn off the lamp, but it would be odd to call that one of your goals. For a similar predicate that represents intending in relation to types of temporal situations, see #$intends-SitType. bd58e34d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interior (#$internalParts OBJ PART) means that OBJ has PART as one of its internal #$physicalParts. I.e. PART is totally inside OBJ and is part of it. bd58cf63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 internal sub regions (#$internalSubRegions REGION INTERNALREGION) means that INTERNALREGION is a subregion of REGION which does not border on anything outside of REGION. bdb0f8ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 international org - member country The predicate #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry is used to indicate that a particular country belongs to a particular international organization. (#$internationalOrg-MemberCountry INTORG NATION) means that the #$Country NATION (as represented by its national government or other legally designated body) is a member of the #$InternationalOrganization INTORG. For example, #$Bahrain is an #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry of the #$LeagueOfArabStates and of the #$UnitedNationsOrganization and #$China-PeoplesRepublic is a #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry of the #$UnitedNationsOrganization -- but #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina is not. bd588143-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intersects interval type (#$intersectsIntervalType X Y) indicates that every instance of X #$temporallyIntersects some instance Y. For example, in the nontropics, (#$intersectsIntervalType #$SummerSeason #$CalendarSummer). The `summer season' may not coincide exactly with the time between the summer solstice and autumnal equinox, but there is an (enormous) overlap between those two time periods. This relation, #$intersectsIntervalType, is neither commutative -- (#$intersectsIntervalType #$January #$Wednesday) but not (#$intersectsIntervalType #$Wednesday #$January) -- nor transitive -- (#$intersectsIntervalType #$CalendarSummer #$June) & (#$intersectsIntervalType #$June #$CalendarSpring). be010f3c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interval ended by (intervalEndedBy INT TEMP-OBJ) means that INT is the instance of #$TimeInterval immediately preceding TEMP-OBJ . The beginning of INT coincides with the beginning of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval), if it has a beginning. See #$IntervalEndedByFn c13e6423-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interval started by (#$intervalStartedBy INT TEMP-OBJ) means that INT is the instance of #$TimeInterval immediately following TEMP-OBJ. The end of INT coincides with the end of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval), if it has an end. See #$IntervalStartedByFn. bff5b279-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interviewee (#$interviewee INTERVIEW AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT is an interviewee in the #$Interviewing event INTERVIEW. bd58d162-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interviewers (#$interviewer INTERVIEW AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT is an interviewer in the #$Interviewing event INTERVIEW. bd58d1a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inverse func The predicate #$inverseFunc relates a mathematical function to a unique inverse. Both arguments to #$inverseFunc are elements of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities. (#$inverseFunc FN INVFN) relates the function FN to its inverse INVFN; e.g., the #$inverseFunc of the logarithm function (#$LogFn) would be the exponential function (#$ExpFn). More precisely, (FN (INVFN X)) results in X for all X in the domain of INVFN. For a more general predicate that can be used to relate any one-to-one function to its inverse, regardless of whether or not either is an instance of #$Function-Denotational, see #$inverseFunctions. bd58f0c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 irrelevant pred assertion (#$irrelevantPredAssertion PREDICATE ASSERTION) states that the given ASSERTION should be heuristically considered irrelevant to inferences concluding uses of the given PREDICATE in the current mt. See also #$irrelevantAssertion and #$irrelevantMt. c0739142-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 isa (#$isa EL COL) means that EL is an element of the collection COL. Cyc knows that #$isa distributes over #$genls; that is, if one asserts (#$isa EL COL) and (#$genls COL SUPER), Cyc will infer that (#$isa EL SUPER). Therefore, in practice one only manually asserts a small fraction of the #$isa assertions --- the vast majority are inferred automatically by Cyc. bd588104-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 isolated node in system (#$isolatedNodeInSystem X SYS) means that the node X in the #$PathSystem SYS is an isolated point in SYS, i.e., X is not on any link or loop in the #$PathSystem SYS. Note that an isolated point must be a node in SYS. c0f07b4a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ist (#$ist MICRO PROP) means that the Cyc assertion PROP is true in the Cyc #$Microtheory MICRO. E.g., one might assert (#$ist Image8093Mt (#$age #$Lenat (#$YearsDuration 5)) to state that in the context of a certain photograph, Doug was 5 years old. In other microtheories, Doug would have different ages, or not be `known about' at all. bd5880d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ist - agreement The predicate #$ist-Agreement is used to indicate the propositions which have been agreed upon in a particular agreement. (#$ist-Agreement AGR PROP) means that the proposition PROP is and should be true, according to the #$Agreement AGR. PROP is expressed as a #$ELSentence-Assertible and is considered true within the microtheory which represents AGR. PROP may or may not be true in reality. Note the distinction between #$ist and #$ist-Agreement: #$ist relates any particular microtheory to all assertions that happen to be true in that microtheory; but #$ist-Agreement specially indicates those assertions in an #$Agreement microtheory which belong to the agreement itself and are not just something that happens to be true in it (e.g., that one of the #$agreeingAgents is named Joe). bd58b89d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ist - asserted (#$ist-Asserted MT FORMULA) states that there is a Cyc #$CycLAssertion for FORMULA in the microtheory MT. This predicate is therefore a more specialized form of #$ist with the additional requirement that there be an actual assertion for FORMULA in MT. Note that this is also more precise than (#$ist MT (#$assertedSentence FORMULA)) which states that there is an assertion for FORMULA in some microtheory visible from MT. c0cd0537-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ist - information This is a form of #$ist that applies to the explicit content of a chunk of information. It is needed so we can distinguish between things that are true in an information context because they were explicitly stated, and things that are true because they can be inferred. bd58d1ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 item worn The predicate #$itemWorn is used to indicate a particular article of clothing (or other wearable item) that is worn in a particular situation. (#$itemWorn WEARING ITEM) means that ITEM is the #$ClothingItem worn during the situation WEARING, an element of #$WearingSomething (q.v.). bd5fa7ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 job attributes The predicate #$jobAttributes describes a type of job as #$BlueCollar, #$WhiteCollar, #$Unionized, etc. (#$jobAttributes JOBTYPE ATTRIBUTE) means that ATTRIBUTE describes a general property of the #$OccupationType JOBTYPE. Note that this predicate talks about elements of #$OccupationType (kinds of occupations), not about a particular job held by some individual. bd58b11d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 judicial agents (#$judicialAgents EV JUDGE) means that the #$Agent JUDGE is acting as a judge in the event EV. bd58be78-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 junction in system (#$junctionInSystem JUNCTION SYS) means that JUNCTION is a junction in the #$PathSystem SYS, i.e., a node in SYS that is an 'intersection' or 'branching point' of links or loops in SYS. (For the case when no SYS is specified, see #$JunctionOfPaths.) Formally, a node X in SYS is a junction in SYS iff either there are three (different) links in SYS such that X is on all of them, or there are two (different) loops in SYS such that X is on both of them, or there is a link in SYS and there is a loop in SYS such that X is on both of them. For different kinds of junctions in a path system, see #$threeWayJunctionInSystem, #$fourWayJunctionInSystem. bd9e3c53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ke consideration inverse (#$keConsiderationInverse COL BIN-PRED) means that for every instance INS of COL, it should be determined whether there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED INS VALUE) could be asserted. bd6b1cda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ke farthest genls strong suggestion inverse (#$keFarthestGenlsStrongSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL such that SPEC-COL is not known to have dependent specializations, it is strongly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE SPEC-COL) is known in the KB. bef3c976-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ke farthest genls strong suggestion preds (#$keFarthestGenlsStrongSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL such that SPEC-COL is not known to have dependent specializations, it is strongly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED SPEC-COL VALUE) is known in the KB. bd970b91-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ke farthest genls weak suggestion inverse (#$keFarthestGenlsWeakSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL such that SPEC-COL is not known to have dependent specializations, it is weakly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE SPEC-COL) is known in the KB. bf4585b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ke farthest genls weak suggestion preds (#$keFarthestGenlsWeakSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL such that SPEC-COL is not known to have dependent specializations, it is weakly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED SPEC-COL VALUE) is known in the KB. bfd95abb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270